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Scalabrini A, Cavicchioli M, Benedetti F, Mucci C, Northoff G. The nested hierarchical model of self and its non-relational vs relational posttraumatic manifestation: an fMRI meta-analysis of emotional processing. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:2859-2872. [PMID: 38514803 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Different kinds of traumatic experiences like natural catastrophes vs. relational traumatic experiences (e.g., sex/physical abuse, interpersonal partner violence) are involved in the development of the self and PTSD psychopathological manifestations. Looking at a neuroscience approach, it has been proposed a nested hierarchical model of self, which identifies three neural-mental networks: (i) interoceptive; (ii) exteroceptive; (iii) mental. However, it is still unclear how the self and its related brain networks might be affected by non-relational vs relational traumatic experiences. Departing from this background, the current study aims at conducting a meta-analytic review of task-dependent fMRI studies (i.e., emotional processing task) among patients with PTSD due to non-relational (PTSD-NR) and relational (PTSD-R) traumatic experiences using two approaches: (i) a Bayesian network meta-analysis for a region-of-interest-based approach; (ii) a coordinated-based meta-analysis. Our findings suggested that the PTSD-NR mainly recruited areas ascribed to the mental self to process emotional stimuli. Whereas, the PTSD-R mainly activated regions associated with the intero-exteroceptive self. Accordingly, the PTSD-R compared to the PTSD-NR might not reach a higher symbolic capacity to process stimuli with an emotional valence. These results are also clinically relevant in support of the development of differential treatment approaches for non-relational vs. relational PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, P.le S. Agostino, 2, Bergamo, 24129, Italy.
| | - Marco Cavicchioli
- University Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy.
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- University Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, P.le S. Agostino, 2, Bergamo, 24129, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa. Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, 145 Carling Avenue, Rm. 6435, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K412, Canada
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Schroeder PA, Vöhringer J, Hütter M, Svaldi J. Efficacy of a cognitive training based on inhibitory spillover and attribute conditioning: No weight and food intake reductions in adults with overweight and obesity. Appetite 2024; 203:107648. [PMID: 39216822 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overeating and obesity have been linked to deficient self-control and recent evidence suggests that the inhibitory spillover effect (ISE) may be an effective means to improve self-control. Specifically, it was shown that the ISE increases self-control by transfer of self-control capacity from one domain to another unrelated domain. Against this backdrop, our aim was to reduce hedonic food intake and body weight in non-dieting participants with overweight and obesity by transferring inhibitory control abilities from a food-unrelated domain to the food domain by means of an attribute conditioning procedure in a novel cognitive training (vs. a placebo training) comprising 8-sessions delivered over four weeks. METHOD In total, 93 adults with overweight and obesity were included in a two-arm randomized controlled trial and assigned to the computerized cognitive training or a placebo training (active control condition). Food intake in a bogus taste test and body weight were assessed prior to and after the training. Weight was additionally assessed at 3-months follow-up. RESULTS There was no improvement in food intake and weight reduction. DISCUSSION The cognitive training based on the ISE and attribute conditioning (ISAC) is not yet ready for application. Future studies need to identify the factors critical for a successful implementation of conditioning procedures aiming to associate food stimuli with self-control in overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Schroeder
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Julian Vöhringer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mandy Hütter
- Department of Psychology, Social Cognition and Decision Sciences, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Burklund LJ, Davies CD, Niles A, Torre JB, Brown L, Vinograd M, Lieberman MD, Craske MG. Affect labeling: a promising new neuroscience-based approach to treating combat-related PTSD in veterans. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1270424. [PMID: 38911954 PMCID: PMC11192197 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1270424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A significant portion of individuals exposed to combat-related trauma will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a severe, debilitating disorder with adverse impacts on both mental and physical functioning. Current treatments are effective for many individuals, however, there is a need for new treatment approaches to improve outcomes in PTSD and address the many existing barriers to seeking or completing treatment. Methods In this open trial pilot study, we tested a novel, brief, computer-based intervention for PTSD utilizing "affect labeling" that was inspired by recent advances in neuroscience with U.S. veterans. Results As expected, pre-intervention clinical and fMRI neuroimaging data indicated that U.S. veterans with combat-related PTSD (N = 20) had significantly higher PTSD symptoms, depression symptoms, and amygdala reactivity to trauma cues than trauma-exposed healthy control veterans (N = 20). Veterans with PTSD who completed the affect labeling intervention (N = 13) evidenced reduced PTSD symptoms and these reductions were correlated with reductions in amygdala reactivity. Discussion Results from this initial proof-of-concept study are intriguing and suggest that affect labeling training offers significant potential as a novel, cost-effective, computer-based intervention for PTSD. Implications and next steps for further developing affect labeling interventions for PTSD are discussed. Clinical Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT05924399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Burklund
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- NeuroGen Technologies Inc., Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn D. Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Niles
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jared B. Torre
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lily Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Meghan Vinograd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew D. Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michelle G. Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Battaglia S, Nazzi C, Di Fazio C, Borgomaneri S. The role of pre-supplementary motor cortex in action control with emotional stimuli: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1536:151-166. [PMID: 38751225 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Swiftly halting ongoing motor actions is essential to react to unforeseen and potentially perilous circumstances. However, the neural bases subtending the complex interplay between emotions and motor control have been scarcely investigated. Here, we used an emotional stop signal task (SST) to investigate whether specific neural circuits engaged by action suppression are differently modulated by emotional signals with respect to neutral ones. Participants performed an SST before and after the administration of one session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the pre-supplementary motor cortex (pre-SMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), and the left primary motor cortex (lM1). Results show that rTMS over the pre-SMA improved the ability to inhibit prepotent action (i.e., better action control) when emotional stimuli were presented. In contrast, action control in a neutral context was fostered by rTMS over the rIFG. No changes were observed after lM1 stimulation. Intriguingly, individuals with higher impulsivity traits exhibited enhanced motor control when facing neutral stimuli following rIFG stimulation. These results further our understanding of the interplay between emotions and motor functions, shedding light on the selective modulation of neural pathways underpinning these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Claudio Nazzi
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Fazio
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Sara Borgomaneri
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
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Vöhringer J, Schroeder PA, Hütter M, Svaldi J. Does inhibitory control spill over to eating behaviors? Two preregistered studies of inhibitory spillover effects on food intake and reactions to food stimuli. Appetite 2023; 191:107083. [PMID: 37832723 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are worldwide conditions associated with detrimental medical and psychosocial outcomes. As inhibitory control deficits are thought to contribute to weight gain, they are a worthwhile target for new approaches. Previous research has shown that the execution of inhibitory control in one domain leads to a concurrent increase of inhibitory control in another domain, an effect denoted as inhibitory spillover effect (ISE). Therefore, we assumed that exertion of inhibitory control in a food-unrelated domain in overweight and normal weight individuals will decrease food intake in a simultaneous bogus taste test (BTT; study 1) as well as increase food-specific response inhibition ability in a stop signal task (SST; study 2). We assumed stronger effects in overweight individuals. In both studies ISE was induced via cognitive priming and compared to a neutral condition in a group of overweight (OW: n = 46 for study 1, n = 46 for study 2) and normal weight (NW: n = 46 for study 1, n = 46 for study 2) individuals. In the ISE condition with an inhibitory control priming task, participants had to learn and retain control-related words while simultaneously performing a BTT (study 1) or SST (study 2). In the neutral condition, participants followed the same protocol, albeit memorizing neutral (i.e., control-unrelated) words. There was no significant interaction of weight group × cognitive priming condition neither regarding food intake (study 1) nor regarding food-related response inhibition (study 2). Cognitive priming, as implemented in the present studies, does not instigate an ISE strong enough to improve inhibitory control during food intake or food-related response inhibition. Relevant practical and theoretical aspects as well as implications for future research on the ISE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Vöhringer
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp A Schroeder
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mandy Hütter
- Department of Psychology, Social Cognition and Decision Sciences, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Svaldi
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Schleichstraße 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Partner Site, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Gunduz T, Gunduz H, Cetinkaya H. Increase in physiological inhibitory control results in better suppression of unwanted memories. Br J Psychol 2023; 114:908-927. [PMID: 37246968 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Forgetting or suppressing a memory with unwanted content is just as important as remembering a desirable one. In addition to emphasizing the role of inhibitory control in memory suppression processes, neuropsychological studies have indicated that an intentional inhibition targeting a brain area may exert its inhibitory effects in seemingly unrelated areas through a common inhibitory network. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the suppression of unwanted memories can be strengthened by recruiting an inhibitory task that can be simultaneously performed with a memory suppression task. Therefore, we manipulated the level of urinary urgency-induced inhibition of participants (N = 180) and test its effect on the suppression of unwanted memories using a Think/No-Think (T/NT) task. The results of our study indicated that individuals with high levels of urinary urgency demonstrated greater memory suppression compared to those with low urinary urgency. Findings and their implications are discussed within the context of cognitive and clinical perspectives, and recommendations are made for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turan Gunduz
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Gunduz
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Kampa M, Sebastian A, Tüscher O, Stark R, Klucken T. Refocus on stopping! Replication of reduced right amygdala reactivity to negative, visual primes during inhibition of motor responses. NEUROIMAGE: REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Lodha S, Gupta R. Irrelevant angry, but not happy, faces facilitate response inhibition in mindfulness meditators. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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9
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Calbi M, Montalti M, Pederzani C, Arcuri E, Umiltà MA, Gallese V, Mirabella G. Emotional body postures affect inhibitory control only when task-relevant. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1035328. [PMID: 36405118 PMCID: PMC9669573 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1035328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A classical theoretical frame to interpret motor reactions to emotional stimuli is that such stimuli, particularly those threat-related, are processed preferentially, i.e., they are capable of capturing and grabbing attention automatically. Research has recently challenged this view, showing that the task relevance of emotional stimuli is crucial to having a reliable behavioral effect. Such evidence indicated that emotional facial expressions do not automatically influence motor responses in healthy young adults, but they do so only when intrinsically pertinent to the ongoing subject's goals. Given the theoretical relevance of these findings, it is essential to assess their generalizability to different, socially relevant emotional stimuli such as emotional body postures. To address this issue, we compared the performance of 36 right-handed participants in two different versions of a Go/No-go task. In the Emotional Discrimination task, participants were required to withhold their responses at the display of emotional body postures (fearful or happy) and to move at the presentation of neutral postures. Differently, in the control task, the same images were shown, but participants had to respond according to the color of the actor/actress' t-shirt, disregarding the emotional content. Results showed that participants made more commission errors (instances in which they moved even though the No-go signal was presented) for happy than fearful body postures in the Emotional Discrimination task. However, this difference disappeared in the control task. Such evidence indicates that, like facial emotion, emotional body expressions do not influence motor control automatically, but only when they are task-relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Lab Neuroscience & Humanities, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Philosophy, State University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Montalti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Lab Neuroscience & Humanities, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pederzani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Arcuri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Lab Neuroscience & Humanities, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Umiltà
- Lab Neuroscience & Humanities, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Food and Drug Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Lab Neuroscience & Humanities, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mirabella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Pandey S, Gupta R. Irrelevant angry faces impair response inhibition, and the go and stop processes share attentional resources. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16962. [PMID: 36216957 PMCID: PMC9550771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is a crucial component of executive control, which refers to our ability to suppress responses that are no longer needed or inappropriate. The stop-signal task is a standard tool to assess inhibitory control over actions. Here, we use irrelevant facial expressions (happy, angry, or neutral) as both go and stop-signal to examine competition for shared attentional resources between (a) emotion and inhibition process and (b) go and stop processes. Participants were required to respond to go signals (gender discrimination task: male or female). Occasionally, a stop-signal (face with irrelevant angry, happy, or neutral facial expression) was presented, and participants were required to withhold their motor response. We found that emotion processing (especially angry faces) captures attention away from the task, and the emotionality of the stop signal matters only when the go signal is non-emotional. When the go signal was non-emotional, we found that stop-signal with irrelevant angry facial expressions impaired inhibitory control compared to stop-signal with irrelevant happy and neutral facial expressions. These results indicate that the processing of emotion and inhibition process exploit a shared pool of attentional resources. These results favor an interactive capacity-sharing account of the go and stop processes in models of response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Pandey
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
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11
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Lee J, Gillath O. Increased Urination Urgency Exacerbates Sexual Risk-Taking Through Heightened Sexual Arousal. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:2955-2967. [PMID: 35849207 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased urination urgency has been shown to facilitate impulse control in cognitive domains, but its effects in other areas are unknown. We examined whether inhibitory spillover effects would replicate and extend to close relationships-specifically, influencing decision making related to sexual risk-taking. Across three studies, we either measured (Studies 1 and 3) or manipulated (Study 2) participants' bladder pressure and assessed sexual self-control using a questionnaire of sexual risk-taking intentions (Study 1) or a simulated semi-behavioral sexual risk-taking (Choose Your Own Sexual Adventure) task (Studies 2 and 3). Study 1 (N = 44 men, 59 women) showed greater urination urgency was associated with greater sexual risk-taking. Study 2 (N = 65 men, 91 women) showed that increasing urination urgency led to greater sexual risk-taking, but only among men. Study 3 (N = 86 men, 183 women) showed elevated urination urgency was associated with an increase in sexual arousal, which accounted for the greater sexual risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Omri Gillath
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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12
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Liu F, Gao C, Gao H, Liu W. The Automatic Emotion Regulation of Children Aged 8–12: An ERP Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:921802. [PMID: 35801095 PMCID: PMC9255229 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.921802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation in childhood and adolescence is related to their social development. Better emotion regulation is associated with great individual academic performance and mental health. However, compared with the research on emotion regulation strategies, children’s automatic emotion regulation has been less investigated. Using event-related potential (ERP) technology, this study adopts the cued-emotion Go/Nogo paradigm to investigate the processing characteristics of automatic emotion regulation in children aged 8–12 years. The current study selected 34 younger group [16 boys, 18 girls, mean (M) ± SD = 8.91 ± 0.75], and 31 older group [18 boys, 13 girls, M ± SD = 11.26 ± 0.45]. The results showed that, for Nogo trials, the amplitude of N2 and P3 evoked by emotional faces were significantly larger than those evoked by neutral faces, reflecting the cognitive conflict experienced and the process of children’s automatic response inhibition to emotional stimuli, respectively. However, no significant difference in N2 and P3 amplitude were found in Go trials, which may indicate that children aged 8–12 showed similar top-down control and similar motivated attention in this experiment, respectively. Further analysis found that the negative affect of temperament was significantly positively correlated with Nogo-P3 induced by neutral pictures (r = 0.37, p < 0.001), and preadolescents’ social anxiety was significantly positively correlated with Nogo-P3 followed by neutral pictures (r = 0.31, p < 0.01). These findings can provide inspiration and empirical support for the promotion and intervention of emotion regulation in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chao Gao
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Heming Gao
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Wen Liu,
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13
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Audiffren M, André N, Baumeister RF. Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:699817. [PMID: 35573284 PMCID: PMC9095966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.699817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrative model of effortful control presented in a previous article aimed to specify the neurophysiological bases of mental effort. This model assumes that effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same adaptive function. First, a mechanism anchored in the salience network that makes decisions about the effort that should be engaged in the current task in view of costs and benefits associated with the achievement of the task goal. Second, a top-down control signal generated by the mechanism of effort that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to filter pertinent information. Third, a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. The aim of the present article is to complete this model by proposing that the capacity to exert effortful control can be improved through training programs. Two main questions relative to this possible strengthening of willpower are addressed in this paper. The first question concerns the existence of empirical evidence that supports gains in effortful control capacity through training. We conducted a review of 63 meta-analyses that shows training programs are effective in improving performance in effortful tasks tapping executive functions and/or self-control with a small to large effect size. Moreover, physical and mindfulness exercises could be two promising training methods that would deserve to be included in training programs aiming to strengthen willpower. The second question concerns the neural mechanisms that could explain these gains in effortful control capacity. Two plausible brain mechanisms are proposed: (1) a decrease in effort costs combined with a greater efficiency of brain regions involved in the task and (2) an increase in the value of effort through operant conditioning in the context of high effort and high reward. The first mechanism supports the hypothesis of a strengthening of the capacity to exert effortful control whereas the second mechanism supports the hypothesis of an increase in the motivation to exert this control. In the last part of the article, we made several recommendations to improve the effectiveness of interventional studies aiming to train this adaptive function."Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day."James (1918, p. 127).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Hevia-Orozco JC, Reyes-Aguilar A, Hernández-Pérez R, González-Santos L, Pasaye EH, Barrios FA. Personality Traits Induce Different Brain Patterns When Processing Social and Valence Information. Front Psychol 2022; 12:782754. [PMID: 35153905 PMCID: PMC8833229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper shows the brain correlates of Cloninger’s personality model during the presentation of social scenarios under positive or negative valence situations. Social scenarios were constructed when participants played the Dictator game with two confederates that had two opposites roles as the cooperator (Coop) and non-cooperator (NoCoop). Later the same day during a fMRI scanning session, participants read negative (Neg) and positive (Pos) situations that happened to confederates in the past. Participants were asked to think “how do you think those people felt during that situation?” A dissimilarity matrix between stimuli were obtained from fMRI results. Results shown that Harm Avoidance trait people make use of right middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop. Cooperation as a trait makes use of the right superior temporal gyrus and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in positive social scenarios. Finally, Self-directedness trait people make use of the right inferior parietal lobe to discriminate between Coop and NoCoop in negative social scenarios and the right precuneus to discriminate between Coop and Strangers. An intuitive link between discrimination findings and behavioral patterns of those personality traits is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carlos Hevia-Orozco
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Mexico
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Azalea Reyes-Aguilar
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leopoldo González-Santos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Erick H Pasaye
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
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15
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Gunduz H, Gunduz T, Ozkan Ceylan A. EXPRESS: High Bladder Pressure Reduces the Ability to Filter Out Interference From Distractors in Low Perceptual Load Condition. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2219-2231. [PMID: 34892987 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211068828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the load theory of attention, an active cognitive control mechanism is needed to ensure that behavior is controlled by target-relevant information when distractors are also perceived. Although the active cognitive control mechanism consists of working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition components, predictions regarding the load effects of this mechanism were derived mostly from studies on working memory. We aimed to test whether these predictions are also valid for an inhibition component. The inhibitory load was manipulated physiologically by creating different bladder pressure and its effects on distractor interference were examined under low and high perceptual load conditions. Results indicated that the availability of inhibitory control resources was important for decreasing the interference of distractors in the low perceptual load condition and that the high perceptual load reduced the effects of distractors independently from the availability of inhibitory resources. Results were consistent with the predictions of load theory, and to the best of our knowledge, the study provided the first piece of evidence in terms of the load effect of inhibition component on distractor interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Gunduz
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 37515
| | - Turan Gunduz
- Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 37504
| | - Arzu Ozkan Ceylan
- Department of Psychology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey 37515
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16
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Giuliani NR, Kelly NR. Maternal Attentional Control Moderates the Association Between Increased Depression and Controlling Feeding Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 2:294-310. [PMID: 36873601 PMCID: PMC9980833 DOI: 10.1177/26320770211032346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parental distress is associated with less healthful child feeding practices. In this preliminary study, we examined how changes in distress from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with similar changes in feeding practices in a sample of mothers of preschool-aged children. In addition, we examined how pre-pandemic laboratory measures of maternal self-regulation moderated this association. A total of 36 mothers from an ongoing study on parent and child self-regulation completed surveys assessing parental distress (i.e., maternal depression, parenting stress) and child feeding practices during pandemic-related stay-at-home orders in May-June 2020. These mothers had completed the same measures approximately 2 years earlier, along with laboratory assessments of inhibitory and attentional control. Pre-pandemic laboratory measures of attentional control significantly moderated the association between increased maternal depression and use of controlling feeding practices, such that mothers with better attentional, but not inhibitory, control scores did not show an effect of increased depression on feeding practices. These results provide preliminary evidence that acute increases in parental distress associated with "stay-at-home" orders affect feeding practices, specifically for mothers with lower levels of attentional control abilities.
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17
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Giuliani NR, Harrington EM, Trevino SD. Intergenerational transmission of appetite self-regulation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 76:101330. [PMID: 36911419 PMCID: PMC10003670 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parents and other primary caregivers affect the development of children's self-regulation in myriad ways, including via the parent's own self-regulation abilities. Ample evidence supports the association between mother and child self-regulation, yet this has never been experimentally assessed with regard to appetite self-regulation, the self-regulation of food intake. This study sought to explicitly test the associations between mother and child self-regulation across 3 domains: (1) appetite, (2) attentional control, and (3) inhibitory control. A community sample of 88 mother-preschooler dyads (ages 3-5) participated in this cross-sectional, experimental study. Results demonstrated that maternal self-regulation was significantly positively associated with child self-regulation in the appetite domain, b = 0.52, t(63.54) = 2.39, p = .020, but not for attentional or inhibitory control. These results add to the literature on parental influences on self-regulation development in early childhood and suggest that patterns of mother-child associations may vary across domains of self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Giuliani
- Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ellie M. Harrington
- Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shaina D. Trevino
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, United States of America
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18
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Zhuang Q, Xu L, Zhou F, Yao S, Zheng X, Zhou X, Li J, Xu X, Fu M, Li K, Vatansever D, Kendrick KM, Becker B. Segregating domain-general from emotional context-specific inhibitory control systems - ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex serve as emotion-cognition integration hubs. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118269. [PMID: 34139360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control hierarchically regulates cognitive and emotional systems in the service of adaptive goal-directed behavior across changing task demands and environments. While previous studies convergently determined the contribution of prefrontal-striatal systems to general inhibitory control, findings on the specific circuits that mediate emotional context-specific impact on inhibitory control remained inconclusive. Against this background we combined an evaluated emotional Go/No Go task with fMRI in a large cohort of subjects (N=250) to segregate brain systems and circuits that mediate domain-general from emotion-specific inhibitory control. Particularly during a positive emotional context, behavioral results showed a lower accuracy for No Go trials and a faster response time for Go trials. While the dorsal striatum and lateral frontal regions were involved in inhibitory control irrespective of emotional context, activity in the ventral striatum (VS) and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) varied as a function of emotional context. On the voxel-wise whole-brain network level, limbic and striatal systems generally exhibited highest changes in global brain connectivity during inhibitory control, while global brain connectivity of the left mOFC was less decreased during emotional contexts. Functional connectivity analyses moreover revealed that negative coupling between the VS with inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/insula and mOFC varied as a function of emotional context. Together these findings indicate separable domain- general as well as emotional context-specific inhibitory brain systems which specifically encompass the VS and its connections with frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhuang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxia Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialin Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meina Fu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Keshuang Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deniz Vatansever
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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19
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Ashworth E, Brooks SJ, Schiöth HB. Neural activation of anxiety and depression in children and young people: A systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 311:111272. [PMID: 33725661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies consistently demonstrate altered neural activation in youth experiencing anxiety and depression in a way that is distinct from adult-onset disorders. However, there is a paucity of research systematically reviewing this, and no meta-analyses have been conducted using Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE). The present study conducted a systematic literature search to identify fMRI studies in youth (age 4-18) with depression or anxiety disorders. 48 studies with over 2000 participants were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Significant foci were extracted. Five ALE meta-analyses were conducted: a) activation for both anxiety disorders and depression; b) activation for anxiety disorders only; c) activation for depression only; d) deactivation for both anxiety disorders and depression; e) deactivation for depression. Results indicated significant clusters of increased activation in the bilateral amygdala for youth with internalising disorders, and specifically for those with anxiety disorders. Significant increased activation extended into the dorsal anterior cingulate, entorhinal cortex, the putamen, and the medial and lateral globus pallidus in youth with anxiety disorders. These findings help to detail the nature of anxiety being an amygdala hyperactivity disorder, whilst also defining the distinction between neural activation patterns in anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ashworth
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Samantha J Brooks
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; School of Human and Community Development, Department of Psychology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Section of Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Sundby KK, Jana S, Aron AR. Double-blind disruption of right inferior frontal cortex with TMS reduces right frontal beta power for action stopping. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:140-153. [PMID: 33112697 PMCID: PMC8087383 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00459.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stopping action depends on the integrity of the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Electrocorticography from the rIFG shows an increase in beta power during action stopping. Scalp EEG shows a similar right frontal beta increase, but it is unknown whether this beta modulation relates to the underlying rIFG network. Demonstrating a causal relationship between the rIFG and right frontal beta in EEG during action stopping is important for putting this electrophysiological marker on a firmer footing. In a double-blind study with a true sham coil, we used fMRI-guided 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to disrupt the rIFG and to test whether this reduced right frontal beta and impaired action stopping. We found that rTMS selectively slowed stop signal reaction time (SSRT) (no effect on Go) and reduced right frontal beta (no effect on sensorimotor mu/beta related to Go); it also reduced the variance of a single-trial muscle marker of stopping. Surprisingly, sham stimulation also slowed SSRTs and reduced beta. Part of this effect, however, resulted from carryover of real stimulation in participants who received real stimulation first. A post hoc between-group comparison of those participants who received real first compared with those who received sham first showed that real stimulation reduced beta significantly more. Thus, real rTMS uniquely affected metrics of stopping in the muscle and resulted in a stronger erosion of beta. We argue that this causal test validates right frontal beta as a functional marker of action stopping.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Action stopping recruits the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and elicits increases in right frontal beta. The present study now provides causal evidence linking these stopping-related beta oscillations to the integrity of the underlying rIFG network. One-hertz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the rIFG impaired stopping and reduced right frontal beta during a stop-signal task. Furthermore, the effect on neural oscillations was specific to stopping-related beta, with no change in sensorimotor mu/beta corresponding to the Go response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey K Sundby
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sumitash Jana
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Adam R Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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21
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Agudelo-Orjuela P, de Vega M, Beltrán D. Mutual influence between emotional language and inhibitory control processes. Evidence from an event-related potential study. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13743. [PMID: 33278304 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is abundant literature demonstrating that processing emotional stimuli modulates inhibitory control processes. However, the reverse effects, namely, how cognitive inhibition influences the processing of emotional stimuli, have been considerably neglected. This ERP study tries to fill this gap by studying the bidirectional interactions between emotional language and inhibitory processes. To this end, participants read emotional sentences, embedded in a cue-based Go-NoGo task. In Experiment 1, the critical emotional adjective preceded the Go-NoGo visual cue. The ERPs showed a significant reduction in the inhibition-related N2 component in NoGo trials when they were preceded by negative adjectives, compared to positive or neutral adjectives, indicating a priming-like effect on inhibitory control. Consistently, the estimated source of this interaction was the dorsomedial PFC, a region associated with inhibitory and control processes. In Experiment 2, the Go-NoGo cue preceded the emotional adjective, and the ERPs showed a sustained, broadly distributed LPP-like positivity for NoGo negative trials, relative to all the other conditions. In this case, the presetting of an inhibition state modulated the processing of negatively charged words. Together, the two experiments suggest a mutual facilitation between inhibitory control and negative valence, supporting thereby recent integrative theories of cognition-emotion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Agudelo-Orjuela
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Manuel de Vega
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Psicología Cognitiva, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - David Beltrán
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia (IUNE), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain.,Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Mancini C, Falciati L, Maioli C, Mirabella G. Threatening Facial Expressions Impact Goal-Directed Actions Only if Task-Relevant. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110794. [PMID: 33138170 PMCID: PMC7694135 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial emotional expressions are a salient source of information for nonverbal social interactions. However, their impact on action planning and execution is highly controversial. In this vein, the effect of the two threatening facial expressions, i.e., angry and fearful faces, is still unclear. Frequently, fear and anger are used interchangeably as negative emotions. However, they convey different social signals. Unlike fear, anger indicates a direct threat toward the observer. To provide new evidence on this issue, we exploited a novel design based on two versions of a Go/No-go task. In the emotional version, healthy participants had to perform the same movement for pictures of fearful, angry, or happy faces and withhold it when neutral expressions were presented. The same pictures were shown in the control version, but participants had to move or suppress the movement, according to the actor’s gender. This experimental design allows us to test task relevance’s impact on emotional stimuli without conflating movement planning with target detection and task switching. We found that the emotional content of faces interferes with actions only when task-relevant, i.e., the effect of emotions is context-dependent. We also showed that angry faces qualitatively had the same effect as fearful faces, i.e., both negative emotions decreased response readiness with respect to happy expressions. However, anger has a much greater impact than fear, as it increases both the rates of mistakes and the time of movement execution. We interpreted these results, suggesting that participants have to exploit more cognitive resources to appraise threatening than positive facial expressions, and angry than fearful faces before acting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Luca Falciati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Maioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
| | - Giovanni Mirabella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia (BS), Italy; (C.M.); (L.F.); (C.M.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Correspondence:
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23
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Modi HH, Davis MM, Miernicki ME, Telzer EH, Rudolph KD. Maternal Antecedents to Adolescent Girls' Neural Regulation of Emotion. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:581-598. [PMID: 32030842 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate contributions of maternal emotional resources to individual differences in adolescents' functional connectivity during emotion regulation. Participants included 35 adolescent girls who completed an implicit emotion regulation task during fMRI. Mothers reported on the quality of their adult attachment and emotional awareness when youth were in elementary school. Higher anxious attachment and lower emotional awareness were significantly correlated with more positive amygdala-right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex connectivity, a pattern linked in prior research with ineffective emotion regulation and emotional difficulties. Further, there was an indirect effect of anxious attachment on adolescent connectivity through emotional awareness. These results suggest that compromised maternal emotional resources in childhood may be linked to atypical neural processing of emotions.
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24
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Wu T, Chen C, Spagna A, Wu X, Mackie M, Russell‐Giller S, Xu P, Luo Y, Liu X, Hof PR, Fan J. The functional anatomy of cognitive control: A domain‐general brain network for uncertainty processing. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1265-1292. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Caiqi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of PsychologySouth China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of PsychologyColumbia University in the City of New York New York New York
| | - Xia Wu
- Faculty of PsychologyTianjin Normal University Tianjin China
| | - Melissa‐Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois
| | - Shira Russell‐Giller
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Yue‐jia Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen University Shenzhen China
| | - Xun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens CollegeThe City University of New York Queens New York
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25
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Gibson W, Morrison R, Wagg A, Hunter KF. Is the strong desire to void a source of diverted attention in healthy adult volunteers? Neurourol Urodyn 2019; 39:324-330. [PMID: 31782977 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The strong desire to void (SDV) induces changes in both cognition and gait. This may be due to the sensation of urinary urge acting as a source of diverted attention. This exploratory study examined the influence of SDV and a standardized distracting task on the performance of two measures of cognition, a simple reaction time (SRT) test and the trail making B test (TMT-B). METHODS 18 volunteers, 8 male and 10 female, without lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (mean age: 20.5, range: 20-47), performed a test of SRT and the TMT-B under three conditions; undistracted with an empty bladder, while experiencing SDV, and when performing a simultaneous distracting task, the auditory n back test. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in SRT was found when experiencing SDV and when distracted compared with the undistracted, bladder empty condition. The time taken to compete the TMT-B significantly increased with distraction but was not affected by SDV. CONCLUSION SDV induced a similar but smaller change in reaction time when compared with a distracting task, suggesting that SDV may act as a source of diverted attention in continent, healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gibson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rachael Morrison
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adrian Wagg
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathleen F Hunter
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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26
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Tsai CG, Li CW. Is It Speech or Song? Effect of Melody Priming on Pitch Perception of Modified Mandarin Speech. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100286. [PMID: 31652522 PMCID: PMC6826721 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonal languages make use of pitch variation for distinguishing lexical semantics, and their melodic richness seems comparable to that of music. The present study investigated a novel priming effect of melody on the pitch processing of Mandarin speech. When a spoken Mandarin utterance is preceded by a musical melody, which mimics the melody of the utterance, the listener is likely to perceive this utterance as song. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural substrates of this speech-to-song transformation. Pitch contours of spoken utterances were modified so that these utterances can be perceived as either speech or song. When modified speech (target) was preceded by a musical melody (prime) that mimics the speech melody, a task of judging the melodic similarity between the target and prime was associated with increased activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG) during target perception. We suggest that the pars triangularis of the right IFG may allocate attentional resources to the multi-modal processing of speech melody, and the STG/MTG may integrate the phonological and musical (melodic) information of this stimulus. These results are discussed in relation to subvocal rehearsal, a speech-to-song illusion, and song perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Gia Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Musicology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
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27
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Gallucci A, Riva P, Romero Lauro LJ, Bushman BJ. Stimulating the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) modulates frustration-induced aggression: A tDCS experiment. Brain Stimul 2019; 13:302-309. [PMID: 31676301 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prefrontal cortex is crucial for top-down regulation of aggression, but the neural underpinnings of aggression are still poorly understood. Past research showed the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) modulates aggression following exposure to risk factors for aggression (e.g., social exclusion, violent media). Although frustration is a key risk factor for aggression, no study to date has examined the modulatory role of tDCS on frustration-induced aggression. OBJECTIVES By exploring the VLPFC involvement in frustration-aggression link, we tested the hypothesis that the anodal tDCS over right and left VLPFC modulates frustration-induced aggression. We also explored whether tDCS interacts with gender to influence frustration-induced aggression. METHODS 90 healthy participants (45 men) were randomly assigned to receive anodal or sham tDCS over the right or left VLPFC before being frustrated by an accomplice. To increase reliability, several tasks were used to measure aggression. RESULTS We found that anodal tDCS over the left VLPFC, compared to sham stimulation, increased aggression. Unexpectedly, no main effect was found following tDCS of right VLPFC. However, we also found a significant interaction between gender and tDCS, showing that males were more aggressive than females following sham stimulation, but females became as aggressive as males following active tDCS. CONCLUSION Overall, these results shed light on the neural basis of frustration-induced aggression, providing further evidence for the involvement of VLPFC in modulating aggressive responses, and on gender differences in aggression. Future research should further investigate the role of stimulating the VLPFC on frustration-induced aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Riva
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Zhao D, Corsetti M, Moeini-Jazani M, Weltens N, Tuk M, Jan T, Warlop L, Van Oudenhove L. Defecatory urge increases cognitive control and intertemporal patience in healthy volunteers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13600. [PMID: 30991452 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research has demonstrated that moderate urge to urinate improves inhibitory control, specifically among participants with higher behavioral inhibition sensitivity (BIS). The effect was absent when the urge exceeded intolerable level. The present research examines whether rectal distension-induced urge to defecate has similar effects. METHODS The moderate and high defecatory urge were induced by rectal distension in healthy volunteers (n = 35), while they completed Stroop task and monetary delay discounting task. The difference of average reaction time between incongruent and congruent trials in the Stroop task (Stroop interference) and the preference for larger-later rewards in the delay discounting task were the primary outcomes. KEY RESULTS Participants with high BIS (n = 17) showed greater ability to inhibit their automatic response tendencies, as indexed by their Stroop interference, under moderate urge relative to no urge (128 ± 41 ms vs 202 ± 37 ms, t64 = 2.07; P = 0.021, Cohen's d: 0.44), but not relative to high urge (154 ± 45 ms, t64 = 1.20; P = 0.12, Cohen's d: 0.30). High BIS participants also showed a higher preference for larger-later reward in the delay discounting task under high (odds ratio = 1.51 [1.02-2.25], P = 0.039) relative to no urge, but not relative to moderate urge (odds ratio = 1.02 [0.73-1.42], P = 0.91). In contrast, rectal distension did not influence performance on either of the tasks in participants with low BIS (n = 18). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCE These findings may be interpreted as a "spill-over" effect of inhibition of the urge to defecate to volitional cognitive control among healthy participants with high BIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Zhao
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maura Corsetti
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mehrad Moeini-Jazani
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mirjam Tuk
- Imperial College Business School, London, UK.,Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tack Jan
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luk Warlop
- Department of Marketing, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Clancy EM, Fiacconi CM, Fenske MJ. Response inhibition immediately elicits negative affect and devalues associated stimuli: Evidence from facial electromyography. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:169-191. [PMID: 31196433 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition negatively impacts the emotional and motivational significance of associated stimuli. Current accounts question whether this stimulus devaluation effect occurs immediately via negative affect elicited by inhibition, or only occurs later via a misattribution of decreased fluency as unpleasantness in the context of an explicit affective-evaluation task. Using facial electromyography, we recorded indirect physiological markers of affective response during a response-inhibition (Go/No-go) task to test opposing predictions arising from the immediate-affect and delayed-misattribution hypotheses. Engagement of the corrugator supercilli-a muscle closely associated with negative affect-was greater during periods when response inhibition was applied (No-go trials) than when not applied (Go trials). Moreover, corrugator engagement during response-inhibition predicted the magnitude of stimulus devaluation measured behaviorally in subsequent subjective ratings (How cheerful?), with greater engagement during No-go trials that contained abstract-art stimuli later rated negatively than during trials that contained items later rated positively. These results support the immediate-affect hypothesis and converge with prior neuroimaging evidence to suggest that the negative impact of inhibition promptly alters the coding of stimulus value. In contrast, none of the delayed-misattribution based predictions were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris M Fiacconi
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mark J Fenske
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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30
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Kelley NJ, Gallucci A, Riva P, Romero Lauro LJ, Schmeichel BJ. Stimulating Self-Regulation: A Review of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Studies of Goal-Directed Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:337. [PMID: 30713492 PMCID: PMC6345691 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation enables individuals to guide their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a purposeful manner. Self-regulation is thus crucial for goal-directed behavior and contributes to many consequential outcomes in life including physical health, psychological well-being, ethical decision making, and strong interpersonal relationships. Neuroscientific research has revealed that the prefrontal cortex plays a central role in self-regulation, specifically by exerting top-down control over subcortical regions involved in reward (e.g., striatum) and emotion (e.g., amygdala). To orient readers, we first offer a methodological overview of tDCS and then review experiments using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (especially transcranial direct current stimulation) to target prefrontal brain regions implicated in self-regulation. We focus on brain stimulation studies of self-regulatory behavior across three broad domains of response: persistence, delay behavior, and impulse control. We suggest that stimulating the prefrontal cortex promotes successful self-regulation by altering the balance in activity between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical regions involved in emotion and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Alessia Gallucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Riva
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Brandon J. Schmeichel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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31
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Gallucci A, Lucena PH, Martens G, Thibaut A, Fregni F. Transcranial direct current stimulation to prevent and treat surgery-induced opioid dependence: a systematic review. Pain Manag 2018; 9:93-106. [PMID: 30516441 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2018-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid misuse leading to dependence is a major health issue. Recent studies explored valid alternatives to treat pain in postsurgical settings. This systematic review aims to discuss the role of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in preventing and treating postoperative pain and opioid dependence. PubMed and Embase databases were screened, considering studies testing tDCS effects on pain and opioid consumption in surgical settings and opioid addiction. Eight studies met our inclusion criteria. Results showed a reduction of postoperative pain, opioid consumption and cue-induced craving following cortical stimulation. Despite the limited number of studies, this review shows preliminary encouraging evidence regarding the analgesic role of tDCS. However, future studies are needed to further investigate the application of tDCS in postsurgical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallucci
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Pedro H Lucena
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Medice, Bahiana School of Medicine & Public Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Géraldine Martens
- Coma Science Group, GIGA Research & Neurology Department, University & University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Aurore Thibaut
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.,Coma Science Group, GIGA Research & Neurology Department, University & University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
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32
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Brevers D, Foucart J, Turel O, Bertrand A, Alaerts M, Verbanck P, Kornreich C, Bechara A. The impact of self-control cues on subsequent monetary risk-taking. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:1044-1055. [PMID: 30311770 PMCID: PMC6376380 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The "process-model" of self-control proposes that the ego-depletion effect is better explained by a switch between interest in "have-to" labor and cognitive "want-to" leisure, rather than being mainly due to a decrease in cognitive resources, as advanced by the "strength-model" of self-control. However, it is currently difficult to disentangle the "process-model" from the "strength-model" of self-control. Here, we employed a stepwise approach, featuring three studies, for testing the process model of self-control. METHODS In Study 1, we created a list of 30 self-control events for characterizing "have-to" conducts in the daily life. In Study 2, mental visualization of effortful self-control events ("have-to") and monetary risk-taking ("want-to") were employed for testing the strength-model of self-control. In Study 3, to test the process-model of self-control, participants were simply required to read self-control (or neutral) sentences. RESULTS Study 1 provided evidence regarding external validly for the list of self-control events. Study 2 showed that mental visualization of effortful self-control events increases subsequent monetary risk-taking. Study 3 highlighted that the brief apparition of a self-control-related sentence was sufficient for increasing risk-taking. These patterns were evidenced in the trial with the less advantageous gain/loss ratio. DISCUSSION Altogether these findings support the process-model of self-control in showing that triggering the semantic content of a "have-to" conduct, without its actual execution, is sufficient for modulating subsequent "want-to" activity. CONCLUSION These findings could contribute to advancing current knowledge on how the high availability of ready-to-consume rewards in modern environments is redefining humans' self-control ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brevers
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Research in Psychology Applied to Motor Learning, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author: Damien Brevers, PhD; Chargé de Recherche, FNRS, Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Place Van Gehuchten, 4, 1020, Brussels, Belgium; Phone: +32 2 473 130; Fax: +32 2 477 21 62; E-mail:
| | - Jennifer Foucart
- Research in Psychology Applied to Motor Learning, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ofir Turel
- College of Business and Economics, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anais Bertrand
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mikael Alaerts
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Verbanck
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Research in Psychology Applied to Motor Learning, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratory of Psychological Medicine and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU-Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, and Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Deng F, Zhong S, Chen L, Luo X, Qiu S, Chen P, Chen G, Hu H, Lai S, Huang H, Jia Y, Huang L, Huang R. Disruption of superficial white matter in the emotion regulation network in bipolar disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:875-882. [PMID: 30286386 PMCID: PMC6169099 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by emotion dysregulation and involves changes in the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM). Although previous diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies reported changes in the diffusion properties of the deep WM (DWM) in BD patients, the diffusion properties of the superficial WM (SWM) are rarely investigated. In this study, we tried to determine whether the diffusion parameters of the SWM were altered in BD patients compared to controls and whether the changes were associated with the disrupted emotion regulation of the BD patients. We collected DTI data from 37 BD patients and 42 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HC). Using probabilistic tractography, we defined a population-based SWM mask based on all the subjects. After performing the tract-based spatial statistical (TBSS) analyses, we identified the SWM areas in which the BD patients differed from the controls. This study showed significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in the SWM (FASWM) in the BD patients compared to the HC in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the left parietal cortex. Moreover, compared to the controls, the BD patients showed significantly increased mean diffusivity (MDSWM) and radial diffusivity (RDSWM) in the SWM in the right frontal cortex. This study presents altered cortico-cortical connections proximal to the regions related to the emotion dysregulation of BD patients, which indicated that the SWM may serve as the brain's structural basis underlying the disrupted emotion regulation of BD patients. The disrupted FASWM in the parietal cortex may indicate that the emotion dysregulation in BD patients is related to the cognitive control network. BD patients showed altered FASWM in the regions related to emotion dysregulation. Disrupted SWM may be the brain's structural basis underlying emotion dysregulation in BD patients. FASWM between the vlPFC and dlPFC was negatively correlated with disease exacerbations in BD patients. Emotion dysregulation in BD patients may be related to a disrupted cognitive control network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufei Zhang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Feng Deng
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lixiang Chen
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shaojuan Qiu
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Huiqing Hu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Sunkai Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Huiyuan Huang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, PR China.
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34
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Strohmaier N, Veling H. Bypassing the gatekeeper: incidental negative cues stimulate choices with negative outcomes. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:1059-1066. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1523136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niek Strohmaier
- Department of Business Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Veling
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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35
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Giuliani NR, Merchant JS, Cosme D, Berkman ET. Neural predictors of eating behavior and dietary change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:208-220. [PMID: 29543993 PMCID: PMC6139096 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase in the number of human neuroimaging studies seeking to predict behavior above and beyond traditional measurements such as self-report. This trend has been particularly notable in the area of food consumption, as the percentage of people categorized as overweight or obese continues to rise. In this review, we argue that there is considerable utility in this form of health neuroscience, modeling the neural bases of eating behavior and dietary change in healthy community populations. Further, we propose a model and accompanying evidence indicating that several basic processes underlying eating behavior, particularly reactivity, regulation, and valuation, can be predictive of behavior change. We also discuss future directions for this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Giuliani
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
| | | | - Danielle Cosme
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | - Elliot T. Berkman
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
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36
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Mirabella G. The Weight of Emotions in Decision-Making: How Fearful and Happy Facial Stimuli Modulate Action Readiness of Goal-Directed Actions. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1334. [PMID: 30116211 PMCID: PMC6083043 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern theories of behavioral control converge with the idea that goal-directed/voluntary behaviors are intimately tied to the evaluation of resources. Of key relevance in the decision-making processes that underlie action selection are those stimuli that bear emotional content. However, even though it is acknowledged that emotional information affects behavioral control, the exact way in which emotions impact on action planning is largely unknown. To clarify this issue, I gave an emotional version of a go/no-go task to healthy participants, in which they had to perform the same arm reaching movement when pictures of fearful or happy faces were presented, and to withhold it when pictures of faces with neutral expressions were presented. This task allows for the investigation of the effects of emotional stimuli when they are task-relevant without conflating movement planning with target detection and task switching. It was found that both the reaction times (RTs) and the percentages of errors increased when the go-signal was the image of a fearful looking face, as opposed to when the go-signal was a happy looking face. Importantly, to control for the role of the features of the stimuli, I ran a control task in which the same pictures were shown; however, participants had to move/withhold the commanded movement according to gender, disregarding the emotional valence. In this context, the differences between RTs and error percentages between the fearful and happy faces disappeared. On the one hand, these results suggest that fearful facial stimuli are likely to capture and hold attention more strongly than faces that express happiness, which could serve to increase vigilance for detecting a potential threat in an observer’s environment. On the other hand, they also suggest that the influence of fearful facial stimuli is not automatic, but it depends on the task requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mirabella
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IRCCS), Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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37
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Stoycos SA, Del Piero L, Margolin G, Kaplan JT, Saxbe DE. Neural correlates of inhibitory spillover in adolescence: associations with internalizing symptoms. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1637-1646. [PMID: 28981903 PMCID: PMC5737803 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used an emotional go/no-go task to explore inhibitory spillover (how intentional cognitive inhibition ‘spills over’ to inhibit neural responses to affective stimuli) within 23 adolescents. Adolescents were shown emotional faces and asked to press a button depending on the gender of the face. When asked to inhibit with irrelevant affective stimuli present, adolescents recruited prefrontal cognitive control regions (rIFG, ACC) and ventral affective areas (insula, amygdala). In support of the inhibitory spillover hypothesis, increased activation of the rIFG and down-regulation of the amygdala occurred during negative, but not positive, inhibition trials compared with go trials. Functional connectivity analysis revealed coupling of the rIFG pars opercularis and ventral affective areas during negative no-go trials. Age was negatively associated with activation in frontal and temporal regions associated with inhibition and sensory integration. Internalizing symptoms were positively associated with increased bilateral IFG, ACC, putamen and pallidum. This is the first study to test the inhibitory spillover emotional go/no-go task within adolescents, who may have difficulties with inhibitory control, and to tie it to internalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonas T Kaplan
- Department of Psychology.,Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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38
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Braunstein LM, Gross JJ, Ochsner KN. Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1545-1557. [PMID: 28981910 PMCID: PMC5647798 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to adaptively regulate emotion is essential for mental and physical well-being. How should we organize the myriad ways people attempt to regulate their emotions? We explore the utility of a framework that distinguishes among four fundamental classes of emotion regulation strategies. The framework describes each strategy class in terms their behavioral characteristics, underlying psychological processes and supporting neural systems. A key feature of this multi-level framework is its conceptualization of the psychological processes in terms of two orthogonal dimensions that describe (i) the nature of the emotion regulation goal (ranging from to implicit to explicit) and (ii) the nature of the emotion change process (ranging from more automatic to more controlled). After describing the core elements of the framework, we use it to review human and animal research on the neural bases of emotion regulation and to suggest key directions for future research on emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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39
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Do impulsive individuals benefit more from food go/no-go training? Testing the role of inhibition capacity in the no-go devaluation effect. Appetite 2018; 124:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Beltrán D, Muñetón-Ayala M, de Vega M. Sentential negation modulates inhibition in a stop-signal task. Evidence from behavioral and ERP data. Neuropsychologia 2018. [PMID: 29518413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Embodiment theories claim that language meaning involves sensory-motor simulation processes in the brain. A challenge for these theories, however, is to explain how abstract words, such as negations, are processed. In this article, we test the hypothesis that understanding sentential negation (e.g., You will not cut the bread) reuses the neural circuitry of response inhibition. Participants read manual action sentences with either affirmative or negative polarity, embedded in a Stop-Signal paradigm, while their EEG was recorded. The results showed that the inhibition-related N1 and P3 components were enhanced by successful inhibition. Most important, the early N1 amplitude was also modulated by sentence polarity, producing the largest values for successful inhibitions in the context of negative sentences, whereas no polarity effect was found for failing inhibition or go trials. The estimated neural sources for N1 effects revealed activations in the right inferior frontal gyrus, a typical inhibition-related area. Also, the estimated stop-signal reaction time was larger in trials with negative sentences. These results provide strong evidence that action-related negative sentences consume neural resources of response inhibition, resulting in less efficient processing in the Stop-Signal task.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Beltrán
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Muñetón-Ayala
- Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Manuel de Vega
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Neurociencia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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41
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Albarracín D, Wilson K, Sally Chan MP, Durantini M, Sanchez F. Action and inaction in multi-behaviour recommendations: a meta-analysis of lifestyle interventions. Health Psychol Rev 2018; 12:1-24. [PMID: 28831848 PMCID: PMC7069597 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2017.1369140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined theoretical predictions about the effects of different combinations of action (e.g., start an exercise regime) and of inaction (e.g., reduce screen time, rest in between weight lifting series) recommendations in smoking, diet, and physical activity multiple-domain interventions. The synthesis included 150 research reports of interventions promoting multiple behaviour domain change and measuring change at the most immediate follow-up. The main outcome measure was an indicator of overall change that combined behavioural and clinical effects. There were two main findings. First, as predicted, interventions produced the highest level of change when they included a predominance of recommendations along one behavioural dimension (i.e., predominantly inaction or predominantly action). Unexpectedly, within interventions with predominant action or inaction recommendations, those including predominantly inaction recommendations had greater efficacy than those including predominantly action recommendations. This effect, however, was limited to interventions in the diet and exercise domains, but reversed (greater efficacy for interventions with predominant action vs. inaction recommendations) in the smoking domain. These findings provide important insights on how to best combine recommendations when interventions target clusters of health behaviours.
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Camfield D, Burton T, De Blasio F, Barry R, Croft R. ERP components associated with an indirect emotional stop signal task in healthy and depressed participants. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 124:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Iordan AD, Dolcos F. Brain Activity and Network Interactions Linked to Valence-Related Differences in the Impact of Emotional Distraction. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:731-749. [PMID: 26543041 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations showed that the impact of negative distraction on cognitive processing is linked to increased activation in a ventral affective system (VAS) and simultaneous deactivation in a dorsal executive system (DES). However, less is known about the influences of positive valence and different arousal levels on these effects. FMRI data were recorded while participants performed a working memory (WM) task, with positive and negative pictures presented as distracters during the delay between the memoranda and probes. First, positive distraction had reduced impact on WM performance, compared with negative distraction. Second, fMRI results identified valence-specific effects in DES regions and overlapping arousal and valence effects in VAS regions, suggesting increased impact of negative distraction and enhanced engagement of coping mechanisms for positive distraction. Third, a valence-related rostro-caudal dissociation was identified in medial frontal regions associated with the default-mode network (DMN). Finally, these DMN regions showed increased functional connectivity with DES regions for negative compared with positive distraction. Overall, these findings suggest that, while both positive and negative distraction engage partly similar arousal-dependent mechanisms, their differential impact on WM performance is linked to dissociations in the engagement of, and coupling between, regions associated with emotion processing and higher lever cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Iordan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Neuroscience Program
| | - F Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Neuroscience Program.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Roos LE, Knight EL, Beauchamp KG, Giuliano RJ, Fisher PA, Berkman ET. Conceptual precision is key in acute stress research: A commentary on Shields, Sazma, & Yonelinas, 2016. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:140-144. [PMID: 28988779 PMCID: PMC5840802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent meta-analytic review by Shields, Sazma, & Yonelinas (2016) brings to the fore several conceptual issues within the stress and executive function (EF) literatures. We present a critique of these issues, using the review as an exemplar of how stress and EF are often examined empirically. The review summarizes research suggesting that EF is not only trait-like, but can be also state-like, influenced by factors such as acute stress. It has numerous strengths including its scope in examining EF across domains, inclusion of moderators, and timeliness, given the rapidly expanding field of stress research. We argue that the conclusions would be less equivocal with a more precise and neurally-informed consideration of EF, stressor, and timing assessments. A detailed discussion of these issues is provided, using the inhibition EF domain as an example, in order to illustrate key limitations and potential consequences of broad inclusion criteria. We endeavor to promote precise, shared definitions in the service of delineating a more complete and consistent account of acute stress effects on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Roos
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA.
| | - Erik L Knight
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA.
| | - Kathryn G Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA.
| | - Ryan J Giuliano
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA.
| | - Philip A Fisher
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA.
| | - Elliot T Berkman
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA.
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Blakemore RL, Vuilleumier P. An Emotional Call to Action: Integrating Affective Neuroscience in Models of Motor Control. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916670020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate relationships between emotion and action have long been acknowledged, yet contemporary theories and experimental research within affective and movement neuroscience have not been linked into a coherent framework bridging these two fields. Accumulating psychological and neuroimaging evidence has, however, brought new insights regarding how emotions affect the preparation, execution, and control of voluntary movement. Here we review main approaches and findings on such emotion–action interactions. To assimilate key emotion concepts of action tendencies and motive states with fundamental constructs of the motor system, we underscore the need for integrating an information-processing approach of motor control into affective neuroscience. This should provide a rich foundation to bridge the two fields, allowing further refinement and empirical testing of emotion theories and better understanding of affective influences in movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Blakemore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
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De Vito D, Al-Aidroos N, Fenske MJ. Neural evidence that inhibition is linked to the affective devaluation of distractors that match the contents of working memory. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:259-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Welborn BL, Gunter BC, Vezich IS, Lieberman MD. Neural Correlates of the False Consensus Effect: Evidence for Motivated Projection and Regulatory Restraint. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:708-717. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The false consensus effect (FCE), the tendency to project our attitudes and opinions on to others, is a pervasive bias in social reasoning with a range of ramifications for individuals and society. Research in social psychology has suggested that numerous factors (anchoring and adjustment, accessibility, motivated projection, etc.) may contribute to the FCE. In this study, we examine the neural correlates of the FCE and provide evidence that motivated projection plays a significant role. Activity in reward regions (ventromedial pFC and bilateral nucleus accumbens) during consensus estimation was positively associated with bias, whereas activity in right ventrolateral pFC (implicated in emotion regulation) was inversely associated with bias. Activity in reward and regulatory regions accounted for half of the total variation in consensus bias across participants (R2 = .503). This research complements models of the FCE in social psychology, providing a glimpse into the neural mechanisms underlying this important phenomenon.
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Wang HY, Xu GQ, Ni MF, Zhang CH, Sun XP, Chang Y, Zhang BW. Neural mechanisms of implicit cognitive reappraisal: Preceding descriptions alter emotional response to unpleasant images. Neuroscience 2017; 347:65-75. [PMID: 28192177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of reappraising negative events to reduce negative emotional responses has been widely acknowledged. However, most neuroimaging studies have explored the neural mechanisms of deliberate and intentional reappraisal, while little is known about the neural correlates of reappraisal that occurs outside of one's awareness. Electrophysiological studies suggest that precedent neutral descriptions could implicitly reduce neural responses to unpleasant images. To investigate the neural mechanism underlying implicit reappraisal, functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on 25 participants while they passively viewed unpleasant images that were previously neutrally/positively or negatively described. Increased activity in prefrontal areas including the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and temporal cortex, and decreased activation in the amygdala was observed-similar to the pattern reported in deliberate emotion regulation-when unpleasant images were preceded by neutral/positive versus negative descriptions. Functional connectivity analysis revealed significant negative couplings between prefrontal regions and the amygdala. These findings suggest that implicit reappraisal recruits prefrontal regions to change semantic representations in the temporal cortex, in turn modulating the emotional response of the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guo-Qing Xu
- Department of Psychology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming-Fei Ni
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cui-Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Pei Sun
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Chang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Bing-Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, Liaoning Province, China.
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Adams RC, Lawrence NS, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD. Training response inhibition to reduce food consumption: Mechanisms, stimulus specificity and appropriate training protocols. Appetite 2017; 109:11-23. [PMID: 27838443 PMCID: PMC5240656 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Training individuals to inhibit their responses towards unhealthy foods has been shown to reduce food intake relative to a control group. Here we aimed to further explore these effects by investigating the role of stimulus devaluation, training protocol, and choice of control group. Restrained eaters received either inhibition or control training using a modified version of either the stop-signal or go/no-go task. Following training we measured implicit attitudes towards food (Study 1) and food consumption (Studies 1 and 2). In Study 1 we used a modified stop-signal training task with increased demands on top-down control (using a tracking procedure and feedback to maintain competition between the stop and go processes). With this task, we found no evidence for an effect of training on implicit attitudes or food consumption, with Bayesian inferential analyses revealing substantial evidence for the null hypothesis. In Study 2 we removed the feedback in the stop-signal training to increase the rate of successful inhibition and revealed a significant effect of both stop-signal and go/no-go training on food intake (compared to double-response and go training, respectively) with a greater difference in consumption in the go/no-go task, compared with the stop-signal task. However, results from an additional passive control group suggest that training effects could be partly caused by increased consumption in the go control group whereas evidence for reduced consumption in the inhibition groups was inconclusive. Our findings therefore support evidence that inhibition training tasks with higher rates of inhibition accuracy are more effective, but prompt caution for interpreting the efficacy of laboratory-based inhibition training as an intervention for behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Adams
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Frederick Verbruggen
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Christopher D Chambers
- School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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Yu F, Zhou X, Qing W, Li D, Li J, Chen X, Ji G, Dong Y, Luo Y, Zhu C, Wang K. Decreased response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks in females with depression: Evidence from an event-related potential study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 259:42-53. [PMID: 27960148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate neural substrates of response inhibition to sad faces across explicit and implicit tasks in depressed female patients. Event-related potentials were obtained while participants performed modified explicit and implicit emotional go/no-go tasks. Compared to controls, depressed patients showed decreased discrimination accuracy and amplitudes of original and nogo-go difference waves at the P3 interval in response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks. P3 difference wave were positively correlated with discrimination accuracy and were independent of clinical assessment. The activation of right dorsal prefrontal cortex was larger for the implicit than for the explicit task in sad condition in health controls, but was similar for the two tasks in depressed patients. The present study indicated that selectively impairment in response inhibition to sad faces in depressed female patients occurred at the behavior inhibition stage across implicit and explicit tasks and may be a trait-like marker of depression. Longitudinal studies are required to determine whether decreased response inhibition to sad faces increases the risk for future depressive episodes so that appropriate treatment can be administered to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Yu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | | | - Wu Qing
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gongjun Ji
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Social and affective Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Anhui Province, China.
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