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Xie A, Sun Y, Chen H, Li L, Liu P, Liao Y, Li Y. Altered dynamic functional connectivity of insular subdivisions among male cigarette smokers. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1353103. [PMID: 38827448 PMCID: PMC11140567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Insular subdivisions show distinct patterns of resting state functional connectivity with specific brain regions, each with different functional significance in chronic cigarette smokers. This study aimed to explore the altered dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of distinct insular subdivisions in smokers. Methods Resting-state BOLD data of 31 smokers with nicotine dependence and 27 age-matched non-smokers were collected. Three bilateral insular regions of interest (dorsal, ventral, and posterior) were set as seeds for analyses. Sliding windows method was used to acquire the dFC metrics of different insular seeds. Support vector machine based on abnormal insular dFC was applied to classify smokers from non-smokers. Results We found that smokers showed lower dFC variance between the left ventral anterior insula and both the right superior parietal cortex and the left inferior parietal cortex, as well as greater dFC variance the right ventral anterior insula with the right middle cingulum cortex relative to non-smokers. Moreover, compared to non-smokers, it is found that smokers demonstrated altered dFC variance of the right dorsal insula and the right middle temporal gyrus. Correlation analysis showed the higher dFC between the right dorsal insula and the right middle temporal gyrus was associated with longer years of smoking. The altered insular subdivision dFC can classify smokers from non-smokers with an accuracy of 89.66%, a sensitivity of 96.30% and a specify of 83.87%. Conclusions Our findings highlighted the abnormal patterns of fluctuating connectivity of insular subdivision circuits in smokers and suggested that these abnormalities may play a significant role in the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and could potentially serve as a neural biomarker for addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xie
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Hunan Province (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Mind & Brain Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yunkai Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haobo Chen
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Hunan Province (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Mind & Brain Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Hunan Province (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Mind & Brain Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Radiology, The People’s Hospital of Hunan Province (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Mind & Brain Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Koloski MF, Terry A, Lee N, Ramanathan DS. Methylphenidate, but not citalopram, decreases impulsive choice in rats performing a temporal discounting task. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1385502. [PMID: 38779546 PMCID: PMC11109432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1385502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Drugs targeting monoamine systems remain the most common treatment for disorders with impulse control impairments. There is a body of literature suggesting that drugs affecting serotonin reuptake and dopamine reuptake can modulate distinct aspects of impulsivity - though such tests are often performed using distinct behavioral tasks prohibiting easy comparisons. Methods Here, we directly compare pharmacologic agents that affect dopamine (methylphenidate) vs serotonin (citalopram) manipulations on choice impulsivity in a temporal discounting task where rats could choose between a small, immediate reward or a large reward delayed at either 2 or 10s. In control conditions, rats preferred the large reward at a small (2s) delay and discounted the large reward at a long (10s) delay. Results Methylphenidate, a dopamine transport inhibitor that blocks reuptake of dopamine, dose-dependently increased large reward preference in the long delay (10s) block. Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, had no effect on temporal discounting behavior. Impulsive behavior on the temporal discounting task was at least partially mediated by the nucleus accumbens shell. Bilateral lesions to the nucleus accumbens shell reduced choice impulsivity during the long delay (10s) block. Following lesions, methylphenidate did not impact impulsivity. Discussion Our results suggest that striatal dopaminergic systems modulate choice impulsivity via actions within the nucleus accumbens shell, whereas serotonin systems may regulate different aspects of behavioral inhibition/impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda F. Koloski
- Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alyssa Terry
- Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Noelle Lee
- Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dhakshin S. Ramanathan
- Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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3
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Zhao Y, Caffo BS, Luo X. Longitudinal regression of covariance matrix outcomes. Biostatistics 2024; 25:385-401. [PMID: 36451549 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a longitudinal regression model for covariance matrix outcomes is introduced. The proposal considers a multilevel generalized linear model for regressing covariance matrices on (time-varying) predictors. This model simultaneously identifies covariate-associated components from covariance matrices, estimates regression coefficients, and captures the within-subject variation in the covariance matrices. Optimal estimators are proposed for both low-dimensional and high-dimensional cases by maximizing the (approximated) hierarchical-likelihood function. These estimators are proved to be asymptotically consistent, where the proposed covariance matrix estimator is the most efficient under the low-dimensional case and achieves the uniformly minimum quadratic loss among all linear combinations of the identity matrix and the sample covariance matrix under the high-dimensional case. Through extensive simulation studies, the proposed approach achieves good performance in identifying the covariate-related components and estimating the model parameters. Applying to a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data set from the Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Neuroimaging Initiative, the proposed approach identifies brain networks that demonstrate the difference between males and females at different disease stages. The findings are in line with existing knowledge of AD and the method improves the statistical power over the analysis of cross-sectional data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 W 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brian S Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Spencer RC, Martin AJ, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW. Cognition-enhancing and cognition-impairing doses of psychostimulants exert opposing actions on frontostriatal neural coding of delay in working memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:837-844. [PMID: 37741905 PMCID: PMC10948860 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and extended frontostriatal circuitry play a critical role in executive cognitive processes that guide goal-directed behavior. Dysregulation of frontostriatal-dependent cognition is implicated in a variety of cognitive/behavioral disorders, including addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychostimulants exert dose-dependent and opposing actions on frontostriatal cognitive function. Specifically, low and clinically-relevant doses improve, while higher doses associated with abuse and addiction impair, frontostriatal-dependent cognitive function. Frontostriatal cognition is supported by the coordinated activity of neurons across this circuit. To date, the neural coding mechanisms that support the diverse cognitive actions of psychostimulants are unclear. This represents a significant deficit in our understanding of the neurobiology of frontostriatal cognition and limits the development of novel treatments for frontostriatal cognitive impairment. The current studies examined the effects of cognition-enhancing and cognition-impairing doses of methylphenidate (MPH) on the spiking activity of dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) and dorsomedial striatal (dmSTR) neurons in 17 male rats engaged in a working memory task. Across this frontostriatal circuit, we observed opposing actions of low- and high-dose MPH on the population-based representation of delay: low-dose strengthened, while high-dose weakened, representation of this event. MPH elicited a more complex pattern of actions on reward-related signaling, that were highly dose-, region- and neuron-dependent. These observations provide novel insight into the neurophysiological mechanisms that support the cognitive actions of psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Andrea J Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David M Devilbiss
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, 2 Medical Center Drive, SC220, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA
| | - Craig W Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Lasaponara S, Scozia G, Lozito S, Pinto M, Conversi D, Costanzi M, Vriens T, Silvetti M, Doricchi F. Temperament and probabilistic predictive coding in visual-spatial attention. Cortex 2024; 171:60-74. [PMID: 37979232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic (Ach), Noradrenergic (NE), and Dopaminergic (DA) pathways play an important role in the regulation of spatial attention. The same neurotransmitters are also responsible for inter-individual differences in temperamental traits. Here we explored whether biologically defined temperamental traits determine differences in the ability to orient spatial attention as a function of the probabilistic association between cues and targets. To this aim, we administered the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire (STQ-77) to a sample of 151 participants who also performed a Posner task with central endogenous predictive (80 % valid/20 % invalid) or non-predictive cues (50 % valid/50 % invalid). We found that only participants with high scores in Plasticity and Intellectual Endurance showed a selective abatement of attentional costs with non-predictive cues. In addition, stepwise regression showed that costs in the non-predictive condition were negatively predicted by scores in Plasticity and positively predicted by scores in Probabilistic Thinking. These results show that stable temperamental characteristics play an important role in defining the inter-individual differences in attentional behaviour, especially in the presence of different probabilistic organisations of the sensory environment. These findings emphasize the importance of considering temperamental and personality traits in social and professional environments where the ability to control one's attention is a crucial functional skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Lasaponara
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Scozia
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; PhD Programme in Behavioural Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Lozito
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; PhD Programme in Behavioural Neuroscience, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Pinto
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - David Conversi
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Science, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim Vriens
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (CTNLab), Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Silvetti
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory (CTNLab), Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Doricchi
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Peattie ARD, Manktelow AE, Sahakian BJ, Menon DK, Stamatakis EA. Methylphenidate Ameliorates Behavioural and Neurobiological Deficits in Executive Function for Patients with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. J Clin Med 2024; 13:771. [PMID: 38337465 PMCID: PMC10856064 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in cognitive impairments, including in visuospatial planning and executive function. Methylphenidate (MPh) demonstrates potential improvements in several cognitive domains in patients with TBI. The Tower of London (TOL) is a visuospatial planning task used to assess executive function. (2) Methods: Volunteers with a history of TBI (n = 16) participated in a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, fMRI study to investigate the neurobiological correlates of visuospatial planning and executive function, on and off MPh. (3) Results: Healthy controls (HCs) (n = 18) and patients on placebo (TBI-placebo) differed significantly in reaction time (p < 0.0005) and accuracy (p < 0.0001) when considering all task loads, but especially for high cognitive loads for reaction time (p < 0.001) and accuracy (p < 0.005). Across all task loads, TBI-MPh were more accurate than TBI-placebo (p < 0.05) but remained less accurate than HCs (p < 0.005). TBI-placebo substantially improved in accuracy with MPh administration (TBI-MPh) to a level statistically comparable to HCs at low (p = 0.443) and high (p = 0.175) cognitive loads. Further, individual patients that performed slower on placebo at low cognitive loads were faster with MPh (p < 0.05), while individual patients that performed less accurately on placebo were more accurate with MPh at both high and low cognitive loads (p < 0.005). TBI-placebo showed reduced activity in the bilateral inferior frontal gyri (IFG) and insulae versus HCs. MPh normalised these regional differences. MPh enhanced within-network connectivity (between parietal, striatal, insula, and cerebellar regions) and enhanced beyond-network connectivity (between parietal, thalamic, and cerebellar regions). Finally, individual changes in cerebellar-thalamic (p < 0.005) and cerebellar-parietal (p < 0.05) connectivity with MPh related to individual changes in accuracy with MPh. (4) Conclusions: This work highlights behavioural and neurofunctional differences between HCs and patients with chronic TBI, and that adverse differences may benefit from MPh treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. D. Peattie
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.E.M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 165, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anne E. Manktelow
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.E.M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 165, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Barbara J. Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK;
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.E.M.); (D.K.M.)
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 65, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; (A.E.M.); (D.K.M.)
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 165, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Husain SF, Chiang SK, Vasu AA, Goh CP, McIntyre RS, Tang TB, Tran BX, Dang THT, Nguyen TT, Ho RC, Ho CS. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of English-Speaking Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder During a Verbal Fluency Task. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1448-1459. [PMID: 37341192 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides direct and quantitative assessment of cortical hemodynamic response. It has been used to identify neurophysiological alterations in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hence, this study aimed to distinguish both medication-naïve and medicated adults with ADHD from healthy controls (HC). METHOD 75 HCs, 75 medication-naïve, and 45 medicated patients took part in this study. fNIRS signals during a verbal fluency task (VFT) were acquired using a 52-channel system and relative oxy-hemoglobin changes in the prefrontal cortex were quantified. RESULTS Prefrontal cortex hemodynamic response was lower in patients than HCs (p ≤ ≤.001). Medication-naïve and medicated patients did not differ in hemodynamic response or symptom severity (p > .05). fNIRS measurements were not associated with any clinical variables (p > .05). 75.8% patients and 76% HCs were correctly classified using hemodynamic response. CONCLUSION fNIRS may be a potential diagnostic tool for adult ADHD. These findings need to be replicated in larger validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roger S McIntyre
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tong Boon Tang
- University Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Bach X Tran
- Hanoi Medical University, Dong Da, Vietnam
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Trang H T Dang
- Institute of Health Economics and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tham T Nguyen
- Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Roger C Ho
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cyrus S Ho
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Weyrich L, Arif Y, Schantell M, Johnson HJ, Willett MP, Okelberry HJ, Wilson TW. Altered functional connectivity and oscillatory dynamics in polysubstance and cannabis only users during visuospatial processing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:769-783. [PMID: 36752815 PMCID: PMC10545949 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Cannabis use is often associated with the use of other psychoactive substances, which is subsequently linked to an increased risk for addiction. While there is a growing body of neuroimaging literature investigating the cognitive effect of long-term cannabis use, very little is known about the potential additive effects of cannabis polysubstance use. METHODS Fifty-six adults composed of 18 polysubstance users (i.e., cannabis plus at least one other illicit substance), 19 cannabis-only users, and 19 nonusers completed a visuospatial attention task while undergoing magnetoencephalography. A data-driven approach was used to identify oscillatory neural responses, which were imaged using a beamforming approach. The resulting cortical regions were probed for group differences and used as seeds for whole-brain connectivity analysis. RESULTS Participants exhibited robust theta, alpha, beta, and gamma responses during visuospatial processing. Statistical analyses indicated that the cannabis-only group had weaker occipital theta relative to the nonusers, and that both polysubstance and cannabis-only users had reduced spontaneous gamma in the occipital cortices during the pre-stimulus baseline period relative to nonusers. Finally, functional connectivity analyses revealed that polysubstance users had sharply reduced beta connectivity between occipital and prefrontal, as well as occipital and left temporal cortices. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use should be considered in a polysubstance context, as our correlational design suggests differences in functional connectivity among those who reported cannabis-only versus polysubstance use in occipital to prefrontal pathways critical to visuospatial processing and attention function. Future work should distinguish the effect of different polysubstance combinations and use more causal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Weyrich
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Yasra Arif
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Mikki Schantell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile Street, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hallie J Johnson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Madelyn P Willett
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Hannah J Okelberry
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 14090 Mother Teresa Ln, Boys Town, NE, 68010, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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Senior D, Ahmed R, Arnavut E, Carvalho A, Lee WX, Blum K, Komatsu DE, Hadjiargyrou M, Badgaiyan RD, Thanos PK. Behavioral, Neurochemical and Developmental Effects of Chronic Oral Methylphenidate: A Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040574. [PMID: 37108960 PMCID: PMC10144804 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of animal studies on methylphenidate (MP) use intraperitoneal (IP) injections, subcutaneous (SC) injections, or the oral gavage route of administration. While all these methods allow for delivery of MP, it is the oral route that is clinically relevant. IP injections commonly deliver an immediate and maximum dose of MP due to their quick absorption. This quick-localized effect can give timely results but will only display a small window of the psychostimulant's effects on the animal model. On the opposite side of the spectrum, a SC injection does not accurately represent the pathophysiology of an oral exposure because the metabolic rate of the drug would be much slower. The oral-gavage method, while providing an oral route, possesses some adverse effects such as potential animal injury and can be stressful to the animal compared to voluntary drinking. It is thus important to allow the animal to have free consumption of MP, and drinking it to more accurately mirror human treatment. The use of a two-bottle drinking method allows for this. Rodents typically have a faster metabolism than humans, which means this needs to be considered when administering MP orally while reaching target pharmacokinetic levels in plasma. With this oral two-bottle approach, the pathophysiological effects of MP on development, behavior, neurochemistry and brain function can be studied. The present review summarizes these effects of oral MP which have important implications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senior
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rania Ahmed
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Eliz Arnavut
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Alexandra Carvalho
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Wen Xuan Lee
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | | | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology & Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Zain E, Sugimoto A, Egawa J, Someya T. Case report: Methylphenidate improved chronic pain in an adult patient with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1091399. [PMID: 36970292 PMCID: PMC10038200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionChronic pain remains a health problem that is difficult to treat adequately. Its unknown cause and complex comorbidity with other illnesses, including mental disorders, amplify the severity of symptoms, which consequently decreases the quality of life of patients long term. In our clinical practice, we coincidentally found evidence that methylphenidate (MPH) effectively managed chronic pain in an adult patient with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The effectiveness of MPH in the treatment of ADHD is well-established; however, its utility in treating pain remains unclear.Case presentationWe present a rare case of a 43-year-old male patient with 15 years of chronic idiopathic pain symptoms that did not adequately respond to standard pain management, such as acetaminophen, non-opioid analgesics, and muscle relaxers. Pain also persisted after treatments with antidepressants and an epidural block. Furthermore, symptoms worsened following several sessions of modified electroconvulsive therapy. After a thorough assessment at our child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic, we confirmed a diagnosis of adult ADHD with a predominantly inattentive type. Considering this newly established diagnosis, we prescribed osmotic-release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate. Within 1 month of treatment at a dose of 18 mg/day of OROS-MPH, the patient’s chronic pain unexpectedly improved dramatically, and the patient no longer experienced pain symptoms. The dosage of OROS-MPH was titrated monthly, reaching 72 mg/day as a maintenance dose, and ADHD symptoms improved after 4 months of treatment. The patient was followed up regularly for 7 years during his OROS-MPH treatment. No adverse effects were reported, including stimulant addiction. He was stable overall and functioned well in his daily activities. His pain never recurred.ConclusionThis case report suggests that MPH may be potentially effective in treating chronic pain. Further studies are needed to confirm whether MPH improved chronic pain simultaneously with or separately from the improvement in ADHD. Moreover, elucidating the anatomical sites and molecular pharmacological mechanisms related to the action of MPH in pain modulation and perception is essential. Such sites include the descending dopaminergic pain pathway and higher cortical areas. Furthering our understanding may reinforce the justification for treating chronic pain using MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekachaeryanti Zain
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Atsunori Sugimoto
- Department of Community Psychiatric Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata Psychiatric Center, Nagaoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsunori Sugimoto,
| | - Jun Egawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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11
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Mizuno Y, Cai W, Supekar K, Makita K, Takiguchi S, Silk TJ, Tomoda A, Menon V. Methylphenidate Enhances Spontaneous Fluctuations in Reward and Cognitive Control Networks in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:271-280. [PMID: 36717325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate, a first-line treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is thought to influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and its associated brain circuitry, but this hypothesis has yet to be systematically tested. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial including 27 children with ADHD. Children with ADHD were scanned twice with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging under methylphenidate and placebo conditions, along with assessment of sustained attention. We examined spontaneous neural activity in the NAc and the salience, frontoparietal, and default mode networks and their links to behavioral changes. Replicability of methylphenidate effects on spontaneous neural activity was examined in a second independent cohort. RESULTS Methylphenidate increased spontaneous neural activity in the NAc and the salience and default mode networks. Methylphenidate-induced changes in spontaneous activity patterns in the default mode network were associated with improvements in intraindividual response variability during a sustained attention task. Critically, despite differences in clinical trial protocols and data acquisition parameters, the NAc and the salience and default mode networks showed replicable patterns of methylphenidate-induced changes in spontaneous activity across two independent cohorts. CONCLUSIONS We provide reproducible evidence demonstrating that methylphenidate enhances spontaneous neural activity in NAc and cognitive control networks in children with ADHD, resulting in more stable sustained attention. Our findings identified a novel neural mechanism underlying methylphenidate treatment in ADHD to inform the development of clinically useful biomarkers for evaluating treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Mizuno
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Weidong Cai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kai Makita
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Takiguchi
- Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Timothy J Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akemi Tomoda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Developmental Higher Brain Functions, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychological Medicine, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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12
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Ni AM, Bowes BS, Ruff DA, Cohen MR. Methylphenidate as a causal test of translational and basic neural coding hypotheses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120529119. [PMID: 35467980 PMCID: PMC9169912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120529119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most systems neuroscience studies fall into one of two categories: basic science work aimed at understanding the relationship between neurons and behavior, or translational work aimed at developing treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we use these two approaches to inform and enhance each other. Our study both tests hypotheses about basic science neural coding principles and elucidates the neuronal mechanisms underlying clinically relevant behavioral effects of systemically administered methylphenidate (Ritalin). We discovered that orally administered methylphenidate, used clinically to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and generally to enhance cognition, increases spatially selective visual attention, enhancing visual performance at only the attended location. Further, we found that this causal manipulation enhances vision in rhesus macaques specifically when it decreases the mean correlated variability of neurons in visual area V4. Our findings demonstrate that the visual system is a platform for understanding the neural underpinnings of both complex cognitive processes (basic science) and neuropsychiatric disorders (translation). Addressing basic science hypotheses, our results are consistent with a scenario in which methylphenidate has cognitively specific effects by working through naturally selective cognitive mechanisms. Clinically, our findings suggest that the often staggeringly specific symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders may be caused and treated by leveraging general mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Ni
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Brittany S. Bowes
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Douglas A. Ruff
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Marlene R. Cohen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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13
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Gaillard C, Lago TR, Gorka AX, Balderston NL, Fuchs BA, Reynolds RC, Grillon C, Ernst M. Methylphenidate modulates interactions of anxiety with cognition. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:544. [PMID: 34675189 PMCID: PMC8531440 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While a large body of literature documents the impairing effect of anxiety on cognition, performing a demanding task was shown to be effective in reducing anxiety. Here we explored the mechanisms of this anxiolytic effect by examining how a pharmacological challenge designed to improve attentional processes influences the interplay between the neural networks engaged during anxiety and cognition. Using a double-blind between-subject design, we pharmacologically manipulated working memory (WM) using a single oral dose of 20 mg methylphenidate (MPH, cognitive enhancer) or placebo. Fifty healthy adults (25/drug group) performed two runs of a WM N-back task in a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. This task comprised a low (1-Back) and high (3-Back) WM load, which were performed in two contexts, safety or threat of shocks (induced-anxiety). Analyses revealed that (1) WM accuracy was overall improved by MPH and (2) MPH (vs. placebo) strengthened the engagement of regions within the fronto-parietal control network (FPCN) and reduced the default mode network (DMN) deactivation. These MPH effects predominated in the most difficult context, i.e., threat condition, first run (novelty of the task), and 3-Back task. The facilitation of neural activation can be interpreted as an expansion of cognitive resources, which could foster both the representation and integration of anxiety-provoking stimuli as well as the top-down regulatory processes to protect against the detrimental effect of anxiety. This mechanism might establish an optimal balance between FPCN (cognitive processing) and DMN (emotion regulation) recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gaillard
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - T. R. Lago
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - A. X. Gorka
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - N. L. Balderston
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - B. A. Fuchs
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - R. C. Reynolds
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - C. Grillon
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - M. Ernst
- grid.416868.50000 0004 0464 0574Section on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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14
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Jaeschke RR, Sujkowska E, Sowa-Kućma M. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2667-2691. [PMID: 34436651 PMCID: PMC8455398 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (MPH), are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Even though MPH is the most commonly used medication for ADHD these days, there are relatively few resources available that provide comprehensive insight into the pharmacological and clinical features of the compound. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date outline of the pharmacology and clinical utility of MPH for ADHD in adult patients. METHODS While conducting the narrative review, we applied structured search strategies covering the two major online databases (MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). In addition, we performed handsearching of reference lists of relevant papers. RESULTS Methylphenidate exhibits multimodal mechanism of action, working primarily as a dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. It also protects the dopaminergic system against the ongoing 'wearing off' (by securing a substantial reserve pool of the neurotransmitter, stored in the presynaptic vesicles). In placebo-controlled trials, MPH was shown to be moderately effective both against the core ADHD symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35-0.64), and the accompanying emotion regulation deficits (SMD, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.23-0.45). The most common adverse events related to long-term treatment with MPH are decreased appetite (~ 20%), dry mouth (15%), heart palpitations (13%), gastrointestinal infections (~ 10%), and agitation/feeling restless (~ 10%). CONCLUSIONS There is substantial body of evidence to suggest that MPH is an effective and safe treatment option for adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał R Jaeschke
- Section of Affective Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 21a, 31-501, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Sujkowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, ul. Kopisto 2a, 35-315, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, ul. Kopisto 2a, 35-315, Rzeszów, Poland
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland
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15
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Adam LC, Repantis D, Konrad BN, Dresler M, Kühn S. Memory enhancement with stimulants: Differential neural effects of methylphenidate, modafinil, and caffeine. A pilot study. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105802. [PMID: 34592684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human memory is susceptible to manipulation in many respects. While consolidation is well known to be prone to disruption, there is also growing evidence for the enhancement of memory function. Beside cognitive strategies and mnemonic training, the use of stimulants may improve memory processing in healthy adults. In this single-dose, double-blind, within-subject, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study, 20 mg methylphenidate (N = 13) or 200 mg modafinil (N = 12) or 200 mg caffeine (N = 14) were administrated to in total 39 healthy participants while performing a declarative memory task. Each participant received only one substance and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess drug-dependent memory effects of the substance for encoding and recognition compared to task-related activation under placebo. While methylphenidate showed some behavioral effect regarding memory recall performance, on the neural level, methylphenidate-dependent deactivations were found in fronto-parietal and temporal regions during recognition of previously learned words. No BOLD alterations were seen during encoding. Caffeine led to deactivations in the precentral gyrus during encoding whereas modafinil did not show any BOLD signal alterations at all. These results should be interpreted with caution since this a pilot study with several limitations, most importantly the small number of participants per group. However, our main finding of task-related deactivations may point to a drug-dependent increase of efficiency in physiological response to memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Adam
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitris Repantis
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Boris N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Kühn
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Li X, Lipschutz R, Hernandez SM, Biekman B, Shen S, Montgomery DA, Perlman SB, Pollonini L, Bick J. Links between socioeconomic disadvantage, neural function, and working memory in early childhood. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22181. [PMID: 34423434 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Children reared in socioeconomically disadvantaged environments are at risk for academic, cognitive, and behavioral problems. Mounting evidence suggests that childhood adversities, encountered at disproportionate rates in contexts of socioeconomic risk, shape the developing brain in ways that explain disparities. Circuitries that subserve neurocognitive functions related to memory, attention, and cognitive control are especially affected. However, most work showing altered neural function has focused on middle childhood and adolescence. Understanding alterations in brain development during foundational points in early childhood is a key next step. To address this gap, we examined functional near-infrared-spectroscopy-based neural activation during a working memory (WM) task in young children aged 4-7 years (N = 30) who varied in socioeconomic risk exposure. Children who experienced greater disadvantage (lower income to needs ratio and lower Hollingshead index) exhibited lower activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex than children who experienced less to no disadvantage. Variability in prefrontal cortex activation, but not behavioral performance on the WM task, was associated with worse executive functioning in children as reported by parents. These findings add to existing evidence that exposure to early adversity, such as socioeconomic risk, may lead to foundational changes in the developing brain, which increases risk for disparities in functioning across multiple cognitive and social domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca Lipschutz
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Brian Biekman
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shutian Shen
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Susan B Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luca Pollonini
- Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Johanna Bick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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Lockhofen DEL, Mulert C. Neurochemistry of Visual Attention. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643597. [PMID: 34025339 PMCID: PMC8133366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention is the cognitive process that mediates the selection of important information from the environment. This selection is usually controlled by bottom-up and top-down attentional biasing. Since for most humans vision is the dominant sense, visual attention is critically important for higher-order cognitive functions and related deficits are a core symptom of many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Here, we summarize the importance and relative contributions of different neuromodulators and neurotransmitters to the neural mechanisms of top-down and bottom-up attentional control. We will not only review the roles of widely accepted neuromodulators, such as acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline, but also the contributions of other modulatory substances. In doing so, we hope to shed some light on the current understanding of the role of neurochemistry in shaping neuron properties contributing to the allocation of attention in the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig University, Hessen, Germany
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18
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Fakhraei L, Francoeur M, Balasubramani PP, Tang T, Hulyalkar S, Buscher N, Mishra J, Ramanathan DS. Electrophysiological Correlates of Rodent Default-Mode Network Suppression Revealed by Large-Scale Local Field Potential Recordings. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab034. [PMID: 34296178 PMCID: PMC8166125 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The default-mode network (DMN) in humans consists of a set of brain regions that, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), show both intrinsic correlations with each other and suppression during externally oriented tasks. Resting-state fMRI studies have previously identified similar patterns of intrinsic correlations in overlapping brain regions in rodents (A29C/posterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, and medial temporal lobe structures). However, due to challenges with performing rodent behavior in an MRI machine, it is still unclear whether activity in rodent DMN regions are suppressed during externally oriented visual tasks. Using distributed local field potential measurements in rats, we have discovered that activity in DMN brain regions noted above show task-related suppression during an externally oriented visual task at alpha and low beta-frequencies. Interestingly, this suppression (particularly in posterior cingulate cortex) was linked with improved performance on the task. Using electroencephalography recordings from a similar task in humans, we identified a similar suppression of activity in posterior cingulate cortex at alpha/low beta-frequencies. Thus, we have identified a common electrophysiological marker of DMN suppression in both rodents and humans. This observation paves the way for future studies using rodents to probe circuit-level functioning of DMN function. SIGNIFICANCE Here we show that alpha/beta frequency oscillations in rats show key features of DMN activity, including intrinsic correlations between DMN brain regions, task-related suppression, and interference with attention/decision-making. We found similar task-related suppression at alpha/low beta-frequencies of DMN activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Fakhraei
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System., La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miranda Francoeur
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System., La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Tianzhi Tang
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System., La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sidharth Hulyalkar
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System., La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathalie Buscher
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System., La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dhakshin S Ramanathan
- Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System., La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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19
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Wu CS, Shang CY, Lin HY, Gau SSF. Differential Treatment Effects of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine on Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2021; 31:187-196. [PMID: 33890819 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on improving executive functions among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: This was an open-label, head-to-head, 3-month, randomized clinical trial with two-arm parallel-treatment groups: osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH; n = 79) and atomoxetine once daily (n = 78). Three major domains of executive functions were assessed, including response selection/inhibition, flexibility, and planning/working memory. The neuropsychological measures included the Conners' continuous performance test and the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Results: We found that both treatment groups showed improvement in executive functions (p-value <0.05 for the major indices of each domain). In addition, OROS-MPH was associated with a greater magnitude of improvement in the response selection/inhibition; the slope for detectability improvement in the Conners' continuous performance test was 0.06 for atomoxetine and 0.15 for OROS-MPH (p-value <0.01); the slope in rapid visual information processing was 2.22 for atomoxetine and 3.45 for OROS-MPH (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Both OROS-MPH and atomoxetine improved various domains of executive functions in children with ADHD. There is greater improvement in response selection/inhibition among patients treated with OROS-MPH than those with atomoxetine. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (no. NCT00916786).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shin Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yung Shang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Suk JW, Hwang S, Cheong C. Functional and Structural Alteration of Default Mode, Executive Control, and Salience Networks in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:742228. [PMID: 34744834 PMCID: PMC8564495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.742228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been related to aberrant functional connectivity (FC) in the salience network (SN), executive control network (ECN), and default mode network (DMN). However, there is a lack of comprehensive and simultaneous examination of these networks in patients with AUD and of their relation to potential anatomical changes. We aimed to comprehensively examine the alteration in FC in the three networks in AUD patients, and the correlation of the alteration with anatomical/structural changes (volume) in the neural areas implicated in these networks, by applying voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and region of interest-to-region of interest connectivity analysis simultaneously. In all, 22 patients with AUD and 22 healthy adults participated in the study and underwent T1 magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with AUD showed increased FCs within the DMN and SN networks, especially in terms of connectivity of the frontal areas and bilateral hippocampi. They also showed decreased FCs in the ECN. In addition, there was significant volume reduction in these areas (frontal areas and hippocampus). The increased FCs within the frontal areas or bilateral hippocampi showed a negative correlation with gray matter volume of these areas in AUD patients. Our findings add to the empirical evidence that the frontal lobe and hippocampi are critical areas that are vulnerable to functional and structural changes due to AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woo Suk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Chaejoon Cheong
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korean Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
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21
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Delli Pizzi S, Granzotto A, Bomba M, Frazzini V, Onofrj M, Sensi SL. Acting Before; A Combined Strategy to Counteract the Onset and Progression of Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:790-804. [PMID: 33272186 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201203085524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging and aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are posing a significant challenge for health systems worldwide. To date, most of the therapeutic efforts aimed at counteracting dementiarelated behavioral and cognitive impairment have been focused on addressing putative determinants of the disease, such as β-amyloid or tau. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid to pharmacological interventions aimed at restoring or promoting the synaptic plasticity of the aging brain. The review will explore and discuss the most recent molecular, structural/functional, and behavioral evidence that supports the use of non-pharmacological approaches as well as cognitive-enhancing drugs to counteract brain aging and early-stage dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Manuela Bomba
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Valerio Frazzini
- AP-HP, Epilepsy Unit, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital and Brain and Spine Institute (INSERM UMRS1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universite), Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Behavioral Neurology and Molecular Neurology Units, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, CAST, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
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22
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Tan Y, Hagoort P. Catecholaminergic Modulation of Semantic Processing in Sentence Comprehension. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6426-6443. [PMID: 32776103 PMCID: PMC7609945 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine (CA) function has been widely implicated in cognitive functions that are tied to the prefrontal cortex and striatal areas. The present study investigated the effects of methylphenidate, which is a CA agonist, on the electroencephalogram (EEG) response related to semantic processing using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, within-subject design. Forty-eight healthy participants read semantically congruent or incongruent sentences after receiving 20-mg methylphenidate or a placebo while their brain activity was monitored with EEG. To probe whether the catecholaminergic modulation is task-dependent, in one condition participants had to focus on comprehending the sentences, while in the other condition, they only had to attend to the font size of the sentence. The results demonstrate that methylphenidate has a task-dependent effect on semantic processing. Compared to placebo, when semantic processing was task-irrelevant, methylphenidate enhanced the detection of semantic incongruence as indexed by a larger N400 amplitude in the incongruent sentences; when semantic processing was task-relevant, methylphenidate induced a larger N400 amplitude in the semantically congruent condition, which was followed by a larger late positive complex effect. These results suggest that CA-related neurotransmitters influence language processing, possibly through the projections between the prefrontal cortex and the striatum, which contain many CA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tan
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 6525 XD, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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23
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Abstract
Nootropics are drugs used to either treat or benefit cognition deficits. Among this class, methylphenidate is a popular agent, which acts through indirect dopaminergic and noradrenergic agonism and, therefore, is proposed to enhance performance in catecholamine-dependent cognitive domains such as attention, memory and prefrontal cortex-dependent executive functions. However, investigation into the efficacy of methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancer has yielded variable results across all domains, leading to debate within the scientific community surrounding its off-label use in healthy individuals seeking scholaristic benefit or increased productivity. Through analysis of experimental data and methodological evaluation, it is apparent that there are dose-, task- and domain-dependent considerations surrounding the use of methylphenidate in healthy individuals, whereby tailored dose administration is likely to provide benefit on an individual basis dependent on the domain of cognition in which benefit is required. Additionally, it is apparent that there are subjective effects of methylphenidate, which may increase user productivity irrespective of cognitive benefit. Whilst there is not extensive study in healthy older adults, it is plausible that there are dose-dependent benefits to methylphenidate in older adults in selective cognitive domains that might improve quality of life and reduce fall risk. Methylphenidate appears to produce dose-dependent benefits to individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, but the evidence for benefit in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia is inconclusive. As with any off-label use of pharmacological agents, and especially regarding drugs with neuromodulatory effects, there are inherent safety concerns; epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests there are sympathomimetic, cardiovascular and addictive considerations, which might further restrict their use within certain demographics.
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Smith LC, Kimbrough A. Leveraging Neural Networks in Preclinical Alcohol Research. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E578. [PMID: 32825739 PMCID: PMC7565429 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is a pervasive healthcare issue with significant socioeconomic consequences. There is a plethora of neural imaging techniques available at the clinical and preclinical level, including magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional (3D) tissue imaging techniques. Network-based approaches can be applied to imaging data to create neural networks that model the functional and structural connectivity of the brain. These networks can be used to changes to brain-wide neural signaling caused by brain states associated with alcohol use. Neural networks can be further used to identify key brain regions or neural "hubs" involved in alcohol drinking. Here, we briefly review the current imaging and neurocircuit manipulation methods. Then, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies using network-based approaches related to substance use disorders and alcohol drinking. Finally, we discuss how preclinical 3D imaging in combination with network approaches can be applied alone and in combination with other approaches to better understand alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC 0667, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, MC 0667, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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25
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Maximo JO, Nelson EA, Armstrong WP, Kraguljac NV, Lahti AC. Duration of Untreated Psychosis Correlates With Brain Connectivity and Morphology in Medication-Naïve Patients With First-Episode Psychosis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:231-238. [PMID: 31902581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the average duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is 21 months, and it remains unknown how longer DUP may affect brain functioning in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis. The objective was to determine the effects of DUP on functional connectivity and brain morphology measured with resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Medication-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis were referred from various clinical settings. After accounting for exclusion criteria, attrition, and data quality, final analyses included 55 patients (35 male and 20 female; mean age, 24.18 years). Patients with first-episode psychosis were subjected to a 16-week trial of risperidone, a commonly used antipsychotic drug. Treatment response was calculated as change in the psychosis subscale of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale between baseline and 16 weeks. Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging and brain morphology (surface area and cortical thickness) were assessed. RESULTS Longer DUP was associated with worse treatment response and reduced functional connectivity-more specifically in the default, salience, and executive networks. Moreover, longer DUP was associated with reduced surface area in the salience and executive networks and with increased cortical thickness in the default mode and salience networks. When the functional connectivity of the default mode network was added as a mediator, the relationship between DUP and treatment response was no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that several neurobiological alterations in the form of reduced functional connectivity and surface area and increased cortical thickness underpin the effect of prolonged DUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose O Maximo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William P Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nina V Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrienne C Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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26
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Zhang R, Volkow ND. Brain default-mode network dysfunction in addiction. Neuroimage 2019; 200:313-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060841. [PMID: 31212854 PMCID: PMC6617109 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex symptomatology, and core symptoms as well as functional impairment often persist into adulthood. Recent investigations estimate the worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents to be ~7%, which is a substantial increase compared to a decade ago. Conventional treatment most often includes pharmacotherapy with central nervous stimulants, but the number of non-responders and adverse effects call for treatment alternatives. Exercise has been suggested as a safe and low-cost adjunctive therapy for ADHD and is reported to be accompanied by positive effects on several aspects of cognitive functions in the general child population. Here we review existing evidence that exercise affects cognitive functions in children with and without ADHD and present likely neurophysiological mechanisms of action. We find well-described associations between physical activity and ADHD, as well as causal evidence in the form of small to moderate beneficial effects following acute aerobic exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD. Despite large heterogeneity, meta-analyses find small positive effects of exercise in population-based control (PBC) children, and our extracted effect sizes from long-term interventions suggest consistent positive effects in children and adolescents with ADHD. Paucity of studies probing the effect of different exercise parameters impedes finite conclusions in this regard. Large-scale clinical trials with appropriately timed exercise are needed. In summary, the existing preliminary evidence suggests that exercise can improve cognitive performance intimately linked to ADHD presentations in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis. Based on the findings from both PBC and ADHD children, we cautiously provide recommendations for parameters of exercise.
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The Effects of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the Neurophysiology of the Monkey Caudal Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0371-18. [PMID: 30847388 PMCID: PMC6402537 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0371-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH), commonly known as Ritalin, is the most widely prescribed drug worldwide to treat patients with attention deficit disorders. Although MPH is thought to modulate catecholamine neurotransmission in the brain, it remains unclear how these neurochemical effects influence neuronal activity and lead to attentional enhancements. Studies in rodents overwhelmingly point to the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) as a main site of action of MPH. To understand the mechanism of action of MPH in a primate brain, we recorded the responses of neuronal populations using chronic multielectrode arrays implanted in the caudal LPFC of two macaque monkeys while the animals performed an attention task (N = 2811 neuronal recordings). Over different recording sessions (N = 55), we orally administered either various doses of MPH or a placebo to the animals. Behavioral analyses revealed positive effects of MPH on task performance at specific doses. However, analyses of individual neurons activity, noise correlations, and neuronal ensemble activity using machine learning algorithms revealed no effects of MPH. Our results suggest that the positive behavioral effects of MPH observed in primates (including humans) may not be mediated by changes in the activity of caudal LPFC neurons. MPH may enhance cognitive performance by modulating neuronal activity in other regions of the attentional network in the primate brain.
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29
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Leffa DT, Panzenhagen AC, Salvi AA, Bau CHD, Pires GN, Torres ILS, Rohde LA, Rovaris DL, Grevet EH. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the behavioral effects of methylphenidate in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:166-179. [PMID: 30826386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are the most widely used model for ADHD. While face and construct validity are consolidated, questions remain about the predictive validity of the SHR model. We aim at summarizing the evidence for the predictive validity of SHR by evaluating its ability to respond to methylphenidate (MPH), the most well documented treatment for ADHD. A systematic review was carried out to identify studies evaluating MPH effects on SHR behavior. Studies (n=36) were grouped into locomotion, attention, impulsivity or memory, and a meta-analysis was performed. Meta-regression, sensitivity, heterogeneity, and publication bias analyses were also conducted. MPH increased attentional and mnemonic performances in the SHR model and decreased impulsivity in a dose-dependent manner. However, MPH did not reduce hyperactivity in low and medium doses, while increased locomotor activity in high doses. Thus, since the paradoxical effect of stimulant in reducing hyperactivity was not observed in the SHR model, our study does not fully support the predictive validity of SHR, questioning their validity as an animal model for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas T Leffa
- Post-Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical studies - Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alana C Panzenhagen
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Artur A Salvi
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical studies - Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel N Pires
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iraci L S Torres
- Laboratory of Pain Pharmacology and Neuromodulation: Pre-clinical studies - Pharmacology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Animal Experimentation Unit - GPPG - Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - Porto, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis A Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Farias TL, Marinho V, Carvalho V, Rocha K, da Silva PRA, Silva F, Teles AS, Gupta D, Ribeiro P, Velasques B, Cagy M, Bastos VH, Silva-Junior F, Teixeira S. Methylphenidate modifies activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex accelerating the time judgment. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:829-837. [PMID: 30693423 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate produces its effects via actions on cortical areas involved with attention and working memory, which have a direct role in time estimation judgment tasks. In particular, the prefrontal and parietal cortex has been the target of several studies to understand the effect of methylphenidate on executive functions and time interval perception. However, it has not yet been studied whether acute administration of methylphenidate influences performance in time estimation task and the changes in alpha band absolute power in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. The current study investigates the influence of the acute use of methylphenidate in both performance and judgment in the time estimation interpretation through the alpha band absolute power activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. This is a double-blind, crossover study with a sample of 32 subjects under control (placebo) and experimental (methylphenidate) conditions with absolute alpha band power analysis during a time estimation task. We observed that methylphenidate does not influence task performance (p > 0.05), but it increases the time interval underestimation by over 7 s (p < 0.001) with a concomitant decrease in absolute alpha band power in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex (p < 0.001). Acute use of methylphenidate increases the time interval underestimation, consistent with reduced accuracy of the internal clock mechanisms. Furthermore, acute use of methylphenidate influences the absolute alpha band power over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lopes Farias
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.
| | - Victor Marinho
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil. .,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
| | - Valécia Carvalho
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Kaline Rocha
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ramiler Alves da Silva
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Francisca Silva
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Ariel Soares Teles
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Daya Gupta
- Department of Biology, Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ, USA
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silva-Junior
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- Neuro-innovation Technology and Brain Mapping Laboratory, Federal University of Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Bairro São Benedito, Parnaíba, Piauí, CEP: 64202-020, Brazil.,The Northeast Biotechnology Network, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Masters Programs in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, Brazil
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Changes in Endogenous Dopamine Induced by Methylphenidate Predict Functional Connectivity in Nonhuman Primates. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1436-1444. [PMID: 30530859 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2513-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum are increased by many therapeutic drugs, such as methylphenidate (MPH), which also alters behavioral and cognitive functions thought to be controlled by the PFC dose-dependently. We linked DA changes and functional connectivity (FC) using simultaneous [18F]fallypride PET and resting-state fMRI in awake male rhesus monkeys after oral administration of various doses of MPH. We found a negative correlation between [18F]fallypride nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) and MPH dose in the head of the caudate (hCd), demonstrating increased extracellular DA resulting from MPH administration. The decreased BPND was negatively correlated with FC between the hCd and the PFC. Subsequent voxelwise analyses revealed negative correlations with FC between the hCd and the dorsolateral PFC, hippocampus, and precuneus. These results, showing that MPH-induced changes in DA levels in the hCd predict resting-state FC, shed light on a mechanism by which changes in striatal DA could influence function in the PFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dopamine transmission is thought to play an essential role in shaping large scale-neural networks that underlie cognitive functions. It is the target of therapeutic drugs, such as methylphenidate (Ritalin), which blocks the dopamine transporter, thereby increasing extracellular dopamine levels. Methylphenidate is used extensively to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, even though its effects on cognitive functions and their underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood. To date, little is known about the link between changes in dopamine levels and changes in functional brain organization. Using simultaneous PET/MR imaging, we show that methylphenidate-induced changes in endogenous dopamine levels in the head of the caudate predict changes in resting-state functional connectivity between this structure and the prefrontal cortex, precuneus, and hippocampus.
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32
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Brem AK, Sensi SL. Towards Combinatorial Approaches for Preserving Cognitive Fitness in Aging. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:885-897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Qian A, Tao J, Wang X, Liu H, Ji L, Yang C, Ye Q, Chen C, Li J, Cheng J, Wang M, Zhao K. Effects of the 2-Repeat Allele of the DRD4 Gene on Neural Networks Associated With the Prefrontal Cortex in Children With ADHD. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:279. [PMID: 30050420 PMCID: PMC6052087 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Genetic variation, especially polymorphism of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), has been linked to deficits in self-regulation and executive functions and to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and is related to the structural and functional integrity of the default mode network (DMN), the executive control network (ECN) and the sensorimotor network (SMN). The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene on brain network connectivity and behaviors in children with ADHD. Methods: Using independent component analysis (ICA) and dimension analyses, we examined resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data obtained from 52 Asian medicine-naive children with ADHD (33 2-repeat absent and 19 2-repeat present). Results: We found that individuals with 2-repeat absent demonstrated increased within-network connectivity in the right precuneus of the DMN, the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) of the SMN compared with individuals with 2-repeat present. Within the ECN, 2-repeat absent showed decreased within-network connectivity in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the left anterior cingulate cortex. A deeper study found that connectivity strength of the left IFG was directly proportional to the Stroop reaction time in 2-repeat absent group, and as well as the right MFG in 2-repeat present group. Conclusion: Polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene, specifically 2-repeat allele, had effects on the ECN, the SMN and the DMN, especially in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) circles. ADHD children with DRD4 2-repeat allele have aberrant resting-state within-network connectivity patterns in the left IFG and the right MFG related to dysfunction in inattention symptom. This study provided novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of DRD4 2-repeat allele on ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andan Qian
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiejie Tao
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Yancheng First Peoples' Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Huiru Liu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingxiao Ji
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chuang Yang
- Department of Mental Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiong Ye
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengchun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiance Li
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meihao Wang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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34
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Van Hedger K, Keedy SK, Mayo LM, Heilig M, de Wit H. Neural responses to cues paired with methamphetamine in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1732-1737. [PMID: 29463908 PMCID: PMC6006246 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-017-0005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug cues, or conditioned responses to stimuli paired with drugs, are widely believed to promote drug use. The acquisition of these conditioned responses has been well characterized in laboratory animals: neutral stimuli paired with drugs elicit conditioned responses resembling the motivational and incentive properties of the drug itself. However, few studies have examined acquisition of conditioning, or the nature of the conditioned response, in humans. In this study, we used fMRI to examine neural responses to stimuli that had been paired with methamphetamine or placebo in healthy young adults. Participants first underwent four conditioning sessions in which visual-auditory stimuli were paired with either methamphetamine (20 mg, oral) or placebo. Then on a drug-free test day, the stimuli were presented during an fMRI scan to assess neural responses to the stimuli. We hypothesized that the stimuli would elicit drug-like brain activity, especially in regions related to reward. Instead, we found that the methamphetamine-paired stimuli, compared to placebo-paired stimuli, produced greater activation in regions related to visual and auditory processing, consistent with the drug's unconditioned effects on sensory processing. This is the first study to demonstrate conditioned neural responses to drug-paired stimuli after just two pairings of methamphetamine in healthy adults. The study also illustrates that conditioned responses may develop to unexpected components of the drug's effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne Van Hedger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leah M Mayo
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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35
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Cary RP, Ray S, Grayson DS, Painter J, Carpenter S, Maron L, Sporns O, Stevens AA, Nigg JT, Fair DA. Network Structure among Brain Systems in Adult ADHD is Uniquely Modified by Stimulant Administration. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3970-3979. [PMID: 27422412 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research in connectomics highlights that self-organized functional networks or "communities" of cortical areas can be detected in the adult brain. This perspective may provide clues to mechanisms of treatment response in psychiatric conditions. Here we examine functional brain community topology based on resting-state fMRI in adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; n = 22) and controls (n = 31). We sought to evaluate ADHD patterns in adulthood and their modification by short term stimulants administration. Participants with ADHD were scanned one or two weeks apart, once with medication and once without; comparison participants were scanned at one time-point. Functional connectivity was estimated from these scans and community detection applied to determine cortical network topology. Measures of change in connectivity profile were calculated via a graph measure, termed the Node Dissociation Index (NDI). Compared to controls, several cortical networks had atypical connectivity in adults with ADHD when withholding stimulants, as measured by NDI. In most networks stimulants significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, differences in the distribution of connections between key brain systems relative to the control sample. These findings provide an enriched model of connectivity in ADHD and demonstrate how stimulants may exert functional effects by altering connectivity profiles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Cary
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Siddharth Ray
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - David S Grayson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Julia Painter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Samuel Carpenter
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Leeza Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, USA
| | | | - Joel T Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, USA.,Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, USA
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Faraone SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:255-270. [PMID: 29428394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants, including amphetamines and methylphenidate, are first-line pharmacotherapies for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review aims to educate physicians regarding differences in pharmacology and mechanisms of action between amphetamine and methylphenidate, thus enhancing physician understanding of psychostimulants and their use in managing individuals with ADHD who may have comorbid psychiatric conditions. A systematic literature review of PubMed was conducted in April 2017, focusing on cellular- and brain system-level effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate. The primary pharmacologic effect of both amphetamine and methylphenidate is to increase central dopamine and norepinephrine activity, which impacts executive and attentional function. Amphetamine actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) inhibition, and monoamine oxidase activity inhibition. Methylphenidate actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, agonist activity at the serotonin type 1A receptor, and redistribution of the VMAT-2. There is also evidence for interactions with glutamate and opioid systems. Clinical implications of these actions in individuals with ADHD with comorbid depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and sleep disturbances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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37
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Urban KR, Gao WJ. Psychostimulants As Cognitive Enhancers in Adolescents: More Risk than Reward? Front Public Health 2017; 5:260. [PMID: 29034227 PMCID: PMC5626934 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate and other psychostimulants, originally developed to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, are increasingly abused by healthy adolescents and adults seeking an advantage in scholastic performance and work productivity. However, how these drugs may affect cognitive performance, especially in the young brain, remains unclear. Here, we review recent literature and emphasize the risks of abuse of psychostimulants in healthy adolescents and young adults. We conclude that while the desire for cognitive enhancement, particularly with rising costs of education and increasingly competitive nature of scholarship programs, is unlikely to diminish in the near future, it is crucial for the scientific community to thoroughly examine the efficacy and safety of these stimulants in healthy populations across development. The current dearth of knowledge on the dose–response curve, metabolism, and cognitive outcomes in adolescents following methylphenidate or other psychostimulant exposure may be perpetuating a perception of these drugs as “safe” when that might not be true for developing brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Urban
- Department of General Anesthesia, Division of Stress Neurobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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38
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Methylphenidate Modulates Functional Network Connectivity to Enhance Attention. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9547-57. [PMID: 27629707 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1746-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent work has demonstrated that human whole-brain functional connectivity patterns measured with fMRI contain information about cognitive abilities, including sustained attention. To derive behavioral predictions from connectivity patterns, our group developed a connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) approach (Finn et al., 2015; Rosenberg et al., 2016). Previously using CPM, we defined a high-attention network, comprising connections positively correlated with performance on a sustained attention task, and a low-attention network, comprising connections negatively correlated with performance. Validating the networks as generalizable biomarkers of attention, models based on network strength at rest predicted attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an independent group of individuals (Rosenberg et al., 2016). To investigate whether these networks play a causal role in attention, here we examined their strength in healthy adults given methylphenidate (Ritalin), a common ADHD treatment, compared with unmedicated controls. As predicted, individuals given methylphenidate showed patterns of connectivity associated with better sustained attention: higher high-attention and lower low-attention network strength than controls. There was significant overlap between the high-attention network and a network with greater strength in the methylphenidate group, and between the low-attention network and a network with greater strength in the control group. Network strength also predicted behavior on a stop-signal task, such that participants with higher go response rates showed higher high-attention and lower low-attention network strength. These results suggest that methylphenidate acts by modulating functional brain networks related to sustained attention, and that changing whole-brain connectivity patterns may help improve attention. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work identified a promising neuromarker of sustained attention based on whole-brain functional connectivity networks. To investigate the causal role of these networks in attention, we examined their response to a dose of methylphenidate, a common and effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, in healthy adults. As predicted, individuals on methylphenidate showed connectivity signatures of better sustained attention: higher high-attention and lower low-attention network strength than controls. These results suggest that methylphenidate acts by modulating strength in functional brain networks related to attention, and that changing whole-brain connectivity patterns may improve attention.
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39
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Wu ZM, Bralten J, An L, Cao QJ, Cao XH, Sun L, Liu L, Yang L, Mennes M, Zang YF, Franke B, Hoogman M, Wang YF. Verbal working memory-related functional connectivity alterations in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effects of methylphenidate. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1061-1069. [PMID: 28656805 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117715607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have investigated verbal working memory-related functional connectivity patterns in participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thus, we aimed to compare working memory-related functional connectivity patterns in healthy children and those with ADHD, and study effects of methylphenidate (MPH). METHOD Twenty-two boys with ADHD were scanned twice, under either MPH (single dose, 10 mg) or placebo, in a randomised, cross-over, counterbalanced placebo-controlled design. Thirty healthy boys were scanned once. We used fMRI during a numerical n-back task to examine functional connectivity patterns in case-control and MPH-placebo comparisons, using independent component analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in behavioural performance between children with ADHD, treated with MPH or placebo, and healthy controls. Compared with controls, participants with ADHD under placebo showed increased functional connectivity within fronto-parietal and auditory networks, and decreased functional connectivity within the executive control network. MPH normalized the altered functional connectivity pattern and significantly enhanced functional connectivity within the executive control network, though in non-overlapping areas. CONCLUSION Our study contributes to the identification of the neural substrates of working memory. Single dose of MPH normalized the altered brain functional connectivity network, but had no enhancing effect on (non-impaired) behavioural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Min Wu
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,3 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,4 Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janita Bralten
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,4 Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Li An
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Jiu Cao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Cao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Maarten Mennes
- 4 Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- 5 Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Barbara Franke
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,4 Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,6 Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- 3 Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,4 Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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40
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Bosker WM, Neuner I, Shah NJ. The role of impulsivity in psychostimulant- and stress-induced dopamine release: Review of human imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 78:82-90. [PMID: 28438467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a debilitating disorder and its pivotal problem is the high relapse rate. To solve this problem, the aim is to prevent people from becoming addicted in the first place. One of the key questions that is still unanswered is why some people become addicted to drugs and others, who take drugs regularly, do not. In recent years extensive research has been done to untangle the many factors involved in this disorder. Here, we review some of the factors that are related to dopamine, i.e., impulsivity and stress (hormones), and aim to integrate this into a neurobiological model. Based on this, we draw two conclusions: (1) in order to understand the transition from recreational drug use to addiction, we need to focus more on these recreational users; and (2) research should be aimed at finding therapies that can restore inhibitory control/frontal functioning and improve stress resiliency in addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Bosker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4/INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Irene Neuner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4/INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Disorders, University Clinic Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4/INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Disorders, University Clinic Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Clinic Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, and Monash Biomedical Imaging, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Manktelow AE, Menon DK, Sahakian BJ, Stamatakis EA. Working Memory after Traumatic Brain Injury: The Neural Basis of Improved Performance with Methylphenidate. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:58. [PMID: 28424597 PMCID: PMC5380757 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in cognitive impairments for patients. The aim of this proof of concept study was to establish the nature of abnormalities, in terms of activity and connectivity, in the working memory network of TBI patients and how these relate to compromised behavioral outcomes. Further, this study examined the neural correlates of working memory improvement following the administration of methylphenidate. We report behavioral, functional and structural MRI data from a group of 15 Healthy Controls (HC) and a group of 15 TBI patients, acquired during the execution of the N-back task. The patients were studied on two occasions after the administration of either placebo or 30 mg of methylphenidate. Between group tests revealed a significant difference in performance when HCs were compared to TBI patients on placebo [F(1, 28) = 4.426, p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.136]. This difference disappeared when the patients took methylphenidate [F(1, 28) = 3.665, p = 0.66]. Patients in the middle range of baseline performance demonstrated the most benefit from methylphenidate. Changes in the TBI patient activation levels in the Left Cerebellum significantly and positively correlated with changes in performance (r = 0.509, df = 13, p = 0.05). Whole-brain connectivity analysis using the Left Cerebellum as a seed revealed widespread negative interactions between the Left Cerebellum and parietal and frontal cortices as well as subcortical areas. Neither the TBI group on methylphenidate nor the HC group demonstrated any significant negative interactions. Our findings indicate that (a) TBI significantly reduces the levels of activation and connectivity strength between key areas of the working memory network and (b) Methylphenidate improves the cognitive outcomes on a working memory task. Therefore, we conclude that methylphenidate may render the working memory network in a TBI group more consistent with that of an intact working memory network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, MRC/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Stamatakis
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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42
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Violante IR, Li LM, Carmichael DW, Lorenz R, Leech R, Hampshire A, Rothwell JC, Sharp DJ. Externally induced frontoparietal synchronization modulates network dynamics and enhances working memory performance. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28288700 PMCID: PMC5349849 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive functions such as working memory (WM) are emergent properties of large-scale network interactions. Synchronisation of oscillatory activity might contribute to WM by enabling the coordination of long-range processes. However, causal evidence for the way oscillatory activity shapes network dynamics and behavior in humans is limited. Here we applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to exogenously modulate oscillatory activity in a right frontoparietal network that supports WM. Externally induced synchronization improved performance when cognitive demands were high. Simultaneously collected fMRI data reveals tACS effects dependent on the relative phase of the stimulation and the internal cognitive processing state. Specifically, synchronous tACS during the verbal WM task increased parietal activity, which correlated with behavioral performance. Furthermore, functional connectivity results indicate that the relative phase of frontoparietal stimulation influences information flow within the WM network. Overall, our findings demonstrate a link between behavioral performance in a demanding WM task and large-scale brain synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines R Violante
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia M Li
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David W Carmichael
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romy Lorenz
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Leech
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hampshire
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Sharp
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Peterson AC, Zhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, Li CSR. The Effects of Age, from Young to Middle Adulthood, and Gender on Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Dopaminergic Midbrain. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:52. [PMID: 28223929 PMCID: PMC5293810 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is implicated in psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, schizophrenia and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the prevalence of these disorders varies by age and sex, the underlying neural mechanism is not well understood. The objective of this study was to delineate the distinct resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the VTA and SNc and examine the effects of age, from young to middle-adulthood, and sex on the rsFC of these two dopaminergic structures in a data set of 250 healthy adults (18-49 years of age, 104 men). Using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals, we correlated the time course of the VTA and SNc to the time courses of all other brain voxels. At a corrected threshold, paired t-test showed stronger VTA connectivity to bilateral angular gyrus and superior/middle and orbital frontal regions and stronger SNc connectivity to the insula, thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and amygdala. Compared to women, men showed a stronger VTA/SNc connectivity to the left posterior orbital gyrus. In linear regressions, men but not women showed age-related changes in VTA/SNc connectivity to a number of cortical and cerebellar regions. Supporting shared but also distinct cerebral rsFC of the VTA and SNc and gender differences in age-related changes from young and middle adulthood in VTA/SNc connectivity, these new findings help advance our understanding of the neural bases of many neuropsychiatric illnesses that implicate the dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Peterson
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Herta H Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Administration Medical CenterWest Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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Anything goes? Regulation of the neural processes underlying response inhibition in TBI patients. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:159-169. [PMID: 28012706 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for beneficial use of methylphenidate in response inhibition, no studies so far have investigated the effects of this drug in the neurobiology of inhibitory control in traumatic brain injury (TBI), even though impulsive behaviours are frequently reported in this patient group. We investigated the neural basis of response inhibition in a group of TBI patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a stop-signal paradigm. In a randomised double-blinded crossover study, the patients received either a single 30mg dose of methylphenidate or placebo and performed the stop-signal task. Activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG), an area associated with response inhibition, was significantly lower in patients compared to healthy controls. Poor response inhibition in this group was associated with greater connectivity between the RIFG and a set of regions considered to be part of the default mode network (DMN), a finding that suggests the interplay between DMN and frontal executive networks maybe compromised. A single dose of methylphenidate rendered activity and connectivity profiles of the patients RIFG near normal. The results of this study indicate that the neural circuitry involved in response inhibition in TBI patients may be partially restored with methylphenidate. Given the known mechanisms of action of methylphenidate, the effect we observed may be due to increased dopamine and noradrenaline levels.
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Horowitz-Kraus T, Farah R, Hajinazarian A, Eaton K, Rajagopal A, Schmithorst VJ, Altaye M, Vannest JJ, Holland SK. Maturation of Brain Regions Related to the Default Mode Network during Adolescence Facilitates Narrative Comprehension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5. [PMID: 32524005 PMCID: PMC7286598 DOI: 10.4172/2375-4494.1000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Although the Default Mode Network (DMN) has been examined extensively in adults, developmental characteristics of this network during childhood are not fully understood. Methods In this longitudinal study, we characterized the developmental changes in the DMN in fifteen children who were each scanned three times during a narrative comprehension task using magnetic resonance imaging. Results Despite similar brain-activation patterns along developmental ages 5 to 18 years when listening to stories, increased, widely distributed deactivation of the DMN was observed in children between the ages of 11 and 18 years. Our findings suggest that changes occurring with increased age, primarily brain maturation and cognitive development drive deactivation of the DMN, which in turn might facilitate attendance to the task. Conclusions The interpretation of our results is as a possible reference for the typical course of deactivation of the DMN and to explain the impaired patterns in this neural network associated with different language-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Israel.,Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rola Farah
- Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, Technion, Israel
| | - Ardag Hajinazarian
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth Eaton
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Akila Rajagopal
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent J Schmithorst
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mekibib Altaye
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer J Vannest
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott K Holland
- Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Neural effects of methylphenidate and nicotine during smooth pursuit eye movements. Neuroimage 2016; 141:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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The effect of single-dose methylphenidate on resting-state network functional connectivity in ADHD. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 11:1422-1431. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Methylphenidate does not enhance visual working memory but benefits motivation in macaque monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Söderlund GBW, Björk C, Gustafsson P. Comparing Auditory Noise Treatment with Stimulant Medication on Cognitive Task Performance in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1331. [PMID: 27656153 PMCID: PMC5011143 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent research has shown that acoustic white noise (80 dB) can improve task performance in people with attention deficits and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is attributed to the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in which a certain amount of noise can improve performance in a brain that is not working at its optimum. We compare here the effect of noise exposure with the effect of stimulant medication on cognitive task performance in ADHD. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of auditory noise exposure with stimulant medication for ADHD children on a cognitive test battery. A group of typically developed children (TDC) took the same tests as a comparison. Methods: Twenty children with ADHD of combined or inattentive subtypes and twenty TDC matched for age and gender performed three different tests (word recall, spanboard and n-back task) during exposure to white noise (80 dB) and in a silent condition. The ADHD children were tested with and without central stimulant medication. Results: In the spanboard- and the word recall tasks, but not in the 2-back task, white noise exposure led to significant improvements for both non-medicated and medicated ADHD children. No significant effects of medication were found on any of the three tasks. Conclusion: This pilot study shows that exposure to white noise resulted in a task improvement that was larger than the one with stimulant medication thus opening up the possibility of using auditory noise as an alternative, non-pharmacological treatment of cognitive ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran B W Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Sogn og Fjordane University College Sogndal, Norway
| | - Christer Björk
- Department of Pupil Welfare, Municipality of Skellefteå Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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Moeller SJ, Konova AB, Tomasi D, Parvaz MA, Goldstein RZ. Abnormal response to methylphenidate across multiple fMRI procedures in cocaine use disorder: feasibility study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2559-69. [PMID: 27150080 PMCID: PMC4916842 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The indirect dopamine agonist methylphenidate remediates cognitive deficits in psychopathology, but the individual characteristics that determine its effects on the brain are not known. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether targeted dopaminergically modulated traits and individual differences could predict neural response to methylphenidate across multiple functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) procedures. METHODS We combined neural measures from three separate procedures (two inhibitory control tasks differing in their degree of emotional salience and resting-state functional connectivity) during methylphenidate (20 mg oral, versus randomized and counterbalanced placebo) and correlated these aggregated responses with cocaine use disorder diagnosis (22 cocaine abusers, 21 controls), symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and working memory capacity. RESULTS Cocaine abusers, relative to controls, had a lower response in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to methylphenidate across all three procedures, driven by responses to the two inhibitory control tasks; reduced methylphenidate fMRI response in this region further correlated with more frequent cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS Cocaine abuse (and its frequency), associated with lower tonic dopamine levels, correlated with a reduction in activation to methylphenidate (versus placebo). These initial results provide feasibility to the idea that multimodal fMRI tasks can be meaningfully aggregated, and that these aggregated procedures show a common disruption in addiction in a highly anticipated region relevant to cognitive control. Results also suggest that drug use frequency may represent an important modulatory variable in interpreting the efficacy of pharmacologically enhanced cognitive interventions in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029,Correspondence may be addressed to: Scott J. Moeller, 1470 Madison Ave (Room 9-115), New York, NY 10029; Tel: 212-824-8973; Fax: 212-803-6743; . Or to: Rita Z. Goldstein, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029; tel. (212) 824-9312; fax (212) 996-8931;
| | - Anna B. Konova
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY 10003
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Muhammad A. Parvaz
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029,Correspondence may be addressed to: Scott J. Moeller, 1470 Madison Ave (Room 9-115), New York, NY 10029; Tel: 212-824-8973; Fax: 212-803-6743; . Or to: Rita Z. Goldstein, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029; tel. (212) 824-9312; fax (212) 996-8931;
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