1
|
Zhang Y, Huang J, Huang L, Peng L, Wang X, Zhang Q, Zeng Y, Yang J, Li Z, Sun X, Liang S. Atypical characteristic changes of surface morphology and structural covariance network in developmental dyslexia. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2261-2270. [PMID: 37996775 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by difficulties with all aspects of information acquisition in the written word, including slow and inaccurate word recognition. The neural basis behind DD has not been fully elucidated. METHOD The study included 22 typically developing (TD) children, 16 children with isolated spelling disorder (SpD), and 20 children with DD. The cortical thickness, folding index, and mean curvature of Broca's area, including the triangular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFGtriang) and the opercular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus, were assessed to explore the differences of surface morphology among the TD, SpD, and DD groups. Furthermore, the structural covariance network (SCN) of the triangular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus was analyzed to explore the changes of structural connectivity in the SpD and DD groups. RESULTS The DD group showed higher curvature and cortical folding of the left IFGtriang than the TD group and SpD group. In addition, compared with the TD group and the SpD group, the structural connectivity between the left IFGtriang and the left middle-frontal gyrus and the right mid-orbital frontal gyrus was increased in the DD group, and the structural connectivity between the left IFGtriang and the right precuneus and anterior cingulate was decreased in the DD group. CONCLUSION DD had atypical structural connectivity in brain regions related to visual attention, memory and which might impact the information input and integration needed for reading and spelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Rehabilitation Industry Institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jiayang Huang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Li Huang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Lixin Peng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Junchao Yang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Xi Sun
- College of Information Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Shengxiang Liang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
- Rehabilitation Industry Institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350001, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elmers J, Yu S, Talebi N, Prochnow A, Beste C. Neurophysiological effective network connectivity supports a threshold-dependent management of dynamic working memory gating. iScience 2024; 27:109521. [PMID: 38591012 PMCID: PMC11000016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To facilitate goal-directed actions, effective management of working memory (WM) is crucial, involving a hypothesized WM "gating mechanism." We investigate the underlying neural basis through behavioral modeling and connectivity assessments between neuroanatomical regions linked to theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. We found opposing, threshold-dependent mechanisms governing WM gate opening and closing. Directed beta band connectivity in the parieto-frontal and parahippocampal-occipital networks was crucial for threshold-dependent WM gating dynamics. Fronto-parahippocampal connectivity in the theta band was also notable for both gating processes, although weaker than that in the beta band. Distinct roles for theta, beta, and alpha bands emerge in maintaining information in WM and shielding against interference, whereby alpha band activity likely acts as a "gatekeeper" supporting processes reflected by beta and theta band activity. The study shows that the decision criterion for WM gate opening/closing relies on concerted interplay within neuroanatomical networks defined by beta and theta band activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elmers
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shijing Yu
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nasibeh Talebi
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Prochnow
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kody E, Diwadkar VA. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to brain network dysfunction during learning and memory: Implications for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:520-531. [PMID: 36351307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits are core features of schizophrenia, and a central aim in biological psychiatry is to identify the etiology of these deficits. Scrutiny is naturally focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal cortices, given these structures' roles in memory and learning. The fronto-hippocampal framework is valuable but restrictive. Network-based underpinnings of learning and memory are substantially diverse and include interactions between hetero-modal and early sensory networks. Thus, a loss of fidelity in sensory information may impact memorial and cognitive processing in higher-order brain sub-networks, becoming a sensory source for learning and memory deficits. In this overview, we suggest that impairments in magno- and parvo-cellular visual pathways result in degraded inputs to core learning and memory networks. The ascending cascade of aberrant neural events significantly contributes to learning and memory deficits in schizophrenia. We outline the network bases of these effects, and suggest that any network perspectives of dysfunction in schizophrenia must assess the impact of impaired perceptual contributions. Finally, we speculate on how this framework enriches the space of biomarkers and expands intervention strategies to ameliorate this prototypical disconnection syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kessels RPC, Bergmann HC. What does the hippocampus do during working-memory tasks? A cognitive-neuropsychological perspective. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:210-211. [PMID: 36218275 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2131745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary, we highlight the role of the hippocampus as a binding device that may explain its recruitment during associative working-memory paradigms. Furthermore, we argue that both functional neuroimaging research, as presented in Slotnick (this issue), and carefully designed lesion studies in patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage are crucial for advancing our understanding of the neural structures and processing involved in human memory in general and disentangling the role of the hippocampus proper and other medial temporal lobe structures in working-memory function and long-term encoding specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology & Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko C Bergmann
- TUM School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Slotnick SD. Does working memory activate the hippocampus during the late delay period? Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:182-207. [PMID: 35699620 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2075842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present discussion paper was to identify whether any fMRI studies have provided convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with working memory. The key outcome variable was the phase in which hippocampal activity was observed: study, early delay, late delay, and/or test. During working memory tasks, long-term memory processes can operate during the study phase, early delay phase (due to extended encoding), or test phase. Thus, working memory processes can be isolated from long-term memory processes during only the late delay period. Twenty-six working memory studies that reported hippocampal activity were systematically analyzed. Many experimental protocols and analysis parameters were considered including number of participants, stimulus type(s), number of items during the study phase, delay duration, task during the test phase, behavioral accuracy, relevant fMRI contrast(s), whether the information was novel or familiar, number of phases modeled, and whether activation timecourses were extracted. For studies that were able to identify activity in different phases, familiar information sometimes produced activity during the study phase and/or test phase, but never produced activity during the delay period. When early-delay phase and late-delay phase activity could be distinguished via modeling these phases separately or inspecting activation timecourses, novel information could additionally produce activity during the early delay phase. There was no convincing evidence of hippocampal activity during the late delay period. These results indicate that working memory does not activate the hippocampus and suggest a model of working memory where maintenance of novel information can foster long-term memory encoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Au J, Smith-Peirce RN, Carbone E, Moon A, Evans M, Jonides J, Jaeggi SM. Effects of Multisession Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Long-term Memory and Working Memory in Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:1015-1037. [PMID: 35195728 PMCID: PMC9836784 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive form of electrical brain stimulation popularly used to augment the effects of working memory (WM) training. Although success has been mixed, some studies report enhancements in WM performance persisting days, weeks, or even months that are actually more reminiscent of consolidation effects typically observed in the long-term memory (LTM) domain, rather than WM improvements per se. Although tDCS has been often reported to enhance both WM and LTM, these effects have never been directly compared within the same study. However, given their considerable neural and behavioral overlap, this is a timely comparison to make. This study reports results from a multisession intervention in older adults comparing active and sham tDCS over the left dorsolateral pFC during training on both an n-back WM task and a word learning LTM task. We found strong and robust effects on LTM, but mixed effects on WM that only emerged for those with lower baseline ability. Importantly, mediation analyses showed an indirect effect of tDCS on WM that was mediated by improvements in consolidation. We conclude that tDCS over the left dorsolateral pFC can be used as an effective intervention to foster long-term learning and memory consolidation in aging, which can manifest in performance improvements across multiple memory domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Au
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Austin Moon
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside CA, 92521, USA
| | - Michelle Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, 48109, USA
| | - John Jonides
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, 48109, USA
| | - Susanne M. Jaeggi
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Yuan Q, Liu Z, Zhang M, Wu J, Lu C, Ding G, Guo T. The cortical organization of writing sequence: evidence from observing Chinese characters in motion. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1627-1639. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
8
|
James CE, Altenmüller E, Kliegel M, Krüger THC, Van De Ville D, Worschech F, Abdili L, Scholz DS, Jünemann K, Hering A, Grouiller F, Sinke C, Marie D. Train the brain with music (TBM): brain plasticity and cognitive benefits induced by musical training in elderly people in Germany and Switzerland, a study protocol for an RCT comparing musical instrumental practice to sensitization to music. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20:418. [PMID: 33087078 PMCID: PMC7576734 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-020-01761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that musical practice prevents age-related cognitive decline. But experimental evidence remains sparse and no concise information on the neurophysiological bases exists, although cognitive decline represents a major impediment to healthy aging. A challenge in the field of aging is developing training regimens that stimulate neuroplasticity and delay or reverse symptoms of cognitive and cerebral decline. To be successful, these regimens should be easily integrated in daily life and intrinsically motivating. This study combines for the first-time protocolled music practice in elderly with cutting-edge neuroimaging and behavioral approaches, comparing two types of musical education. METHODS We conduct a two-site Hannover-Geneva randomized intervention study in altogether 155 retired healthy elderly (64-78) years, (63 in Geneva, 92 in Hannover), offering either piano instruction (experimental group) or musical listening awareness (control group). Over 12 months all participants receive weekly training for 1 hour, and exercise at home for ~ 30 min daily. Both groups study different music styles. Participants are tested at 4 time points (0, 6, and 12 months & post-training (18 months)) on cognitive and perceptual-motor aptitudes as well as via wide-ranging functional and structural neuroimaging and blood sampling. DISCUSSION We aim to demonstrate positive transfer effects for faculties traditionally described to decline with age, particularly in the piano group: executive functions, working memory, processing speed, abstract thinking and fine motor skills. Benefits in both groups may show for verbal memory, hearing in noise and subjective well-being. In association with these behavioral benefits we anticipate functional and structural brain plasticity in temporal (medial and lateral), prefrontal and parietal areas and the basal ganglia. We intend exhibiting for the first time that musical activities can provoke important societal impacts by diminishing cognitive and perceptual-motor decline supported by functional and structural brain plasticity. TRIAL REGISTRATION The Ethikkomission of the Leibniz Universität Hannover approved the protocol on 14.08.17 (no. 3604-2017), the neuroimaging part and blood sampling was approved by the Hannover Medical School on 07.03.18. The full protocol was approved by the Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche de Genève (no. 2016-02224) on 27.02.18 and registered at clinicaltrials.gov on 17.09.18 ( NCT03674931 , no. 81185).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara E James
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont-d'Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eckart Altenmüller
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medecine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Neues Haus 1, 30175, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Kliegel
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont-d'Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve 28, 1205, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Tillmann H C Krüger
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology & Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Centre of Mental Health, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medecine of the University of Geneva, Switzerland, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Worschech
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medecine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Neues Haus 1, 30175, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Abdili
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S Scholz
- Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medecine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Neues Haus 1, 30175, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Jünemann
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology & Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Centre of Mental Health, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hering
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont-d'Arve 40, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve 28, 1205, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Grouiller
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland. Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Clinical Psychology & Sexual Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Centre of Mental Health, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Damien Marie
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Torres-Prioris MJ, López-Barroso D, Càmara E, Fittipaldi S, Sedeño L, Ibáñez A, Berthier ML, García AM. Neurocognitive signatures of phonemic sequencing in expert backward speakers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10621. [PMID: 32606382 PMCID: PMC7326922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its prolific growth, neurolinguistic research on phonemic sequencing has largely neglected the study of individuals with highly developed skills in this domain. To bridge this gap, we report multidimensional signatures of two experts in backward speech, that is, the capacity to produce utterances by reversing the order of phonemes while retaining their identity. Our approach included behavioral assessments of backward and forward speech alongside neuroimaging measures of voxel-based morphometry, diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state functional connectivity. Relative to controls, both backward speakers exhibited behavioral advantages for reversing words and sentences of varying complexity, irrespective of working memory skills. These patterns were accompanied by increased grey matter volume, higher mean diffusivity, and enhanced functional connectivity along dorsal and ventral stream regions mediating phonological and other linguistic operations, with complementary support of areas subserving associative-visual and domain-general processes. Still, the specific loci of these neural patterns differed between both subjects, suggesting individual variability in the correlates of expert backward speech. Taken together, our results offer new vistas on the domain of phonemic sequencing, while illuminating neuroplastic patterns underlying extraordinary language abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Torres-Prioris
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Diana López-Barroso
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.,Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Estela Càmara
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Universidad de San Andrés, Vito Dumas 284, B1644BID Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Universidad de San Andrés, Vito Dumas 284, B1644BID Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcelo L Berthier
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Adolfo M García
- Universidad de San Andrés, Vito Dumas 284, B1644BID Victoria, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States. .,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Lingüística Y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prefrontal working memory activity predicts episodic memory performance: A neuroimaging study. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
11
|
Correlation between visual association memory test and structural changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:1325-1332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
12
|
Hampstead BM, Stringer AY, Stilla RF, Sathian K. Mnemonic strategy training increases neocortical activation in healthy older adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 154:27-36. [PMID: 31067489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory deficits characterize the diagnosis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), which is widely viewed as a clinical precursor to Alzheimer's type dementia. There is a growing interest in non-pharmacologic interventions, such as mnemonic strategies, for improving learning and memory in patients with aMCI as well as for maintaining functioning in healthy older adults. Using an ecologically relevant object-location association paradigm, we conducted a randomized, controlled, single-blind study in which healthy older adults and patients with aMCI were randomized to either mnemonic strategy training or a control group that was matched for stimulus exposure. We previously reported that mnemonic strategy training resulted in significantly greater learning and memory improvements compared to the matched exposure condition, in both aMCI patients and healthy controls. The current study examined changes in neocortical activation during encoding in a subset of participants who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning both before and after training. To minimize potential confounds in between-group comparisons, we employed non-linear cortex based alignment and included only correctly encoded stimuli in our analyses. When re-encoding stimuli learned during training (i.e., trained stimuli), we found a general enhancement of activation in right prefrontal and parietal regions, possibly reflecting practice-related improvement in coordinate spatial processing in all but the aMCI exposure group. Left hemisphere activation was typically only evident in the mnemonic strategy trained participants, regardless of diagnostic status, with the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex appearing especially important for strategy use. While encoding relatively novel stimuli, both mnemonic strategy groups (aMCI patients and healthy controls) demonstrated increased activation in a subset of regions showing change for the trained stimuli, indicating a mnemonic strategy-induced change in the processing of new information. These findings could not be explained by repeated exposure since there was little to no activation overlap in the respective exposure control groups. The current results reinforce the potential benefits of cognitive interventions in these growing populations and indicate that neuroplastic change in key rostral and lateral prefrontal regions mediate this behavioral change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hampstead
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Neuropsychology Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Anthony Y Stringer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Randall F Stilla
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - K Sathian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Departments of Neurology, Neural & Behavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pu M, Yu R. Post-encoding frontal theta activity predicts incidental memory in the reward context. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 158:14-23. [PMID: 30630040 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Memories for daily events require that individuals integrate initial fragile traces of events over time. Recent evidence suggests that reward anticipation enhances memory performance and amplifies frontal theta activity for remembered items vs. forgotten items. However, little is known about how incidental rewards after item presentation retrospectively modulate memory and the neural basis of this processing. Here, we used EEG combined with an incidental memory task to study how incidental reward association biased the post-encoding process. In the anticipatory stage, participants saw photos in win, loss and neutral contexts. Each photo was presented in a color frame that indicated the incentive condition (win vs. loss vs. neutral) and participants were asked to make a binary choice to predict whether the photo was associated with the left/right button. Feedback was presented to indicate arbitrary correctness and monetary outcomes. Recognition memory was tested after a short delay. During the encoding phase, left central-parietal theta power predicted subsequent memory performance in the win context. The post-encoding theta power at right central-frontal and central-parietal sites predicted later memory performance only in the win context. The size of frontal post-encoding related theta activity in the win context was correlated with the discriminate accuracy of the test stimulus. Our results suggest that post-encoding theta activity is closely linked to reward-based associative learning, providing evidence of a potential post-encoding mechanism of information binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Pu
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongjun Yu
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application and Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
van Leijsen EMC, Tay J, van Uden IWM, Kooijmans ECM, Bergkamp MI, van der Holst HM, Ghafoorian M, Platel B, Norris DG, Kessels RPC, Markus HS, Tuladhar AM, de Leeuw FE. Memory decline in elderly with cerebral small vessel disease explained by temporal interactions between white matter hyperintensities and hippocampal atrophy. Hippocampus 2018; 29:500-510. [PMID: 30307080 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) constitute the visible spectrum of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) markers and are associated with cognitive decline, although they do not fully account for memory decline observed in individuals with SVD. We hypothesize that WMH might exert their effect on memory decline indirectly by affecting remote brain structures such as the hippocampus. We investigated the temporal interactions between WMH, hippocampal atrophy and memory decline in older adults with SVD. Five hundred and three participants of the RUNDMC study underwent neuroimaging and cognitive assessments up to 3 times over 8.7 years. We assessed WMH volumes semi-automatically and calculated hippocampal volumes (HV) using FreeSurfer. We used linear mixed effects models and causal mediation analyses to assess both interaction and mediation effects of hippocampal atrophy in the associations between WMH and memory decline, separately for working memory (WM) and episodic memory (EM). Linear mixed effect models revealed that the interaction between WMH and hippocampal volumes explained memory decline (WM: β = .067; 95%CI[.024-0.111]; p < .01; EM: β = .061; 95%CI[.025-.098]; p < .01), with better model fit when the WMH*HV interaction term was added to the model, for both WM (likelihood ratio test, χ2 [1] = 9.3, p < .01) and for EM (likelihood ratio test, χ2 [1] = 10.7, p < .01). Mediation models showed that both baseline WMH volume (β = -.170; p = .001) and hippocampal atrophy (β = 0.126; p = .009) were independently related to EM decline, but the effect of baseline WMH on EM decline was not mediated by hippocampal atrophy (p value indirect effect: 0.572). Memory decline in elderly with SVD was best explained by the interaction of WMH and hippocampal volumes. The relationship between WMH and memory was not causally mediated by hippocampal atrophy, suggesting that memory decline during aging is a heterogeneous condition in which different pathologies contribute to the memory decline observed in elderly with SVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther M C van Leijsen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Tay
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg W M van Uden
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eline C M Kooijmans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mayra I Bergkamp
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mohsen Ghafoorian
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University, Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Platel
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David G Norris
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kucyi A, Tambini A, Sadaghiani S, Keilholz S, Cohen JR. Spontaneous cognitive processes and the behavioral validation of time-varying brain connectivity. Netw Neurosci 2018; 2:397-417. [PMID: 30465033 PMCID: PMC6195165 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In cognitive neuroscience, focus is commonly placed on associating brain function with changes in objectively measured external stimuli or with actively generated cognitive processes. In everyday life, however, many forms of cognitive processes are initiated spontaneously, without an individual's active effort and without explicit manipulation of behavioral state. Recently, there has been increased emphasis, especially in functional neuroimaging research, on spontaneous correlated activity among spatially segregated brain regions (intrinsic functional connectivity) and, more specifically, on intraindividual fluctuations of such correlated activity on various time scales (time-varying functional connectivity). In this Perspective, we propose that certain subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes are detectable in time-varying functional connectivity measurements. We define these subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes and review evidence of their representations in time-varying functional connectivity from studies of attentional fluctuations, memory reactivation, and effects of baseline states on subsequent perception. Moreover, we describe how these studies are critical to validating the use of neuroimaging tools (e.g., fMRI) for assessing ongoing brain network dynamics. We conclude that continued investigation of the behavioral relevance of time-varying functional connectivity will be beneficial both in the development of comprehensive neural models of cognition, and in informing on best practices for studying brain network dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arielle Tambini
- Department of Psychology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Department of Psychology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Shella Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica R Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sato J, Mossad SI, Wong SM, Hunt BAE, Dunkley BT, Smith ML, Urbain C, Taylor MJ. Alpha keeps it together: Alpha oscillatory synchrony underlies working memory maintenance in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 34:114-123. [PMID: 30336447 PMCID: PMC6969306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated brain networks underlying working memory maintenance in children. Higher alpha phase synchrony was found for correct compared to incorrect responses. Working memory maintenance was associated with dominant fronto-temporal connections. Maintenance-related network included the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our results implicate sustained alpha phase synchrony with successful performance.
Working Memory (WM) supports a wide range of cognitive functions, and is positively associated with academic achievement. Although fMRI studies have revealed WM networks in adults, little is known about how these networks develop to support successful WM performance in children. Using magnetoencephalography, we examined the networks underlying the maintenance of visual information in 6-year-old children. We observed an increase in mean whole-brain connectivity that was specific to the alpha frequency band during the retention interval associated with correct compared to incorrect responses. Additionally, our network analysis revealed elevated alpha synchronization during WM maintenance in a distributed network of frontal, parietal and temporal regions. Central hubs in the network were lateralized to the left hemisphere with dominant fronto-temporal connections, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, middle temporal and superior temporal gyri, as well as other canonical language areas. Local changes in power were also analysed for seeds of interest, including the left inferior parietal lobe, which revealed an increase in alpha power after stimulus onset that was sustained throughout the retention period of WM. Our results therefore implicate sustained fronto-temporal alpha synchrony during the retention interval with subsequent successful WM responses in children, which may be aided by subvocal rehearsal strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sato
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sarah I Mossad
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simeon M Wong
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin A E Hunt
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin T Dunkley
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charline Urbain
- UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group at Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN) and ULB Neurosciences Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Memel M, Woolverton CB, Bourassa K, Glisky EL. Working memory predicts subsequent episodic memory decline during healthy cognitive aging: evidence from a cross-lagged panel design. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:711-730. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1521507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Memel
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Kyle Bourassa
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wynn SC, Hendriks MPH, Daselaar SM, Kessels RPC, Schutter DJLG. The posterior parietal cortex and subjectively perceived confidence during memory retrieval. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:382-389. [PMID: 30012883 PMCID: PMC6049393 DOI: 10.1101/lm.048033.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging studies suggest a role for the left angular gyrus (AG) in processes related to memory recognition. However, results of neuropsychological and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have been inconclusive regarding the specific contribution of the AG in recollection, familiarity, and the subjective experience of memory. To obtain further insight into this issue, 20 healthy right-handed volunteers performed a memory task in a single-blind within-subject controlled TMS study. Neuronavigated inhibitory repetitive TMS (rTMS) was applied over the left AG and the vertex in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Prior to rTMS participants were presented with a list of words. After rTMS participants were shown a second list of words and instructed to indicate if the word was already shown prior to rTMS ("old") or was presented for the first time ("new"). In addition, subjectively perceived memory confidence was assessed. Results showed that recollection was unaffected following inhibitory left AG rTMS. In contrast, rTMS over the left AG improved both familiarity and the subjectively perceived confidence of participants that demonstrated low baseline memory recognition. Our study highlights the importance of taking into account individual differences in experimental designs involving noninvasive brain stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syanah C Wynn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P H Hendriks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Academic Centre of Epileptology, Kempenhaeghe, 5590 AB Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Daselaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grot S, Leclerc ME, Luck D. Examining the neural correlates of active and passive forms of verbal-spatial binding in working memory. Biol Psychol 2018; 136:67-75. [PMID: 29802860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We designed an fMRI study to pinpoint the neural correlates of active and passive binding in working memory. Participants were instructed to memorize three words and three spatial locations. In the passive binding condition, words and spatial locations were directly presented as bound. Conversely, in the active binding condition, words and spatial locations were presented as separated, and participants were directed to intentionally create associations between them. Our results showed that participants performed better on passive binding relative to active binding. FMRI analysis revealed that both binding conditions induced greater activity within the hippocampus. Additionally, our analyses divulged regions specifically engaged in passive and active binding. Altogether, these data allow us to propose the hippocampus as a central candidate for working memory binding. When needed, a frontal-parietal network can contribute to the rearrangement of information. These findings may inform theories of working memory binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Leclerc
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Luck
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lugtmeijer S, de Haan EHF, Kessels RPC. A comparison of visual working memory and episodic memory performance in younger and older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:387-406. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1451480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selma Lugtmeijer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roy P. C. Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cashdollar N, Ruhnau P, Weisz N, Hasson U. The Role of Working Memory in the Probabilistic Inference of Future Sensory Events. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2955-2969. [PMID: 27226445 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to represent the emerging regularity of sensory information from the external environment has been thought to allow one to probabilistically infer future sensory occurrences and thus optimize behavior. However, the underlying neural implementation of this process is still not comprehensively understood. Through a convergence of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence, we establish that the probabilistic inference of future events is critically linked to people's ability to maintain the recent past in working memory. Magnetoencephalography recordings demonstrated that when visual stimuli occurring over an extended time series had a greater statistical regularity, individuals with higher working-memory capacity (WMC) displayed enhanced slow-wave neural oscillations in the θ frequency band (4-8 Hz.) prior to, but not during stimulus appearance. This prestimulus neural activity was specifically linked to contexts where information could be anticipated and influenced the preferential sensory processing for this visual information after its appearance. A separate behavioral study demonstrated that this process intrinsically emerges during continuous perception and underpins a realistic advantage for efficient behavioral responses. In this way, WMC optimizes the anticipation of higher level semantic concepts expected to occur in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Cashdollar
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento 38060, Italy
| | - Philipp Ruhnau
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento 38060, Italy.,Division of Physiological Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
| | - Nathan Weisz
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento 38060, Italy.,Division of Physiological Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg A-5020, Austria
| | - Uri Hasson
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Trento 38060, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Determining the Neural Substrate for Encoding a Memory of Human Pain and the Influence of Anxiety. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11806-11817. [PMID: 29097595 PMCID: PMC5719969 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0750-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To convert a painful stimulus into a briefly maintainable construct when the painful stimulus is no longer accessible is essential to guide human behavior and avoid dangerous situations. Because of the aversive nature of pain, this encoding process might be influenced by emotional aspects and could thus vary across individuals, but we have yet to understand both the basic underlying neural mechanisms as well as potential interindividual differences. Using fMRI in combination with a delayed-discrimination task in healthy volunteers of both sexes, we discovered that brain regions involved in this working memory encoding process were dissociable according to whether the to-be-remembered stimulus was painful or not, with the medial thalamus and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex encoding painful and the primary somatosensory cortex encoding nonpainful stimuli. Encoding of painful stimuli furthermore significantly enhanced functional connectivity between the thalamus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). With regards to emotional aspects influencing encoding processes, we observed that more anxious participants showed significant performance advantages when encoding painful stimuli. Importantly, only during the encoding of pain, the interindividual differences in anxiety were associated with the strength of coupling between medial thalamus and mPFC, which was furthermore related to activity in the amygdala. These results indicate not only that there is a distinct signature for the encoding of a painful experience in humans, but also that this encoding process involves a strong affective component. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To convert the sensation of pain into a briefly maintainable construct is essential to guide human behavior and avoid dangerous situations. Although this working memory encoding process is implicitly contained in the majority of studies, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. Using fMRI in a delayed-discrimination task, we found that the encoding of pain engaged the activation of the medial thalamus and the functional connectivity between the thalamus and medial prefrontal cortex. These fMRI data were directly and indirectly related to participants' self-reported trait and state anxiety. Our findings indicate that the mechanisms responsible for the encoding of noxious stimuli differ from those for the encoding of innocuous stimuli, and that these mechanisms are shaped by an individual's anxiety levels.
Collapse
|
23
|
De Carolis A, Cipollini V, Donato N, Sepe-Monti M, Orzi F, Giubilei F. Cognitive profiles in degenerative dementia without evidence of small vessel pathology and small vessel vascular dementia. Neurol Sci 2016; 38:101-107. [PMID: 27655157 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although a large number of studies have examined possible differences in cognitive performance between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), the data in the literature are conflicting. The aims of this study were to analyze the neuropsychological pattern of subjects affected by degenerative dementia without evidence of small vessel pathology (DD) and small vessel VaD subjects in the early stages and to investigate differences in the progression of cognitive impairment. Seventy-five patients with probable VaD and 75 patients with probable DD were included. All the subjects underwent a standard neuropsychological evaluation, including the following test: Visual Search, Attentional matrices, Story Recall, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices, Phonological and Semantic Verbal Fluency, Token, and Copying Drawings. The severity of cognitive impairment was stratified according to the MMSE score. Fifteen subjects with probable DD and 10 subjects with probable VaD underwent a 12-month cognitive re-evaluation. No significant difference was found between DD and VaD subjects in any of the neuropsychological tests except Story Recall in the mild cognitive impairment (P < 0.001). The re-test value was significantly worse than the baseline value in the MMSE (P = 0.037), Corsi (P = 0.041), Story Recall (P = 0.032), Phonological Verbal Fluency (P = 0.02), and Copying Drawings (P = 0.043) in DD patients and in the Visual Search test (P = 0.036) in VaD subjects. These results suggest that a neuropsychological evaluation might help to differentiate degenerative dementia without evidence of small vessel pathology from small vessel VaD in the early stages of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Carolis
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Cipollini
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicole Donato
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Sepe-Monti
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Orzi
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Giubilei
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bergmann HC, Daselaar SM, Fernández G, Kessels RPC. Neural substrates of successful working memory and long-term memory formation in a relational spatial memory task. Cogn Process 2016; 17:377-387. [PMID: 27350001 PMCID: PMC5075341 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-016-0772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) tasks may involve brain activation actually implicated in long-term memory (LTM). In order to disentangle these two memory systems, we employed a combined WM/LTM task, using a spatial relational (object-location) memory paradigm and analyzed which brain areas were associated with successful performance for either task using fMRI. Critically, we corrected for the performance on the respective memory task when analyzing subsequent memory effects. The WM task consisted of a delayed-match-to-sample task assessed in an MRI scanner. Each trial consisted of an indoor or outdoor scene in which the exact configuration of four objects had to be remembered. After a short delay (7–13 s), the scene was presented from a different angle and spatial recognition for two objects was tested. After scanning, participants received an unexpected subsequent recognition memory (LTM) task, where the two previously unprobed objects were tested. Brain activity during encoding, delay phase and probe phase was analyzed based on WM and LTM performance. Results showed that successful WM performance, when corrected for LTM performance, was associated with greater activation in the inferior frontal gyrus and left fusiform gyrus during the early stage of the maintenance phase. A correct decision during the WM probe was accompanied by greater activation in a wide network, including bilateral hippocampus, right superior parietal gyrus and bilateral insula. No voxels exhibited supra-threshold activity during the encoding phase, and we did not find any differential activity for correct versus incorrect trials in the WM task when comparing LTM correct versus LTM incorrect trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko C Bergmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Daselaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Neuropsychology and Rehabilitation Psychology, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Riegel M, Wierzba M, Grabowska A, Jednoróg K, Marchewka A. Effect of emotion on memory for words and their context. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:1636-45. [PMID: 26560407 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotion influences various cognitive processes, such as memory. This beneficial or detrimental effect can be studied with verbal material, yet in this case a broad term of context has to be taken into account. The present work reviews recent literature and proposes that traditional differentiation between semantic and environmental context should be replaced with a novel conceptualization of hippocampus-dependent relational memory and item memory (related to the activations of cuneus and left amygdala). Additionally, instead of list-learning paradigms, words should be memorized in the context of sentences or stories for better control over their meaning. The recent evidence suggests that of particular importance for ecological validity in research paradigms is the presence of communicative and social context of verbal material related to such processes as theory of mind and brain activations in temporoparietal junction, posterior cingulate cortex, and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. We propose that studying memory of verbal material within context gives a better understanding of enhancing and impairing effects of emotion as well as of the underlying brain mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Riegel
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| | - Małgorzata Wierzba
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw.,University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw
| | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Watson PD, Paul EJ, Cooke GE, Ward N, Monti JM, Horecka KM, Allen CM, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF, Barbey AK. Underlying sources of cognitive-anatomical variation in multi-modal neuroimaging and cognitive testing. Neuroimage 2016; 129:439-449. [PMID: 26808332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy adults have robust individual differences in neuroanatomy and cognitive ability not captured by demographics or gross morphology (Luders, Narr, Thompson, & Toga, 2009). We used a hierarchical independent component analysis (hICA) to create novel characterizations of individual differences in our participants (N=190). These components fused data across multiple cognitive tests and neuroanatomical variables. The first level contained four independent, underlying sources of phenotypic variance that predominately modeled broad relationships within types of data (e.g., "white matter," or "subcortical gray matter"), but were not reflective of traditional individual difference measures such as sex, age, or intracranial volume. After accounting for the novel individual difference measures, a second level analysis identified two underlying sources of phenotypic variation. One of these made strong, joint contributions to both the anatomical structures associated with the core fronto-parietal "rich club" network (van den Heuvel & Sporns, 2011), and to cognitive factors. These findings suggest that a hierarchical, data-driven approach is able to identify underlying sources of individual difference that contribute to cognitive-anatomical variation in healthy young adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Watson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - E J Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - G E Cooke
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - N Ward
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J M Monti
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K M Horecka
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - C M Allen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - C H Hillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - N J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - A F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - A K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hampstead BM, Khoshnoodi M, Yan W, Deshpande G, Sathian K. Patterns of effective connectivity during memory encoding and retrieval differ between patients with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults. Neuroimage 2016; 124:997-1008. [PMID: 26458520 PMCID: PMC5619652 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that there is considerable overlap in the neural networks mediating successful memory encoding and retrieval. However, little is known about how the relevant human brain regions interact during these distinct phases of memory or how such interactions are affected by memory deficits that characterize mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition that often precedes dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Here we employed multivariate Granger causality analysis using autoregressive modeling of inferred neuronal time series obtained by deconvolving the hemodynamic response function from measured blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) time series data, in order to examine the effective connectivity between brain regions during successful encoding and/or retrieval of object location associations in MCI patients and comparable healthy older adults. During encoding, healthy older adults demonstrated a left hemisphere dominant pattern where the inferior frontal junction, anterior intraparietal sulcus (likely involving the parietal eye fields), and posterior cingulate cortex drove activation in most left hemisphere regions and virtually every right hemisphere region tested. These regions are part of a frontoparietal network that mediates top-down cognitive control and is implicated in successful memory formation. In contrast, in the MCI patients, the right frontal eye field drove activation in every left hemisphere region examined, suggesting reliance on more basic visual search processes. Retrieval in the healthy older adults was primarily driven by the right hippocampus with lesser contributions of the right anterior thalamic nuclei and right inferior frontal sulcus, consistent with theoretical models holding the hippocampus as critical for the successful retrieval of memories. The pattern differed in MCI patients, in whom the right inferior frontal junction and right anterior thalamus drove successful memory retrieval, reflecting the characteristic hippocampal dysfunction of these patients. These findings demonstrate that neural network interactions differ markedly between MCI patients and healthy older adults. Future efforts will investigate the impact of cognitive rehabilitation of memory on these connectivity patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Hampstead
- Rehabilitation R&D Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - M Khoshnoodi
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - W Yan
- AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - G Deshpande
- AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA; Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA; Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University and University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K Sathian
- Rehabilitation R&D Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Urbain C, Vogan VM, Ye AX, Pang EW, Doesburg SM, Taylor MJ. Desynchronization of fronto-temporal networks during working memory processing in autism. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 37:153-64. [PMID: 26485059 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence suggests that autism is a network disorder, characterized by atypical brain connectivity, especially in the context of high level cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). Accordingly, atypical WM processes have been related to the social and cognitive deficits observed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate connectivity differences during a high memory load (2-back) WM task between 17 children with ASD and 20 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched controls. RESULTS We identified reduced inter-regional alpha-band (9-15 Hz) phase synchronization in children with ASD during the WM task. Reduced WM-related brain synchronization encompassed fronto-temporal networks (ps < 0.04 corrected) previously associated with challenging high-level conditions (i.e. the left insula and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)) and memory encoding and/or recognition (i.e. the right middle temporal gyrus and the right fusiform gyrus). Additionally, we found that reduced connectivity processes related to the right fusiform were correlated with the severity of symptoms in children with ASD, suggesting that such atypicalities could be directly related to the behavioural deficits observed. DISCUSSION This study provides new evidence of atypical long-range synchronization in children with ASD in fronto-temporal areas that crucially contribute to challenging WM tasks, but also emotion regulation and social cognition processes. Thus, these results support the network disorder hypothesis of ASD and argue for a specific pathophysiological contribution of brain processes related to working memory and executive functions on the symptomatology of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Urbain
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vanessa M Vogan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Annette X Ye
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth W Pang
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sam M Doesburg
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bergmann HC, Daselaar SM, Beul SF, Rijpkema M, Fernández G, Kessels RPC. Brain activation during associative short-term memory maintenance is not predictive for subsequent retrieval. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:479. [PMID: 26388758 PMCID: PMC4556991 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance on working memory (WM) tasks may partially be supported by long-term memory (LTM) processing. Hence, brain activation recently being implicated in WM may actually have been driven by (incidental) LTM formation. We examined which brain regions actually support successful WM processing, rather than being confounded by LTM processes, during the maintenance and probe phase of a WM task. We administered a four-pair (faces and houses) associative delayed-match-to-sample (WM) task using event-related functional MRI (fMRI) and a subsequent associative recognition LTM task, using the same stimuli. This enabled us to analyze subsequent memory effects for both the WM and the LTM test by contrasting correctly recognized pairs with incorrect pairs for either task. Critically, with respect to the subsequent WM effect, we computed this analysis exclusively for trials that were forgotten in the subsequent LTM recognition task. Hence, brain activity associated with successful WM processing was less likely to be confounded by incidental LTM formation. The subsequent LTM effect, in contrast, was analyzed exclusively for pairs that previously had been correctly recognized in the WM task, disclosing brain regions involved in successful LTM formation after successful WM processing. Results for the subsequent WM effect showed no significantly activated brain areas for WM maintenance, possibly due to an insensitivity of fMRI to mechanisms underlying active WM maintenance. In contrast, a correct decision at WM probe was linked to activation in the “retrieval success network” (anterior and posterior midline brain structures). The subsequent LTM analyses revealed greater activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in the early phase of the maintenance stage. No supra-threshold activation was found during the WM probe. Together, we obtained clearer insights in which brain regions support successful WM and LTM without the potential confound of the respective memory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko C Bergmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sander M Daselaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah F Beul
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Rijpkema
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Persson J, Söderlund H. Hippocampal hemispheric and long-axis differentiation of stimulus content during episodic memory encoding and retrieval: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1614-31. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Persson
- Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Atypical spatiotemporal signatures of working memory brain processes in autism. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e617. [PMID: 26261885 PMCID: PMC4564562 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairments may contribute to the profound behavioural manifestations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, previous behavioural results are discrepant as are the few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results collected in adults and adolescents with ASD. Here we investigate the precise temporal dynamics of WM-related brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in 20 children with ASD and matched controls during an n-back WM task across different load levels (1-back vs 2-back). Although behavioural results were similar between ASD and typically developing (TD) children, the between-group comparison performed on functional brain activity showed atypical WM-related brain processes in children with ASD compared with TD children. These atypical responses were observed in the ASD group from 200 to 600 ms post stimulus in both the low- (1-back) and high- (2-back) memory load conditions. During the 1-back condition, children with ASD showed reduced WM-related activations in the right hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus compared with TD children who showed more activation in the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the insulae. In the 2-back condition, children with ASD showed less activity in the left insula and midcingulate gyrus and more activity in the left precuneus than TD children. In addition, reduced activity in the anterior cingulate cortex was correlated with symptom severity in children with ASD. Thus, this MEG study identified the precise timing and sources of atypical WM-related activity in frontal, temporal and parietal regions in children with ASD. The potential impacts of such atypicalities on social deficits of autism are discussed.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ruge H, Wolfensteller U. Distinct fronto-striatal couplings reveal the double-faced nature of response-outcome relations in instruction-based learning. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 15:349-64. [PMID: 25361755 PMCID: PMC4436102 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Higher species commonly learn novel behaviors by evaluating retrospectively whether actions have yielded desirable outcomes. By relying on explicit behavioral instructions, only humans can use an acquisition shortcut that prospectively specifies how to yield intended outcomes under the appropriate stimulus conditions. A recent and largely unexplored hypothesis suggests that striatal areas interact with lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) when novel behaviors are learned via explicit instruction, and that regional subspecialization exists for the integration of differential response-outcome contingencies into the current task model. Behaviorally, outcome integration during instruction-based learning has been linked to functionally distinct performance indices. This includes (1) compatibility effects, measured in a postlearning test procedure probing the encoding strength of outcome-response (O-R) associations, and (2) increasing response slowing across learning, putatively indicating active usage of O-R associations for the online control of goal-directed action. In the present fMRI study, we examined correlations between these behavioral indices and the dynamics of fronto-striatal couplings in order to mutually constrain and refine the interpretation of neural and behavioral measures in terms of separable subprocesses during outcome integration. We found that O-R encoding strength correlated with LPFC-putamen coupling, suggesting that the putamen is relevant for the formation of both S-R habits and habit-like O-R associations. By contrast, response slowing as a putative index of active usage of O-R associations correlated with LPFC-caudate coupling. This finding highlights the relevance of the caudate for the online control of goal-directed action also under instruction-based learning conditions, and in turn clarifies the functional relevance of the behavioral slowing effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Ruge
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
van Geldorp B, Heringa SM, van den Berg E, Olde Rikkert MGM, Biessels GJ, Kessels RPC. Working memory binding and episodic memory formation in aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's dementia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:538-48. [PMID: 26011711 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1037722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies indicate that in both normal and pathological aging working memory (WM) performance deteriorates, especially when associations have to be maintained. However, most studies typically do not assess the relationship between WM and episodic memory formation. In the present study, we examined WM and episodic memory formation in normal aging and in patients with early Alzheimer's disease (mild cognitive impairment, MCI; and Alzheimer's dementia, AD). METHOD In the first study, 26 young adults (mean age 29.6 years) were compared to 18 middle-aged adults (mean age 52.2 years) and 25 older adults (mean age 72.8 years). We used an associative delayed-match-to-sample WM task, which requires participants to maintain two pairs of faces and houses presented on a computer screen for short (3 s) or long (6 s) maintenance intervals. After the WM task, an unexpected subsequent associative memory task was administered (two-alternative forced choice). In the second study, 27 patients with AD and 19 patients with MCI were compared to 25 older controls, using the same paradigm as that in Experiment 1. RESULTS Older adults performed worse than both middle-aged and young adults. No effect of delay was observed in the healthy adults, and pairs that were processed during long maintenance intervals were not better remembered in the subsequent memory task. In the MCI and AD patients, longer maintenance intervals hampered the task performance. Also, both patient groups performed significantly worse than controls on the episodic memory task as well as the associative WM task. CONCLUSIONS Aging and AD present with a decline in WM binding, a finding that extends similar results in episodic memory. Longer delays in the WM task did not affect episodic memory formation. We conclude that WM deficits are found when WM capacity is exceeded, which may occur during associative processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie van Geldorp
- a Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cohen N, Pell L, Edelson MG, Ben-Yakov A, Pine A, Dudai Y. Peri-encoding predictors of memory encoding and consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 50:128-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
35
|
Parra MA, Fabi K, Luzzi S, Cubelli R, Hernandez Valdez M, Della Sala S. Relational and conjunctive binding functions dissociate in short-term memory. Neurocase 2015; 21:56-66. [PMID: 24313316 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2013.860177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Remembering complex events requires binding features within unified objects (conjunctions) and holding associations between objects (relations). Recent studies suggest that the two functions dissociate in long-term memory (LTM). Less is known about their functional organization in short-term memory (STM). The present study investigated this issue in patient AE affected by a stroke which caused damage to brain regions known to be relevant for relational functions both in LTM and in STM (i.e., the hippocampus). The assessment involved a battery of standard neuropsychological tasks and STM binding tasks. One STM binding task (Experiment 1) presented common objects and common colors forming either pairs (relations) or integrated objects (conjunctions). Free recall of relations or conjunctions was assessed. A second STM binding task used random polygons and non-primary colors instead (Experiment 2). Memory was assessed by selecting the features that made up the relations or the conjunctions from a set of single polygons and a set of single colors. The neuropsychological assessment revealed impaired delayed memory in AE. AE's pronounced relational STM binding deficits contrasted with his completely preserved conjunctive binding functions in both Experiments 1 and 2. Only 2.35% and 1.14% of the population were expected to have a discrepancy more extreme than that presented by AE in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Processing relations and conjunctions of very elementary nonspatial features in STM led to dissociating performances in AE. These findings may inform current theories of memory decline such as those linked to cognitive aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Parra
- a Human Cognitive Neuroscience and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology , University of Edinburgh , 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Faridi N, Karama S, Burgaleta M, White MT, White M, Evans AC, Fonov V, Collins DL, Waber DP. Neuroanatomical correlates of behavioral rating versus performance measures of working memory in typically developing children and adolescents. Neuropsychology 2014; 29:82-91. [PMID: 25000324 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The frequent lack of correspondence between performance and observational measures of executive functioning, including working memory, has raised questions about the validity of the observational measures. This study was conducted to investigate sources of this discrepancy through correlation of volumetric and cortical thickness (CT) neuroimaging values with performance and questionnaire measures of working memory (WM). METHODS Using longitudinal data from the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development (Volumes, N= 347, 54.3% female; CT, N= 350, 54.6% female; age range: 6 to 16.9 years), scores on the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) WM, Emotional Control (EC) and Inhibition (INH) scales; Wechsler Scale of Intelligence for Children-III Digit Span; and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Battery Spatial Working Memory (CANTAB SWM) were correlated with each other and with morphometric measurements using mixed effects linear regression models. RESULTS BRIEF WM was correlated with CANTAB SWM (p < .001). With whole brain correction, BRIEF WM and EC were both correlated with CT of the posterior parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), EC on the right side only. Performance measures of WM were unrelated to lobar volumes or CT, but were associated with volumes of hippocampus and amygdala. CONCLUSIONS The known role of PHG in contextual learning suggests that the BRIEF WM assesses contextualized learning/memory, potentially explaining its loose correspondence to the decontextualized performance measures. Observational measures can be useful and valid functional metrics, complementing performance measures. Labels used to characterize scales should be interpreted with caution, however.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sherif Karama
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute
| | | | | | - Matthew White
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - Vladimir Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - Deborah P Waber
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
van Geldorp B, Bouman Z, Hendriks MP, Kessels RP. Different types of working memory binding in epilepsy patients with unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy. Brain Cogn 2014; 85:231-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Functional MRI study of working memory impairment in patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:327270. [PMID: 24701569 PMCID: PMC3950546 DOI: 10.1155/2014/327270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuropsychological tests in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) demonstrated cognitive deficits associated with frontal lobe dysfunction, but the pathophysiological mechanism of memory impairment is not fully understood. This study evaluated relationship between degree of ICA stenosis and frontal activations induced by working memory (WM) task using fMRI. The fMRI data of 21 patients with unilateral ICA stenosis (left/right, 11/10) and 21 controls were analyzed. In comparison with controls, ICA patients demonstrated significant activations in middle frontal gyrus (MFG) bilaterally, particularly in left MFG. In right ICA stenosis, there was slightly less MFG activation than that of controls. Importantly, lower MFG activity was associated with higher stenosis of ipsilateral ICA. For left ICA stenosis, weaker activation in left MFG was negatively correlated with degree of stenosis. Similarly, for right ICA stenosis, there was a significant negative correlation between right ICA stenosis and weaker activation of right MFG. Cognitive impairments in ICA stenosis were associated with frontal lobe dysfunctions. Left ICA stenosis had worse WM impairments than right ICA stenosis, which was affected by the degree of stenosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Dohn A, Garza-Villarreal EA, Chakravarty MM, Hansen M, Lerch JP, Vuust P. Gray- and White-Matter Anatomy of Absolute Pitch Possessors. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:1379-88. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
|
40
|
Race E, LaRocque KF, Keane MM, Verfaellie M. Medial temporal lobe contributions to short-term memory for faces. J Exp Psychol Gen 2013; 142:1309-22. [PMID: 23937185 DOI: 10.1037/a0033612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of the medial temporal lobes (MTL) in short-term memory (STM) remains a matter of debate. Whereas imaging studies commonly show hippocampal activation during short-delay memory tasks, evidence from amnesic patients with MTL lesions is mixed. It has been argued that apparent STM impairments in amnesia may reflect long-term memory (LTM) contributions to performance. We challenge this conclusion by demonstrating that MTL amnesic patients show impaired delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) for faces in a task that meets both a traditional delay-based and a recently proposed distractor-based criterion for classification as an STM task. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that our face DMS task meets the proposed distractor-based criterion for STM classification, in that extensive processing of delay-period distractor stimuli disrupts performance of healthy individuals. In Experiment 2, MTL amnesic patients with lesions extending into anterior subhippocampal cortex, but not patients with lesions limited to the hippocampus, show impaired performance on this task without distraction at delays as short as 8 s, within temporal range of delay-based STM classification, in the context of intact perceptual matching performance. Experiment 3 provides support for the hypothesis that STM for faces relies on configural processing by showing that the extent to which healthy participants' performance is disrupted by interference depends on the configural demands of the distractor task. Together, these findings are consistent with the notion that the amnesic impairment in STM for faces reflects a deficit in configural processing associated with subhippocampal cortices and provide novel evidence that the MTL supports cognition beyond the LTM domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Race
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Barendse EM, Hendriks MP, Jansen JF, Backes WH, Hofman PA, Thoonen G, Kessels RP, Aldenkamp AP. Working memory deficits in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: neuropsychological and neuroimaging correlates. J Neurodev Disord 2013; 5:14. [PMID: 23731472 PMCID: PMC3674927 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is a temporary storage system under attentional control. It is believed to play a central role in online processing of complex cognitive information and may also play a role in social cognition and interpersonal interactions. Adolescents with a disorder on the autism spectrum display problems in precisely these domains. Social impairments, communication difficulties, and repetitive interests and activities are core domains of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and executive function problems are often seen throughout the spectrum. As the main cognitive theories of ASD, including the theory of mind deficit hypotheses, weak central coherence account, and the executive dysfunction theory, still fail to explain the broad spectrum of symptoms, a new perspective on the etiology of ASD is needed. Deficits in working memory are central to many theories of psychopathology, and are generally linked to frontal-lobe dysfunction. This article will review neuropsychological and (functional) brain imaging studies on working memory in adolescents with ASD. Although still disputed, it is concluded that within the working memory system specific problems of spatial working memory are often seen in adolescents with ASD. These problems increase when information is more complex and greater demands on working memory are made. Neuroimaging studies indicate a more global working memory processing or connectivity deficiency, rather than a focused deficit in the prefrontal cortex. More research is needed to relate these working memory difficulties and neuroimaging results in ASD to the behavioral difficulties as seen in individuals with a disorder on the autism spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien M Barendse
- Department for Research and Development, Kempenhaeghe, Expertise Centre for Epileptology, Sleep Medicine and Neurocognition, PO Box 61, 5590 AB, Heeze, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bergmann HC, Kiemeneij A, Fernández G, Kessels RPC. Early and late stages of working-memory maintenance contribute differentially to long-term memory formation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 143:181-90. [PMID: 23584559 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper investigated the role of early and late stages of working-memory maintenance, which have been suggested to differentially contribute to long-term memory formation. In experiment 1, we administered a delayed-match-to-sample task, requiring participants to remember line drawings of non-sense three-dimensional stimuli. In the delay phase, participants were either presented with a fixation cross (for 2 or 9s) or with one of two different interference tasks, varying in visual overlap with the target. The interference task was presented 1.5, 4.5 or 7.5s after target offset. Early interfering and early probing disproportionately affected performance on an unexpected subsequent recognition-memory task compared to later interference or probing. This was not modulated by the type of interference task. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the formation of a holistic internal code of the target may be a gradual process. An analogous delayed-match-to-sample task was administered, with interference after 0.5, 2.5 or 4.5s after target offset. The early and middle interference condition similarly disproportionately affected performance compared to later interference. Hence, the present results support the view of a functional dissociation between early and late stages of working-memory maintenance and that early working-memory processes contribute particularly to long-term memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko C Bergmann
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Imperatori C, Farina B, Brunetti R, Gnoni V, Testani E, Quintiliani MI, Del Gatto C, Indraccolo A, Contardi A, Speranza AM, Della Marca G. Modifications of EEG power spectra in mesial temporal lobe during n-back tasks of increasing difficulty. A sLORETA study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:109. [PMID: 23565085 PMCID: PMC3613724 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-back task is widely used to investigate the neural basis of Working Memory (WM) processes. The principal aim of this study was to explore and compare the EEG power spectra during two n-back tests with different levels of difficulty (1-back vs. 3-back). Fourteen healthy subjects were enrolled (seven men and seven women, mean age 31.21 ± 7.05 years, range: 23–48). EEG was recorded while performing the N-back test, by means of 19 surface electrodes referred to joint mastoids. EEG analysis were conducted by means of the standardized Low Resolution brain Electric Tomography (sLORETA) software. The statistical comparison between EEG power spectra in the two conditions was performed using paired t-statistics on the coherence values after Fisher's z transformation available in the LORETA program package. The frequency bands considered were: delta (0.5–4 Hz); theta (4.5–7.5 Hz); alpha (8–12.5 Hz); beta (13–30 Hz); gamma (30.5–100 Hz). Significant changes occurred in the delta band: in the 3-back condition an increased delta power was localized in a brain region corresponding to the Brodmann Area (BA) 28 in the left posterior entorhinal cortex (T = 3.112; p < 0.05) and in the BA 35 in the left perirhinal cortex in the parahippocampal gyrus (T = 2.876; p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the right hemisphere and in the alpha, theta, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Our results indicate that the most prominent modification induced by the increased complexity of the task occur in the mesial left temporal lobe structures.
Collapse
|
44
|
Bergmann HC, Rijpkema M, Fernández G, Kessels RPC. The effects of valence and arousal on associative working memory and long-term memory. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52616. [PMID: 23300724 PMCID: PMC3530455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emotion can either facilitate or impair memory, depending on what, when and how memory is tested and whether the paradigm at hand is administered as a working memory (WM) or a long-term memory (LTM) task. Whereas emotionally arousing single stimuli are more likely to be remembered, memory for the relationship between two or more component parts (i.e., relational memory) appears to be worse in the presence of emotional stimuli, at least in some relational memory tasks. The current study investigated the effects of both valence (neutral vs. positive vs. negative) and arousal (low vs. high) in an inter-item WM binding and LTM task. Methodology/Principal Findings A five-pair delayed-match-to-sample (WM) task was administered. In each trial, study pairs consisted of one neutral picture and a second picture of which the emotional qualities (valence and arousal levels) were manipulated. These pairs had to be remembered across a delay interval of 10 seconds. This was followed by a probe phase in which five pairs were tested. After completion of this task, an unexpected single item LTM task as well as an LTM task for the pairs was assessed. As expected, emotional arousal impaired WM processing. This was reflected in lower accuracy for pairs consisting of high-arousal pictures compared to pairs with low-arousal pictures. A similar effect was found for the associative LTM task. However, the arousal effect was modulated by affective valence for the WM but not the LTM task; pairs with low-arousal negative pictures were not processed as well in the WM task. No significant differences were found for the single-item LTM task. Conclusions/Significance The present study provides additional evidence that processes during initial perception/encoding and post-encoding processes, the time interval between study and test and the interaction between valence and arousal might modulate the effects of “emotion” on associative memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko C Bergmann
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schon K, Ross RS, Hasselmo ME, Stern CE. Complementary roles of medial temporal lobes and mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for working memory for novel and familiar trial-unique visual stimuli. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:668-78. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael E. Hasselmo
- Department of Psychology and Center for Memory and Brain; Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology - CELEST; Boston University; Boston; MA; 02215; USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Luders E, Thompson PM, Kurth F, Hong JY, Phillips OR, Wang Y, Gutman BA, Chou YY, Narr KL, Toga AW. Global and regional alterations of hippocampal anatomy in long-term meditation practitioners. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:3369-75. [PMID: 22815233 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies linking meditation and brain structure are still relatively sparse, but the hippocampus is consistently implicated as one of the structures altered in meditation practitioners. To explore hippocampal features in the framework of meditation, we analyzed high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 30 long-term meditators and 30 controls, closely matched for sex, age, and handedness. Hippocampal formations were manually traced following established protocols. In addition to calculating left and right hippocampal volumes (global measures), regional variations in surface morphology were determined by measuring radial distances from the hippocampal core to spatially matched surface points (local measures). Left and right hippocampal volumes were larger in meditators than in controls, significantly so for the left hippocampus. The presence and direction of this global effect was confirmed locally by mapping the exact spatial locations of the group differences. Altogether, radial distances were larger in meditators compared to controls, with up to 15% difference. These local effects were observed in several hippocampal regions in the left and right hemisphere though achieved significance primarily in the left hippocampal head. Larger hippocampal dimensions in long-term meditators may constitute part of the underlying neurological substrate for cognitive skills, mental capacities, and/or personal traits associated with the practice of meditation. Alternatively, given that meditation positively affects autonomic regulation and immune activity, altered hippocampal dimensions may be one result of meditation-induced stress reduction. However, given the cross-sectional design, the lack of individual stress measures, and the limited resolution of brain data, the exact underlying neuronal mechanisms remain to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Luders
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hung Y, Smith ML, Taylor MJ. Functional dissociations in prefrontal-hippocampal working memory systems. Cortex 2012; 49:961-7. [PMID: 22749844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The frontal lobe and hippocampal regions are critically involved in memory processing, yet there are limited data providing the timing information that identifies the nature and specific roles of these regions in memory tasks. The present study investigated event-related neural activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG) with a visual working memory (WM) paradigm. Results showed prefrontal and hippocampal activations dissociated in timing, and with different levels of memory processing. We identified sustained frontal polar activation sensitive to correct recognition of repeated stimuli, differentiated from rapid responses of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex to the encoding of novel stimuli, during tasks of higher memory demand. We also found early, left hippocampal activation during immediate encoding, versus later, right hippocampal activation during immediate recognition, in tasks of lower memory load. The present MEG data provide valuable timing information on processes in WM, offering new insights into functional specializations of the prefrontal - hippocampal WM systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Hung
- Diagnostic Imaging, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|