1
|
Wang Y, Zhu D, Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Hu B, Wu D, Zheng W. Profiling cortical morphometric similarity in perinatal brains: Insights from development, sex difference, and inter-individual variation. Neuroimage 2024; 295:120660. [PMID: 38815676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The topological organization of the macroscopic cortical networks important for the development of complex brain functions. However, how the cortical morphometric organization develops during the third trimester and whether it demonstrates sexual and individual differences at this particular stage remain unclear. Here, we constructed the morphometric similarity network (MSN) based on morphological and microstructural features derived from multimodal MRI of two independent cohorts (cross-sectional and longitudinal) scanned at 30-44 postmenstrual weeks (PMW). Sex difference and inter-individual variations of the MSN were also examined on these cohorts. The cross-sectional analysis revealed that both network integration and segregation changed in a nonlinear biphasic trajectory, which was supported by the results obtained from longitudinal analysis. The community structure showed remarkable consistency between bilateral hemispheres and maintained stability across PMWs. Connectivity within the primary cortex strengthened faster than that within high-order communities. Compared to females, male neonates showed a significant reduction in the participation coefficient within prefrontal and parietal cortices, while their overall network organization and community architecture remained comparable. Furthermore, by using the morphometric similarity as features, we achieved over 65 % accuracy in identifying an individual at term-equivalent age from images acquired after birth, and vice versa. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the development of morphometric similarity throughout the perinatal cortex, enhancing our understanding of the establishment of neuroanatomical organization during early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dalin Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; School of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Weihao Zheng
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Wearable Computing, School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel K, Xie Z, Yuan H, Islam SMS, Xie Y, He W, Zhang W, Gottlieb A, Chen H, Giancardo L, Knaack A, Fletcher E, Fornage M, Ji S, Zhi D. Unsupervised deep representation learning enables phenotype discovery for genetic association studies of brain imaging. Commun Biol 2024; 7:414. [PMID: 38580839 PMCID: PMC10997628 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of brain structure is challenging, partly due to difficulties in designing robust, non-biased descriptors of brain morphology. Until recently, brain measures for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) consisted of traditionally expert-defined or software-derived image-derived phenotypes (IDPs) that are often based on theoretical preconceptions or computed from limited amounts of data. Here, we present an approach to derive brain imaging phenotypes using unsupervised deep representation learning. We train a 3-D convolutional autoencoder model with reconstruction loss on 6130 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants' T1 or T2-FLAIR (T2) brain MRIs to create a 128-dimensional representation known as Unsupervised Deep learning derived Imaging Phenotypes (UDIPs). GWAS of these UDIPs in held-out UKBB subjects (n = 22,880 discovery and n = 12,359/11,265 replication cohorts for T1/T2) identified 9457 significant SNPs organized into 97 independent genetic loci of which 60 loci were replicated. Twenty-six loci were not reported in earlier T1 and T2 IDP-based UK Biobank GWAS. We developed a perturbation-based decoder interpretation approach to show that these loci are associated with UDIPs mapped to multiple relevant brain regions. Our results established unsupervised deep learning can derive robust, unbiased, heritable, and interpretable brain imaging phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khush Patel
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ziqian Xie
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hao Yuan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Yaochen Xie
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Wei He
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wanheng Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Assaf Gottlieb
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Han Chen
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luca Giancardo
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Knaack
- Department of Neurology and Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Evan Fletcher
- Department of Neurology and Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shuiwang Ji
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- McWilliams School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ryali S, Zhang Y, de los Angeles C, Supekar K, Menon V. Deep learning models reveal replicable, generalizable, and behaviorally relevant sex differences in human functional brain organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310012121. [PMID: 38377194 PMCID: PMC10907309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310012121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex plays a crucial role in human brain development, aging, and the manifestation of psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, our understanding of sex differences in human functional brain organization and their behavioral consequences has been hindered by inconsistent findings and a lack of replication. Here, we address these challenges using a spatiotemporal deep neural network (stDNN) model to uncover latent functional brain dynamics that distinguish male and female brains. Our stDNN model accurately differentiated male and female brains, demonstrating consistently high cross-validation accuracy (>90%), replicability, and generalizability across multisession data from the same individuals and three independent cohorts (N ~ 1,500 young adults aged 20 to 35). Explainable AI (XAI) analysis revealed that brain features associated with the default mode network, striatum, and limbic network consistently exhibited significant sex differences (effect sizes > 1.5) across sessions and independent cohorts. Furthermore, XAI-derived brain features accurately predicted sex-specific cognitive profiles, a finding that was also independently replicated. Our results demonstrate that sex differences in functional brain dynamics are not only highly replicable and generalizable but also behaviorally relevant, challenging the notion of a continuum in male-female brain organization. Our findings underscore the crucial role of sex as a biological determinant in human brain organization, have significant implications for developing personalized sex-specific biomarkers in psychiatric and neurological disorders, and provide innovative AI-based computational tools for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Ryali
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Carlo de los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Kaustubh Supekar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Vinod Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wiersch L, Hamdan S, Hoffstaedter F, Votinov M, Habel U, Clemens B, Derntl B, Eickhoff SB, Patil KR, Weis S. Accurate sex prediction of cisgender and transgender individuals without brain size bias. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13868. [PMID: 37620339 PMCID: PMC10449927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of machine learning approaches on neuroimaging data comes with the important concern of confounding variables which might lead to biased predictions and in turn spurious conclusions about the relationship between the features and the target. A prominent example is the brain size difference between women and men. This difference in total intracranial volume (TIV) can cause bias when employing machine learning approaches for the investigation of sex differences in brain morphology. A TIV-biased model will not capture qualitative sex differences in brain organization but rather learn to classify an individual's sex based on brain size differences, thus leading to spurious and misleading conclusions, for example when comparing brain morphology between cisgender- and transgender individuals. In this study, TIV bias in sex classification models applied to cis- and transgender individuals was systematically investigated by controlling for TIV either through featurewise confound removal or by matching the training samples for TIV. Our results provide strong evidence that models not biased by TIV can classify the sex of both cis- and transgender individuals with high accuracy, highlighting the importance of appropriate modeling to avoid bias in automated decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wiersch
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sami Hamdan
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mikhail Votinov
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-10: Brain Structure-Function Relationships), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-10: Brain Structure-Function Relationships), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-10: Brain Structure-Function Relationships), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Susanne Weis
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spets DS, Slotnick SD. Sex is predicted by spatial memory multivariate activation patterns. Learn Mem 2022; 29:297-301. [PMID: 36206398 PMCID: PMC9488029 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053608.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Whether sex differences exist in the brain at the macroscopic level, as measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a topic of debate. The present spatial long-term memory functional MRI (fMRI) study predicted sex based on event-related patterns of brain activity. Within spatial memory regions of interest, patterns of activity associated with females and males were used to predict the sex of each member of left-out female-male pairs at above-chance accuracy. The current results provide evidence for sex differences in the brain processes underlying spatial long-term memory. This is the first time that sex has been predicted using event-related fMRI activation patterns. The present findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that there are functional and anatomic sex differences in the brain and, more broadly, question the widespread practice of collapsing across sex in the field of cognitive neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Spets
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanchis-Segura C, Aguirre N, Cruz-Gómez ÁJ, Félix S, Forn C. Beyond "sex prediction": Estimating and interpreting multivariate sex differences and similarities in the brain. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119343. [PMID: 35654377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that machine-learning (ML) algorithms can "predict" sex based on brain anatomical/ functional features. The high classification accuracy achieved by ML algorithms is often interpreted as revealing large differences between the brains of males and females and as confirming the existence of "male/female brains". However, classification and estimation are different concepts, and using classification metrics as surrogate estimates of between-group differences may result in major statistical and interpretative distortions. The present study avoids these distortions and provides a novel and detailed assessment of multivariate sex differences in gray matter volume (GMVOL) that does not rely on classification metrics. Moreover, appropriate regression methods were used to identify the brain areas that contribute the most to these multivariate differences, and clustering techniques and analyses of similarities (ANOSIM) were employed to empirically assess whether they assemble into two sex-typical profiles. Results revealed that multivariate sex differences in GMVOL: (1) are "large" if not adjusted for total intracranial volume (TIV) variation, but "small" when controlling for this variable; (2) differ in size between individuals and also depends on the ML algorithm used for their calculation (3) do not stem from two sex-typical profiles, and so describing them in terms of "male/female brains" is misleading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sanchis-Segura
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, SN., Castelló 12071, Spain.
| | - Naiara Aguirre
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, SN., Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Álvaro Javier Cruz-Gómez
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, SN., Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Sonia Félix
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, SN., Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Cristina Forn
- Departament de Psicologia Bàsica, Clínica i Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, SN., Castelló 12071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al Zoubi O, Misaki M, Tsuchiyagaito A, Zotev V, White E, Paulus M, Bodurka J. Machine Learning Evidence for Sex Differences Consistently Influences Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fluctuations Across Multiple Independently Acquired Data Sets. Brain Connect 2022; 12:348-361. [PMID: 34269609 PMCID: PMC9131354 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Introduction: Sex classification using functional connectivity from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has shown promising results. This suggested that sex difference might also be embedded in the blood-oxygen-level-dependent properties such as the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and the fraction of ALFF (fALFF). This study comprehensively investigates sex differences using a reliable and explainable machine learning (ML) pipeline. Five independent cohorts of rs-fMRI with over than 5500 samples were used to assess sex classification performance and map the spatial distribution of the important brain regions. Methods: Five rs-fMRI samples were used to extract ALFF and fALFF features from predefined brain parcellations and then were fed into an unbiased and explainable ML pipeline with a wide range of methods. The pipeline comprehensively assessed unbiased performance for within-sample and across-sample validation. In addition, the parcellation effect, classifier selection, scanning length, spatial distribution, reproducibility, and feature importance were analyzed and evaluated thoroughly in the study. Results: The results demonstrated high sex classification accuracies from healthy adults (area under the curve >0.89), while degrading for nonhealthy subjects. Sex classification showed moderate to good intraclass correlation coefficient based on parcellation. Linear classifiers outperform nonlinear classifiers. Sex differences could be detected even with a short rs-fMRI scan (e.g., 2 min). The spatial distribution of important features overlaps with previous results from studies. Discussion: Sex differences are consistent in rs-fMRI and should be considered seriously in any study design, analysis, or interpretation. Features that discriminate males and females were found to be distributed across several different brain regions, suggesting a complex mosaic for sex differences in rs-fMRI. Impact statement The presented study unraveled that sex differences are embedded in the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) and can be predicted using unbiased and explainable machine learning pipeline. The study revealed that psychiatric disorders and demographics might influence the BOLD signal and interact with the classification of sex. The spatial distribution of the important features presented here supports the notion that the brain is a mosaic of male and female features. The findings emphasize the importance of controlling for sex when conducting brain imaging analysis. In addition, the presented framework can be adapted to classify other variables from resting-state BOLD signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Obada Al Zoubi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masaya Misaki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Vadim Zotev
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Evan White
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Multimodal super-resolved q-space deep learning. Med Image Anal 2021; 71:102085. [PMID: 33971575 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2021.102085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolvedq-space deep learning (SR-q-DL) has been developed to estimate high-resolution (HR) tissue microstructure maps from low-quality diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) scans acquired with a reduced number of diffusion gradients and low spatial resolution, where deep networks are designed for the estimation. However, existing methods do not exploit HR information from other modalities, which are generally acquired together with dMRI and could provide additional useful information for HR tissue microstructure estimation. In this work, we extend SR-q-DL and propose multimodal SR-q-DL, where information in low-resolution (LR) dMRI is combined with HR information from another modality for HR tissue microstructure estimation. Because the HR modality may not be as sensitive to tissue microstructure as dMRI, direct concatenation of multimodal information does not necessarily lead to improved estimation performance. Since existing deep networks for HR tissue microstructure estimation are patch-based and use redundant information in the spatial domain to enhance the spatial resolution, the HR information in the other modality could inform the deep networks about what input voxels are relevant for the computation of tissue microstructure. Thus, we propose to incorporate the HR information from the HR modality by designing an attention module that guides the computation of HR tissue microstructure from LR dMRI. Specifically, the attention module is integrated with the patch-based SR-q-DL framework that exploits the sparsity of diffusion signals. The sparse representation of the LR diffusion signals in the input patch is first computed with a network component that unrolls an iterative process for sparse reconstruction. Then, the proposed attention module computes a relevance map from the HR modality with sequential convolutional layers. The relevance map indicates the relevance of the LR sparse representation at each voxel for computing the patch of HR tissue microstructure. The relevance is applied to the LR sparse representation with voxelwise multiplication, and the weighted LR sparse representation is used to compute HR tissue microstructure with another network component that allows resolution enhancement. All weights in the proposed network for multimodal SR-q-DL are jointly learned and the estimation is end-to-end. To evaluate the proposed method, we performed experiments on brain dMRI scans together with images of additional HR modalities. In the experiments, the proposed method was applied to the estimation of tissue microstructure measures for different datasets and advanced biophysical models, where the benefit of incorporating multimodal information using the proposed method is shown.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dump the "dimorphism": Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male-female differences beyond size. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:667-697. [PMID: 33621637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the explosion of neuroimaging, differences between male and female brains have been exhaustively analyzed. Here we synthesize three decades of human MRI and postmortem data, emphasizing meta-analyses and other large studies, which collectively reveal few reliable sex/gender differences and a history of unreplicated claims. Males' brains are larger than females' from birth, stabilizing around 11 % in adults. This size difference accounts for other reproducible findings: higher white/gray matter ratio, intra- versus interhemispheric connectivity, and regional cortical and subcortical volumes in males. But when structural and lateralization differences are present independent of size, sex/gender explains only about 1% of total variance. Connectome differences and multivariate sex/gender prediction are largely based on brain size, and perform poorly across diverse populations. Task-based fMRI has especially failed to find reproducible activation differences between men and women in verbal, spatial or emotion processing due to high rates of false discovery. Overall, male/female brain differences appear trivial and population-specific. The human brain is not "sexually dimorphic."
Collapse
|
10
|
Piani MC, Maggioni E, Delvecchio G, Ferro A, Gritti D, Pozzoli SM, Fontana E, Enrico P, Cinnante CM, Triulzi FM, Stanley JA, Battaglioli E, Brambilla P. Sexual Dimorphism in the Brain Correlates of Adult-Onset Depression: A Pilot Structural and Functional 3T MRI Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:683912. [PMID: 35069272 PMCID: PMC8766797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.683912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a disabling illness affecting more than 5% of the elderly population. Higher female prevalence and sex-specific symptomatology have been observed, suggesting that biologically-determined dimensions might affect the disease onset and outcome. Rumination and executive dysfunction characterize adult-onset MDD, but sex differences in these domains and in the related brain mechanisms are still largely unexplored. The present pilot study aimed to explore any interactions between adult-onset MDD and sex on brain morphology and brain function during a Go/No-Go paradigm. We hypothesized to detect diagnosis by sex effects on brain regions involved in self-referential processes and cognitive control. Twenty-four subjects, 12 healthy (HC) (mean age 68.7 y, 7 females and 5 males) and 12 affected by adult-onset MDD (mean age 66.5 y, 5 females and 7 males), underwent clinical evaluations and a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) session. Diagnosis and diagnosis by sex effects were assessed on regional gray matter (GM) volumes and task-related functional MRI (fMRI) activations. The GM volume analyses showed diagnosis effects in left mid frontal cortex (p < 0.01), and diagnosis by sex effects in orbitofrontal, olfactory, and calcarine regions (p < 0.05). The Go/No-Go fMRI analyses showed MDD effects on fMRI activations in left precuneus and right lingual gyrus, and diagnosis by sex effects on fMRI activations in right parahippocampal gyrus and right calcarine cortex (p < 0.001, ≥ 40 voxels). Our exploratory results suggest the presence of sex-specific brain correlates of adult-onset MDD-especially in regions involved in attention processing and in the brain default mode-potentially supporting cognitive and symptom differences between sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Piani
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maggioni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Ferro
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gritti
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara M Pozzoli
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fontana
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia M Cinnante
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio M Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Elena Battaglioli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qin Y, Liu Z, Liu C, Li Y, Zeng X, Ye C. Super-Resolved q-Space deep learning with uncertainty quantification. Med Image Anal 2020; 67:101885. [PMID: 33227600 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) provides a noninvasive method for measuring brain tissue microstructure. q-Space deep learning(q-DL) methods have been developed to accurately estimate tissue microstructure from dMRI scans acquired with a reduced number of diffusion gradients. In these methods, deep networks are trained to learn the mapping directly from diffusion signals to tissue microstructure. However, the quality of tissue microstructure estimation can be limited not only by the reduced number of diffusion gradients but also by the low spatial resolution of typical dMRI acquisitions. Therefore, in this work we extend q-DL to super-resolved tissue microstructure estimation and propose super-resolvedq-DL (SR-q-DL), where deep networks are designed to map low-resolution diffusion signals undersampled in the q-space to high-resolution tissue microstructure. Specifically, we use a patch-based strategy, where a deep network takes low-resolution patches of diffusion signals as input and outputs high-resolution tissue microstructure patches. The high-resolution patches are then combined to obtain the final high-resolution tissue microstructure map. Motivated by existing q-DL methods, we integrate the sparsity of diffusion signals in the network design, which comprises two functional components. The first component computes sparse representation of diffusion signals for the low-resolution input patch, and the second component maps the low-resolution sparse representation to high-resolution tissue microstructure. The weights in the two components are learned jointly and the trained network performs end-to-end tissue microstructure estimation. In addition to SR-q-DL, we further propose probabilistic SR-q-DL, which can quantify the uncertainty of the network output as well as achieve improved estimation accuracy. In probabilistic SR-q-DL, a deep ensemble strategy is used. Specifically, the deep network for SR-q-DL is revised to produce not only tissue microstructure estimates but also the uncertainty of the estimates. Then, multiple deep networks are trained and their results are fused for the final prediction of high-resolution tissue microstructure and uncertainty quantification. The proposed method was evaluated on two independent datasets of brain dMRI scans. Results indicate that our approach outperforms competing methods in terms of estimation accuracy. In addition, uncertainty measures provided by our method correlate with estimation errors, which indicates potential application of the proposed uncertainty quantification method in brain studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghao Liu
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Li
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangzhu Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyang Ye
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adversarial brain multiplex prediction from a single brain network with application to gender fingerprinting. Med Image Anal 2020; 67:101843. [PMID: 33129149 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain connectivity networks, derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), non-invasively quantify the relationship in function, structure, and morphology between two brain regions of interest (ROIs) and give insights into gender-related connectional differences. However, to the best of our knowledge, studies on gender differences in brain connectivity were limited to investigating pairwise (i.e., low-order) relationships across ROIs, overlooking the complex high-order interconnectedness of the brain as a network. A few recent works on neurological disorders addressed this limitation by introducing the brain multiplex which is composed of a source network intra-layer, a target intra-layer, and a convolutional interlayer capturing the high-level relationship between both intra-layers. However, brain multiplexes are built from at least two different brain networks hindering their application to connectomic datasets with single brain networks (e.g., functional networks). To fill this gap, we propose Adversarial Brain Multiplex Translator (ABMT), the first work for predicting brain multiplexes from a source network using geometric adversarial learning to investigate gender differences in the human brain. Our framework comprises: (i) a geometric source to target network translator mimicking a U-Net architecture with skip connections, (ii) a conditional discriminator which distinguishes between predicted and ground truth target intra-layers, and finally (iii) a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier which supervises the prediction of the target multiplex using the subject class label (e.g., gender). Our experiments on a large dataset demonstrated that predicted multiplexes significantly boost gender classification accuracy compared with source networks and unprecedentedly identify both low and high-order gender-specific brain multiplex connections. Our ABMT source code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/basiralab/ABMT.
Collapse
|
13
|
Adeli E, Zhao Q, Zahr NM, Goldstone A, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Pohl KM. Deep learning identifies morphological determinants of sex differences in the pre-adolescent brain. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117293. [PMID: 32841716 PMCID: PMC7780846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of data-driven deep learning to identify sex differences in developing brain structures of pre-adolescents has heretofore not been accomplished. Here, the approach identifies sex differences by analyzing the minimally processed MRIs of the first 8144 participants (age 9 and 10 years) recruited by the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The identified pattern accounted for confounding factors (i.e., head size, age, puberty development, socioeconomic status) and comprised cerebellar (corpus medullare, lobules III, IV/V, and VI) and subcortical (pallidum, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, insula, putamen) structures. While these have been individually linked to expressing sex differences, a novel discovery was that their grouping accurately predicted the sex in individual pre-adolescents. Another novelty was relating differences specific to the cerebellum to pubertal development. Finally, we found that reducing the pattern to a single score not only accurately predicted sex but also correlated with cognitive behavior linked to working memory. The predictive power of this score and the constellation of identified brain structures provide evidence for sex differences in pre-adolescent neurodevelopment and may augment understanding of sex-specific vulnerability or resilience to psychiatric disorders and presage sex-linked learning disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Adeli
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Natalie M Zahr
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aimee Goldstone
- Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang X, Liang M, Qin W, Wan B, Yu C, Ming D. Gender Differences Are Encoded Differently in the Structure and Function of the Human Brain Revealed by Multimodal MRI. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:244. [PMID: 32792927 PMCID: PMC7385398 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widely reported gender differences in both brain structure and brain function, very few studies have examined the relationship between the structural differences and the functional differences between genders. Here, different imaging measures including both structural [i.e., gray matter volume (GMV)] and functional [i.e., regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC)] measures were employed to detect the gender differences in the human brain based on univariate and multivariate approaches with a sample of 290 healthy adults (155 females). The univariate analyses revealed that gender differences were detected in both structural (i.e., GMV) and functional (ReHo or FC) imaging measures, mainly manifested as greater values in females than in males in regions of the frontal, parietal, occipital lobes and cerebellum. Importantly, there was little overlap between the differences detected in GMV and those detected in ReHo and FC, and their differences between genders were not correlated with each other. The multivariate pattern analyses revealed that each of these measures had discriminative power to successfully distinguish between genders (classification accuracy: 94.3%, 90.73%, and 83.89% for GMV, ReHo, and FC, respectively) and their combination further improved the classification performance (96.6%). Our results suggest that gender differences are encoded in both brain structure and brain function, but in different manners. The finding of different and complementary information contained in structural and functional differences between genders highlights the complex relationship between brain structure and function, which may underlie the complex nature of gender differences in behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Baikun Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fenchel D, Dimitrova R, Seidlitz J, Robinson EC, Batalle D, Hutter J, Christiaens D, Pietsch M, Brandon J, Hughes EJ, Allsop J, O'Keeffe C, Price AN, Cordero-Grande L, Schuh A, Makropoulos A, Passerat-Palmbach J, Bozek J, Rueckert D, Hajnal JV, Raznahan A, McAlonan G, Edwards AD, O'Muircheartaigh J. Development of Microstructural and Morphological Cortical Profiles in the Neonatal Brain. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5767-5779. [PMID: 32537627 PMCID: PMC7673474 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interruptions to neurodevelopment during the perinatal period may have long-lasting consequences. However, to be able to investigate deviations in the foundation of proper connectivity and functional circuits, we need a measure of how this architecture evolves in the typically developing brain. To this end, in a cohort of 241 term-born infants, we used magnetic resonance imaging to estimate cortical profiles based on morphometry and microstructure over the perinatal period (37–44 weeks postmenstrual age, PMA). Using the covariance of these profiles as a measure of inter-areal network similarity (morphometric similarity networks; MSN), we clustered these networks into distinct modules. The resulting modules were consistent and symmetric, and corresponded to known functional distinctions, including sensory–motor, limbic, and association regions, and were spatially mapped onto known cytoarchitectonic tissue classes. Posterior regions became more morphometrically similar with increasing age, while peri-cingulate and medial temporal regions became more dissimilar. Network strength was associated with age: Within-network similarity increased over age suggesting emerging network distinction. These changes in cortical network architecture over an 8-week period are consistent with, and likely underpin, the highly dynamic processes occurring during this critical period. The resulting cortical profiles might provide normative reference to investigate atypical early brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Fenchel
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ralica Dimitrova
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Emma C Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EU, UK
| | - Dafnis Batalle
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jana Hutter
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Daan Christiaens
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Maximilian Pietsch
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jakki Brandon
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Emer J Hughes
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joanna Allsop
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Camilla O'Keeffe
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Anthony N Price
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lucilio Cordero-Grande
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andreas Schuh
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonios Makropoulos
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Jelena Bozek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joseph V Hajnal
- Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grainne McAlonan
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - A David Edwards
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,Department of Perinatal Imaging & Health, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Weis S, Patil KR, Hoffstaedter F, Nostro A, Yeo BTT, Eickhoff SB. Sex Classification by Resting State Brain Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:824-835. [PMID: 31251328 PMCID: PMC7444737 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of brain imaging research has focused on group studies delineating differences between males and females with respect to both cognitive performance as well as structural and functional brain organization. To supplement existing findings, the present study employed a machine learning approach to assess how accurately participants' sex can be classified based on spatially specific resting state (RS) brain connectivity, using 2 samples from the Human Connectome Project (n1 = 434, n2 = 310) and 1 fully independent sample from the 1000BRAINS study (n = 941). The classifier, which was trained on 1 sample and tested on the other 2, was able to reliably classify sex, both within sample and across independent samples, differing both with respect to imaging parameters and sample characteristics. Brain regions displaying highest sex classification accuracies were mainly located along the cingulate cortex, medial and lateral frontal cortex, temporoparietal regions, insula, and precuneus. These areas were stable across samples and match well with previously described sex differences in functional brain organization. While our data show a clear link between sex and regionally specific brain connectivity, they do not support a clear-cut dimorphism in functional brain organization that is driven by sex alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Weis
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alessandra Nostro
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- ECE, CIRC, N.1, MNP and NGS, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen C, Cao X, Tian L. Partial Least Squares Regression Performs Well in MRI-Based Individualized Estimations. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1282. [PMID: 31827420 PMCID: PMC6890557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimation of individuals' cognitive, behavioral and demographic (CBD) variables based on MRI has attracted much research interest in the past decade, and effective machine learning techniques are of great importance for these estimations. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) is an attractive machine learning technique that can accommodate both single- and multi-label learning in a simple framework, while its potential for MRI-based estimations of CBD variables remains to be explored. In this study, we systemically investigated the performance of PLSR in MRI-based estimations of individuals' CBD variables, especially its performance in simultaneous estimation of multiple CBD variables (multi-label learning). We performed the study on the dataset included in the HCP S1200 release. Resting state functional connections (RSFCs) were used as features, and a total of 10 CBD variables (e.g., age, gender, grip strength, and picture vocabulary) were estimated. The results showed that PLSR performed well in both single- and multi-label learning. In fact, the present estimations were better than those reported in literatures, as indicated by stronger correlations between the estimated and actual CBD variables, as well as high gender classification accuracy (97.8% in this study). Moreover, the RSFCs that contributed to the estimations exhibited strong correlations with the CBD variable estimated, that is, PLSR algorithm automatically selected the RSFCs closely related to one CBD variable to establish predictive models for the variable. Besides, the estimation accuracies based on RSFCs among 100, 200, and 300 regions of interest (ROIs) were higher than those based on RSFCs among 15, 25, and 50 ROIs; the estimation accuracies based on RSFCs evaluated using partial correlation were higher than those based on RSFCs evaluated using full correlation. In addition to the aforementioned virtues, PLSR is efficient in model training and testing, and it is simple and easy to use. Therefore, PLSR can be a favorable choice for future MRI-based estimations of CBD variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lixia Tian
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kruggel F, Solodkin A. Determinants of structural segregation and patterning in the human cortex. Neuroimage 2019; 196:248-260. [PMID: 30995518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at uncovering mechanisms that govern the spatio-temporal patterning of the human cortex and its structural variability, and drawing links between fetal brain development and variability in adult brains. A data-driven analytic approach based on structural MR images revealed the following findings: (1) The cortical surface can be subdivided into 13 independent regions ("communities") based on macroscopic features. (2) Thirty centers of low inter-subject variability were found in major sulci on the cortical surface. Their variability showed a strong positive correlation with the known time points at which they appear in fetal development. Centers forming early induce a higher inter-subject regularity in a larger local vicinity, while those forming later result in smaller regions of higher variability. (3) The layout of sulcal and gyral patterns within a community is governed typically by two centers. Depending on the relative variability of each center, communities can be classified into structural sub-types. (4) Sub-types across ipsi-lateral communities are independent, but associated with the sub-type of the same community on the contra-lateral side. Results shown here integrate well with current knowledge about macroscopic, microscopic, and genetic determinants of brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof Kruggel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Ana Solodkin
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luo Z, Hou C, Wang L, Hu D. Gender Identification of Human Cortical 3-D Morphology Using Hierarchical Sparsity. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:29. [PMID: 30792634 PMCID: PMC6374327 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Difference exists widely in cognition, behavior and psychopathology between males and females, while the underlying neurobiology is still unclear. As brain structure is the fundament of its function, getting insight into structural brain may help us to better understand the functional mechanism of gender difference. Previous structural studies of gender difference in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) usually focused on gray matter (GM) concentration and structural connectivity (SC), leaving cortical morphology not characterized properly. In this study a large dataset is used to explore whether cortical three-dimensional (3-D) morphology can offer enough discriminative morphological features to effectively identify gender. Data of all available healthy controls (N = 1113) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) were utilized. We suggested a multivariate pattern analysis method called Hierarchical Sparse Representation Classifier (HSRC) and got an accuracy of 96.77% for gender identification. Permutation tests were used to testify the reliability of gender discrimination (p < 0.001). Cortical 3-D morphological features within the frontal lobe were found the most important contributors to gender difference of human brain morphology. Moreover, we investigated gender discriminative ability of cortical 3-D morphology in predefined Anatomical Automatic Labeling (AAL) and Resting-State Networks (RSN) templates, and found the superior frontal gyrus the most discriminative in AAL and the default mode network the most discriminative in RSN. Gender difference of surface-based morphology was also discussed. The frontal lobe, as well as the default mode network, was widely reported of gender difference in previous structural and functional MRI studies, which suggested that morphology indeed affect human brain function. Our study indicates that gender can be identified on individual level by using cortical 3-D morphology and offers a new approach for structural MRI research, as well as highlights the importance of gender balance in brain imaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Luo
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Chenping Hou
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lubin Wang
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Dewen Hu
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ravi D, Ghavami N, Alexander DC, Ianus A. Current Applications and Future Promises of Machine Learning in Diffusion MRI. COMPUTATIONAL DIFFUSION MRI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05831-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
21
|
Krolick KN, Zhu Q, Shi H. Effects of Estrogens on Central Nervous System Neurotransmission: Implications for Sex Differences in Mental Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 160:105-171. [PMID: 30470289 PMCID: PMC6737530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one of every five US individuals aged 12 years old or older lives with certain types of mental disorders. Men are more likely to use various types of substances, while women tend to be more susceptible to mood disorders, addiction, and eating disorders, all of which are risks associated with suicidal attempts. Fundamental sex differences exist in multiple aspects of the functions and activities of neurotransmitter-mediated neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS). Dysregulation of these neural circuits leads to various types of mental disorders. The potential mechanisms of sex differences in the CNS neural circuitry regulating mood, reward, and motivation are only beginning to be understood, although they have been largely attributed to the effects of sex hormones on CNS neurotransmission pathways. Understanding this topic is important for developing prevention and treatment of mental disorders that should be tailored differently for men and women. Studies using animal models have provided important insights into pathogenesis, mechanisms, and new therapeutic approaches of human diseases, but some concerns remain to be addressed. The purpose of this chapter is to integrate human and animal studies involving the effects of the sex hormones, estrogens, on CNS neurotransmission, reward processing, and associated mental disorders. We provide an overview of existing evidence for the physiological, behavioral, cellular, and molecular actions of estrogens in the context of controlling neurotransmission in the CNS circuits regulating mood, reward, and motivation and discuss related pathology that leads to mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Krolick
- Center for Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Qi Zhu
- Center for Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Haifei Shi
- Center for Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States; Cellular, Molecular and Structural Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Geary DC. Evolutionary perspective on sex differences in the expression of neurological diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 176:33-53. [PMID: 29890214 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sex-specific brain and cognitive deficits emerge with malnutrition, some infectious and neurodegenerative diseases, and often with prenatal or postnatal toxin exposure. These deficits are described in disparate literatures and are generally not linked to one another. Sexual selection may provide a unifying framework that integrates our understanding of these deficits and provides direction for future studies of sex-specific vulnerabilities. Sexually selected traits are those that have evolved to facilitate competition for reproductive resources or that influence mate choices, and are often larger and more complex than other traits. Critically, malnutrition, disease, chronic social stress, and exposure to man-made toxins compromise the development and expression of sexually selected traits more strongly than that of other traits. The fundamental mechanism underlying vulnerability might be the efficiency of mitochondrial energy capture and control of oxidative stress that in turn links these traits to current advances in neuroenergetics, stress endocrinology, and toxicology. The key idea is that the elaboration of these cognitive abilities, with more underlying gray matter or more extensive inter-modular white matter connections, makes them particularly sensitive to disruptions in mitochondrial functioning and oxidative stress. A framework of human sexually selected cognitive abilities and underlying brain systems is proposed and used to organize what is currently known about sex-specific vulnerabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Geary
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, University of Missouri, MO, 65211-2500, Columbia, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sepehrband F, Lynch KM, Cabeen RP, Gonzalez-Zacarias C, Zhao L, D'Arcy M, Kesselman C, Herting MM, Dinov ID, Toga AW, Clark KA. Neuroanatomical morphometric characterization of sex differences in youth using statistical learning. Neuroimage 2018; 172:217-227. [PMID: 29414494 PMCID: PMC5967879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring neuroanatomical sex differences using a multivariate statistical learning approach can yield insights that cannot be derived with univariate analysis. While gross differences in total brain volume are well-established, uncovering the more subtle, regional sex-related differences in neuroanatomy requires a multivariate approach that can accurately model spatial complexity as well as the interactions between neuroanatomical features. Here, we developed a multivariate statistical learning model using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to predict sex from MRI-derived regional neuroanatomical features from a single-site study of 967 healthy youth from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). Then, we validated the multivariate model on an independent dataset of 682 healthy youth from the multi-site Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) cohort study. The trained model exhibited an 83% cross-validated prediction accuracy, and correctly predicted the sex of 77% of the subjects from the independent multi-site dataset. Results showed that cortical thickness of the middle occipital lobes and the angular gyri are major predictors of sex. Results also demonstrated the inferential benefits of going beyond classical regression approaches to capture the interactions among brain features in order to better characterize sex differences in male and female youths. We also identified specific cortical morphological measures and parcellation techniques, such as cortical thickness as derived from the Destrieux atlas, that are better able to discriminate between males and females in comparison to other brain atlases (Desikan-Killiany, Brodmann and subcortical atlases).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Sepehrband
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Kirsten M Lynch
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan P Cabeen
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clio Gonzalez-Zacarias
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lu Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mike D'Arcy
- USC Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carl Kesselman
- USC Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivo D Dinov
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Statistics Online Computational Resource, Department of Health Behavior and Biological, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristi A Clark
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhong J, Chen DQ, Nantes JC, Holmes SA, Hodaie M, Koski L. Combined structural and functional patterns discriminating upper limb motor disability in multiple sclerosis using multivariate approaches. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:754-768. [PMID: 27146291 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A structural or functional pattern of neuroplasticity that could systematically discriminate between people with impaired and preserved motor performance could help us to understand the brain networks contributing to preservation or compensation of behavior in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to (1) investigate whether a machine learning-based technique could accurately classify MS participants into groups defined by upper extremity function (i.e. motor function preserved (MP) vs. motor function impaired (MI)) based on their regional grey matter measures (GMM, cortical thickness and deep grey matter volume) and inter-regional functional connection (FC), (2) investigate which features (GMM, FC, or GMM + FC) could classify groups more accurately, and (3) identify the multivariate patterns of GMM and FCs that are most discriminative between MP and MI participants, and between each of these groups and the healthy controls (HCs). With 26 MP, 25 MI, and 21 HCs (age and sex matched) underwent T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI at 3 T, we applied support vector machine (SVM) based classification to learn discriminant functions indicating regions in which GMM or between which FCs were most discriminative between groups. This study demonstrates that there exist structural and FC patterns sufficient for correct classification of upper limb motor ability of people with MS. The classifier with GMM + FC features yielded the highest accuracy of 85.61 % (p < 0.001) to distinguish between the MS groups using leave-one-out cross-validation. It suggests that a machine-learning approach combining structural and functional features is useful for identifying the specific neural substrates that are necessary and sufficient to preserve motor function among people with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jidan Zhong
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - David Qixiang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems, Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia C Nantes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Scott A Holmes
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems, Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Koski
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yuan L, Chen F, Zeng LL, Wang L, Hu D. Gender Identification of Human Brain Image with A Novel 3D Descriptor. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:551-561. [PMID: 29610103 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2015.2448081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Determining gender by examining the human brain is not a simple task because the spatial structure of the human brain is complex, and no obvious differences can be seen by the naked eyes. In this paper, we propose a novel three-dimensional feature descriptor, the three-dimensional weighted histogram of gradient orientation (3D WHGO) to describe this complex spatial structure. The descriptor combines local information for signal intensity and global three-dimensional spatial information for the whole brain. We also improve a framework to address the classification of three-dimensional images based on MRI. This framework, three-dimensional spatial pyramid, uses additional information regarding the spatial relationship between features. The proposed method can be used to distinguish gender at the individual level. We examine our method by using the gender identification of individual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of a large sample of healthy adults across four research sites, resulting in up to individual-level accuracies under the optimized parameters for distinguishing between females and males. Compared with previous methods, the proposed method obtains higher accuracy, which suggests that this technology has higher discriminative power. With its improved performance in gender identification, the proposed method may have the potential to inform clinical practice and aid in research on neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang C, Dougherty CC, Baum SA, White T, Michael AM. Functional connectivity predicts gender: Evidence for gender differences in resting brain connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1765-1776. [PMID: 29322586 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of certain forms of psychopathology, such as autism and depression, differs between genders and understanding gender differences of the neurotypical brain may provide insights into risk and protective factors. In recent research, resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rfMRI) is widely used to map the inherent functional networks of the brain. Although previous studies have reported gender differences in rfMRI, the robustness of gender differences is not well characterized. In this study, we use a large data set to test whether rfMRI functional connectivity (FC) can be used to predict gender and identify FC features that are most predictive of gender. We utilized rfMRI data from 820 healthy controls from the Human Connectome Project. By applying a predefined functional template and partial least squares regression modeling, we achieved a gender prediction accuracy of 87% when multi-run rfMRI was used. Permutation tests confirmed that gender prediction was reliable ( p<.001). Effects of motion, age, handedness, blood pressure, weight, and brain volume on gender prediction are discussed. Further, we found that FC features within the default mode (DMN), fronto-parietal and sensorimotor networks contributed most to gender prediction. In the DMN, right fusiform gyrus and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex were important contributors. The above regions have been previously implicated in aspects of social functioning and this suggests potential gender differences in social cognition mediated by the DMN. Our findings demonstrate that gender can be reliably predicted using rfMRI data and highlight the importance of controlling for gender in brain imaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.,Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
| | - Chase C Dougherty
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefi A Baum
- Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York.,Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Michael
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.,Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Perry A, Wen W, Kochan NA, Thalamuthu A, Sachdev PS, Breakspear M. The independent influences of age and education on functional brain networks and cognition in healthy older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:5094-5114. [PMID: 28685910 PMCID: PMC6866868 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is accompanied by a constellation of changes in cognitive processes and alterations in functional brain networks. The relationships between brain networks and cognition during aging in later life are moderated by demographic and environmental factors, such as prior education, in a poorly understood manner. Using multivariate analyses, we identified three latent patterns (or modes) linking resting-state functional connectivity to demographic and cognitive measures in 101 cognitively normal elders. The first mode (P = 0.00043) captures an opposing association between age and core cognitive processes such as attention and processing speed on functional connectivity patterns. The functional subnetwork expressed by this mode links bilateral sensorimotor and visual regions through key areas such as the parietal operculum. A strong, independent association between years of education and functional connectivity loads onto a second mode (P = 0.012), characterized by the involvement of key hub regions. A third mode (P = 0.041) captures weak, residual brain-behavior relations. Our findings suggest that circuits supporting lower level cognitive processes are most sensitive to the influence of age in healthy older adults. Education, and to a lesser extent, executive functions, load independently onto functional networks-suggesting that the moderating effect of education acts upon networks distinct from those vulnerable with aging. This has important implications in understanding the contribution of education to cognitive reserve during healthy aging. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5094-5114, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Perry
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- Program of Mental Health Research, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQueensland4006Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Nicole A. Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
- School of PsychiatryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Michael Breakspear
- Program of Mental Health Research, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteHerstonQueensland4006Australia
- Metro North Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's HospitalHerstonQueensland4029Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cosa A, Moreno A, Pacheco-Torres J, Ciccocioppo R, Hyytiä P, Sommer WH, Moratal D, Canals S. Multi-modal MRI classifiers identify excessive alcohol consumption and treatment effects in the brain. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1459-1472. [PMID: 27273582 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Robust neuroimaging markers of neuropsychiatric disorders have proven difficult to obtain. In alcohol use disorders, profound brain structural deficits can be found in severe alcoholic patients, but the heterogeneity of unimodal MRI measurements has so far precluded the identification of selective biomarkers, especially for early diagnosis. In the present work we used a combination of multiple MRI modalities to provide comprehensive and insightful descriptions of brain tissue microstructure. We performed a longitudinal experiment using Marchigian-Sardinian (msP) rats, an established model of chronic excessive alcohol consumption, and acquired multi-modal images before and after 1 month of alcohol consumption (6.8 ± 1.4 g/kg/day, mean ± SD), as well as after 1 week of abstinence with or without concomitant treatment with the antirelapse opioid antagonist naltrexone (2.5 mg/kg/day). We found remarkable sensitivity and selectivity to accurately classify brains affected by alcohol even after the relative short exposure period. One month drinking was enough to imprint a highly specific signature of alcohol consumption. Brain alterations were regionally specific and affected both gray and white matter and persisted into the early abstinence state without any detectable recovery. Interestingly, naltrexone treatment during early abstinence resulted in subtle brain changes that could be distinguished from non-treated abstinent brains, suggesting the existence of an intermediate state associated with brain recovery from alcohol exposure induced by medication. The presented framework is a promising tool for the development of biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of alcohol use disorders, with capacity to further inform about its progression and response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández; Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de València; Valencia Spain
| | - Andrea Moreno
- Instituto de Neurociencias; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández; Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
| | - Jesús Pacheco-Torres
- Instituto de Neurociencias; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández; Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
| | | | - Petri Hyytiä
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Wolfgang H. Sommer
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - David Moratal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; Universitat Politècnica de València; Valencia Spain
| | - Santiago Canals
- Instituto de Neurociencias; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Miguel Hernández; Sant Joan d'Alacant Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ding X, Yang Y, Stein EA, Ross TJ. Combining Multiple Resting-State fMRI Features during Classification: Optimized Frameworks and Their Application to Nicotine Addiction. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:362. [PMID: 28747877 PMCID: PMC5506584 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning techniques have been applied to resting-state fMRI data to predict neurological or neuropsychiatric disease states. Existing studies have used either a single type of resting-state feature or a few feature types (<4) in the prediction model. However, resting-state data can be processed in many different ways, yielding different feature types containing complementary and/or novel information, leaving uncertain the most informative features to provide to the classifier. In this study, multiple resting-state features were calculated from two main analytical categories: local measures and network measures. Feature selection was adopted using an optimized grid-search approach selecting top ranked features from statistical tests. We then tested three optimized frameworks: feature combination, kernel combination, and classifier combination, all using the support vector machine as an elementary classifier, to combine these resting-state feature types. When applied to nicotine addiction, with a cohort size of 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers, via a 10-fold cross-validation procedure, the feature combination and the classifier combination achieved an accuracy of 75.5%, while the kernel combination achieved a 73.0% accuracy; all three combination frameworks improved classification performance compared to the single feature type based results (best accuracy 70.5%). This study not only reveals the discriminative power of resting-state data, but also demonstrates the efficiency of combining multiple features from one data phenotype to improve classification performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, United States
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBaltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reliability of an automatic classifier for brain enlarged perivascular spaces burden and comparison with human performance. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1465-1481. [PMID: 28468952 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, enlarged perivascular spaces (PVS) relate to cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), poor cognition, inflammation and hypertension. We propose a fully automatic scheme that uses a support vector machine (SVM) to classify the burden of PVS in the basal ganglia (BG) region as low or high. We assess the performance of three different types of descriptors extracted from the BG region in T2-weighted MRI images: (i) statistics obtained from Wavelet transform's coefficients, (ii) local binary patterns and (iii) bag of visual words (BoW) based descriptors characterizing local keypoints obtained from a dense grid with the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) characteristics. When the latter were used, the SVM classifier achieved the best accuracy (81.16%). The output from the classifier using the BoW descriptors was compared with visual ratings done by an experienced neuroradiologist (Observer 1) and by a trained image analyst (Observer 2). The agreement and cross-correlation between the classifier and Observer 2 (κ = 0.67 (0.58-0.76)) were slightly higher than between the classifier and Observer 1 (κ = 0.62 (0.53-0.72)) and comparable between both the observers (κ = 0.68 (0.61-0.75)). Finally, three logistic regression models using clinical variables as independent variable and each of the PVS ratings as dependent variable were built to assess how clinically meaningful were the predictions of the classifier. The goodness-of-fit of the model for the classifier was good (area under the curve (AUC) values: 0.93 (model 1), 0.90 (model 2) and 0.92 (model 3)) and slightly better (i.e. AUC values: 0.02 units higher) than that of the model for Observer 2. These results suggest that, although it can be improved, an automatic classifier to assess PVS burden from brain MRI can provide clinically meaningful results close to those from a trained observer.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chassoux F, Artiges E, Semah F, Desarnaud S, Laurent A, Landre E, Gervais P, Devaux B, Helal OB. Determinants of brain metabolism changes in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2016; 57:907-19. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Chassoux
- Department of Neurosurgery; Sainte-Anne Hospital; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U 1129; Paris France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; SHFJ; CEA; Orsay France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM U 1000; Paris France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16; Orsay Hospital; Paris Descartes University; Orsay France
| | - Franck Semah
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; INSERM U 1171; University Hospital of Lille; Lille France
| | - Serge Desarnaud
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; SHFJ; CEA; Orsay France
- INSERM U 1023 IMIV; CEA; Paris-Sud University; Orsay France
| | - Agathe Laurent
- Department of Neurosurgery; Sainte-Anne Hospital; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Paris France
- INSERM U 1129; Paris France
| | - Elisabeth Landre
- Department of Neurosurgery; Sainte-Anne Hospital; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Paris France
| | - Philippe Gervais
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; SHFJ; CEA; Orsay France
- INSERM U 1023 IMIV; CEA; Paris-Sud University; Orsay France
| | - Bertrand Devaux
- Department of Neurosurgery; Sainte-Anne Hospital; Paris France
- Paris Descartes University; Paris France
| | - Ourkia Badia Helal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; SHFJ; CEA; Orsay France
- INSERM U 1023 IMIV; CEA; Paris-Sud University; Orsay France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
FTO gene variant modulates the neural correlates of visual food perception. Neuroimage 2016; 128:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
33
|
Classification of symptom-side predominance in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 1:15018. [PMID: 28725686 PMCID: PMC5516555 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetry of symptom onset in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is strongly linked to differential diagnosis, progression of disease, and clinical manifestation, suggesting its importance in terms of specifying a therapeutic strategy for each individual patient. To scrutinize the predictive value of this consequential clinical phenomenon as a neuromarker supporting a personalized therapeutic approach, we modeled symptom-side predominance at disease onset based on brain morphology assessed with magnetic resonance (MR) images by utilizing machine learning classification. The integration of multimodal MR imaging data into a multivariate statistical model led to predict left- and right-sided symptom onset with an above-chance accuracy of 96%. By absolute numbers, all but one patient were correctly classified. Interestingly, mainly hippocampal morphology supports this prediction. Considering a different disease formation of this single outlier and the strikingly high classification, this approach proves a reliable predictive model for symptom-side diagnostics in PD. In brief, this work hints toward individualized disease-modifying therapies rather than symptom-alleviating treatments.
Collapse
|
34
|
Fattore L. Reward processing and drug addiction: does sex matter? Front Neurosci 2015; 9:329. [PMID: 26483620 PMCID: PMC4586272 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Fattore
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council-Italy, and Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence," Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, University of Cagliari Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Perry A, Wen W, Lord A, Thalamuthu A, Roberts G, Mitchell PB, Sachdev PS, Breakspear M. The organisation of the elderly connectome. Neuroimage 2015; 114:414-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
36
|
Beani L, Zuk M. Beyond sexual selection: The evolution of sex differences from brain to behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt4:497-500. [PMID: 25451200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Marlene Zuk
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stanyon R, Bigoni F. Sexual selection and the evolution of behavior, morphology, neuroanatomy and genes in humans and other primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46P4:579-590. [PMID: 25445181 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Explaining human evolution means developing hypotheses about the occurrence of sex differences in the brain. Neuroanatomy is significantly influenced by sexual selection, involving the cognitive domain through competition for mates and mate choice. Male neuroanatomy emphasizes subcortical brain areas and visual-spatial skills whereas that of females emphasizes the neocortex and social cognitive areas. In primate species with high degrees of male competition, areas of the brain dealing with aggression are emphasized. Females have higher mirror neuron activity scores than males. Hundreds of genes differ in expression profiles between males and females. Sexually selected differences in gene expression can produce neuroanatomical sex differences. A feedback system links genes, gene expression, hormones, morphology, social structure and behavior. Sex differences, often through female choice, can be rapidly modulated by socialization. Human evolution is a dramatic case of how a trend toward pair bonding and monogamy lowered male competition and increased female choice as a necessary step in releasing the cognitive potential of our species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roscoe Stanyon
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Anthropology laboratories, via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bigoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Anthropology laboratories, via del Proconsolo 12, 50122 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mwangi B, Soares JC, Hasan KM. Visualization and unsupervised predictive clustering of high-dimensional multimodal neuroimaging data. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 236:19-25. [PMID: 25117552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging machine learning studies have largely utilized supervised algorithms - meaning they require both neuroimaging scan data and corresponding target variables (e.g. healthy vs. diseased) to be successfully 'trained' for a prediction task. Noticeably, this approach may not be optimal or possible when the global structure of the data is not well known and the researcher does not have an a priori model to fit the data. NEW METHOD We set out to investigate the utility of an unsupervised machine learning technique; t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding (t-SNE) in identifying 'unseen' sample population patterns that may exist in high-dimensional neuroimaging data. Multimodal neuroimaging scans from 92 healthy subjects were pre-processed using atlas-based methods, integrated and input into the t-SNE algorithm. Patterns and clusters discovered by the algorithm were visualized using a 2D scatter plot and further analyzed using the K-means clustering algorithm. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS t-SNE was evaluated against classical principal component analysis. CONCLUSION Remarkably, based on unlabelled multimodal scan data, t-SNE separated study subjects into two very distinct clusters which corresponded to subjects' gender labels (cluster silhouette index value=0.79). The resulting clusters were used to develop an unsupervised minimum distance clustering model which identified 93.5% of subjects' gender. Notably, from a neuropsychiatric perspective this method may allow discovery of data-driven disease phenotypes or sub-types of treatment responders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benson Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jair C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UT Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khader M Hasan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Diagnostic & Interventional Imaging, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rehme AK, Volz LJ, Feis DL, Bomilcar-Focke I, Liebig T, Eickhoff SB, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Identifying Neuroimaging Markers of Motor Disability in Acute Stroke by Machine Learning Techniques. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3046-56. [PMID: 24836690 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional mass-univariate analyses have been previously used to test for group differences in neural signals. However, machine learning algorithms represent a multivariate decoding approach that may help to identify neuroimaging patterns associated with functional impairment in "individual" patients. We investigated whether fMRI allows classification of individual motor impairment after stroke using support vector machines (SVMs). Forty acute stroke patients and 20 control subjects underwent resting-state fMRI. Half of the patients showed significant impairment in hand motor function. Resting-state connectivity was computed by means of whole-brain correlations of seed time-courses in ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1). Lesion location was identified using diffusion-weighted images. These features were used for linear SVM classification of unseen patients with respect to motor impairment. SVM results were compared with conventional mass-univariate analyses. Resting-state connectivity classified patients with hand motor deficits compared with controls and nonimpaired patients with 82.6-87.6% accuracy. Classification was driven by reduced interhemispheric M1 connectivity and enhanced connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and premotor areas. In contrast, lesion location provided only 50% sensitivity to classify impaired patients. Hence, resting-state fMRI reflects behavioral deficits more accurately than structural MRI. In conclusion, multivariate fMRI analyses offer the potential to serve as markers for endophenotypes of functional impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Rehme
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - L J Volz
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D-L Feis
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - I Bomilcar-Focke
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - T Liebig
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G R Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - C Grefkes
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2, INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Geevarghese R, Lumsden DE, Hulse N, Samuel M, Ashkan K. Subcortical Structure Volumes and Correlation to Clinical Variables in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimaging 2014; 25:275-280. [DOI: 10.1111/jon.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E. Lumsden
- Complex Motor Disorders Service; Evelina Children's Hospital; Guy's & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Natasha Hulse
- Department of Neurology; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Michael Samuel
- Department of Neurology; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners; London UK
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Department of Neurosurgery; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners; London UK
- Clinical Neurosciences; Institute of Psychiatry; London UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brown LL, Acevedo B, Fisher HE. Neural correlates of four broad temperament dimensions: testing predictions for a novel construct of personality. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78734. [PMID: 24236043 PMCID: PMC3827248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four suites of behavioral traits have been associated with four broad neural systems: the 1) dopamine and related norepinephrine system; 2) serotonin; 3) testosterone; 4) and estrogen and oxytocin system. A 56-item questionnaire, the Fisher Temperament Inventory (FTI), was developed to define four temperament dimensions associated with these behavioral traits and neural systems. The questionnaire has been used to suggest romantic partner compatibility. The dimensions were named: Curious/Energetic; Cautious/Social Norm Compliant; Analytical/Tough-minded; and Prosocial/Empathetic. For the present study, the FTI was administered to participants in two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that elicited feelings of love and attachment, near-universal human experiences. Scores for the Curious/Energetic dimension co-varied with activation in a region of the substantia nigra, consistent with the prediction that this dimension reflects activity in the dopamine system. Scores for the Cautious/Social Norm Compliant dimension correlated with activation in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in regions associated with social norm compliance, a trait linked with the serotonin system. Scores on the Analytical/Tough-minded scale co-varied with activity in regions of the occipital and parietal cortices associated with visual acuity and mathematical thinking, traits linked with testosterone. Also, testosterone contributes to brain architecture in these areas. Scores on the Prosocial/Empathetic scale correlated with activity in regions of the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula and fusiform gyrus. These are regions associated with mirror neurons or empathy, a trait linked with the estrogen/oxytocin system, and where estrogen contributes to brain architecture. These findings, replicated across two studies, suggest that the FTI measures influences of four broad neural systems, and that these temperament dimensions and neural systems could constitute foundational mechanisms in personality structure and play a role in romantic partnerships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L. Brown
- Department of Neurology, Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Bianca Acevedo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Helen E. Fisher
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mueller SC. Magnetic resonance imaging in paediatric psychoneuroendocrinology: a new frontier for understanding the impact of hormones on emotion and cognition. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:762-70. [PMID: 23656557 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mounting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research is characterising the neurobiological trajectories of healthy human brain development. In parallel, studies increasingly acknowledge the relevance of perturbations of these trajectories for adolescent and adult psychopathology. Although an influence of steroid hormones on mood and anxiety disorders has been demonstrated in adults, very little is known about how steroid hormones alter human brain development and contribute to adolescent psychopathology. This review focuses on recent evidence obtained from structural and functional MRI in children and adolescents with genetic endocrine disorders and with characteristic fluctuations in androgen or oestrogen levels (familial male precocious puberty, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome). It aims to highlight how neurobiological findings from these paediatric endocrine disorders can provide insight into the contribution of sex steroids with respect to the development of neurocircuitry involved in affective processing (amygdala, hippocampus) and cognitive control (prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, striatum). In addition, findings from these populations may also provide important information on aberrant psychological processes relevant for the clinical care and management of these populations. Finally, the findings are discussed within the context of current frameworks in animal models, such as the organisational-activational hypothesis or the aromatisation hypothesis. The review ends with a discussion of open questions for future enquiry with the goal of integrating translational models with current knowledge of endocrine disorders and developmental studies in healthy populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Feis DL, Schoene-Bake JC, Elger C, Wagner J, Tittgemeyer M, Weber B. Prediction of post-surgical seizure outcome in left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroimage Clin 2013; 2:903-11. [PMID: 24179841 PMCID: PMC3778257 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of focal epilepsy and in its course often becomes refractory to anticonvulsant pharmacotherapy. A resection of the mesial temporal lobe structures is a promising option in these cases. However, approximately 30% of all patients remain with persistent seizures after surgery. In other words, reliable criteria for patients' outcome prediction are absent. To address this limitation, we investigated pre-surgical brain morphology of patients with unilateral left mesial temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent a selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Using support vector classification, we aimed to predict the post-surgical seizure outcome of each patient based on the pre-surgical T1-weighted structural brain images. Due to morphological gender differences and the evidence that men and women differ in onset, prevalence and symptomology in most neurological diseases, we investigated male and female patients separately. Thus, we benefitted from the capability to validate the reliability of our method in two independent samples. Notably, we were able to accurately predict the individual patients' outcome in the male (94% balanced accuracy) as well as in the female (96% balanced accuracy) group. In the male cohort relatively larger white matter volumes in the favorable as compared to the non-favorable outcome group were identified bilaterally in the cingulum bundle, fronto-occipital fasciculus and both caudate nuclei, whereas the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus showed relatively larger white matter volume in the non-favorable group. While relatively larger white matter volumes in the female cohort in the left inferior and right middle longitudinal fasciculus were associated with the favorable outcome, relatively larger white matter volumes in the non-favorable outcome group were identified bilaterally in the superior longitudinal fasciculi I and II. Here, we observed a clear lateralization and distinction of structures involved in the classification in men as compared to women with men exhibiting more alterations in the hemisphere contralateral to the seizure focus. In conclusion, individual post-surgical outcome predictions based on a single T1-weighted magnetic resonance image seem plausible and may thus support the routine pre-surgical workup of epilepsy patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia-Lisa Feis
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Gleueler Straße 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Schoene-Bake
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Mathildenstraße 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Dept. of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Elger
- Dept. of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Dept. of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Gleueler Straße 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Dept. of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain Center, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|