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Dubinsky JM, Hamid AA. The neuroscience of active learning and direct instruction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105737. [PMID: 38796122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Throughout the educational system, students experiencing active learning pedagogy perform better and fail less than those taught through direct instruction. Can this be ascribed to differences in learning from a neuroscientific perspective? This review examines mechanistic, neuroscientific evidence that might explain differences in cognitive engagement contributing to learning outcomes between these instructional approaches. In classrooms, direct instruction comprehensively describes academic content, while active learning provides structured opportunities for learners to explore, apply, and manipulate content. Synaptic plasticity and its modulation by arousal or novelty are central to all learning and both approaches. As a form of social learning, direct instruction relies upon working memory. The reinforcement learning circuit, associated agency, curiosity, and peer-to-peer social interactions combine to enhance motivation, improve retention, and build higher-order-thinking skills in active learning environments. When working memory becomes overwhelmed, additionally engaging the reinforcement learning circuit improves retention, providing an explanation for the benefits of active learning. This analysis provides a mechanistic examination of how emerging neuroscience principles might inform pedagogical choices at all educational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Dubinsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Arif A Hamid
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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2
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Leharanger M, Liu P, Vandromme L, Balédent O. Eye Tracking Post Processing to Detect Visual Artifacts and Quantify Visual Attention under Cognitive Task Activity during fMRI. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4916. [PMID: 39123963 PMCID: PMC11314996 DOI: 10.3390/s24154916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Determining visual attention during cognitive tasks using activation MRI remains challenging. This study aimed to develop a new eye-tracking (ET) post-processing platform to enhance data accuracy, validate the feasibility of subsequent ET-fMRI applications, and provide tool support. Sixteen volunteers aged 18 to 20 were exposed to a visual temporal paradigm with changing images of objects and faces in various locations while their eye movements were recorded using an MRI-compatible ET system. The results indicate that the accuracy of the data significantly improved after post-processing. Participants generally maintained their visual attention on the screen, with mean gaze positions ranging from 89.1% to 99.9%. In cognitive tasks, the gaze positions showed adherence to instructions, with means ranging from 46.2% to 50%. Temporal consistency assessments indicated prolonged visual tasks can lead to decreased attention during certain tasks. The proposed methodology effectively identified and quantified visual artifacts and losses, providing a precise measure of visual attention. This study offers a robust framework for future work integrating filtered eye-tracking data with fMRI analyses, supporting cognitive neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leharanger
- CHIMERE UR 7516, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80000 Amiens, France (L.V.)
| | - Pan Liu
- CHIMERE UR 7516, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80000 Amiens, France (L.V.)
- Medical Image Processing Department, Amiens Picardy University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Luc Vandromme
- CHIMERE UR 7516, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80000 Amiens, France (L.V.)
| | - Olivier Balédent
- CHIMERE UR 7516, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80000 Amiens, France (L.V.)
- Medical Image Processing Department, Amiens Picardy University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France
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3
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Silver CA, Tatler BW, Chakravarthi R, Timmermans B. The time course of Temporal Binding in social and nonsocial interactions. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02540-1. [PMID: 39020241 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Temporal Binding (TB) is the subjective compression of action-effect intervals. While the effects of nonsocial actions are highly predictable, it is not the case when interacting with conspecifics, who often act under their own volition, at a time of their choosing. Given the relative differences in action-effect predictability in non-social and social interactions, it is plausible that TB and its properties differ across these situations. To examine this, in two experiments, we compared the time course of TB in social and nonsocial interactions, systematically varying action-effect intervals (200-2,100 ms). Participants were told they were (a) interacting with another person via a live webcam, who was in fact a confederate (social condition), (b) interacting with pre-recorded videos (nonsocial condition), or (c) observing two pre-recorded videos (control condition; Experiment 2). Results across experiments showed greater TB for social compared to nonsocial conditions, and the difference was proportional to the action-effect intervals. Further, in Experiment 1, TB was consistently observed throughout the experiment for social interactions, whereas nonsocial TB decreased from the first to the second half of the experiment. In Experiment 2, the nonsocial condition did not differ from control, whereas the social condition did, exhibiting enhanced binding. We argue these results suggest that the sociality of an interaction modulates the 'internal clock' of time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Silver
- School of Psychology, William Guild Building, Kings College, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK.
| | - Benjamin W Tatler
- School of Psychology, William Guild Building, Kings College, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | | | - Bert Timmermans
- School of Psychology, William Guild Building, Kings College, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
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Parry R, Buttelli O, Sellam N, Riff J, Vidailhet M, Welter ML, Lalo E. 'Le regard des autres': the experience of walking in social environments as a person with Parkinson's disease. Psychol Health 2024; 39:171-194. [PMID: 35255746 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2022.2047187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the experience of people with Parkinson's disease when walking in different social situations, and improve understanding of how this affects participation in meaningful activity. METHODS A convenience sample of fourteen people with Parkinson's disease and a history of gait dysfunction was recruited. In-depth interviews and direct observations were conducted in the participants' home environments. Specific examples from community mobility were reviewed using first person interviewing techniques with the support of video footage. Interview transcripts were analyzed using an interpretive phenomenological approach to derive key themes. RESULTS The feeling of 'being looked at' (le regard des autres) was the central theme in participant discourse. This sentiment was inextricably linked to the given norms of the social setting, and the relationships between participants and others within that environment. Participants sought to manage how they were perceived by others through modification of posture/gait patterns; disclosure of their neurological disease; and avoidance/withdrawal from social situations. CONCLUSION Further to the functional aspects of mobility, gait is important for maintaining self-image in people with Parkinson's disease. Affective gaze interactions have significant consequences upon participation restriction. These findings underscore the interest of activities which strengthen self-image and validate movement diversity in PD rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Parry
- LINP2 - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire en Neurosciences, Physiologie et Psychologie: Activité Physique, Santé et Apprentissages, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Olivier Buttelli
- Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportive, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Narjis Sellam
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Riff
- Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportive, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Welter
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Elodie Lalo
- Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportive, Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
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Flösch KP, Flaisch T, Imhof MA, Schupp HT. Dyadic cooperation with human and artificial agents: Event-related potentials trace dynamic role taking during an interactive game. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14433. [PMID: 37681492 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans are highly co-operative and thus cognitively, affectively, and motivationally tuned to pursue shared goals. Yet, cooperative tasks typically require people to constantly take and switch individual roles. Task relevance is dictated by these roles and thereby dynamically changing. Here, we designed a dyadic game to test whether the family of P3 components can trace this dynamic allocation of task relevance. We demonstrate that late positive event-related potential (ERP) modulations not only reflect predictable asymmetries between receiving and sending information but also differentiate whether the receiver's role is related to correct decision making or action monitoring. Furthermore, similar results were observed when playing the game with a computer, suggesting that experimental games may motivate humans to similarly cooperate with an artificial agent. Overall, late positive ERP waves provide a real-time measure of how role taking dynamically shapes the meaning and relevance of stimuli within collaborative contexts. Our results, therefore, shed light on how the processes of mutual coordination unfold during dyadic cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Philipp Flösch
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tobias Flaisch
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin A Imhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald T Schupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Wang C, Wan X. Alone but together: Cloud-based commensality benefits physical and mental health. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1490-1506. [PMID: 37070152 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Cloud-based commensality refers to an eating scenario in which people are eating and videoconferencing with remote co-diners. We report two experiments designed to investigate whether cloud-based commensality can exert a positive effect on individuals' physical and mental health. In Experiment 1, the participants were asked to rate their expectations concerning their feelings when eating in the context of cloud-based commensality or solitary eating and to make food choices in each eating scenario. In Experiment 2, romantic couples were recruited to have meals in different eating scenarios in the laboratory and were asked to rate their emotions and close relationships. The results of the two experiments revealed that when engaging in cloud-based commensality, participants reduced their intake of meat dishes but did not increase their choices of meat dishes compared to solitary eating. Moreover, the results suggest that cloud-based commensality can alleviate negative feelings and promote positive emotions during periods of quarantine or non-quarantine and enhance close relationships for romantic couples. These findings demonstrate that cloud-based commensality is beneficial for individuals' physical and mental health and provide practical implications for utilizing social eating to promote healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoang Wan
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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7
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Ding K, Wang H, Wang Q, Li H, Li C. Inhibitory control associated with the neural mechanism of joint attention in preschoolers: An fNIRS evidence. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:53-61. [PMID: 37597695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Joint attention (JA) is fundamental to the development of children's social functioning; both its response and initiation are closely related to executive function (EF), but the relationship between JA and EF has been relatively rarely studied. The present study aimed to investigate the between-condition differences in brain activation and synchronization of JA under four conditions: (1) stranger-Initiating Joint Attention (Stranger-IJA); (2) teacher-Initiating Joint Attention (Teacher-IJA); (3) stranger-Responding to Joint Attention (Stranger-RJA); and (4) teacher-Responding to Joint Attention (Teacher-RJA). It also aimed to explore the relationships between neuroimaging data and children's inhibitory control levels. To address these two goals, the present study employed 41 (aged 58.61 ± 8.64 months, 24 boys) preschool children through behavioral and functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging assessment to measure children's EF and brain function under JA, respectively. The results revealed that: (1) a significantly higher prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation was triggered in IJA than RJA; (2) a significantly higher brain activation was triggered in JA with a stranger than with a teacher; (3) a significantly higher index of synchronization asymmetry was evoked in the left and right PFC during interaction with the teacher than with the stranger; and (4) preschoolers' brain activation and synchronization were correlated with their inhibitory control level. The findings advance our understanding of preschoolers' social cognitive development with a biological aspect, offer an opportunity to understand the potential risk of the neural disorder in preschoolers, and provide a basis and insight for preventing neural developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shanghai Institute of Early Childhood Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China; Faculty of Education and Human Development, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chuanjiang Li
- College of Child Development and Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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Wu Y, Wang H, Li C, Zhang C, Li Q, Shao Y, Yang Z, Li C, Fan Q. Deficits in Key Brain Network for Social Interaction in Individuals with Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1403. [PMID: 37891773 PMCID: PMC10605178 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) show impairment in social functioning. The reward network and the emotional salience network are considered to play important roles in social interaction. The current study investigated alterations in the resting-state (rs-) amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional ALFF (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (fc) in the reward network and the emotional salience network in SZ patients. MRI scans were collected from 60 subjects, including 30 SZ patients and 30 matched healthy controls. SZ symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). We analyzed the ALFF, fALFF and ReHo in key brain regions in the reward network and emotional salience network as well as rs-fc among the bilateral amygdala, lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), medial OFC and insula between groups. The SZ patients demonstrated increased ALFF in the right caudate and right putamen, increased fALFF and ReHo in the bilateral caudate, putamen and pallidum, along with decreased fALFF in the bilateral insula. Additionally, reduced rs-fc was found between the right lateral OFC and the left amygdala, which simultaneously belong to the reward network and the emotional salience network. These findings highlight the association between impaired social functioning in SZ patients and aberrant resting-state ALFF, fALFF, ReHo and fc. Future studies are needed to conduct network-based statistical analysis and task-state fMRI, reflecting live social interaction to advance our understanding of the mechanism of social interaction deficits in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chuoran Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai 200030, China
- Mental Health Branch, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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Schilbach L. Adding a mental health perspective on social timing: Comment on "The evolution of social timing" by Verga, Laura, Kotz, Sonja A., Ravignani, A. Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:277-280. [PMID: 37598629 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Schilbach
- Ludwig Maximilians Universitaet, Munich, Germany; Department of General Psychiatry 2, LVR-Klinikum Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Tricoche L, Pélisson D, Longo L, Koun E, Poisson A, Prado J, Meunier M. Task-independent neural bases of peer presence effect on cognition in children and adults. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120247. [PMID: 37385049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample behavioral evidence that others' mere presence can affect any behavior in human and non-human animals, generally facilitating the expression of mastered responses while impairing the acquisition of novel ones. Much less is known about i) how the brain orchestrates the modulation of such a wide array of behaviors by others' presence and ii) when these neural underpinnings mature during development. To address these issues, fMRI data were collected in children and adults alternately observed and unobserved by a familiar peer. Subjects performed a numerosity comparison task and a phonological comparison task. While the former involves number-processing brain areas, the latter involves language-processing areas. Consistent with previous behavioral findings, adults' and children's performance improved in both tasks when observed by a peer. Across all participants, task-specific brain regions showed no reliable change in activity under peer observation. Rather, we found task-independent changes in domain-general brain regions typically involved in mentalizing, reward, and attention. Bayesian analyses singled out the attention network as the exception to the close child-adult resemblance of peer observation neural substrates. These findings suggest that i) social facilitation of some human education-related skills is primarily orchestrated by domain-general brain networks, rather than by task-selective substrates, and ii) apart from attention, peer presence neural processing is largely mature in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Tricoche
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Denis Pélisson
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Léa Longo
- EDUWELL team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Eric Koun
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Alice Poisson
- Unité des pathologies du sommeil et équipe de recherche AESIO Santé unité de Saint Etienne, Clinique médico chirurgicale mutualiste, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jérôme Prado
- EDUWELL team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France.
| | - Martine Meunier
- IMPACT team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; University Lyon, F-69000, France.
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11
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Xie H, Moraczewski D, McNaughton KA, Warnell KR, Alkire D, Merchant JS, Kirby LA, Yarger HA, Redcay E. Social reward network connectivity differs between autistic and neurotypical youth during social interaction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543807. [PMID: 37333161 PMCID: PMC10274709 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
A core feature of autism is difficulties with social interaction. Atypical social motivation is proposed to underlie these difficulties. However, prior work testing this hypothesis has shown mixed support and has been limited in its ability to understand real-world social-interactive processes in autism. We attempted to address these limitations by scanning neurotypical and autistic youth (n = 86) during a text-based reciprocal social interaction that mimics a "live" chat and elicits social reward processes. We focused on task-evoked functional connectivity (FC) of regions responsible for motivational-reward and mentalizing processes within the broader social reward circuitry. We found that task-evoked FC between these regions was significantly modulated by social interaction and receipt of social-interactive reward. Compared to neurotypical peers, autistic youth showed significantly greater task-evoked connectivity of core regions in the mentalizing network (e.g., posterior superior temporal sulcus) and the amygdala, a key node in the reward network. Furthermore, across groups, the connectivity strength between these mentalizing and reward regions was negatively correlated with self-reported social motivation and social reward during the scanner task. Our results highlight an important role of FC within the broader social reward circuitry for social-interactive reward. Specifically, greater context-dependent FC (i.e., differences between social engagement and non-social engagement) may indicate an increased "neural effort" during social reward and relate to differences in social motivation within autistic and neurotypical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xie
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, D.C., USA
- The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Dustin Moraczewski
- Data Science and Sharing Team, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn A. McNaughton
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Diana Alkire
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Junaid S. Merchant
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura A. Kirby
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather A. Yarger
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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12
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Fiveash A, Ferreri L, Bouwer FL, Kösem A, Moghimi S, Ravignani A, Keller PE, Tillmann B. Can rhythm-mediated reward boost learning, memory, and social connection? Perspectives for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105153. [PMID: 37019245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies of rhythm processing and of reward have progressed separately, with little connection between the two. However, consistent links between rhythm and reward are beginning to surface, with research suggesting that synchronization to rhythm is rewarding, and that this rewarding element may in turn also boost this synchronization. The current mini review shows that the combined study of rhythm and reward can be beneficial to better understand their independent and combined roles across two central aspects of cognition: 1) learning and memory, and 2) social connection and interpersonal synchronization; which have so far been studied largely independently. From this basis, it is discussed how connections between rhythm and reward can be applied to learning and memory and social connection across different populations, taking into account individual differences, clinical populations, human development, and animal research. Future research will need to consider the rewarding nature of rhythm, and that rhythm can in turn boost reward, potentially enhancing other cognitive and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fiveash
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL, CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, F-69000 Lyon, France; University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France; The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - L Ferreri
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Laboratoire d'Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - F L Bouwer
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Kösem
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL, CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - S Moghimi
- Groupe de Recherches sur l'Analyse Multimodale de la Fonction Cérébrale, INSERM U1105, Amiens, France
| | - A Ravignani
- Comparative Bioacoustics Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
| | - P E Keller
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
| | - B Tillmann
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL, CNRS, UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, F-69000 Lyon, France; University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France; Laboratory for Research on Learning and Development, LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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13
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Social interaction, psychotic disorders and inflammation: A triangle of interest. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110697. [PMID: 36521587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Social interaction difficulties are a hallmark of psychotic disorders, which in some cases can be definitely traced back to autoimmunological causes. Interestingly, systemic and intrathecal inflammation have been shown to significantly influence social processing by increasing sensitivity to threatening social stimuli, which bears some resemblance to psychosis. In this article, we review evidence for the involvement of systemic and intrathecal inflammatory processes in psychotic disorders and how this might help to explain some of the social impairments associated with this group of disorders. Vice versa, we also discuss evidence for the immunomodulatory function of social interactions and their potential role for therapeutic interventions in psychotic disorders.
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14
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Werchan DM, Ku S, Berry D, Blair C. Sensitive caregiving and reward responsivity: A novel mechanism linking parenting and executive functions development in early childhood. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13293. [PMID: 35665988 PMCID: PMC9719571 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive caregiving is an essential aspect of positive parenting that influences executive functions development, but the mechanisms underlying this association are less clear. Using data from the Family Life Project, a large prospective longitudinal sample of 1292 families residing in rural, predominately low-income communities, the current study examined whether sensitive caregiving impacts executive functions development by shaping behavioral reward processing systems in early postnatal life. Results indicated that higher levels of sensitive caregiving during infancy were associated with heightened reward responsivity at age 4, which in turn predicted superior executive functions ability at age 5. Notably, children's reward responsivity partially mediated the relationship between sensitive caregiving in infancy and executive functions ability at school entry. These findings add to prior work on early experience and children's executive functions and highlight caregiver scaffolding of developing reward processing systems as a potential foundational mechanism for supporting adaptive behavior and self-regulation across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Werchan
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Seulki Ku
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Berry
- Institute of Child Development, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
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15
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Era V, Candidi M, Pezzetta R, Pulcini C, D'Antonio S, Zabberoni S, Peppe A, Costa A, Taglieri S, Carlesimo GA, Aglioti SM. The dopaminergic system supports flexible and rewarding dyadic motor interactive behaviour in Parkinson's Disease. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6604233. [PMID: 35674339 PMCID: PMC9949502 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies indicate that the dopaminergic system (DAS) supports individual flexible behaviour. While flexibility is quintessential to effective dyadic motor interactions, whether DAS mediates adaptations of one's own motor behaviour to that of a partner is not known. Here, we asked patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) to synchronize their grasping movements with those of a virtual partner in conditions that did (Interactive) or did not (Cued) require to predict and adapt to its actions. PD performed the task during daily antiparkinsonian treatment ('On' condition) or after drug-withdrawal ('Off' condition). A group of healthy individuals also served as control group. In the Interactive condition, PDs performed better and found the interaction more enjoyable when in 'On' than in 'Off' condition. Crucially, PD performance in the 'On' condition did not differ from that of healthy controls. This pattern of results hints at the key role of the DAS in supporting the flexible adaptation of one's own actions to the partner's during motor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Era
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00179, Italy
| | - Matteo Candidi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00179, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Pulcini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Sara D'Antonio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Costa
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00179, Italy.,Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Sara Taglieri
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00179, Italy.,Niccolò Cusano University, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, 00179, Italy.,Center for Life Nano- and Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, and Sapienza University Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
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16
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Arioli M, Basso G, Baud-Bovy G, Mattioni L, Poggi P, Canessa N. Neural bases of loss aversion when choosing for oneself versus known or unknown others. Cereb Cortex 2023:7030624. [PMID: 36748997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous interdependence between one's own decisions and others' welfare, and the controversial evidence on the behavioral effect of choosing for others, the neural bases of making decisions for another versus oneself remain unexplored. We investigated whether loss aversion (LA; the tendency to avoid losses over approaching equivalent gains) is modulated by (i) choosing for oneself, other individuals, or both; (ii) knowing or not knowing the other recipients; or (iii) an interaction between these factors. We used fMRI to assess the brain activations associated with choosing whether to accept or reject mixed gambles, either for oneself, for another player, or both, in 2 groups of 28 participants who had or had not briefly interacted with the other players before scanning. Participants displayed higher LA for choices involving their payoff compared with those affecting only the payoff of other, known, players. This "social" modulation of decision-making was found to engage the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and its inhibitory connectivity to the middle cingulate cortex. This pattern might underpin decision-making for known others via self-other distinction processes associated with dorsomedial prefrontal areas, with this in turn promoting the inhibition of socially oriented responses through the downregulation of the midcingulate node of the empathy network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arioli
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Piazzale Sant'Agostino 2, Bergamo 24129, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, Monza (MB) 20900, Italy
| | - Gabriel Baud-Bovy
- Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Unit, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mattioni
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia 27100, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Paolo Poggi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Radiology Unit of Pavia Institute, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Nicola Canessa
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICoN) Center, Piazza della Vittoria 15, Pavia 27100, Italy.,Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, Via Maugeri 10, Pavia 27100, Italy
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17
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Pérez A, Davis MH. Speaking and listening to inter-brain relationships. Cortex 2023; 159:54-63. [PMID: 36608420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies of inter-brain relationships thrive, and yet many reservations regarding their scope and interpretation of these phenomena have been raised by the scientific community. It is thus essential to establish common ground on methodological and conceptual definitions related to this topic and to open debate about any remaining points of uncertainty. We here offer insights to improve the conceptual clarity and empirical standards offered by social neuroscience studies of inter-personal interaction using hyperscanning with a particular focus on verbal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - Matthew H Davis
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
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18
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Can Translational Social Neuroscience Research Offer Insights to Mitigate Structural Racism in the United States? BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1258-1267. [PMID: 35609781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation and conflict due to structural racism may result in human suffering and loneliness across the life span. Given the rising prevalence of these problems in the United States, combined with disruptions experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, the neurobiology of affiliative behaviors may offer practical solutions to the pressing challenges associated with structural racism. Controlled experiments across species demonstrate that social connections are critical to survival, although strengthening individual resilience is insufficient to address the magnitude and impact of structural racism. In contrast, the multilevel construct of social resilience, defined by the power of groups to cultivate, engage in, and sustain positive relationships that endure and recuperate from social adversities, offers unique insights that may have greater impact, reach, and durability than individual-level interventions. Here, we review putative social resilience-enhancing interventions and, when available, their biological mediators, with the hope to stimulate discovery of novel approaches to mitigate structural racism. We first explore the social neuroscience principles underlying psychotherapy and other psychiatric interventions. Then, we explore translational efforts across species to tailor treatments that increase social resilience, with context and cultural sensitivity in mind. Finally, we conclude with some practical future directions for understudied areas that may be essential for progress in biological psychiatry, including ethical ways to increase representation in research and developing social paradigms that inform dynamics toward or away from socially resilient outcomes.
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19
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Kroczek LO, Mühlberger A. Returning a smile: Initiating a social interaction with a facial emotional expression influences the evaluation of the expression received in return. Biol Psychol 2022; 175:108453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Valori I, Carnevali L, Mantovani G, Farroni T. Motivation from Agency and Reward in Typical Development and Autism: Narrative Review of Behavioral and Neural Evidence. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1411. [PMID: 36291344 PMCID: PMC9599071 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to perform voluntary actions and make choices is shaped by the motivation from having control over the resulting effects (agency) and positive outcomes (reward). We offer an overview of distinct and common behavioral and neural signatures of agency and reward. We discuss their typical and atypical developmental trajectories, focusing on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by neurodiverse processes underlying action selection. We propose that reduced sensitivity to agency and reward in ASD may be related to atypical multisensory processes and motor planning, with potential for understanding restricted and repetitive behaviors. We emphasize the limitations of the existing literature, and prospects for future research. Understanding the neurocognitive processes that shape the way people with ASD select actions and perceive outcomes is essential to support not only learning, but also volition and self-determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Teresa Farroni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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21
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Pott J, Schilbach L. Tracking and changing beliefs during social interaction: Where computational psychiatry meets cognitive behavioral therapy. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1010012. [PMID: 36275316 PMCID: PMC9585719 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pott
- Institut für Klinische Verhaltenstherapie, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonhard Schilbach
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Psychiatrie 2, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Leonhard Schilbach
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22
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Tsoi L, Burns SM, Falk EB, Tamir DI. The promises and pitfalls of functional magnetic resonance imaging hyperscanning for social interaction research. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022; 16:e12707. [PMID: 36407123 PMCID: PMC9667901 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social neuroscience combines tools and perspectives from social psychology and neuroscience to understand how people interact with their social world. Here we discuss a relatively new method-hyperscanning-to study real-time, interactive social interactions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We highlight three contributions that fMRI hyperscanning makes to the study of the social mind: (1) Naturalism: it shifts the focus from tightly-controlled stimuli to more naturalistic social interactions; (2) Multi-person Dynamics: it shifts the focus from individuals as the unit of analysis to dyads and groups; and (3) Neural Resolution: fMRI hyperscanning captures high-resolution neural patterns and dynamics across the whole brain, unlike other neuroimaging hyperscanning methods (e.g., electroencephalogram, functional near-infrared spectroscopy). Finally, we describe the practical considerations and challenges that fMRI hyperscanning researchers must navigate. We hope researchers will harness this powerful new paradigm to address pressing questions in today's society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Tsoi
- School of Psychology and CounselingCaldwell UniversityCaldwellNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shannon M. Burns
- Department of Psychological SciencePomona CollegeClaremontCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurosciencePomona CollegeClaremontCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emily B. Falk
- Annenberg School for CommunicationUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Wharton Marketing DepartmentUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Operations, Information, and Decisions DepartmentUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Diana I. Tamir
- Department of PsychologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- Princeton Neuroscience InstitutePrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
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23
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Vogel DHV, Jording M, Esser C, Conrad A, Weiss PH, Vogeley K. Temporal binding of social events less pronounced in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14853. [PMID: 36050371 PMCID: PMC9437002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in predictive processing are considered amongst the prime candidates for mechanisms underlying different symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A particularly valuable paradigm to investigate these processes is temporal binding (TB) assessed through time estimation tasks. In this study, we report on two separate experiments using a TB task designed to assess the influence of top-down social information on action event related TB. Both experiments were performed with a group of individuals diagnosed with ASD and a matched group without ASD. The results replicate earlier findings on a pronounced social hyperbinding for social action-event sequences and extend them to persons with ASD. Hyperbinding however, is less pronounced in the group with ASD as compared to the group without ASD. We interpret our results as indicative of a reduced predictive processing during social interaction. This reduction most likely results from differences in the integration of top-down social information into action-event monitoring. We speculate that this corresponds to differences in mentalizing processes in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H V Vogel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Jülich, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mathis Jording
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Jülich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Esser
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amelie Conrad
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Jülich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Jülich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Ishikawa M, Itakura S. Pupil dilation predicts modulation of direct gaze on action value calculations. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108340. [PMID: 35460818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Perceiving direct gaze facilitates social cognition and behaviour. We hypothesized that direct gaze modulates decision-making, particularly calculations of action values. To test our hypothesis, we used the reinforcement learning paradigm in situations with or without direct gaze. Forty adults were recruited and participated in pupil size measurements and a two-armed bandit task. The task was conducted with 70% and 30% reward probabilities for each option. During the task, a female showing the Direct Gaze (DG) or Closed Eyes (CE) condition was presented from the start of each trial. The results showed that behavioural bias to choices with 70% reward probability increased more in the DG condition than in the CE condition and the expected reward value. This bias to choices with 70% reward in the DG condition was predicted by pupil dilation to DG. These results suggest that participants over-evaluated the expected reward value in the DG condition, and this DG effect may be related to subjective expectations of rewarding events indexed by pupil dilations. It is considered that perceiving direct gaze is a driver of reward expectations that modulate action value calculations and then cognitive processing and behaviours are facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Ishikawa
- Centre for Baby Science, Doshisha University, 4-1-1 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0295 Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Centre for Baby Science, Doshisha University, 4-1-1 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0295 Japan
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25
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Xiao Y, Alkire D, Moraczewski D, Redcay E. Developmental differences in brain functional connectivity during social interaction in middle childhood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 54:101079. [PMID: 35134689 PMCID: PMC9019834 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by significant changes in peer interactions. However, limited research has examined the brain systems (e.g., mentalizing and reward networks) involved in direct peer interaction, particularly during childhood and early adolescence. Here, we analyzed fMRI data from 50 children aged 8–12 years while they participated in a task in which they chatted with a peer (Peer) or answered questions about a story character (Character). Using a beta-series correlation analysis, we investigated how social interaction modulates functional connectivity within and between mentalizing and reward networks and whether this modulation changes with age. We observed effects of social interaction on functional connectivity were modulated by age within the mentalizing and reward networks. Further, greater connectivity within and between these networks during social interaction was related to faster reaction time to the Peer versus Character condition. Similar effects were found in the salience and mirror neuron networks. These findings provide insights into age-related differences in how the brain supports social interaction, and thus have the potential to advance our understanding of core social difficulties in social-communicative disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder. We examined brain functional connectivity in a social-interactive context. The effect of social partner on mentalizing and reward networks was modulated by age. Connectivity within and between these networks is related to behavioral performance. These effects are also found in salience and mirror neuron networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Xiao
- Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Diana Alkire
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dustin Moraczewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Data Science and Sharing Team, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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26
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Güroğlu B. The power of friendship: The developmental significance of friendships from a neuroscience perspective. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Mundy P, Bullen J. The Bidirectional Social-Cognitive Mechanisms of the Social-Attention Symptoms of Autism. Front Psychiatry 2022; 12:752274. [PMID: 35173636 PMCID: PMC8841840 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.752274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in social attention development begin to be apparent in the 6th to 12th month of development in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and theoretically reflect important elements of its neurodevelopmental endophenotype. This paper examines alternative conceptual views of these early social attention symptoms and hypotheses about the mechanisms involved in their development. One model emphasizes mechanism involved in the spontaneous allocation of attention to faces, or social orienting. Alternatively, another model emphasizes mechanisms involved in the coordination of attention with other people, or joint attention, and the socially bi-directional nature of its development. This model raises the possibility that atypical responses of children to the attention or the gaze of a social partner directed toward themselves may be as important in the development of social attention symptoms as differences in the development of social orienting. Another model holds that symptoms of social attention may be important to early development, but may not impact older individuals with ASD. The alterative model is that the social attention symptoms in infancy (social orienting and joint attention), and social cognitive symptoms in childhood and adulthood share common neurodevelopmental substrates. Therefore, differences in early social attention and later social cognition constitute a developmentally continuous axis of symptom presentation in ASD. However, symptoms in older individuals may be best measured with in vivo measures of efficiency of social attention and social cognition in social interactions rather than the accuracy of response on analog tests used in measures with younger children. Finally, a third model suggests that the social attention symptoms may not truly be a symptom of ASD. Rather, they may be best conceptualized as stemming from differences domain general attention and motivation mechanisms. The alternative argued for here that infant social attention symptoms meet all the criteria of a unique dimension of the phenotype of ASD and the bi-directional phenomena involved in social attention cannot be fully explained in terms of domain general aspects of attention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mundy
- Department of Learning and Mind Sciences, School of Education, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and The MIND Institute, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Jenifer Bullen
- Department of Human Development, School of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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28
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Dziura SL, Merchant JS, Alkire D, Rashid A, Shariq D, Moraczewski D, Redcay E. Effects of social and emotional context on neural activation and synchrony during movie viewing. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:6053-6069. [PMID: 34558148 PMCID: PMC8596971 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharing emotional experiences impacts how we perceive and interact with the world, but the neural mechanisms that support this sharing are not well characterized. In this study, participants (N = 52) watched videos in an MRI scanner in the presence of an unfamiliar peer. Videos varied in valence and social context (i.e., participants believed their partner was viewing the same (joint condition) or a different (solo condition) video). Reported togetherness increased during positive videos regardless of social condition, indicating that positive contexts may lessen the experience of being alone. Two analysis approaches were used to examine both sustained neural activity averaged over time and dynamic synchrony throughout the videos. Both approaches revealed clusters in the medial prefrontal cortex that were more responsive to the joint condition. We observed a time‐averaged social‐emotion interaction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, although this region did not demonstrate synchrony effects. Alternatively, social‐emotion interactions in the amygdala and superior temporal sulcus showed greater neural synchrony in the joint compared to solo conditions during positive videos, but the opposite pattern for negative videos. These findings suggest that positive stimuli may be more salient when experienced together, suggesting a mechanism for forming social bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Alkire
- The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Adnan Rashid
- Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Deena Shariq
- The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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29
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Yokoyama C, Autio JA, Ikeda T, Sallet J, Mars RB, Van Essen DC, Glasser MF, Sadato N, Hayashi T. Comparative connectomics of the primate social brain. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118693. [PMID: 34732327 PMCID: PMC9159291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interaction is thought to provide a selection pressure for human intelligence, yet little is known about its neurobiological basis and evolution throughout the primate lineage. Recent advances in neuroimaging have enabled whole brain investigation of brain structure, function, and connectivity in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), leading to a nascent field of comparative connectomics. However, linking social behavior to brain organization across the primates remains challenging. Here, we review the current understanding of the macroscale neural mechanisms of social behaviors from the viewpoint of system neuroscience. We first demonstrate an association between the number of cortical neurons and the size of social groups across primates, suggesting a link between neural information-processing capacity and social capabilities. Moreover, by capitalizing on recent advances in species-harmonized functional MRI, we demonstrate that portions of the mirror neuron system and default-mode networks, which are thought to be important for representation of the other's actions and sense of self, respectively, exhibit similarities in functional organization in macaque monkeys and humans, suggesting possible homologies. With respect to these two networks, we describe recent developments in the neurobiology of social perception, joint attention, personality and social complexity. Together, the Human Connectome Project (HCP)-style comparative neuroimaging, hyperscanning, behavioral, and other multi-modal investigations are expected to yield important insights into the evolutionary foundations of human social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Joonas A Autio
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takuro Ikeda
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David C Van Essen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Departments of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Hayashi
- Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-7-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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30
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Votinov M, Myznikov A, Zheltyakova M, Masharipov R, Korotkov A, Cherednichenko D, Habel U, Kireev M. The Interaction Between Caudate Nucleus and Regions Within the Theory of Mind Network as a Neural Basis for Social Intelligence. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:727960. [PMID: 34720887 PMCID: PMC8552029 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.727960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of socio-cognitive processes is a multifaceted problem for which many sophisticated concepts have been proposed. One of these concepts is social intelligence (SI), i.e., the set of abilities that allow successful interaction with other people. The theory of mind (ToM) human brain network is a good candidate for the neural substrate underlying SI since it is involved in inferring the mental states of others and ourselves and predicting or explaining others’ actions. However, the relationship of ToM to SI remains poorly explored. Our recent research revealed an association between the gray matter volume of the caudate nucleus and the degree of SI as measured by the Guilford-Sullivan test. It led us to question whether this structural peculiarity is reflected in changes to the integration of the caudate with other areas of the brain associated with socio-cognitive processes, including the ToM system. We conducted seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis of resting-state fMRI data for 42 subjects with the caudate as a region of interest. We found that the scores of the Guilford-Sullivan test were positively correlated with the FC between seeds in the right caudate head and two clusters located within the right superior temporal gyrus and bilateral precuneus. Both regions are known to be nodes of the ToM network. Thus, the current study demonstrates that the SI level is associated with the degree of functional integration between the ToM network and the caudate nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Votinov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Artem Myznikov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maya Zheltyakova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan Masharipov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Korotkov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis Cherednichenko
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ute Habel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maxim Kireev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute for Cognitive Studies, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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31
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Ding K, Li C, Jia H, Zhang M, Yu D. Is left-behind a real reason for children's social cognition deficit? An fNIRS study on the effect of social interaction on left-behind preschooler's prefrontal activation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254010. [PMID: 34534229 PMCID: PMC8448372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The left-behind phenomenon, caused by parent out-migration, has become a common social issue and might lead to long-term and potential risks for children in rural areas of China. It is important to investigate the effect of social interaction on prefrontal activation of left-behind children in China because of possible effects of parent out-migration on children’s social cognition. We recruited 81 rural Chinese preschoolers aged 52–76 months (mean = 64.98 ± 6.321 months) preschoolers with three different statuses of parental out-migration (including non-, partially, and completely left-behind children). Using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), we compared behavior and brain activation and in three groups (non-, partially-, completely-left-behind children) under two different social interaction conditions (child-teacher and child-stranger situation). Results revealed that initiating joint attention (IJA) may evoke higher brain activation than responding to joint attention (RJA) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially in the case of initiating joint attention with the stranger. In addition, the activation of joint attention was positively correlated with children’s language score, cognitive flexibility, and facial expression recognition. More importantly, partially-left-behind children evoked higher brain activation in the IJA condition and presented a higher language level than completely/non-left-behind children. The current study provides insight into the neural basis of left-behind children’s development and revealed for the first time that family economic level and left-behind status may contribute to the lower social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ding
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Chuanjiang Li
- Hangzhou College of Early Childhood Teacher’s Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huibin Jia
- School of Psychology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongchuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Hartz A, Guth B, Jording M, Vogeley K, Schulte-Rüther M. Temporal Behavioral Parameters of On-Going Gaze Encounters in a Virtual Environment. Front Psychol 2021; 12:673982. [PMID: 34421731 PMCID: PMC8377250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To navigate the social world, humans heavily rely on gaze for non-verbal communication as it conveys information in a highly dynamic and complex, yet concise manner: For instance, humans utilize gaze effortlessly to direct and infer the attention of a possible interaction partner. Many traditional paradigms in social gaze research though rely on static ways of assessing gaze interaction, e.g., by using images or prerecorded videos as stimulus material. Emerging gaze contingent paradigms, in which algorithmically controlled virtual characters can respond flexibly to the gaze behavior of humans, provide high ecological validity. Ideally, these are based on models of human behavior which allow for precise, parameterized characterization of behavior, and should include variable interactive settings and different communicative states of the interacting agents. The present study provides a complete definition and empirical description of a behavioral parameter space of human gaze behavior in extended gaze encounters. To this end, we (i) modeled a shared 2D virtual environment on a computer screen in which a human could interact via gaze with an agent and simultaneously presented objects to create instances of joint attention and (ii) determined quantitatively the free model parameters (temporal and probabilistic) of behavior within this environment to provide a first complete, detailed description of the behavioral parameter space governing joint attention. This knowledge is essential to enable the modeling of interacting agents with a high degree of ecological validity, be it for cognitive studies or applications in human-robot interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hartz
- Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.,Translational Brain Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Guth
- Translational Brain Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathis Jording
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Schulte-Rüther
- Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.,Translational Brain Research, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Imagery of negative interpersonal experiences influence the neural mechanisms of social interaction. Neuropsychologia 2021; 160:107923. [PMID: 34175371 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Negative interpersonal experiences are a key contributor to psychiatric disorders. While previous research has shown that negative interpersonal experiences influence social cognition, less is known about the effects on participation in social interactions and the underlying neurobiology. To address this, we developed a new naturalistic version of a gaze-contingent paradigm using real video sequences of gaze behaviour that respond to the participants' gaze in real-time in order to create a believable and continuous interactive social situation. Additionally, participants listened to two autobiographical audio-scripts that guided them to imagine a recent stressful and a relaxing situation and performed the gaze-based social interaction task before and after the presentation of either the stressful or the relaxing audio-script. Our results demonstrate that the social interaction task robustly recruits brain areas with known involvement in social cognition, namely the medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral temporoparietal junction, superior temporal sulcus as well as the precuneus. Imagery of negative interpersonal experiences compared to relaxing imagery led to a prolonged change in affective state and to increased brain responses during the subsequent social interaction paradigm in the temporoparietal junction, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and inferior frontal gyrus. Taken together this study presents a new naturalistic social interaction paradigm suitable to study the neural mechanisms of social interaction and the results demonstrate that the imagery of negative interpersonal experiences affects social interaction on neural levels.
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34
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Schindler S, Höhner A, Moeck R, Bruchmann M, Straube T. Let's Talk About Each Other: Neural Responses to Dissenting Personality Evaluations Based on Real Dyadic Interactions. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1058-1072. [PMID: 34101522 PMCID: PMC8641130 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621995197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyadic interactions are associated with the exchange of personality-related messages, which can be congruent or incongruent with one’s self-view. In the current preregistered study (N = 52), we investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) toward real social evaluations in order to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of congruent and incongruent evaluative feedback. Participants interacted first, and then during an electroencephalogram (EEG) session, they received evaluations from their interaction partner that were either congruent or incongruent with their own ratings. Findings show potentiated processing of self-related incongruent negative evaluations at early time points (N1) followed by increased processing of both incongruent negative and positive evaluations at midlatency time windows (early posterior negativity) and a prioritized processing of self-related incongruent positive evaluations at late time points (feedback-related P3, late positive potential). These findings reveal that, after real social interactions, evaluative feedback about oneself that violates one’s self-view modulates all processing stages with an early negativity and a late positivity bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Anne Höhner
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Robert Moeck
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Münster.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster
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35
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Zimmermann KM, Schmidt KD, Gronow F, Sommer J, Leweke F, Jansen A. Seeing things differently: Gaze shapes neural signal during mentalizing according to emotional awareness. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118223. [PMID: 34098065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on social cognition often use complex visual stimuli to asses neural processes attributed to abilities like "mentalizing" or "Theory of Mind" (ToM). During the processing of these stimuli, eye gaze, however, shapes neural signal patterns. Individual differences in neural operations on social cognition may therefore be obscured if individuals' gaze behavior differs systematically. These obstacles can be overcome by the combined analysis of neural signal and natural viewing behavior. Here, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with eye-tracking to examine effects of unconstrained gaze on neural ToM processes in healthy individuals with differing levels of emotional awareness, i.e. alexithymia. First, as previously described for emotional tasks, people with higher alexithymia levels look less at eyes in both ToM and task-free viewing contexts. Further, we find that neural ToM processes are not affected by individual differences in alexithymia per se. Instead, depending on alexithymia levels, gaze on critical stimulus aspects reversely shapes the signal in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and anterior temporoparietal junction (TPJ) as distinct nodes of the ToM system. These results emphasize that natural selective attention affects fMRI patterns well beyond the visual system. Our study implies that, whenever using a task with multiple degrees of freedom in scan paths, ignoring the latter might obscure important conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Marie Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Hospital zum Heiligen Geist, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen.
| | - Kirsten Daniela Schmidt
- Laboratory for Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Gronow
- Laboratory for Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen
| | - Jens Sommer
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen; Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Leweke
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Laboratory for Multimodal Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen; Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Temporal binding (TB) refers to an underestimation of time intervals between two events, most commonly for actions and their effects. This temporal contraction is measurable for both perceived changes in social stimuli such as faces, as well as for interactions with a partner. We investigated TB in two separate experiments to uncover the individual influences of (i) participants’ belief in an interaction with a human partner (as compared to a computer), and (ii) a face-like stimulus versus an abstract stimulus mediating the interaction. The results show that TB is more pronounced when self-initiated actions result in a personal event as opposed to a mere physical effect, being suggestive of a “social hyperbinding.” The social hyperbinding effect appeared to be driven both by the belief in interacting with another person and by a face-like stimulus. However, there seemed to be no further enhancing effect when combining the top-down processes (“beliefs”) with the bottom-up processes (“perceptions”). These findings suggest a prioritization of social information for TB regardless of whether this information is introduced by top-down (beliefs) or bottom-up information (stimuli). Our results add to existing literature demonstrating an increase in action-event monitoring for social cues.
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37
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Baltruschat S, Megías-Robles A, Cándido A, Maldonado A, Catena A. Social and Non-social Brain Areas in Risk Behaviour: The Role of Social Context. Neuroscience 2021; 465:177-186. [PMID: 33961961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human brain contains social areas that become active when interacting with another human. These are located in the ventral prefrontal and mediodorsal cortices, adjacent to areas involved in reward processing and cognitive control. Human behaviour is strongly influenced by the social context. This is particularly evident when observing greater risk propensity in the presence of a peer, particularly during adolescence and emerging adulthood. We explored the widely held view that enhanced risk propensity is the consequence of weak cognitive control. We used brain activity, estimated from EEG recordings in a sample of 114 emerging adult dyads whilst performing a risk perception task, to predict risk behaviour in a subsequent driving simulation task. Being with a peer reduced the ability to discriminate riskiness in images of traffic scenes, biased responses towards the perception of no-risk, and increased the rate of accidents in the driving simulation. Risk perception involved three sets of clusters showing activity only when being with a peer, only when being alone, and in both social contexts. Functional connectivity between the clusters accounted for the later driving simulation performance depending on the peer's presence. In the light of our findings, greater risk-taking, when a peer is present, seems to be triggered by the activation of a different, less efficient brain network for risk-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Baltruschat
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC). University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Antonio Cándido
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC). University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Maldonado
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC). University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC). University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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38
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Gilardeau S, Cirillo R, Jazayeri M, Dupuis C, Wirth S, Duhamel JR. Two functions of the primate amygdala in social gaze. Neuropsychologia 2021; 157:107881. [PMID: 33961862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate gaze interaction is essential for primate social life. Prior studies have suggested the involvement of the amygdala in processing eye cues but its role in gaze behavior during live social exchanges remains unknown. We recorded the activity of neurons in the amygdala of two monkeys as they engaged in spontaneous visual interactions. We showed that monkeys adjust their oculomotor behavior and actively seek to interact with each other through mutual gaze. During fixations on the eye region, some amygdala neurons responded with short latency and more strongly to mutual than non-reciprocal gaze (averted gaze). Other neurons responded with long latency and were more strongly modulated by active, self-terminated mutual gaze fixations than by passively terminated ones. These results suggest that the amygdala not only participates to the evaluation of eye contact, but also plays a role in the timing of fixations which is crucial for adaptive social interactions through gaze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gilardeau
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Rossella Cirillo
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Mina Jazayeri
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Chloé Dupuis
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Sylvia Wirth
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Jean-René Duhamel
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron Cedex, France.
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39
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Stephenson LJ, Edwards SG, Bayliss AP. From Gaze Perception to Social Cognition: The Shared-Attention System. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:553-576. [PMID: 33567223 PMCID: PMC8114330 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620953773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When two people look at the same object in the environment and are aware of each other's attentional state, they find themselves in a shared-attention episode. This can occur through intentional or incidental signaling and, in either case, causes an exchange of information between the two parties about the environment and each other's mental states. In this article, we give an overview of what is known about the building blocks of shared attention (gaze perception and joint attention) and focus on bringing to bear new findings on the initiation of shared attention that complement knowledge about gaze following and incorporate new insights from research into the sense of agency. We also present a neurocognitive model, incorporating first-, second-, and third-order social cognitive processes (the shared-attention system, or SAS), building on previous models and approaches. The SAS model aims to encompass perceptual, cognitive, and affective processes that contribute to and follow on from the establishment of shared attention. These processes include fundamental components of social cognition such as reward, affective evaluation, agency, empathy, and theory of mind.
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40
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Corticospinal Excitability during a Perspective Taking Task as Measured by TMS-Induced Motor Evoked Potentials. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11040513. [PMID: 33919538 PMCID: PMC8073384 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Only by understanding the ability to take a third-person perspective can we begin to elucidate the neural processes responsible for one’s inimitable conscious experience. The current study examined differences in hemispheric laterality during a first-person perspective (1PP) and third-person perspective (3PP) taking task, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Participants were asked to take either the 1PP or 3PP when identifying the number of spheres in a virtual scene. During this task, single-pulse TMS was delivered to the motor cortex of both the left and right hemispheres of 10 healthy volunteers. Measures of TMS-induced motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) of the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis (APB) were employed as an indicator of lateralized cortical activation. The data suggest that the right hemisphere is more important in discriminating between 1PP and 3PP. These data add a novel method for determining perspective taking and add to the literature supporting the role of the right hemisphere in meta representation.
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41
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Pan Y, Novembre G, Song B, Zhu Y, Hu Y. Dual brain stimulation enhances interpersonal learning through spontaneous movement synchrony. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:210-221. [PMID: 32591830 PMCID: PMC7812617 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactive learning denotes the ability to acquire new information from a conspecific-a prerequisite for cultural evolution and survival. As inspired by recent neurophysiological research, here we tested whether social interactive learning can be augmented by exogenously synchronizing oscillatory brain activity across an instructor and a learner engaged in a naturalistic song-learning task. We used a dual brain stimulation protocol entailing the trans-cranial delivery of synchronized electric currents in two individuals simultaneously. When we stimulated inferior frontal brain regions, with 6 Hz alternating currents being in-phase between the instructor and the learner, the dyad exhibited spontaneous and synchronized body movement. Remarkably, this stimulation also led to enhanced learning performance. These effects were both phase- and frequency-specific: 6 Hz anti-phase stimulation or 10 Hz in-phase stimulation, did not yield comparable results. Furthermore, a mediation analysis disclosed that interpersonal movement synchrony acted as a partial mediator of the effect of dual brain stimulation on learning performance, i.e. possibly facilitating the effect of dual brain stimulation on learning. Our results provide a causal demonstration that inter-brain synchronization is a sufficient condition to improve real-time information transfer between pairs of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Pan
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit (UR2NF), Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Novembre
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Parmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Bei Song
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
- Department of Musicology, Harbin Conservatory of Music, 150070 Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Institute of Brain and Education Innovation, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
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42
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Abstract
Sense of Agency, the phenomenology associated with causing one's own actions and corresponding effects, is a cornerstone of human experience. Social Agency can be defined as the Sense of Agency experienced in any situation in which the effects of our actions are related to a conspecific. This can be implemented as the other's reactions being caused by our action, joint action modulating our Sense of Agency, or the other's mere social presence influencing our Sense of Agency. It is currently an open question how such Social Agency can be conceptualized and how it relates to its nonsocial variant. This is because, compared with nonsocial Sense of Agency, the concept of Social Agency has remained oversimplified and underresearched, with disparate empirical paradigms yielding divergent results. Reviewing the empirical evidence and the commonalities and differences between different instantiations of Social Agency, we propose that Social Agency can be conceptualized as a continuum, in which the degree of cooperation is the key dimension that determines our Sense of Agency, and how it relates to nonsocial Sense of Agency. Taking this perspective, we review how the different factors that typically influence Sense of Agency affect Social Agency, and in the process highlight outstanding empirical questions within the field. Finally, concepts from wider research areas are discussed in relation to the ecological validity of Social Agency paradigms, and we provide recommendations for future methodology.
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43
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Mow JL, Gandhi A, Fulford D. Imaging the "social brain" in schizophrenia: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies of social reward and punishment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:704-722. [PMID: 32841653 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Decreased social functioning and high levels of loneliness and social isolation are common in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), contributing to reduced quality of life. One key contributor to social impairment is low social motivation, which may stem from aberrant neural processing of socially rewarding or punishing stimuli. To summarize research on the neurobiology of social motivation in SSD, we performed a systematic literature review of neuroimaging studies involving the presentation of social stimuli intended to elicit feelings of reward and/or punishment. Across 11 studies meeting criteria, people with SSD demonstrated weaker modulation of brain activity in regions within a proposed social interaction network, including prefrontal, cingulate, and striatal regions, as well as the amygdala and insula. Firm conclusions regarding neural differences in SSD in these regions, as well as connections within networks, are limited due to conceptual and methodological inconsistencies across the available studies. We conclude by making recommendations for the study of social reward and punishment processing in SSD in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Mow
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, United States.
| | - Arti Gandhi
- Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Daniel Fulford
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, United States; Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
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44
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Orben A, Tomova L, Blakemore SJ. The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:634-640. [PMID: 32540024 PMCID: PMC7292584 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence (the stage between 10 and 24 years) is a period of life characterised by heightened sensitivity to social stimuli and the increased need for peer interaction. The physical distancing measures mandated globally to contain the spread of COVID-19 are radically reducing adolescents' opportunities to engage in face-to-face social contact outside their household. In this interdisciplinary Viewpoint, we describe literature from a variety of domains that highlight how social deprivation in adolescence might have far-reaching consequences. Human studies have shown the importance of peer acceptance and peer influence in adolescence. Animal research has shown that social deprivation and isolation have unique effects on brain and behaviour in adolescence compared with other stages of life. However, the decrease in adolescent face-to-face contact might be less detrimental due to widespread access to digital forms of social interaction through technologies such as social media. The findings reviewed highlight how physical distancing might have a disproportionate effect on an age group for whom peer interaction is a vital aspect of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Orben
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Livia Tomova
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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45
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Dubey I, Georgescu AL, Hommelsen M, Vogeley K, Ropar D, Hamilton AFDC. Distinct neural correlates of social and object reward seeking motivation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4214-4229. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Dubey
- Division of Psychology School of Applied Social Sciences, De Montfort University Leicester UK
- School of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London London UK
| | - Alexandra L. Georgescu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience University College London London UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King’s College London Guy’s Campus, Addison House LondonSE1 1ULUK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Maximilian Hommelsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
- Computational Neurology Group Cognitive Neuroscience – Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐3) Research Center Juelich Juelich Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne Cologne Germany
- Social Cognition Group Cognitive Neuroscience – Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐3) Research Center Juelich Juelich Germany
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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46
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Brandi ML, Kaifel D, Lahnakoski JM, Schilbach L. A naturalistic paradigm simulating gaze-based social interactions for the investigation of social agency. Behav Res Methods 2020; 52:1044-1055. [PMID: 31712998 PMCID: PMC7280341 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-019-01299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sense of agency describes the experience of being the cause of one's own actions and the resulting effects. In a social interaction, one's actions may also have a perceivable effect on the actions of others. In this article, we refer to the experience of being responsible for the behavior of others as social agency, which has important implications for the success or failure of social interactions. Gaze-contingent eyetracking paradigms provide a useful tool to analyze social agency in an experimentally controlled manner, but the current methods are lacking in terms of their ecological validity. We applied this technique in a novel task using video stimuli of real gaze behavior to simulate a gaze-based social interaction. This enabled us to create the impression of a live interaction with another person while being able to manipulate the gaze contingency and congruency shown by the simulated interaction partner in a continuous manner. Behavioral data demonstrated that participants believed they were interacting with a real person and that systematic changes in the responsiveness of the simulated partner modulated the experience of social agency. More specifically, gaze contingency (temporal relatedness) and gaze congruency (gaze direction relative to the participant's gaze) influenced the explicit sense of being responsible for the behavior of the other. In general, our study introduces a new naturalistic task to simulate gaze-based social interactions and demonstrates that it is suitable to studying the explicit experience of social agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Brandi
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Kaifel
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Juha M Lahnakoski
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Leonhard Schilbach
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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47
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Attributed social context and emotional content recruit frontal and limbic brain regions during virtual feedback processing. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:239-252. [PMID: 30414041 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In communication, who is communicating can be just as important as what is said. However, sender identity in virtual communication is often inferred rather than perceived. Therefore, the present research investigates the brain structures activated by sender identity attributions and evaluative feedback processing during virtual communication. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, 32 participants were told that they would receive personality feedback, either sent from another human participant or from a randomly acting computer. In reality, both conditions contained random but counterbalanced feedback, automatically delivered by approving or denying negative, neutral, or positive adjectives. Although physically identical, feedback attributed to the "human" sender activated multiple regions within a "social brain" network, including the superior frontal, medial prefrontal, and orbitofrontal cortex, anterior and posterior parts of the cingulate cortex, and the bilateral insula. Regardless of attributed sender, positive feedback increased responses in the striatum and bilateral amygdalae, while negative compared to neutral feedback elicited stronger insula and somatosensory responses. These results reveal the recruitment of an extensive mentalizing and social brain network by mere sender attributions and the activation of brain structures related to reward and punishment by verbal feedback, demonstrating its embodied processing.
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48
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Koike T, Tanabe HC, Adachi-Abe S, Okazaki S, Nakagawa E, Sasaki AT, Shimada K, Sugawara SK, Takahashi HK, Yoshihara K, Sadato N. Role of the right anterior insular cortex in joint attention-related identification with a partner. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:1131-1145. [PMID: 31919530 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding others as intentional agents is critical in social interactions. We perceive others' intentions through identification, a categorical judgment that others should work like oneself. The most primitive form of understanding others' intentions is joint attention (JA). During JA, an initiator selects a shared object through gaze (initiative joint attention, IJA), and the responder follows the direction of the initiator's gaze (reactive joint attention, RJA). Therefore, both participants share the intention of object selection. However, the neural underpinning of shared intention through JA remains unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that JA is represented by inter-individual neural synchronization of the intention-related activity. Additionally, JA requires eye contact that activates the limbic mirror system; therefore, we hypothesized that this system is involved in shared attention through JA. To test these hypotheses, participants underwent hyperscanning fMRI while performing JA tasks. We found that IJA-related activation of the right anterior insular cortex of participants was positively correlated with RJA-related activation of homologous regions in their partners. This area was activated by volitional selection of the target during IJA. Therefore, identification with others by JA is likely accomplished by the shared intentionality of target selection represented by inter-individual synchronization of the right anterior insular cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Koike
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Division of Psychology, Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, 464-8601, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saori Adachi-Abe
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 113-8510, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Okazaki
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 910-1193, Fukui, Japan
| | - Eri Nakagawa
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Intercultural Studies School of Languages and Communication, Kobe University, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiro T Sasaki
- Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 650-0047, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 558-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Shimada
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Intercultural Studies School of Languages and Communication, Kobe University, 657-8501, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sho K Sugawara
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Haruka K Takahashi
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 240-0193, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yoshihara
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 444-8585, Okazaki, Japan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center (BIRC), University of Fukui, 910-1193, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 240-0193, Kanagawa, Japan
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49
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Numata T, Sato H, Asa Y, Koike T, Miyata K, Nakagawa E, Sumiya M, Sadato N. Achieving affective human-virtual agent communication by enabling virtual agents to imitate positive expressions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5977. [PMID: 32249796 PMCID: PMC7136238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective communication, communicating with emotion, during face-to-face communication is critical for social interaction. Advances in artificial intelligence have made it essential to develop affective human–virtual agent communication. A person’s belief during human–virtual agent interaction that the agent is a computer program affects social-cognitive processes. Whether this belief interferes with affective communication is an open question. We hypothesized that the imitation of a positive emotional expression by a virtual agent induces a positive emotion, regardless of the belief. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an fMRI study with 39 healthy volunteers, who were made to believe that a virtual agent was either a person or a computer. They were instructed to smile, and immediately afterwards, the virtual agent displayed a positive, negative, or neutral expression. The participants reported a positive emotion only when their smile was imitated by the agent’s positive expression regardless of their belief. This imitation activated the participants’ medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus, which are involved in anthropomorphism and contingency, respectively. These results suggest that a positive congruent response by a virtual agent can overcome the effect of believing that the agent is a computer program and thus contribute to achieving affective human–virtual agent communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Numata
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asa
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiko Koike
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eri Nakagawa
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Motofumi Sumiya
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Although a large proportion of our lives are spent participating in social interactions, the investigation of the neural mechanisms supporting these interactions has largely been restricted to situations of social observation - that is, situations in which an individual observes a social stimulus without opportunity for interaction. In recent years, efforts have been made to develop a truly social, or 'second-person', neuroscientific approach to these investigations in which neural processes are examined within the context of a real-time reciprocal social interaction. These developments have helped to elucidate the behavioural and neural mechanisms of social interactions; however, further theoretical and methodological innovations are still needed. Findings to date suggest that the neural mechanisms supporting social interaction differ from those involved in social observation and highlight a role of the so-called 'mentalizing network' as important in this distinction. Taking social interaction seriously may also be particularly important for the advancement of the neuroscientific study of different psychiatric conditions.
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