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Yu J, Joo IL, Bazzigaluppi P, Koletar MM, Cherin E, Stanisz AG, Graham JWC, Demore C, Stefanovic B. Micro-ultrasound based characterization of cerebrovasculature following focal ischemic stroke and upon short-term rehabilitation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:461-476. [PMID: 37974304 PMCID: PMC10981404 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding recanalization treatments in the acute stage of stroke, many survivors suffer long-term impairments. Physical rehabilitation is the only widely available strategy for chronic-stage recovery, but its optimization is hindered by limited understanding of its effects on brain structure and function. Using micro-ultrasound, behavioral testing, and electrophysiology, we investigated the impact of skilled reaching rehabilitation on cerebral hemodynamics, motor function, and neuronal activity in a rat model of focal ischemic stroke. A 50 MHz micro-ultrasound transducer and intracortical electrophysiology were utilized to characterize neurovascular changes three weeks following focal ischemia elicited by endothelin-1 injection into the sensorimotor cortex. Sprague-Dawley rats were rehabilitated through tray reaching, and their fine skilled reaching was assessed via the Montoya staircase. Focal ischemia led to a sustained deficit in forelimb reaching; and increased tortuosity of the penetrating vessels in the perilesional cortex; with no lateralization of spontaneous neuronal activity. Rehabilitation improved skilled reaching; decreased cortical vascularity; was associated with elevated peri- vs. contralesional hypercapnia-induced flow homogenization and increased perilesional spontaneous cortical neuronal activity. Our study demonstrated neurovascular plasticity accompanying rehabilitation-elicited functional recovery in the subacute stage following stroke, and multiple micro-ultrasound-based markers of cerebrovascular structure and function modified in recovery from ischemia and upon rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Yu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Illsung L Joo
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- MetaCell, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Margaret M Koletar
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Cherin
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew G Stanisz
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James WC Graham
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Demore
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lam DV, Javadekar A, Patil N, Yu M, Li L, Menendez DM, Gupta AS, Capadona JR, Shoffstall AJ. Platelets and hemostatic proteins are co-localized with chronic neuroinflammation surrounding implanted intracortical microelectrodes. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:278-290. [PMID: 37211307 PMCID: PMC10330779 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes induce vascular injury upon insertion into the cortex. As blood vessels rupture, blood proteins and blood-derived cells (including platelets) are introduced into the 'immune privileged' brain tissues at higher-than-normal levels, passing through the damaged blood-brain barrier. Blood proteins adhere to implant surfaces, increasing the likelihood of cellular recognition leading to activation of immune and inflammatory cells. Persistent neuroinflammation is a major contributing factor to declining microelectrode recording performance. We investigated the spatial and temporal relationship of blood proteins fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), platelets, and type IV collagen, in relation to glial scarring markers for microglia and astrocytes following implantation of non-functional multi-shank silicon microelectrode probes into rats. Together with type IV collagen, fibrinogen and vWF augment platelet recruitment, activation, and aggregation. Our main results indicate blood proteins participating in hemostasis (fibrinogen and vWF) persisted at the microelectrode interface for up to 8-weeks after implantation. Further, type IV collagen and platelets surrounded the probe interface with similar spatial and temporal trends as vWF and fibrinogen. In addition to prolonged blood-brain barrier instability, specific blood and extracellular matrix proteins may play a role in promoting the inflammatory activation of platelets and recruitment to the microelectrode interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Implanted microelectrodes have substantial potential for restoring function to people with paralysis and amputation by providing signals that feed into natural control algorithms that drive prosthetic devices. Unfortunately, these microelectrodes do not display robust performance over time. Persistent neuroinflammation is widely thought to be a primary contributor to the devices' progressive decline in performance. Our manuscript reports on the highly local and persistent accumulation of platelets and hemostatic blood proteins around the microelectrode interface of brain implants. To our knowledge neuroinflammation driven by cellular and non-cellular responses associated with hemostasis and coagulation has not been rigorously quantified elsewhere. Our findings identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention and a better understanding of the driving mechanisms to neuroinflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny V Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anisha Javadekar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Marina Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Longshun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dhariyat M Menendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Nicoletti VG, Fisicaro F, Aguglia E, Bella R, Calcagno D, Cantone M, Concerto C, Ferri R, Mineo L, Pennisi G, Ricceri R, Rodolico A, Saitta G, Torrisi G, Lanza G, Pennisi M. Challenging the Pleiotropic Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Geriatric Depression: A Multimodal Case Series Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030958. [PMID: 36979937 PMCID: PMC10046045 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the antidepressant potential of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), the pleiotropic effects in geriatric depression (GD) are poorly investigated. We tested rTMS on depression, cognitive performance, growth/neurotrophic factors, cerebral blood flow (CBF) to transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) to TMS in GD. METHODS In this case series study, six drug-resistant subjects (median age 68.0 years) underwent MEPs at baseline and after 3 weeks of 10 Hz rTMS on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The percentage change of serum nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, brain-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and angiogenin was obtained. Assessments were performed at baseline, and at the end of rTMS; psychocognitive tests were also repeated after 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS Chronic cerebrovascular disease was evident in five patients. No adverse/undesirable effect was reported. An improvement in mood was observed after rTMS but not at follow-up. Electrophysiological data to TMS remained unchanged, except for an increase in the right median MEP amplitude. TCD and neurotrophic/growth factors did not change. CONCLUSIONS We were unable to detect a relevant impact of high-frequency rTMS on mood, cognition, cortical microcircuits, neurotrophic/growth factors, and CBF. Cerebrovascular disease and exposure to multiple pharmacological treatments might have contributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo G Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Fisicaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Damiano Calcagno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cantone
- Neurology Unit, Policlinico University Hospital "G. Rodolico-San Marco", 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmen Concerto
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Ludovico Mineo
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pennisi
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ricceri
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Saitta
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Torrisi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Clinical Neurophysiology Research Unit, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela Pennisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Li GS, Wang XX, Tan RB, Wang KH, Hu XS, Hu Y. Ultrastructural destruction of neurovascular unit in experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1031180. [PMID: 36466180 PMCID: PMC9709118 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1031180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the ultrastructural pathology of neurovascular unit (NVU) during natural development of CSM. Methods A total of 24 rats were randomly allocated to the control group and the CSM group. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) were used as functional assessments. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE), toluidine blue (TB), and Luxol fast blue (LFB) stains were used for general structure observation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied for investigating ultrastructural characteristics. Results The evident compression caused significant neurological dysfunction, which was confirmed by the decrease in BBB score and SEP amplitude, as well as the prolongation of SEP latency (P < 0.05). The histopathological findings verified a significant decrease in the amount of Nissl body and myelin area and an increase in vacuolation compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The TEM results revealed ultrastructural destruction of NVU in several forms, including: neuronal degeneration and apoptosis; disruption of axonal cytoskeleton (neurofilaments) and myelin sheath and dystrophy of axonal terminal with dysfunction mitochondria; degenerative oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, and microglial cell inclusions with degenerating axon and dystrophic dendrite; swollen microvascular endothelium and loss of tight junction integrity; corroded basement membrane and collapsed microvascular wall; and proliferated pericyte and perivascular astrocytic endfeet. In the CSM group, reduction was observed in the amount of mitochondria with normal appearance and the number of cristae per mitochondria (P < 0.05), while no substantial drop of synaptic vesicle number was seen (P > 0.05). Significant narrowing of microvascular lumen size was also observed, accompanied by growth in the vascular wall area, endothelial area, basement membrane thickness, astrocytic endfeet area, and pericyte coverage area (rate) (P < 0.05). Conclusion Altogether, the findings of this study demonstrated ultrastructural destruction of NVU in an experimental CSM model with dorsal-lateral compression, revealing one of the crucial pathophysiological mechanisms of CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Sheng Li
- Spinal Division of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Wang
- Spinal Division of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ron-Bang Tan
- Spinal Division of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kang-Heng Wang
- Spinal Division of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-song Hu
- Spinal Division of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Spinal Division of Orthopaedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang L, Sui S, Wang S, Sun J. Neuroprotective Effect of Corosolic Acid Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Experimental Rats. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1501-1510. [PMID: 36089398 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutic approaches were also urgently needed as ischaemic stroke was one of the most common brain disorders. Many phytochemicals have recently been discovered for the advancement of lead-like libraries that are concentrated on the peripheral and central nervous systems. Science does not yet understand how these drugs work, nor do they comprehend their in vivo characteristics. We investigated the potential benefits of corosolic acid (CA) in the treatment of brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Injury occurs after a 2-hour transient occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery and subsequent reperfusion (after 20 hours). Furthermore, the experiment assessed the size of the infarct, the amount of brain water present, as well as the neurofunctional conditions in rats. In the study, several markers of inflammation and cytokines associated with brain injury were measured. The Elisa kit was used in this study to measure the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin 1β, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitrous oxide (NO). The CA treatment significantly reduced brain water content, brain infarction volume, neurological scores, and Evans blue leakage (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). Experimental rats were treated with CA after a significantly reduced level of anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, and oxidative stress mediators was noted in their body tissues and serum (p < 0.001). By suppressing inflammatory responses in rats, CA demonstrated anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Songtao Sui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao West Coast New Area Central Hospital
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | - Jinbo Sun
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
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Joo IL, Lam WW, Oakden W, Hill ME, Koletar MM, Morrone CD, Stanisz GJ, McLaurin J, Stefanovic B. Early alterations in brain glucose metabolism and vascular function in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102327. [PMID: 35870681 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in brain metabolism predates clinical onset of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Realizing its potential as an early diagnostic marker, however, requires understanding how early AD metabolic dysregulation manifests on non-invasive brain imaging. We presently utilized magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to map glucose and ketone metabolic profiles and image cerebrovascular function in a rat model of early stage AD - 9-month-old TgF344-AD (TgAD) rats - and their age-matched non-transgenic (nTg) littermates. Compared to the nTg rats, TgAD rats displayed attenuation in global cerebral and hippocampal vasoreactivity to hypercapnia, by 49±17% and 58±19%, respectively, while their functional hyperemia to somatosensory stimulation diminished by 69±5%. To assess brain glucose uptake, rats were fasted overnight and then challenged with an intravenous infusion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). Compared to their non-transgenic littermates, TgAD rats exhibited 99±10% and 52±5% smaller glucose uptake in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, respectively. Moreover, hippocampal glucose uptake reduction in male TgAD rats compared to the nTg was 54±36% greater than the reduction seen in female TgAD rats. TgAD rats also showed a 59±42% increase in total choline level in the hippocampus, suggesting increased membrane turnover. In combination with our earlier findings of impaired electrophysiological metrics at this early stage of AD pathology progression, our findings suggest that subtle neuronal function alterations that would be difficult to assess in a clinical population may be accompanied by MRI-detectable changes in brain glucose metabolism and cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illsung L Joo
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada.
| | - Wilfred W Lam
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada.
| | - Wendy Oakden
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada.
| | - Mary E Hill
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada.
| | - Margaret M Koletar
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada.
| | - Christopher D Morrone
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Greg J Stanisz
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3N5, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
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7
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Chunyong L, Yingkai L, Fuda L, Jiang C, Liu Y. Longitudinal changes of motor cortex function during motor recovery after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2022; 30:342-354. [PMID: 35306960 DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2051829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) combined with behavioral assessments was used in our study to investigate the dynamic process of motor cortical functional reorganization after infarction. Therefore, we could provide a theoretical basis and build a useful evaluation system for rehabilitation after stroke and various other cerebral injuries. METHODS Acute stroke patients with a single lesion in the middle cerebral artery supply area and age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. A longitudinal observational study involving 20 patients with stroke was conducted using repeated fMRI. Task-based fMRI data were acquired 3 times over a period of 3 months. The behavioral assessment included dynamometer and finger-tapping tests to evaluate the strength and dexterity of each upper arm. RESULTS Behavioral results: The behavioral assessments demonstrated large improvements in session 2 and session 3. fMRI results: The healthy group showed activation in the contralateral primary sensory-motor cortex (S1M1) when executing tasks with either the left or right hand. Compared with the healthy subjects, the patients demonstrated greater activation in the ipsilateral frontal and parietal cortices and supplementary motor areas (SMAs). Across all sessions, more motor activation was observed in the left infarction group. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that motor cortical activation induced by moving the paretic hand changes over time. There were differences in motor functional recovery and motor cortex compensation between the dominant hemisphere and nondominant hemisphere after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chunyong
- Department Encephalopathy, Guangzhou Conghua District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Yingkai
- Department. Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liu Fuda
- Area 2, Department of Neurology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Beijie, Jiangmen City, Guangdong, China
| | - Che Jiang
- Department of neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command, PLA, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department Neurology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Yan W, Ren D, Feng X, Huang J, Wang D, Li T, Zhang D. Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pterostilbene Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Suppression of COX-2. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:770329. [PMID: 34795593 PMCID: PMC8593399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.770329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of cerebral ischemia disease leading cause of death in human population worldwide. Treatment of cerebral ischemia remains a clinical challenge for researchers and mechanisms of cerebral ischemia remain unknown. During the cerebral ischemia, inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress plays an important role. The current investigation scrutinized the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory role of pterostilbene against cerebral ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rodent model and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: The rats were divided into following groups viz., normal, sham, MCAO and MCAO + pterostilbene (25 mg/kg) group, respectively. The groups received the oral administration of pterostilbene for 30 days followed by MCAO induction. The neurological score, brain water content, infarct volume and Evan blue leakage were estimated. Hepatic, renal, heart, inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators were estimated. Results: Pterostilbene treatment significantly (p < 0.001) improved the body weight and suppressed the glucose level and brain weight. Pterostilbene significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the hepatic, renal and heart parameters. Pterostilbene significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the level of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased the level of malonaldehyde (MDA), 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Pterostilbene significantly (p < 0.001) inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory parameters such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxidase synthase (iNOS) and prostaglandin (PGE2). Pterostilbene significantly (p < 0.001) down-regulated the level of metalloproteinases (MMP) such as MMP-2 and MMP-9. Pterostilbene suppressed the cellular swelling, cellular disintegration, macrophage infiltration, monocyte infiltration and polymorphonuclear leucocyte degranulation in the brain. Conclusion: In conclusion, Pterostilbene exhibited the neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia in rats via anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dabin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Bazzigaluppi P, Mester J, Joo IL, Weisspapir I, Dorr A, Koletar MM, Beckett TL, Khosravani H, Carlen P, Stefanovic B. Frequency selective neuronal modulation triggers spreading depolarizations in the rat endothelin-1 model of stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2756-2768. [PMID: 33969731 PMCID: PMC8504421 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211013656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is one of the most common causes of acquired brain injury. Central to its noxious sequelae are spreading depolarizations (SDs), waves of persistent depolarizations which start at the location of the flow obstruction and expand outwards leading to excitotoxic damage. The majority of acute stage of stroke studies to date have focused on the phenomenology of SDs and their association with brain damage. In the current work, we investigated the role of peri-injection zone pyramidal neurons in triggering SDs by optogenetic stimulation in an endothelin-1 rat model of focal ischemia. Our concurrent two photon fluorescence microscopy data and local field potential recordings indicated that a ≥ 60% drop in cortical arteriolar red blood cell velocity was associated with SDs at the ET-1 injection site. SDs were also observed in the peri-injection zone, which subsequently exhibited elevated neuronal activity in the low-frequency bands. Critically, SDs were triggered by low- but not high-frequency optogenetic stimulation of peri-injection zone pyramidal neurons. Our findings depict a complex etiology of SDs post focal ischemia and reveal that effects of neuronal modulation exhibit spectral and spatial selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., S646, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - James Mester
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Illsung L Joo
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iliya Weisspapir
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tina L Beckett
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Houman Khosravani
- Division of Neurology and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Physical Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Inhibitory control in neuronal networks relies on the extracellular matrix integrity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5647-5663. [PMID: 34128077 PMCID: PMC8257544 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is essential for the regulation of neuronal network activity, where excitatory and inhibitory synapses can act synergistically, reciprocally, and antagonistically. Sustained excitation-inhibition (E-I) balance, therefore, relies on the orchestrated adjustment of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strength. While growing evidence indicates that the brain’s extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial regulator of excitatory synapse plasticity, it remains unclear whether and how the ECM contributes to inhibitory control in neuronal networks. Here we studied the simultaneous changes in excitatory and inhibitory connectivity after ECM depletion. We demonstrate that the ECM supports the maintenance of E-I balance by retaining inhibitory connectivity. Quantification of synapses and super-resolution microscopy showed that depletion of the ECM in mature neuronal networks preferentially decreases the density of inhibitory synapses and the size of individual inhibitory postsynaptic scaffolds. The reduction of inhibitory synapse density is partially compensated by the homeostatically increasing synaptic strength via the reduction of presynaptic GABAB receptors, as indicated by patch-clamp measurements and GABAB receptor expression quantifications. However, both spiking and bursting activity in neuronal networks is increased after ECM depletion, as indicated by multi-electrode recordings. With computational modelling, we determined that ECM depletion reduces the inhibitory connectivity to an extent that the inhibitory synapse scaling does not fully compensate for the reduced inhibitory synapse density. Our results indicate that the brain’s ECM preserves the balanced state of neuronal networks by supporting inhibitory control via inhibitory synapse stabilization, which expands the current understanding of brain activity regulation. ![]()
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11
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H 2S protects hippocampal neurons against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by promoting RhoA phosphorylation at Ser188. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:132. [PMID: 34088899 PMCID: PMC8178328 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of RhoA-ROCK pathway is involved in the H2S-induced cerebral vasodilatation and H2S-mediated protection on endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury. However, the inhibitory mechanism of H2S on RhoA-ROCK pathway is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the target and mechanism of H2S in inhibition of RhoA/ROCK. GST-RhoAwild and GST-RhoAS188A proteins were constructed and expressed, and were used for phosphorylation assay in vitro. Recombinant RhoAwild-pEGFP-N1 and RhoAS188A-pEGFP-N1 plasmids were constructed and transfected into primary hippocampal nerve cells (HNCs) to evaluate the neuroprotective mechanism of endothelial H2S by using transwell co-culture system with endothelial cells from cystathionine-γ-lyase knockout (CSE-/-) mice and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase knockout (3-MST-/-) rats, respectively. We found that NaHS, exogenous H2S donor, promoted RhoA phosphorylation at Ser188 in the presence of cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1) in vitro. Besides, both exogenous and endothelial H2S facilitated the RhoA phosphorylation at Ser188 in HNCs, which induced the reduction of RhoA activity and membrane transposition, as well as ROCK2 activity and expression. To further investigate the role of endothelial H2S on RhoA phosphorylation, we detected H2S release from ECs of CSE+/+ and CSE-/- mice, and 3-MST+/+ and 3-MST-/- rats, respectively, and found that H2S produced by ECs in the culture medium is mainly catalyzed by CSE synthase. Moreover, we revealed that both endothelial H2S, mainly catalyzed by CSE, and exogenous H2S protected the HNCs against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury via phosphorylating RhoA at Ser188.
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12
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Hsieh YS, Shin YK, Seol GH. Protection of the neurovascular unit from calcium-related ischemic injury by linalyl acetate. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2021; 64:88-96. [PMID: 33938819 DOI: 10.4103/cjp.cjp_94_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-related ischemic injury (CRII) can damage cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Here, we investigate the protective effects of linalyl acetate (LA) against CRII-induced NVU damage and evaluate the underlying mechanisms. The protective effects of LA in cell lines representative of NVU components (BEND, SH-SY5Y, BV2, and U373 cells) were evaluated following exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation alone (OGD/R-only) or OGD/R in the presence of 5 mM extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]o) to mimic CRII. LA reversed damage under OGD/R-only conditions by blocking p47phox/NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, nitric oxide (NO) abnormality, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release only in the BEND cells. However, under CRII-mimicking conditions, LA reversed NO abnormality and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activation in the BEND murine brain endothelial cells; inhibited p47phox expression in the human SH-SY5Y neural-like cells; decreased NOX2 expression and ROS generation in the BV2 murine microglial cells; and reduced p47phox expression in the U373 human astrocyte-like cells. Importantly, LA protected against impairment of the neural cells, astrocytes, and microglia, all of which are cellular components of the NVU induced by exposure to CRII-mimicking conditions, by reducing LDH release. We found that LA exerted a protective effect in the BEND cells that may differ from its protective effects in other NVU cell types, following OGD/R-induced damage in the context of elevated [Ca2+]o.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shan Hsieh
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You Kyoung Shin
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hee Seol
- Department of Basic Nursing Science, School of Nursing; BK21 FOUR Program of Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Burstein D, Yang C, Johnson K, Linkenbach J, Sege R. Transforming Practice with HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences). Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:1019-1024. [PMID: 33954880 PMCID: PMC8098787 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Burstein
- Center for Community-Engaged Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Chloe Yang
- Center for Community-Engaged Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Kay Johnson
- Johnson Group Consulting, Inc., Hinesburg, USA
| | | | - Robert Sege
- Center for Community-Engaged Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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14
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Gao H, Sun M, Li M, Wang C, Yu C, Wang Y, Xu K. Force Decoding of Caudal Forelimb Area and Rostral Forelimb Area in Chronic Stroke Rats. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3078-3086. [PMID: 33661731 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3063903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain machine interfaces (BMIs) used for movement restoration primarily rely on studies of motor decoding. It has been proved that local field potentials (LFPs) from primary motor cortex and premotor cortex of normal rodents could be used for decoding motor signals. However, few studies have explored the decoding performance of these brain areas under motor cortex damage. In this work, we focus on force decoding performance of LFPs spectrum from both ipsilesional caudal forelimb area (CFA) and rostral forelimb area (RFA) of rodents with ischemia over CFA. After three months of ischemia induced by photothrombosis over CFA, the power of high-frequency bands (>120 Hz) from both CFA and RFA can decode force signals by Kalman filters. The fair performance of CFA indicates motor reorganization over penumbra. Further exploration of RFA decoding ability proves that at least four electrodes of RFA should be used on decoding and electrodes far from CFA of stroke rats could achieve almost as good results as those close to CFA of normal rats, which indicates the motor remapping. Experimental results show the long-term stability of PM LFPs decoding performance of stroke rats as the trained Kalman model could be used to accurately decode force some days later which provides a possibility for online decoding system. In conclusion, our work shows that even under CFA ischemia, high-frequency power of LFPs from RFA is still able to accurately decode force signals and has long stability, which provides the possibility of BMIs for motor function reconstruction of chronic stroke patients.
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15
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Liu M, Beckett TL, Thomason LAM, Dorr A, Stefanovic B, McLaurin J. Covert strokes prior to Alzheimer's disease onset accelerate peri-lesional pathology but not cognitive deficits in an inducible APP mouse model. Brain Res 2021; 1754:147233. [PMID: 33412147 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that up to 1 in 3 healthy middle-aged adults will have had a covert stroke during their lifetime. Furthermore, post-stroke, survivors are more than twice as likely to develop dementia. In the present study, we aimed to model the impact of focal subclinical ischemia prior to the onset of AD pathogenesis in a preclinical model. We utilized endothelin-1 to induce ischemia in an iducible transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, APPsi:tTA, allowing for temporal control of APP gene expression. We induced the focal subclinical ischemic events in the absence of APP expression, thus prior to AD onset. T2 structural magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the volume and location of focal subclinical ischemic lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex. Following recovery from surgery and 7 weeks of APP expression, we found that two subclinical ischemic lesions resulted in a significant localized increase in amyloid load and in microglial activation proximal to the lesion. However, no differences were found in astrogliosis. A battery of behaviour tests was conducted, in which no significant differences were detected in activities of daily living and cognitive function between stroked and sham cohorts. Overall, our results demonstrated that APP expression was the sole driving force behind behavioural deficits. In conclusion, our results suggest that a history of two subclinical strokes prior to AD onset does not worsen early disease trajectory in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Tina L Beckett
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Adrienne Dorr
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Williamson MR, Franzen RL, Fuertes CJA, Dunn AK, Drew MR, Jones TA. A Window of Vascular Plasticity Coupled to Behavioral Recovery after Stroke. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7651-7667. [PMID: 32873722 PMCID: PMC7531554 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1464-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes remodeling of vasculature surrounding the infarct, but whether and how vascular remodeling contributes to recovery are unclear. We established an approach to monitor and compare changes in vascular structure and blood flow with high spatiotemporal precision after photothrombotic infarcts in motor cortex using longitudinal 2-photon and multiexposure speckle imaging in mice of both sexes. A spatially graded pattern of vascular structural remodeling in peri-infarct cortex unfolded over the first 2 weeks after stroke, characterized by vessel loss and formation, and selective stabilization of a subset of new vessels. This vascular structural plasticity was coincident with transient activation of transcriptional programs relevant for vascular remodeling, reestablishment of peri-infarct blood flow, and large improvements in motor performance. Local vascular plasticity was strongly predictive of restoration of blood flow, which was in turn predictive of behavioral recovery. These findings reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of vascular remodeling after stroke and demonstrate that a window of heightened vascular plasticity is coupled to the reestablishment of blood flow and behavioral recovery. Our findings support that neovascularization contributes to behavioral recovery after stroke by restoring blood flow to peri-infarct regions. These findings may inform strategies for enhancing recovery from stroke and other types of brain injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An improved understanding of neural repair could inform strategies for enhancing recovery from stroke and other types of brain injury. Stroke causes remodeling of vasculature surrounding the lesion, but whether and how the process of vascular remodeling contributes to recovery of behavioral function have been unclear. Here we used longitudinal in vivo imaging to track vascular structure and blood flow in residual peri-infarct cortex after ischemic stroke in mice. We found that stroke created a restricted period of heightened vascular plasticity that was associated with restoration of blood flow, which was in turn predictive of recovery of motor function. Therefore, our findings support that vascular remodeling facilitates behavioral recovery after stroke by restoring blood flow to peri-infarct cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrew K Dunn
- Institute for Neuroscience
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Michael R Drew
- Institute for Neuroscience
- Center for Learning and Memory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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17
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Fifield KE, Vanderluit JL. Rapid degeneration of neurons in the penumbra region following a small, focal ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3196-3214. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Wu Q, Yue Z, Ge Y, Ma D, Yin H, Zhao H, Liu G, Wang J, Dou W, Pan Y. Brain Functional Networks Study of Subacute Stroke Patients With Upper Limb Dysfunction After Comprehensive Rehabilitation Including BCI Training. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1419. [PMID: 32082238 PMCID: PMC7000923 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain computer interface (BCI)-based training is promising for the treatment of stroke patients with upper limb (UL) paralysis. However, most stroke patients receive comprehensive treatment that not only includes BCI, but also routine training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the topological alterations in brain functional networks following comprehensive treatment, including BCI training, in the subacute stage of stroke. Twenty-five hospitalized subacute stroke patients with moderate to severe UL paralysis were assigned to one of two groups: 4-week comprehensive treatment, including routine and BCI training (BCI group, BG, n = 14) and 4-week routine training without BCI support (control group, CG, n = 11). Functional UL assessments were performed before and after training, including, Fugl-Meyer Assessment-UL (FMA-UL), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Neuroimaging assessment of functional connectivity (FC) in the BG was performed by resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. After training, as compared with baseline, all clinical assessments (FMA-UL, ARAT, and WMFT) improved significantly (p < 0.05) in both groups. Meanwhile, better functional improvements were observed in FMA-UL (p < 0.05), ARAT (p < 0.05), and WMFT (p < 0.05) in the BG. Meanwhile, FC of the BG increased across the whole brain, including the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes and subcortical regions. More importantly, increased inter-hemispheric FC between the somatosensory association cortex and putamen was strongly positively associated with UL motor function after training. Our findings demonstrate that comprehensive rehabilitation, including BCI training, can enhance UL motor function better than routine training for subacute stroke patients. The reorganization of brain functional networks topology in subacute stroke patients allows for increased coordination between the multi-sensory and motor-related cortex and the extrapyramidal system. Future long-term, longitudinal, controlled neuroimaging studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of BCI training as an approach to promote brain plasticity during the subacute stage of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zan Yue
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunxiang Ge
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weibei Dou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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19
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Crofts A, Kelly ME, Gibson CL. Imaging Functional Recovery Following Ischemic Stroke: Clinical and Preclinical fMRI Studies. J Neuroimaging 2019; 30:5-14. [PMID: 31608550 PMCID: PMC7003729 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disability and effectiveness of physical therapy are highly variable following ischemic stroke due to different brain regions being affected. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of patients in the months and years following stroke have given some insight into how the brain recovers lost functions. Initially, new pathways are recruited to compensate for the lost region, showing as a brighter blood oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal over a larger area during a task than in healthy controls. Subsequently, activity is reduced to baseline levels as pathways become more efficient, mimicking the process of learning typically seen during development. Preclinical models of ischemic stroke aim to enhance understanding of the biology underlying recovery following stroke. However, the pattern of recruitment and focusing seen in humans has not been observed in preclinical fMRI studies that are highly variable methodologically. Resting‐state fMRI studies show more consistency; however, there are still confounding factors to address. Anesthesia and method of stroke induction are the two main sources of variability in preclinical studies; improvements here can reduce variability and increase the intensity and reproducibility of the BOLD response detected by fMRI. Differences in task or stimulus and differences in analysis method also present a source of variability. This review compares clinical and preclinical fMRI studies of recovery following stroke and focuses on how refinement of preclinical models and MRI methods may obtain more representative fMRI data in relation to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Crofts
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Claire L Gibson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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20
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Wu J, Li Z, Yuan W, Zhao Y, Li J, Li Z, Li J, Li C. Changes of Endothelin-1 and Nitric Oxide Systems in Brain Tissue During Mild Hypothermia in a Porcine Model of Cardiac Arrest. Neurocrit Care 2019; 33:73-81. [PMID: 31595393 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-019-00855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study found that mild hypothermia (MH) after resuscitation reduced cerebral microcirculation, but the mechanism was not elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify changes of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) systems in brain tissue during hypothermia after resuscitation. METHODS Twenty-six domestic male Beijing Landrace pigs were used in this study. MH was intravascularly induced 1 h after resuscitation from 8-min ventricular fibrillation. Core temperature was reduced to 33 °C and maintained until 8 h after resuscitation, and then animals were euthanized. ET-1 and NO levels in brain tissue and peripheral plasma were measured. Expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), endothelin A receptor (ET-AR), endothelin-B receptor, and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in brain tissue was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Compared with non-hypothermia (NH) treatment, MH after resuscitation significantly increased the level of endothelin-1 and reduced the level of NO in peripheral blood and brain tissue. Cerebral expression of ECE-1 and ET-AR was significantly increased during MH after resuscitation. Moreover, MH significantly decreased inducible NOS expression compared with the NH group. CONCLUSIONS The ET-1 system is activated, while inducible NOS is inhibited in brain tissue during MH after resuscitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiebin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Chunsheng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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21
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Srivastava A, Srivastava P, Verma R. Role of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in neurovascular interactions during stroke. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bazzigaluppi P, Beckett TL, Koletar MM, Hill ME, Lai A, Trivedi A, Thomason L, Dorr A, Gallagher D, Librach CL, Joo IL, McLaurin J, Stefanovic B. Combinatorial Treatment Using Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells and Aβ Clearance Rescues Vascular Function Following Transient Hypertension in a Rat Model of Alzheimer Disease. Hypertension 2019; 74:1041-1051. [PMID: 31476904 PMCID: PMC6739147 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Transient hypertension is a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), but the effects of this interaction on brain vasculature are understudied. Addressing vascular pathology is a promising avenue to potentiate the efficacy of treatments for AD. We used arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging to longitudinally assess brain vascular function and immunohistopathology to examine cerebrovascular remodeling and amyloid load. Hypertension was induced for 1 month by administration of l-NG-nitroarginine-methyl-ester in TgF344-AD rats at the prodromal stage. Following hypertension, nontransgenic rats showed transient cerebrovascular changes, whereas TgF344-AD animals exhibited sustained alterations in cerebrovascular function. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells in combination with scyllo-inositol, an inhibitor of Aβ oligomerization, resulted in normalization of hippocampal vascular function and remodeling, in contrast to either treatment alone. Prodromal stage hypertension exacerbates latter AD pathology, and the combination of human umbilical cord perivascular cells with amyloid clearance promotes cerebrovascular functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Tina L Beckett
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Margaret M Koletar
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Mary E Hill
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Aaron Lai
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Arunachala Trivedi
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Lynsie Thomason
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | | | - Clifford L Librach
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.).,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (C.L.), University of Toronto, Canada.,CReATe Research Program, Toronto, Canada (D.G., C.L.L.)
| | - Illsung L Joo
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.)
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- From the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., T.L.B., M.M.K., M.E.H., A.L., A.T., L.T., A.D., C.L.L., I.L.J., J.M., B.S.).,Department of Medical Biophysics (B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
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Zhu Z, Zheng L, Li Y, Huang T, Chao YC, Pan L, Zhu H, Zhao Y, Yu W, Li P. Potential Immunotherapeutic Targets on Myeloid Cells for Neurovascular Repair After Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:758. [PMID: 31447626 PMCID: PMC6696904 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological deficits and cognitive dysfunctions caused by acute ischemic stroke pose enormous burden to the stroke families and the communities. Restoration of the normal function of the neurovascular unit following ischemic stroke is critical for improving neurological recovery and cognitive functions after stroke. Recent evidence suggests that the myeloid cells including both the resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils are highly plastic in response to the environmental cues. They intimately interact with multiple components of the neurovascular unit in response to the alarmins, danger associated pattern molecules (DAMPs) and other signals released from the ischemic brain. The aim of this review is to discuss the reciprocal interactions between the myeloid cells and the ischemic neurovascular unit during the late repair phase of cerebral ischemic stroke. We also summarize potential immunotherapeutic targets on myeloid cells and new therapeutic approaches targeting myeloid cells, such as cell transplantation, mitochondrial dynamic and extracellular vesicles-based therapy et al to enhance neurovascular repair for better stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chieh Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Pan
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Clark TA, Sullender C, Kazmi SM, Speetles BL, Williamson MR, Palmberg DM, Dunn AK, Jones TA. Artery targeted photothrombosis widens the vascular penumbra, instigates peri-infarct neovascularization and models forelimb impairments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2323. [PMID: 30787398 PMCID: PMC6382883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photothrombotic stroke model generates localized and reproducible ischemic infarcts that are useful for studying recovery mechanisms, but its failure to produce a substantial ischemic penumbra weakens its resemblance to human stroke. We examined whether a modification of this approach, confining photodamage to arteries on the cortical surface (artery-targeted photothrombosis), could better reproduce aspects of the penumbra. Following artery-targeted or traditional photothrombosis to the motor cortex of mice, post-ischemic cerebral blood flow was measured using multi-exposure speckle imaging at 6, 48, and 120 h post-occlusion. Artery-targeted photothrombosis produced a more graded penumbra at 48 and 120 h. The density of isolectin B4+ vessels in peri-infarct cortex was similarly increased after both types of infarcts compared to sham at 2 weeks. These results indicate that both models instigated post-ischemic vascular structural changes. Finally, we determined whether the strength of the traditional photothrombotic approach for modeling upper-extremity motor impairments extends to the artery-targeted approach. In adult mice that were proficient in a skilled reaching task, small motor-cortical infarcts impaired skilled-reaching performance for up to 10 days. These results support that artery-targeted photothrombosis widens the penumbra while maintaining the ability to create localized infarcts useful for modeling post-stroke impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Clark
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
| | - Colin Sullender
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Shams M Kazmi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Brittany L Speetles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Michael R Williamson
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Daniella M Palmberg
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Andrew K Dunn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Theresa A Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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25
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Gandhi R, Tsoumpas C. Preclinical Imaging Biomarkers for Postischaemic Neurovascular Remodelling. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:3128529. [PMID: 30863220 PMCID: PMC6378027 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of understanding the pathological alterations that underlie ischaemic injuries, such as vascular remodelling and reorganisation, there is a need for recognising the capabilities and limitations of in vivo imaging techniques. Thus, this review presents contemporary published research of imaging modalities that have been implemented to study postischaemic neurovascular changes in small animals. A comparison of the technical aspects of the various imaging tools is included to set the framework for identifying the most appropriate methods to observe postischaemic neurovascular remodelling. A systematic search of the PubMed® and Elsevier's Scopus databases identified studies that were conducted between 2008 and 2018 to explore postischaemic neurovascular remodelling in small animal models. Thirty-five relevant in vivo imaging studies are included, of which most made use of magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography, whilst various optical modalities were also utilised. Notably, there is an increasing trend of using multimodal imaging to exploit the most beneficial properties of each imaging technique to elucidate different aspects of neurovascular remodelling. Nevertheless, there is still scope for further utilising noninvasive imaging tools such as contrast agents or radiotracers, which will have the ability to monitor neurovascular changes particularly during restorative therapy. This will facilitate more successful utility of the clinical imaging techniques in the interpretation of neurovascular reorganisation over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Charalampos Tsoumpas
- Department of Biomedical Imaging Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, West Yorkshire, UK
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26
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Pan Z, Cui M, Dai G, Yuan T, Li Y, Ji T, Pan Y. Protective Effect of Anthocyanin on Neurovascular Unit in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:947. [PMID: 30618576 PMCID: PMC6297832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating cerebral ischemia continues to be a clinical challenge. Studies have shown that the neurovascular unit (NVU), as the central structural basis, plays a key role in cerebral ischemia. Here, we report that anthocyanin, a safe and natural antioxidant, could inhibit apoptosis and inflammation to protect NVU in rats impaired by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Administration of anthocyanin significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological scores in MCAO/R rats. Anthocyanin could also markedly ameliorate cerebral edema and reduce the concentration of Evans blue (EB) by inhibiting MMP-9. Moreover, anthocyanin alleviated apoptotic injury resulting from MCAO/R through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. The levels of inflammation-related molecules including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which were over-expressed with MCAO/R, were decreased by anthocyanin. In addition, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway might be involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of anthocyanin. In conclusion, anthocyanin could protect the NVU through multiple pathways, and play a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengdi Cui
- Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianjie Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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27
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Surugiu R, Glavan D, Popescu M, Margaritescu O, Eugen R, Popa-Wagner A. Vasculature Remodeling in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia. The Fate of the BrdU-Labeled Cells Prior to Stroke. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1014. [PMID: 30542320 PMCID: PMC6277782 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical significance of post-stroke angiogenesis, a detailed phenotypic analysis of pre-stroke vascular remodeling and post-stroke angiogenesis had not yet been done in a model of focal ischemia. In this study, using BrdU-labeling of proliferating cells and immunofluorescence of pre- and post-stroke rats, we found that, (i) BrdU administered before stroke was incorporated preferentially into the nuclei of endothelial cells lining the lumen of existing blood vessels and newly born neurons in the dentate gyrus but not in the subventricular zone or proliferating microglia, (ii) BrdU injection prior to stroke led to the patchy distribution of the newly incorporated endothelial cells into existing blood vessels of the adult rat brain, (iii) BrdU injection prior to stroke specifically labeled neuronal precursors cells in a region of soft tissue beyond the inhibitory scar, which seems to be permissive to regenerative events, (iv) BrdU injection after stroke led to labeling of endothelial cells crossing or detaching from the disintegrating blood vessels and their incorporation into new blood vessels in the stroke region, scar tissue and the region beyond, (v) BrdU injection after stroke led to specific incorporation of BrdU-positive nuclei into the "pinwheel" architecture of the ventricular epithelium, (vi) blood vessels in remote areas relative to the infarct core and in the contralateral non-lesioned cortex, showed co-labeled BrdU/RECA+ endothelial cells shortly after the BrdU injection, which strongly suggests a bone marrow origin of the endothelial cells. In the damaged cortex, a BrdU/prolyl 4-hydroxylase beta double labeling in the close proximity to collagen IV-labeled basement membrane, suggests that, in addition to bone marrow derived endothelial cells, the disintegrating vascular wall itself could also be a source of proliferating endothelial cells, (vii) By day 28 after stroke, new blood vessels were observed in the perilesional area and the scar tissue region, which is generally considered to be resistant to regenerative events. Finally, (viii) vigorous angiogenesis was also detected in a region of soft tissue, also called "islet of regeneration," located next to the inhibitory scar. Conclusion: BrdU administered prior to, and after stroke, allows to investigate brain vasculature remodeling in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Surugiu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Glavan
- Psychiatry Clinic Hospital, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Mircea Popescu
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Otilia Margaritescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Radu Eugen
- Molecular Biology and Pathology Research Lab, University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.,Griffith University School of Medicine, Southport, QLD, Australia
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28
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Wang X, Xuan W, Zhu ZY, Li Y, Zhu H, Zhu L, Fu DY, Yang LQ, Li PY, Yu WF. The evolving role of neuro-immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:1100-1114. [PMID: 30350341 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world's leading cause of disability with limited brain repair treatments which effectively improve long-term neurological deficits. The neuroinflammatory responses persist into the late repair phase of stroke and participate in all brain repair elements, including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, remyelination and axonal sprouting, shedding new light on post-stroke brain recovery. Resident brain glial cells, such as astrocytes not only contribute to neuroinflammation after stroke, but also secrete a wide range of trophic factors that can promote post-stroke brain repair. Alternatively, activated microglia, monocytes, and neutrophils in the innate immune system, traditionally considered as major damaging factors after stroke, have been suggested to be extensively involved in brain repair after stroke. The adaptive immune system may also have its bright side during the late regenerative phase, affecting the immune suppressive regulatory T cells and B cells. This review summarizes the recent findings in the evolving role of neuroinflammation in multiple post-stroke brain repair mechanisms and poses unanswered questions that may generate new directions for future research and give rise to novel therapeutic targets to improve stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Feng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Abstract
Endothelins were discovered more than thirty years ago as potent vasoactive compounds. Beyond their well-documented cardiovascular properties, however, the contributions of the endothelin pathway have been demonstrated in several neuroinflammatory processes and the peptides have been reported as clinically relevant biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies report that endothelin-1 significantly contributes to the progression of neuroinflammatory processes, particularly during infections in the central nervous system (CNS), and is associated with a loss of endothelial integrity at the blood brain barrier level. Because of the paucity of clinical trials with endothelin-1 antagonists in several infectious and non-infectious neuroinflammatory diseases, it remains an open question whether the 21 amino acid peptide is a mediator/modulator rather than a biomarker of the progression of neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the potential roles of endothelins in the pathology of neuroinflammatory processes, including infectious diseases of viral, bacterial or parasitic origin in which the synthesis of endothelins or its pharmacology have been investigated from the cell to the bedside in several cases, as well as in non-infectious inflammatory processes such as neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers Disease or central nervous system vasculitis.
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30
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Bazzigaluppi P, Adams C, Koletar MM, Dorr A, Pikula A, Carlen PL, Stefanovic B. Oophorectomy Reduces Estradiol Levels and Long-Term Spontaneous Neurovascular Recovery in a Female Rat Model of Focal Ischemic Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:338. [PMID: 30271324 PMCID: PMC6146137 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological evidence suggests significant sex and gender-based differences in stroke risk and recovery, females have been widely under-represented in preclinical stroke research. The neurovascular sequelae of brain ischemia in females, in particular, are largely uncertain. We set out to address this gap by a multimodal in vivo study of neurovascular recovery from endothelin-1 model of cortical focal-stroke in sham vs. ovariectomized female rats. Three weeks post ischemic insult, sham operated females recapitulated the phenotype previously reported in male rats in this model, of normalized resting perfusion but sustained peri-lesional cerebrovascular hyperreactivity. In contrast, ovariectomized (Ovx) females showed reduced peri-lesional resting blood flow, and elevated cerebrovascular responsivity to hypercapnia in the peri-lesional and contra-lateral cortices. Electrophysiological recordings showed an attenuation of theta to low-gamma phase-amplitude coupling in the peri-lesional tissue of Ovx animals, despite relative preservation of neuronal power. Further, this chronic stage neuronal network dysfunction was inversely correlated with serum estradiol concentration. Our pioneering data demonstrate dramatic differences in spontaneous recovery in the neurovascular unit between Ovx and Sham females in the chronic stage of stroke, underscoring the importance of considering hormonal-dependent aspects of the ischemic sequelae in the development of novel therapeutic approaches and patient recruitment in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Conner Adams
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret M Koletar
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Pikula
- Adult Vascular Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter L Carlen
- Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Bazzigaluppi P, Lake EM, Beckett TL, Koletar MM, Weisspapir I, Heinen S, Mester J, Lai A, Janik R, Dorr A, McLaurin J, Stanisz GJ, Carlen PL, Stefanovic B. Imaging the Effects of β-Hydroxybutyrate on Peri-Infarct Neurovascular Function and Metabolism. Stroke 2018; 49:2173-2181. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., I.W., P.L.C.)
| | - Evelyn M. Lake
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - Tina L. Beckett
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - Margaret M. Koletar
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - Iliya Weisspapir
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., I.W., P.L.C.)
| | | | - James Mester
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Biological Sciences (J.M.)
| | - Aaron Lai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (A.L., J.M.)
| | - Rafal Janik
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrienne Dorr
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology (A.L., J.M.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Greg J. Stanisz
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter L. Carlen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Canada (P.B., I.W., P.L.C.)
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- From the Physical Sciences Platform (P.B., E.M.L., T.L.B., M.M.K., I.W., J.M., R.J., A.D., G.J.S., B.S.)
- Department of Medical Biophysics (J.M., R.J., G.J.S., B.S.), University of Toronto, Canada
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32
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Changes in resting-state functional connectivity after stroke in a mouse brain lacking extracellular matrix components. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:91-105. [PMID: 29367009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, focal ischemia results in a local region of cell death and disruption of both local and remote functional neuronal networks. Tissue reorganization following stroke can be limited by factors such as extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that prevent neuronal growth and synaptic plasticity. The brain's ECM plays a crucial role in network formation, development, and regeneration of the central nervous system. Further, the ECM is essential for proper white matter tract development and for the formation of structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs mainly surround parvalbumin/GABA inhibitory interneurons, of importance for processing sensory information. Previous studies have shown that downregulating PNNs after stroke reduces the neurite-inhibitory environment, reactivates plasticity, and promotes functional recovery. Resting-state functional connectivity (RS-FC) within and across hemispheres has been shown to correlate with behavioral recovery after stroke. However, the relationship between PNNs and RS-FC has not been examined. Here we studied a quadruple knock-out mouse (Q4) that lacks four ECM components: brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C and tenascin-R. We applied functional connectivity optical intrinsic signal (fcOIS) imaging in Q4 mice and wild-type (129S1 mice) before and 14 days after photothrombotic stroke (PT) to understand how the lack of crucial ECM components affects neuronal networks and functional recovery after stroke. Limb-placement ability was evaluated at 2, 7 and 14 days of recovery through the paw-placement test. Q4 mice exhibited significantly impaired homotopic RS-FC compared to wild-type mice, especially in the sensory and parietal regions. Changes in RS-FC were significantly correlated with the number of interhemispheric callosal crossings in those same regions. PT caused unilateral damage to the sensorimotor cortex and deficits of tactile-proprioceptive placing ability in contralesional fore- and hindlimbs, but the two experimental groups did not present significant differences in infarct size. Two weeks after PT, a general down-scaling of regional RS-FC as well as the number of regional functional connections was visible for all cortical regions and most notable in the somatosensory areas of both Q4 and wild-type mice. Q4 mice exhibited higher intrahemispheric RS-FC in contralesional sensory and motor cortices compared to control mice. We propose that the lack of growth inhibiting ECM components in the Q4 mice potentially worsen behavioral outcome in the early phase after stroke, but subsequently facilitates modulation of contralesional RS-FC which is relevant for recovery of sensory motor function. We conclude that Q4 mice represent a valuable model to study how the elimination of ECM genes compromises neuronal function and plasticity mechanisms after stroke.
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33
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Bright MG, Croal PL, Blockley NP, Bulte DP. Multiparametric measurement of cerebral physiology using calibrated fMRI. Neuroimage 2017; 187:128-144. [PMID: 29277404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of calibrated fMRI is the quantitative imaging of oxygen metabolism (CMRO2), and this has been the focus of numerous methods and approaches. However, one underappreciated aspect of this quest is that in the drive to measure CMRO2, many other physiological parameters of interest are often acquired along the way. This can significantly increase the value of the dataset, providing greater information that is clinically relevant, or detail that can disambiguate the cause of signal variations. This can also be somewhat of a double-edged sword: calibrated fMRI experiments combine multiple parameters into a physiological model that requires multiple steps, thereby providing more opportunity for error propagation and increasing the noise and error of the final derived values. As with all measurements, there is a trade-off between imaging time, spatial resolution, coverage, and accuracy. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the benefits and pitfalls of extracting multiparametric measurements of cerebral physiology through calibrated fMRI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly G Bright
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paula L Croal
- IBME, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas P Blockley
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel P Bulte
- IBME, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Lannes N, Eppler E, Etemad S, Yotovski P, Filgueira L. Microglia at center stage: a comprehensive review about the versatile and unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114393-114413. [PMID: 29371994 PMCID: PMC5768411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the unique residential macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have a special origin, as they derive from the embryonic yolk sac and enter the developing CNS at a very early stage. They play an important role during CNS development and adult homeostasis. They have a major contribution to adult neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Thus, they participate in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and contribute to aging. They play an important role in sustaining and breaking the blood-brain barrier. As innate immune cells, they contribute substantially to the immune response against infectious agents affecting the CNS. They play also a major role in the growth of tumours of the CNS. Microglia are consequently the key cell population linking the nervous and the immune system. This review covers all different aspects of microglia biology and pathology in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lannes
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Pestalozzistrasse Zo, Department of BioMedicine, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Etemad
- Building 71/218 RBWH Herston, Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, QLD 4029 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Yotovski
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Albert Gockel, Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Lapchak PA, Zhang JH. The High Cost of Stroke and Stroke Cytoprotection Research. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:307-317. [PMID: 28039575 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is inadequately treated in the USA and worldwide due to a lengthy history of neuroprotective drug failures in clinical trials. The majority of victims must endure life-long disabilities that not only affect their livelihood, but also have an enormous societal economic impact. The rapid development of a neuroprotective or cytoprotective compound would allow future stroke victims to receive a treatment to reduce disabilities and further promote recovery of function. This opinion article reviews in detail the enormous costs associated with developing a small molecule to treat stroke, as well as providing a timely overview of the cell-death time-course and relationship to the ischemic cascade. Distinct temporal patterns of cell-death of neurovascular unit components provide opportunities to intervene and optimize new cytoprotective strategies. However, adequate research funding is mandatory to allow stroke researchers to develop and test their novel therapeutic approach to treat stroke victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Director of Translational Research, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, Suite 8305, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - John H Zhang
- Director, Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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