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Gómez CM, Linares R, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Pelegrina S. Age-related changes in brain oscillatory patterns during an n-back task in children and adolescents. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 202:112372. [PMID: 38849088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The development of brain oscillatory responses and their possible role in the working memory (WM) performance of children, adolescents and young adults was investigated. A set of 0- and 1-back tasks with letter stimuli were administered to a final sample of 131 subjects (between 6 and 20 years of age). A decrease in response times (RTs) and an increase of the sensitivity index d-prime (d') were seen with increased age. RTs increased and d' decreased with load, indicating higher difficulty for higher loads. Event-related synchronization (ERS) and event-related desynchronization (ERD) were obtained by the convolution of Morlet wavelets on the recorded EEG. Statistical analyses were performed of the absolute and relative power of brain oscillations defined by topography, frequency and latency. Posterior alpha and beta ERD, and frontocentral theta ERS, were induced by the stimuli presented during the n-back task. While relative theta ERS increased with age, absolute theta ERS, absolute and relative alpha and, absolute beta ERD, decreased with age. Age-related improvement in behavioral performance was mediated by relative theta. Alpha and beta ERD were more pronounced for the most difficult task (1-back) and for the target condition. Globally, there was high consistency of the effects of target type and task load across development. Theta ERS maturation is a crucial step for improving WM performance during development, while alpha and beta ERD maturation seem to be less critical for behavioral performance improvement with age, possibly due to a sufficient level of alpha-beta ERD for good performance in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Gómez
- University of Sevilla, Experimental Psychology Department, Human Psychobiology Lab., Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Linares
- University of Jaén, Department of Psychology, Jaén, Spain
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2
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Yang M, Xie Q, Xiong W, Xu F, Zhang M, Wei M. The characteristics of WM in individuals with depressive tendencies: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Brain Cogn 2024; 180:106206. [PMID: 39068673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with depressive tendencies are considered to be at high risk for the onset of depressive disorders. Currently, most research focuses on the impairment of working memory in patients with depression, while there is less attention paid to the WM of individuals with depressive tendencies, and their neural mechanisms underlying it are poorly understood. Therefore, this study focuses on the characteristics and neural mechanisms of WM in individuals with depressive tendencies. This study uses functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to monitor the concentration of Oxy-Hb in the prefrontal cortex and employs the n-back paradigm, designing three levels of load: 0, 1, and 2, to examine the characteristics of WM and its neural mechanisms in individuals with depressive tendencies. Behavioral results show that the accuracy rates of individuals with depressive tendencies is significantly lower than that of healthy individuals, and under the 0-back condition, the reaction time of individuals with depressive tendencies is significantly higher than that of healthy control individuals. Near-infrared results indicate that the activation level in the frontal pole and the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with depressive tendencies is significantly lower than that of healthy control individuals. The β values of channels 2, 7, and 9 are significantly negatively correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory scores of the participants. The results suggest that the reduced activation of the frontal pole and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex in individuals with depressive tendencies leads to poorer WM performance compared to healthy control individuals. This is a rare brain evidence of the characteristics of WM in individuals with depressive tendencies, which can provide a deeper understanding of the WM characteristics of individuals with depressive tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Yang
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 China.
| | - Qinling Xie
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Meina Zhang
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Men Wei
- School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
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3
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Steward G, Chib VS. The Neurobiology of Cognitive Fatigue and Its Influence on Effort-Based Choice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.15.603598. [PMID: 39071329 PMCID: PMC11275777 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.15.603598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Feelings of cognitive fatigue emerge through repeated mental exertion and are ubiquitous in our daily lives. However, there is a limited understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the influence of cognitive fatigue on decisions to exert. We use functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while participants make choices to exert effort for reward, before and after bouts of fatiguing cognitive exertion. We found that when participants became cognitively fatigued, they were more likely to choose to forgo higher levels of reward that required more effort. We describe a mechanism by which signals related to cognitive exertion in dlPFC influence effort value computations, instantiated by the insula, thereby influencing an individual's decisions to exert while fatigued. Our results suggest that cognitive fatigue plays a critical role in decisions to exert effort and provides a mechanistic link through which information about cognitive state shapes effort-based choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Steward
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vikram S. Chib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Su K, Huang Z, Li Q, Fan M, Li T, Yin D. Dissociable functional responses along the posterior-anterior gradient of the frontal and parietal cortices revealed by parametric working memory and training. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02834-z. [PMID: 38995366 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
While the storage capacity is limited, accumulating studies have indicated that working memory (WM) can be improved by cognitive training. However, understanding how exactly the brain copes with limited WM capacity and how cognitive training optimizes the brain remains inconclusive. Given the hierarchical functional organization of WM, we hypothesized that the activation profiles along the posterior-anterior gradient of the frontal and parietal cortices characterize WM load and training effects. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 51 healthy volunteers and adopted a parametric WM paradigm and training method. In contrast to exclusively strengthening the activation of posterior areas, a broader range of activation concurrently occurred in the anterior areas to cope with increased memory load for all subjects at baseline. Moreover, there was an imbalance in the responses of the posterior and anterior areas to the same increment of 1 item at different load levels. Although a general decrease in activation after adaptive training, the changes in the posterior and anterior areas were distinct at different memory loads. Particularly, we found that the activation gradient between the posterior and anterior areas was significantly increased at load 4-back after adaptive training, and the changes were correlated with improvement in WM performance. Together, our results demonstrate a shift in the predominant role of posterior and anterior areas in the frontal and parietal cortices when approaching WM capacity limits. Additionally, the training-induced performance improvement likely benefits from the elevated neural efficiency reflected in the increased activation gradient between the posterior and anterior areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mingxia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ting Li
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Dazhi Yin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong-Shan Road, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China.
- Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 241002, China.
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Kraljević N, Langner R, Küppers V, Raimondo F, Patil KR, Eickhoff SB, Müller VI. Network and state specificity in connectivity-based predictions of individual behavior. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26753. [PMID: 38864353 PMCID: PMC11167405 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Predicting individual behavior from brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns can contribute to our understanding of human brain functioning. This may apply in particular if predictions are based on features derived from circumscribed, a priori defined functional networks, which improves interpretability. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that task-based FC data may yield more successful predictions of behavior than resting-state FC data. Here, we comprehensively examined to what extent the correspondence of functional network priors and task states with behavioral target domains influences the predictability of individual performance in cognitive, social, and affective tasks. To this end, we used data from the Human Connectome Project for large-scale out-of-sample predictions of individual abilities in working memory (WM), theory-of-mind cognition (SOCIAL), and emotion processing (EMO) from FC of corresponding and non-corresponding states (WM/SOCIAL/EMO/resting-state) and networks (WM/SOCIAL/EMO/whole-brain connectome). Using root mean squared error and coefficient of determination to evaluate model fit revealed that predictive performance was rather poor overall. Predictions from whole-brain FC were slightly better than those from FC in task-specific networks, and a slight benefit of predictions based on FC from task versus resting state was observed for performance in the WM domain. Beyond that, we did not find any significant effects of a correspondence of network, task state, and performance domains. Together, these results suggest that multivariate FC patterns during both task and resting states contain rather little information on individual performance levels, calling for a reconsideration of how the brain mediates individual differences in mental abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Kraljević
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Vincent Küppers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital CologneUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Federico Raimondo
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Kaustubh R. Patil
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
| | - Veronika I. Müller
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐7: Brain and Behaviour)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
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Tubiolo PN, Williams JC, Van Snellenberg JX. A tale of two n-backs: Diverging associations of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation with n-back task performance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.23.595597. [PMID: 38826388 PMCID: PMC11142179 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.23.595597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background In studying the neural correlates of working memory (WM) ability via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in health and disease, it is relatively uncommon for investigators to report associations between brain activation and measures of task performance. Additionally, how the choice of WM task impacts observed activation-performance relationships is poorly understood. We sought to illustrate the impact of WM task on brain-behavior correlations using two large, publicly available datasets. Methods We conducted between-participants analyses of task-based fMRI data from two publicly available datasets: the Human Connectome Project (HCP; n = 866) and the Queensland Twin Imaging (QTIM) Study (n = 459). Participants performed two distinct variations of the n-back WM task with different stimuli, timings, and response paradigms. Associations between brain activation ([2-back - 0-back] contrast) and task performance (2-back % correct) were investigated separately in each dataset, as well as across datasets, within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), medial prefrontal cortex, and whole cortex. Results Global patterns of activation to task were similar in both datasets. However, opposite associations between activation and task performance were observed in bilateral pre-supplementary motor area and left middle frontal gyrus. Within the dlPFC, HCP participants exhibited a significantly greater activation-performance relationship in bilateral middle frontal gyrus relative to QTIM Study participants. Conclusions The observation of diverging activation-performance relationships between two large datasets performing variations of the n-back task serves as a critical reminder for investigators to exercise caution when selecting WM tasks and interpreting neural activation in response to a WM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Tubiolo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
| | - John C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
| | - Jared X Van Snellenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
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7
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Satake T, Taki A, Kasahara K, Yoshimaru D, Tsurugizawa T. Comparison of local activation, functional connectivity, and structural connectivity in the N-back task. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1337976. [PMID: 38516310 PMCID: PMC10955471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1337976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-back task is widely used to investigate working memory. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that local brain activation depends on the difficulty of the N-back task. Recently, changes in functional connectivity and local activation during a task, such as a single-hand movement task, have been reported to give the distinct information. However, previous studies have not investigated functional connectivity changes in the entire brain during N-back tasks. In this study, we compared alterations in functional connectivity and local activation related to the difficulty of the N-back task. Because structural connectivity has been reported to be associated with local activation, we also investigated the relationship between structural connectivity and accuracy in a N-back task using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Changes in functional connectivity depend on the difficulty of the N-back task in a manner different from local activation, and the 2-back task is the best method for investigating working memory. This indicates that local activation and functional connectivity reflect different neuronal events during the N-back task. The top 10 structural connectivities associated with accuracy in the 2-back task were locally activated during the 2-back task. Therefore, structural connectivity as well as fMRI will be useful for predicting the accuracy of the 2-back task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Satake
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ai Taki
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasahara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshimaru
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tsurugizawa
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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8
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Chen DY, Di X, Amaya N, Sun H, Pal S, Biswal BB. Brain activation during the N-back working memory task in individuals with spinal cord injury: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579655. [PMID: 38405769 PMCID: PMC10888902 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments have frequently been reported in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) across different domains such as working memory, attention, and executive function. The mechanism of cognitive impairment after SCI is not well understood due to the heterogeneity of SCI sample populations, and may possibly be due to factors such as cardiovascular dysfunction, concomitant traumatic brain injury (TBI), hypoxia, sleep disorders, and body temperature dysregulation. In this study, we implement the Neuropsychiatric Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool (NUCOG) to assess cognitive differences between individuals with SCI and age-matched able-bodied (AB) controls. We then use an N-back working memory task and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to elucidate the neurovascular correlates of cognitive function in individuals with SCI. We observed significant differences between the SCI and AB groups on measures of executive function on the NUCOG test. On the N-back task, across the three levels of difficulty: 0-back, 2-back, and 3-back, no significant differences were observed between the SCI and AB group; however, both groups performed worse as the level of difficulty increased. Although there were no significant differences in N-back performance scores between the two groups, functional brain hemodynamic activity differences were observed between the SCI and AB groups, with the SCI group exhibiting higher maximum oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the right inferior parietal lobe. These findings support the use of fNIRS to study cognitive function in individuals with SCI and may provide a useful tool during rehabilitation to obtain quantitative functional brain activity metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Y. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, US
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
| | - Nayyar Amaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
| | - Hai Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, US
| | - Saikat Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, US
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, US
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Taylor SF, Gu P, Simmonite M, Lasagna C, Tso IF, Lee TG, Vesia M, Hernandez-Garcia L. Lateral Prefrontal Stimulation of Active Cortex With Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Affects Subsequent Engagement of the Frontoparietal Network. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:235-244. [PMID: 37918508 PMCID: PMC10922157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical unanswered question about therapeutic transcranial magnetic stimulation is what patients should do during treatment to optimize its effectiveness. Here, we address this lack of knowledge in healthy participants, testing the hypotheses that stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) while participants perform a working memory task will provide stronger effects on subsequent activation, perfusion, connectivity, and performance than stimulating resting dlPFC. METHODS After a baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging session to localize dlPFC activation and the associated frontoparietal network (FPN) engaged by an n-back task, healthy participants (N = 40, 67.5% female) underwent 3 counterbalanced sessions, separated by several weeks, during which they received intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) followed by magnetic resonance imaging scans as follows: 1) iTBS to the dlPFC while resting passively (passive), 2) iTBS to the dlPFC while performing the n-back task (active), and 3) iTBS to a vertex site, while not engaged in the n-back task and resting passively (control). RESULTS We found no difference in n-back performance between the 3 conditions. However, FPN activation was reduced while performing the n-back task in the active condition relative to the passive and control conditions. There was no differential activity in the FPN on comparing passive with control conditions, i.e., there was no effect of the site of stimulation. We found no effects of state or site of stimulation on perfusion or connectivity with the dlPFC. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the state of the brain while receiving iTBS affected FPN activation, possibly reflecting greater efficiency of FPN network activation when participants were stimulated while engaging the FPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Pan Gu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
| | - Molly Simmonite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carly Lasagna
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ivy F Tso
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Taraz G Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Vesia
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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10
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Seidman AJ, Yang X, Westbrook A, George CJ, Kovacs M. Effects of current and past depressive episodes on behavioral performance and subjective experience during an N-back task. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2023; 81:101852. [PMID: 36947973 PMCID: PMC10460824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Depression impairs working memory (WM). And, while many studies have documented impairment in WM during depression remission, those using the N-back task did not find differences between individuals with remitted depression and healthy controls. One reason for these findings may be that certain depression phenotypes, such as the childhood-onset form, which is likely to be associated with persistent WM problems, are underrepresented or unevenly represented in the studies. Because childhood-onset depression (COD) affects individuals while cognitive development is still ongoing, it is more likely to have lasting detrimental effects, as evidenced in residual memory impairment, than depression that onsets later in life. Further, it is unclear if depression episodes have cumulative effects on WM when measured via the N-back. METHODS We examined the effects of depression on WM performance (response time, accuracy, signal detection d') and subjective experience (difficulty, mental effort required) during a four-level N-back task among 112 adults with COD (42 currently depressed; 70 remitted depressed) and 80 never-depressed controls. RESULTS Compared to never-depressed controls, there was minimal evidence of impaired WM performance among participants with remitted or current depression; the groups also reported overall similar subjective experiences during the N-back. Notably, number of lifetime depressive episodes had a detrimental cumulative effect on response accuracy and d'. LIMITATIONS WM was assessed only in regard to verbal memory. The sample size of currently depressed cases was smaller than that of the other groups. CONCLUSIONS WM remains largely intact among adults with remitted COD, but increased number of depression episodes worsens WM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Seidman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Old Dominion University, Department of Psychology, 250 Mills Godwin Life Sciences Building, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Brown University, Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, and Psychological Sciences, 190 Thayer St, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Charles J George
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Maria Kovacs
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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11
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Vogel TA, Desjardins S, Chabot B, Otto AR, Falk CF, Roy M. Cognitive fatigue weakens the effects of distraction on pain. Pain 2023; 164:2845-2851. [PMID: 37390365 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Perceived pain can be viewed because of a competition between nociceptive inputs and other competing goals, such as performing a demanding cognitive task. Task performance, however, suffers when cognitively fatigued. We therefore predicted that cognitive fatigue would weaken the pain-reducing effects of performing a concurrent cognitive task, which would indicate a causal link between fatigue and heightened pain sensitivity. In this study, 2 groups of pain-free adults performed cognitive tasks while receiving painful heat stimuli. In 1 group, we induced cognitive fatigue before performing the tasks. We found that fatigue led to more pain and worse performance when the task was demanding, suggesting that fatigue weakens one's ability to distract from pain. These findings show that cognitive fatigue can impair performance on subsequent tasks and that this impairment can lower a person's ability to distract from and reduce their pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Vogel
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bianca Chabot
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carl F Falk
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Roy
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Ankri YLE, Braw YC, Meiron O. Stress and Right Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Interactive Effects on Visual Working Memory and Learning. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1642. [PMID: 38137090 PMCID: PMC10741696 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress impacts prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity and modulates working memory performance. In a recent study, stimulating the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) interacted with social stress in modulating participants' working memory. More specifically, stress disrupted the enhancing effects of dlPFC tDCS on working memory performance. The current study aimed to further explore these initial findings by randomizing healthy females to four experimental conditions (N = 130); stimulation (right dlPFC tDCS vs. sham) and stress manipulation (social stress vs. control). Participants performed cognitive tasks (i.e., visual working memory task and a visual declarative memory task) at baseline and post-stimulation. They also completed self-report measures of stress and anxiety. A significant stimulation × stress interaction was evident in the declarative memory (One-Card Learning, OCL) task, while working memory performance was unaffected. Though tDCS stimulation and stress did not interact to affect working memory, further research is warranted as these initial findings suggest that immediate visual-memory learning may be affected by these factors. The limited number of earlier studies, as well as the variability in their designs, provides additional impetus for studying the interactive effects of stress and tDCS on human visual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael L. E. Ankri
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel; (Y.L.E.A.); (Y.C.B.)
| | - Yoram C. Braw
- Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel; (Y.L.E.A.); (Y.C.B.)
| | - Oded Meiron
- Faculty of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Clinical Research Center for Brain Sciences, Herzog Medical Center, P.O. Box 3900, Jerusalem 9103702, Israel
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13
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Kraljević N, Langner R, Küppers V, Raimondo F, Patil KR, Eickhoff SB, Müller VI. Network and State Specificity in Connectivity-Based Predictions of Individual Behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.11.540387. [PMID: 37215048 PMCID: PMC10197703 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.11.540387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Predicting individual behavior from brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns can contribute to our understanding of human brain functioning. This may apply in particular if predictions are based on features derived from circumscribed, a priori defined functional networks, which improves interpretability. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that task-based FC data may yield more successful predictions of behavior than resting-state FC data. Here, we comprehensively examined to what extent the correspondence of functional network priors and task states with behavioral target domains influences the predictability of individual performance in cognitive, social, and affective tasks. To this end, we used data from the Human Connectome Project for large-scale out-of-sample predictions of individual abilities in working memory (WM), theory-of-mind cognition (SOCIAL), and emotion processing (EMO) from FC of corresponding and non-corresponding states (WM/SOCIAL/EMO/resting-state) and networks (WM/SOCIAL/EMO/whole-brain connectome). Using root mean squared error and coefficient of determination to evaluate model fit revealed that predictive performance was rather poor overall. Predictions from whole-brain FC were slightly better than those from FC in task-specific networks, and a slight benefit of predictions based on FC from task versus resting state was observed for performance in the WM domain. Beyond that, we did not find any significant effects of a correspondence of network, task state, and performance domains. Together, these results suggest that multivariate FC patterns during both task and resting states contain rather little information on individual performance levels, calling for a reconsideration of how the brain mediates individual differences in mental abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Kraljević
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Robert Langner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Vincent Küppers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Federico Raimondo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
| | - Veronika I Müller
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
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14
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Khongtan S, Sivamaruthi BS, Thangaleela S, Kesika P, Bharathi M, Sirilun S, Choeisoongnern T, Peerajan S, Sittiprapaporn P, Chaiyasut C. The Influence of Probiotic Supplementation on the Obesity Indexes, Neuroinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers, Gut Microbial Diversity, and Working Memory in Obese Thai Children. Foods 2023; 12:3890. [PMID: 37959009 PMCID: PMC10648263 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem with a complex interaction between gut microbiota and cognition. Several studies have demonstrated that probiotic treatments improve characteristics linked to obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on the obesity indexes, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, gut microbiota, and working memory in obese children. Ten obese children were assigned to receive the probiotics (8 × 109 CFU of Lactobacillus paracasei HII01 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis) for 12 weeks. Demographic data were recorded. Urine and fecal samples were collected to evaluate biomarkers related to obesity and cognition. Behavioral working memory was assessed using the visual n-back test. Electroencephalography was employed to measure electrical activity during the visual n-back test. All parameters were evaluated at the baseline and after 12 weeks. The results revealed that probiotic supplementation significantly altered some gut microbial metabolites, gut microbiota, total antioxidant capacity, and neuroinflammatory markers. However, no significant changes were observed in the visual n-back test or electroencephalographic recordings after 12 weeks. In conclusion, the use of probiotics might be an alternative treatment that could improve the gut microbial ecosystem and microbial metabolites, as well as host antioxidant and neuroinflammation levels. The preliminary results indicated that further detailed prolonged studies are needed in order to determine the beneficial effects of the studied probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchanat Khongtan
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Subramanian Thangaleela
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Periyanaina Kesika
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Muruganantham Bharathi
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thiwanya Choeisoongnern
- Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Center, School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | | | - Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn
- Neuropsychological Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Center, School of Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand (B.S.S.); (P.K.)
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15
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LI X, LIU Q, XIA R, LIU J, WANG D, SHI J, KUANG Y, DAI Y, HUANG H, TANG W, CHEN S. Moxibustion modulates working memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2023; 43:801-808. [PMID: 37454266 PMCID: PMC10320444 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20230526.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between changes in brain activity associated with working memory and assessment scales of memory scores in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) before and after moxibustion therapy. METHODS aMCI patients were randomized into the moxibustion treatment (MT) group and the placebo moxibustion (PM) group. Each group received either moxibustion therapy or a placebo moxibustion for eight weeks. Neuropsychological performance and functional brain responses to a working memory task were assessed at baseline and at the end of treatment. Memory function was evaluated individually by the Rivermead behavioral memory test (RBMT), and working memory was assessed by the N-back task. RESULTS Compared with the PM group, RBMT score changes were significant ( < 0.05). In the MT group, the accuracy of the N-back texts increased compared with those before the intervention. After moxibustion intervention, the right insula, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, lingual gyrus, calcarine sulcus, posterior cingulate gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and anterior frontal gyrus were significantly activated (= 0.01, Cluster-level Family-Wise Error = 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the insula, lingual gyrus and posterior cingulate gyrus were associated with changes in N-back score. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, lingual gyrus, and posterior cingulate gyrus were correlated with RBMT score changes. CONCLUSION Moxibustion treatment improved memory in aMCI patients and was associated with the activation of the brain region of the insula, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and thalamus, which may be an important mechanism by which moxibustion improves the memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie LI
- 1 College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Qiqi LIU
- 1 College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rui XIA
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Jun LIU
- 1 College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dan WANG
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Jiao SHI
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Yuxing KUANG
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Yalan DAI
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Haoyu HUANG
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Wei TANG
- 1 College of Acupuncture and Massage, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shangjie CHEN
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Southern Medical University, and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518101, China
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16
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Fisher ME, Teng J, Gbadeyan O, Prakash RS. Using connectome-based models of working memory to predict emotion regulation in older adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsad036. [PMID: 37421161 PMCID: PMC10367441 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adulthood is characterized by enhanced emotional well-being potentially resulting from greater reliance on adaptive emotion regulation strategies. However, not all older adults demonstrate an increase in emotional well-being and instead rely on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. An important moderator of age-related shifts in strategy preferences is working memory (WM) and its underlying neural circuitry. As such, individual differences in the neural integrity underlying WM may predict older adults' emotion regulation strategy preferences. Our study used whole-brain WM networks-derived from young adults using connectome-based predictive modeling-to predict WM performance and acceptance strategy use in healthy older adults. Older adults (N = 110) completed baseline assessments as part of a randomized controlled trial examining the impact of mind-body interventions on healthy aging. Our results revealed that the WM networks predicted WM accuracy but not acceptance use or difficulties in emotion regulation in older adults. Individual differences in WM performance, but not WM networks, moderated relationships between image intensity and acceptance use. These findings highlight that robust neural markers of WM generalize to an independent sample of healthy older adults but may not generalize beyond cognitive domains to predict emotion-based behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James Teng
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Oyetunde Gbadeyan
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Peninsula Clinical School and Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Ruchika S Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Kim Y, Lee J, Tegethoff M, Meinlschmidt G, Yoo SS, Lee JH. Reliability of self-reported dispositional mindfulness scales and their association with working memory performance and functional connectivity. Brain Cogn 2023; 169:106001. [PMID: 37235929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the link between trait mindfulness scores and functional connectivity (FC) features or behavioral data, to emphasize the importance of the reliability of self-report mindfulness scores. Sixty healthy young male participants underwent two functional MRI runs with three mindfulness or mind-wandering task blocks with an N-back task (NBT) block. The data from 49 participants (age: 23.3 ± 2.8) for whom two sets of the self-reported Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and NBT performance were available were analyzed. We divided participants into two groups based on the consistency level of their MAAS scores (i.e., a "consistent" and an "inconsistent" group). Then, the association between the MAAS scores and FC features or NBT performance was investigated using linear regression analysis with p-value correction and bootstrapping. Meaningful associations (a) between MAAS and NBT accuracy (slope = 0.41, CI = [0.10, 0.73], corrected p < 0.05), (b) between MAAS and the FC edges in the frontoparietal network, and (c) between the FC edges and NBT performance were only observed in the consistent group (n = 26). Our findings demonstrate the importance of appropriate screening mechanisms for self-report-based dispositional mindfulness scores when trait mindfulness scores are combined with neuronal features and behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyeon Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marion Tegethoff
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Gunther Meinlschmidt
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seung-Schik Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Nair SS, Muddapu VR, Vigneswaran C, Balasubramani PP, Ramanathan DS, Mishra J, Chakravarthy VS. A generalized reinforcement learning based deep neural network agent model for diverse cognitive constructs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5928. [PMID: 37045887 PMCID: PMC10097685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cognition is characterized by a wide range of capabilities including goal-oriented selective attention, distractor suppression, decision making, response inhibition, and working memory. Much research has focused on studying these individual components of cognition in isolation, whereas in several translational applications for cognitive impairment, multiple cognitive functions are altered in a given individual. Hence it is important to study multiple cognitive abilities in the same subject or, in computational terms, model them using a single model. To this end, we propose a unified, reinforcement learning-based agent model comprising of systems for representation, memory, value computation and exploration. We successfully modeled the aforementioned cognitive tasks and show how individual performance can be mapped to model meta-parameters. This model has the potential to serve as a proxy for cognitively impaired conditions, and can be used as a clinical testbench on which therapeutic interventions can be simulated first before delivering to human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Sathyanandan Nair
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Room 505, Block 1, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Vignayanandam Ravindernath Muddapu
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Room 505, Block 1, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Vigneswaran
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Room 505, Block 1, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Pragathi P Balasubramani
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Dhakshin S Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - V Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Computational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Room 505, Block 1, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India.
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19
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Zhang H, Di X, Rypma B, Yang H, Meng C, Biswal B. Interaction Between Memory Load and Experimental Design on Brain Connectivity and Network Topology. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:631-644. [PMID: 36565381 PMCID: PMC10073362 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00982-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional approach to investigating functional connectivity in the block-designed study usually concatenates task blocks or employs residuals of task activation. While providing many insights into brain functions, the block design adds more manipulation in functional network analysis that may reduce the purity of the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal. Recent studies utilized one single long run for task trials of the same condition, the so-called continuous design, to investigate functional connectivity based on task functional magnetic resonance imaging. Continuous brain activities associated with the single-task condition can be directly utilized for task-related functional connectivity assessment, which has been examined for working memory, sensory, motor, and semantic task experiments in previous research. But it remains unclear how the block and continuous design influence the assessment of task-related functional connectivity networks. This study aimed to disentangle the separable effects of block/continuous design and working memory load on task-related functional connectivity networks, by using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Across 50 young healthy adults, behavioral results of accuracy and reaction time showed a significant main effect of design as well as interaction between design and load. Imaging results revealed that the cingulo-opercular, fronto-parietal, and default model networks were associated with not only task activation, but significant main effects of design and load as well as their interaction on intra- and inter-network functional connectivity and global network topology. Moreover, a significant behavior-brain association was identified for the continuous design. This work has extended the evidence that continuous design can be used to study task-related functional connectivity and subtle brain-behavioral relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA
| | - Bart Rypma
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, 75390, USA
| | - Hang Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Chun Meng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Bharat Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA.
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20
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Yeung MK, Han YMY. Changes in task performance and frontal cortex activation within and over sessions during the n-back task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3363. [PMID: 36849731 PMCID: PMC9971214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The n-back task is a popular paradigm for studying neurocognitive processing at varying working memory loads. Although much is known about the effects of load on behavior and neural activation during n-back performance, the temporal dynamics of such effects remain unclear. Here, we investigated the within- and between-session stability and consistency of task performance and frontal cortical activation during the n-back task using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Forty healthy young adults performed the 1-back and 3-back conditions three times per condition. They then undertook identical retest sessions 3 weeks later (M = 21.2 days, SD = 0.9). Over the course of the task, activation in the participants' frontopolar, dorsomedial, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, and posterolateral frontal cortices was measured with fNIRS. We found significantly improved working memory performance (difference between 1-back and 3-back accuracies) over time both within and between sessions. All accuracy and reaction time measures exhibited good to excellent consistency within and across sessions. Additionally, changes in frontal oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentration were maintained over time across timescales, except that load-dependent (3-back > 1-back) HbO changes, particularly in the ventrolateral PFC, diminished over separate sessions. The consistency of fNIRS measures varied greatly, with changes in 3-back dorsolateral and ventrolateral HbO demonstrating fair-to-good consistency both within and between sessions. Overall, this study clarified the temporal dynamics of task performance and frontal activation during the n-back task. The findings revealed the neural mechanisms underlying the change in n-back task performance over time and have practical implications for future n-back research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Yeung
- grid.419993.f0000 0004 1799 6254Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Tai Po China
| | - Yvonne M. Y. Han
- grid.16890.360000 0004 1764 6123Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hung Hom China ,grid.16890.360000 0004 1764 6123University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hung Hom China
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21
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Wang X, Liang H, Li L, Zhou J, Song R. Contribution of the stereoscopic representation of motion-in-depth during visually guided feedback control. Cereb Cortex 2023:7030846. [PMID: 36750266 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable studies have focused on the neural basis of visually guided tracking movement in the frontoparallel plane, whereas the neural process in real-world circumstances regarding the influence of binocular disparity and motion-in-depth (MID) perception is less understood. Although the role of stereoscopic versus monoscopic MID information has been extensively described for visual processing, its influence on top-down regulation for motor execution has not received much attention. Here, we orthogonally varied the visual representation (stereoscopic versus monoscopic) and motion direction (depth motion versus bias depth motion versus frontoparallel motion) during visually guided tracking movements, with simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings. Results show that the stereoscopic representation of MID could lead to more accurate movements, which was supported by specific neural activity pattern. More importantly, we extend prior evidence about the role of frontoparietal network in brain-behavior relationship, showing that occipital area, more specifically, visual area V2/V3 was also robustly involved in the association. Furthermore, by using the stereoscopic representation of MID, it is plausible to detect robust brain-behavior relationship even with small sample size at low executive task demand. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of the stereoscopic representation of MID for investigating neural correlates of visually guided feedback control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haowen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Marine Laboratory, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Le Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jianying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Guangdong Marine Laboratory, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rong Song
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Hancock AS, Warren CM, Barrett TS, Bolton DAE, Gillam RB. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy measures of neural activity in children with and without developmental language disorder during a working memory task. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2895. [PMID: 36706040 PMCID: PMC9927862 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) exhibit cognitive deficits that interfere with their ability to learn language. Little is known about the functional neuroanatomical differences between children developing typically (TD) and children with DLD. METHODS Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we recorded oxygenated hemoglobin (O2 hb) concentration values associated with neural activity in children with and without DLD during an auditory N-back task that included 0-back, 1-back, and 2-back conditions. Analyses focused on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Multilevel models were constructed with accuracy, response time, and O2 hb as outcome measures, with 0-back outcomes as fixed effects to control for sustained attention. RESULTS Children with DLD were significantly less accurate than their TD peers at both the 1-back and 2-back tasks, and they demonstrated slower response times during 2-back. In addition, children in the TD group demonstrated significantly greater sensitivity to increased task difficulty, showing increased O2 hb to the IPL during 1-back and to the DLPFC during the 2-back, whereas the DLD group did not. A secondary analysis revealed that higher O2 hb in the DLPFC predicted better task accuracy across groups. CONCLUSION When task difficulty increased, children with DLD failed to recruit the DLPFC for monitoring information and the IPL for processing information. Reduced memory capacity and reduced engagement likely contribute to the language learning difficulties of children with DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tyson S Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - David A E Bolton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Ronald B Gillam
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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23
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Wang L, Wu H, Dai C, Peng Z, Song T, Xu L, Xu M, Shao Y, Li S, Fu W. Dynamic hippocampal functional connectivity responses to varying working memory loads following total sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2022; 32:e13797. [PMID: 36528854 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sleep loss with work overload can impact human cognitive performance. However, the brain's response to an increased working memory load following total sleep deprivation (TSD) remains unclear. In the present study, we focussed on the dynamic response of the hippocampus to increased working memory load before and after total sleep deprivation of 36 h. A total of 16 male participants completed a verbal working memory task under functional magnetic resonance imaging. After whole-brain activation analysis and region of interest analysis of the hippocampus, the generalised form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI) was used to analyse the hippocampal functional connectivity with the whole brain. The results revealed that as the working memory load increased within a small range, from 0-back to 1-back task, the left hippocampal functional connectivity decreased with the left supplementary motor area, left pars opercularis, left rolandic operculum, right superior frontal gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, and left middle cingulate cortex following total sleep deprivation compared with that observed in resting wakefulness. When the working memory load further increased from 1-back to 2-back task, the connectivity increased between the left hippocampus and the left superior parietal lobule as well as between the left hippocampus and right lingual gyrus after total sleep deprivation compared with that observed in resting wakefulness. Moreover, the left hippocampus gPPI effect on the left middle cingulate cortex and left superior parietal lobule could predict the behavioural test accuracy in 1-back and 2-back task, respectively, following total sleep deprivation. These findings indicated that increased working memory load after total sleep deprivation disrupts working memory processes. The brain reacts to these disruptions in a dynamic and flexible manner, involving not only brain activation but also hippocampus-related functional network connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letong Wang
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology Sichuan Cancer Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Cimin Dai
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Ziyi Peng
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Tao Song
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology Beijing Sport University Beijing China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Beihang University Beijing China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou China
| | - Shijun Li
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou China
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24
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Executive Functions in Decision Making under Ambiguity and Risk in Healthy Adults: A Scoping Review Adopting the Hot and Cold Executive Functions Perspective. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101335. [PMID: 36291269 PMCID: PMC9599766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making (DM) has a pivotal role in supporting individual autonomy and well-being. It is considered a complex ability exploiting many cognitive functions, among which executive functions (EFs) are crucial. Few studies analyzed the role played by EFs in DM in healthy adults under ambiguity and risk, which are common conditions for most decisions in daily life. This scoping review aims to analyze the relationships between two individual tasks widely used to assess DM under these conditions (Iowa Gambling Task and Game of Dice Task) and EFs. According to the organizing principle that conceptualizes hot and cold EFs, DM under such conditions mainly implies hot EFs, but the relationship with cold EFs is still unclear. Using such an approach, a comprehensive framework is provided, highlighting main findings and identifying possible gaps in the literature. The results suggest different roles played by cold EFs in DM under ambiguity and risk, according to the characteristics of the tasks. The findings can offer guidance to further studies and to design interventions to support DM in healthy adults.
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25
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Wang F, Xi C, Liu Z, Deng M, Zhang W, Cao H, Yang J, Palaniyappan L. Load-dependent inverted U-shaped connectivity of the default mode network in schizophrenia during a working-memory task: evidence from a replication functional MRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2022; 47:E341-E350. [PMID: 36167413 PMCID: PMC9524478 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.220053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working-memory deficit is associated with aberrant degree distribution of the brain connectome in schizophrenia. However, the brain neural mechanism underlying the degree redistribution pattern in schizophrenia is still uncertain. METHODS We examined the functional degree distribution of the connectome in 81 patients with schizophrenia and 77 healthy controls across different working-memory loads during an n-back task. We tested the associations between altered degree distribution and clinical symptoms, and we conducted functional connectivity analyses to investigate the neural mechanism underlying altered degree distribution. We repeated these analyses in a second independent data set of 96 participants. In the second data set, we employed machine-learning analysis to study whether the degree distribution pattern of one data set could be used to discriminate between patients with schizophrenia and controls in the other data set. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia showed decreased centrality in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC) for the "2-back versus 0-back" contrast compared to healthy controls. The dPCC centrality pattern across all working-memory loads was an inverted U shape, with a left shift of this pattern in patients with schizophrenia. This reduced centrality was correlated with the severity of delusions and related to reduced functional connectivity between the dPCC and the dorsal precuneus. We replicated these results with the second data set, and the machine-learning analyses achieved an accuracy level of 71%. LIMITATIONS We used a limited n-back paradigm that precluded the examination of higher working-memory loads. CONCLUSION Schizophrenia is characterized by a load-dependent reduction of centrality in the dPCC, related to the severity of delusions. We suggest that restoring dPCC centrality in the presence of cognitive demands might have a therapeutic effect on persistent delusions in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Yang
- From the Department of Psychiatry, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (Wang, Xi, Liu, Deng, Zhang, Yang); the National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China (Wang, Xi, Liu, Deng, Zhang, Yang); the Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York (Cao); the Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York (Cao); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Palaniyappan); the Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ont. (Palaniyappan); the Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ont. (Palaniyappan)
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Executive Function-Related Improvements on a Commercial CBT-Based Weight Management Intervention: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148763. [PMID: 35886615 PMCID: PMC9320503 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Executive functioning is a key component involved in many of the processes necessary for effective weight management behavior change (e.g., setting goals). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and third-wave CBT (e.g., mindfulness) are considered first-line treatments for obesity, but it is unknown to what extent they can improve or sustain executive functioning in a generalized weight management intervention. This pilot randomized controlled trial examined if a CBT-based generalized weight management intervention would affect executive functioning and executive function-related brain activity in individuals with obesity or overweight. Participants were randomized to an intervention condition (N = 24) that received the Noom Weight program or to a control group (N = 26) receiving weekly educational newsletters. EEG measurements were taken during Flanker, Stroop, and N-back tasks at baseline and months 1 through 4. After 4 months, the intervention condition evidenced greater accuracy over time on the Flanker and Stroop tasks and, to a lesser extent, neural markers of executive function compared to the control group. The intervention condition also lost more weight than controls (−7.1 pounds vs. +1.0 pounds). Given mixed evidence on whether weight management interventions, particularly CBT-based weight management interventions, are associated with changes in markers of executive function, this pilot study contributes preliminary evidence that a multicomponent CBT-based weight management intervention (i.e., that which provides both support for weight management and is based on CBT) can help individuals sustain executive function over 4 months compared to controls.
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The effect of creative expression program in neurocognitive networks performance measured by task and resting-state functional MRI. Int Psychogeriatr 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35575053 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610222000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined the effects of a 16-week creative expression program on brain activity during a story creating task and resting-state functional network connectivity in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) adults. METHOD Thirty-six MCI adults were allocated to either the creative expression program (CrExp, n = 18) or control group (CG,n = 18). Before and after intervention, all participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during story creating task performance and a resting state. The two-group comparison was calculated between the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes for each cluster to investigate the differences in fMRI activation and functional connectivity (FC) between two groups. RESULTS Task activation analyses showed an increase in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG), right medial frontal gyrus (MFG), right lentiform nucleus (LN), left hippocampus (HIP), left middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and left cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL) (p < 0.05). Story creating performance improvements were associated with greater activation in the left HIP region. Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between left HIP and certain other brain areas shown a significant interaction of creative expression group versus control group. Moreover, connectivity between the right angular gyrus (ANG), right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), right superior occipital gyrus (SOG), left ANG, and left MFG were related to improved cognitive performance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data extend current knowledge by indicating that the creative expression program can improve cognitive activation in MCI, and these enhancements may be related to the neurocognitive network plasticity changes induced by creative expression training.
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Llana T, Fernandez-Baizan C, Mendez-Lopez M, Fidalgo C, Mendez M. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the neuropsychological assessment of spatial memory: A systematic review. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 224:103525. [PMID: 35123299 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive optical imaging technique that employs near-infrared light to measure cortical brain oxygenation. The use of fNIRS has increased exponentially in recent years. Spatial memory is defined as the ability to learn and use spatial information. This neuropsychological process is constantly used in our daily lives and can be measured by fNIRS but no research has reviewed whether this technique can be useful in the neuropsychological assessment of spatial memory. This study aimed to review empirical work on the use of fNIRS in the neuropsychological assessment of human spatial memory. We used four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science, and a total of 18 articles were found to be eligible. Most of the articles assessed spatial or visuospatial working memory with a predominance in computer-based tasks, used fNIRS equipment of 16 channels and mainly measured the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The studies analysed found linear or quadratic relationships between working memory load and PFC activity, greater activation of PFC activity and worse behavioural results in healthy older people in comparison with healthy adults, and hyperactivation of PFC as a form of compensation in clinical samples. We conclude that fNIRS is compatible with the standard neuropsychological assessment of spatial memory, making it possible to complement behavioural results with data of cortical functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Llana
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Faculty of Psychology, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Baizan
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Faculty of Psychology, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Neuroscience Institute of Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Faculty of Psychology, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Mendez-Lopez
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain; IIS Aragón, San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Camino Fidalgo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain; IIS Aragón, San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Marta Mendez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Faculty of Psychology, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Neuroscience Institute of Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Faculty of Psychology, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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29
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Ripp I, Wu Q, Wallenwein L, Emch M, Yakushev I, Koch K. Neuronal efficiency following n-back training task is accompanied by a higher cerebral glucose metabolism. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119095. [PMID: 35304266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies revealed lower neural activation during processing of an n-back task following working memory training, indicating a training-related increase in neural efficiency. In the present study, we asked if the training induced regional neural activation is accompanied by changes in glucose consumption. An active control and an experimental group of healthy middle-aged volunteers conducted 32 sessions of visual and verbal n-back trainings over 8 weeks. We analyzed data of 52 subjects (25 experimental and 27 control group) for practice effects underlying verbal working memory task and 50 subjects (24 experimental and 26 control group) for practice effects underlying visual WM task. The samples of these two tasks were nearly identical (data of 47 subjects were available for both verbal and visual tasks). Both groups completed neuroimaging sessions at a hybrid PET/MR system before and after training. Each session included criterion task fMRI and resting state positron emission tomography with FDG (FDG-PET). As reported previously, lower neural activation following n-back training was found in regions of the fronto-parieto-cerebellar circuitry during a verbal n-back task. Notably, these changes co-occurred spatially with a higher relative FDG-uptake. Decreased neural activation within regions of the fronto-parietal network during visual n-back task did not show co-occurring changes in relative FDG-uptake. There was no direct association between neuroimaging and behavioral measures, which could be due to the inter-subjects' variability in reaching capacity limits. Our findings provide new details for working memory training induced neural efficiency on a molecular level by integrating FDG-PET and fMRI measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ripp
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Lara Wallenwein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mónica Emch
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Martinsried, Germany
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Bruijel J, Quaedflieg CWEM, Otto T, van de Ven V, Stapert SZ, van Heugten C, Vermeeren A. Task-induced subjective fatigue and resting-state striatal connectivity following traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102936. [PMID: 35007852 PMCID: PMC8749448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue is a very frequent and disabling symptom in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Effects of task-induced fatigue on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Striatal rsFC relates differently to subjective fatigue in TBI compared to controls. Default mode network rsFC relates similar to subjective fatigue in TBI and controls.
Background People with traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience fatigue, but an understanding of the neural underpinnings of fatigue following TBI is still lacking. This study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to examine associations between functional connectivity (FC) changes and task-induced changes in subjective fatigue in people with moderate-severe TBI. Methods Sixteen people with moderate-severe TBI and 17 matched healthy controls (HC) performed an adaptive N-back task (working memory task) to induce cognitive fatigue. Before and after the task they rated their state fatigue level and underwent rs-fMRI. Seed-to-voxel analyses with seeds in areas involved in cognitive fatigue, namely the striatum and default mode network (DMN) including, medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, were performed. Results The adaptive N-back task was effective in inducing fatigue in both groups. Subjective task-induced fatigue was positively associated with FC between striatum and precuneus in people with TBI, while there was a negative association in HC. In contrast, subjective task-induced fatigue was negatively associated with FC between striatum and cerebellum in the TBI group, while there was no association in HC. Similar associations between task-induced subjective fatigue and DMN FC were found across the groups. Conclusions Our results suggest that the subjective experience of fatigue was linked to DMN connectivity in both groups and was differently associated with striatal connectivity in people with moderate-severe TBI compared to HC. Defining fatigue-induced neuronal network changes is pertinent to the development of treatments that target abnormal neuronal activity after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bruijel
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Limburg, the Netherlands.
| | - C W E M Quaedflieg
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T Otto
- Dept of Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - V van de Ven
- Dept of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - S Z Stapert
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Limburg, the Netherlands; Dept of Medical Psychology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - C van Heugten
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Limburg Brain Injury Centre, Limburg, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Dept of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - A Vermeeren
- Dept of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Neurophysiological Verbal Working Memory Patterns in Children: Searching for a Benchmark of Modality Differences in Audio/Video Stimuli Processing. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:4158580. [PMID: 34966418 PMCID: PMC8712130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4158580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of specific brain areas involved in verbal working memory (VWM) is a powerful but not widely used tool for the study of different sensory modalities, especially in children. In this study, for the first time, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate neurophysiological similarities and differences in response to the same verbal stimuli, expressed in the auditory and visual modality during the n-back task with varying memory load in children. Since VWM plays an important role in learning ability, we wanted to investigate whether children elaborated the verbal input from auditory and visual stimuli through the same neural patterns and if performance varies depending on the sensory modality. Performance in terms of reaction times was better in visual than auditory modality (p = 0.008) and worse as memory load increased regardless of the modality (p < 0.001). EEG activation was proportionally influenced by task level and was evidenced in theta band over the prefrontal cortex (p = 0.021), along the midline (p = 0.003), and on the left hemisphere (p = 0.003). Differences in the effects of the two modalities were seen only in gamma band in the parietal cortices (p = 0.009). The values of a brainwave-based engagement index, innovatively used here to test children in a dual-modality VWM paradigm, varied depending on n-back task level (p = 0.001) and negatively correlated (p = 0.002) with performance, suggesting its computational effectiveness in detecting changes in mental state during memory tasks involving children. Overall, our findings suggest that auditory and visual VWM involved the same brain cortical areas (frontal, parietal, occipital, and midline) and that the significant differences in cortical activation in theta band were more related to memory load than sensory modality, suggesting that VWM function in the child's brain involves a cross-modal processing pattern.
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The role of neural load effects in predicting individual differences in working memory function. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118656. [PMID: 34678433 PMCID: PMC8880845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of working memory (WM) function have tended to adopt either a within-subject approach, focusing on effects of load manipulations, or a between-subjects approach, focusing on individual differences. This dichotomy extends to WM neuroimaging studies, with different neural correlates being identified for within- and between-subjects variation in WM. Here, we examined this issue in a systematic fashion, leveraging the large-sample Human Connectome Project dataset, to conduct a well-powered, whole-brain analysis of the N-back WM task. We first demonstrate the advantages of parcellation schemes for dimension reduction, in terms of load-related effect sizes. This parcel-based approach is then utilized to directly compare the relationship between load-related (within-subject) and behavioral individual differences (between-subject) effects through both correlational and predictive analyses. The results suggest a strong linkage of within-subject and between-subject variation, with larger load-effects linked to stronger brain-behavior correlations. In frontoparietal cortex no hemispheric biases were found towards one type of variation, but the Dorsal Attention Network did exhibit greater sensitivity to between over within-subjects variation, whereas in the Somatomotor network, the reverse pattern was observed. Cross-validated predictive modeling capitalizing on this tight relationship between the two effects indicated greater predictive power for load-activated than load-deactivated parcels, while also demonstrating that load-related effect size can serve as an effective guide to feature (i.e., parcel) selection, in maximizing predictive power while maintaining interpretability. Together, the findings demonstrate an important consistency across within- and between-subjects approaches to identifying the neural substrates of WM, which can be effectively harnessed to develop more powerful predictive models.
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Fietz J, Pöhlchen D, Binder FP, Czisch M, Sämann PG, Spoormaker VI. Pupillometry tracks cognitive load and salience network activity in a working memory functional magnetic resonance imaging task. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:665-680. [PMID: 34622518 PMCID: PMC8720183 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The diameter of the human pupil tracks working memory processing and is associated with activity in the frontoparietal network. At the same time, recent neuroimaging research has linked human pupil fluctuations to activity in the salience network. In this combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)/pupillometry study, we recorded the pupil size of healthy human participants while they performed a blockwise organized working memory task (N‐back) inside an MRI scanner in order to monitor the pupil fluctuations associated neural activity during working memory processing. We first confirmed that mean pupil size closely followed working memory load. Combining this with fMRI data, we focused on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) correlates of mean pupil size modeled onto the task blocks as a parametric modulation. Interrogating this modulated task regressor, we were able to retrieve the frontoparietal network. Next, to fully exploit the within‐block dynamics, we divided the blocks into 1 s time bins and filled these with corresponding pupil change values (first‐order derivative of pupil size). We found that pupil change within N‐back blocks was positively correlated with BOLD amplitudes in the areas of the salience network (namely bilateral insula, and anterior cingulate cortex). Taken together, fMRI with simultaneous measurement of pupil parameters constitutes a valuable tool to dissect working memory subprocesses related to both working memory load and salience of the presented stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fietz
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian P Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Victor I Spoormaker
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Vicarious value learning by differential outcomes training: A social transfer of control methodology. MethodsX 2021; 8:101294. [PMID: 34434814 PMCID: PMC8374299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article adapts an existing experimental protocol for assessing individuals’ ability to transfer knowledge across instrumental and pavlovian learning stages. The protocol (Transfer of Control using differential outcomes learning) is adapted to fit social contexts wherein the pavlovian learning phase is modulated so that individuals are able to observe, and potentially learn from, the stimulus associated with reinforcing outcomes presented to another (observable) individual. Transfer of Control concerns participants combining knowledge of learned instrumental and pavlovian (stimulus, response, outcome) associations in order to ground the learning of new associations. The article describes the theoretical and procedural underpinnings of a novel Social Transfer of Control methodology. The use of such a methodology is two-fold: i) to serve as a guide to researchers interested in evaluating how individuals can learn from others in a partially observable setting, i.e. when behavioural and reinforcing outcome information is hidden, and bring to bear this knowledge on their own instrumental decision making; ii), to facilitate investigation of the routes of cognitive and emotional empathy, with potential applications for educational and clinical settings.Three stage Transfer of Control behavioural methodology is adapted to include a social (pavlovian) learning stage. Hypotheses can be tested that concern learning rewarding instrumental responses achieved by observation of others’ emotionally expressive reactions to differentially rewarding outcomes. Methodological and validation considerations for evaluating the above are presented
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Jo S, Kim HC, Lustig N, Chen G, Lee JH. Mixed-effects multilevel analysis followed by canonical correlation analysis is an effective fMRI tool for the investigation of idiosyncrasies. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5374-5396. [PMID: 34415651 PMCID: PMC8519860 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that regions-of-interest (ROIs) associated with idiosyncratic individual behavior can be identified from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data using statistical approaches that explicitly model individual variability in neuronal activations, such as mixed-effects multilevel analysis (MEMA). We also show that the relationship between neuronal activation in fMRI and behavioral data can be modeled using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). A real-world dataset for the neuronal response to nicotine use was acquired using a custom-made MRI-compatible apparatus for the smoking of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Nineteen participants smoked e-cigarettes in an MRI scanner using the apparatus with two experimental conditions: e-cigarettes with nicotine (ECIG) and sham e-cigarettes without nicotine (SCIG) and subjective ratings were collected. The right insula was identified in the ECIG condition from the χ2 -test of the MEMA but not from the t-test, and the corresponding activations were significantly associated with the similarity scores (r = -.52, p = .041, confidence interval [CI] = [-0.78, -0.17]) and the urge-to-smoke scores (r = .73, p <.001, CI = [0.52, 0.88]). From the contrast between the two conditions (i.e., ECIG > SCIG), the right orbitofrontal cortex was identified from the χ2 -tests, and the corresponding neuronal activations showed a statistically meaningful association with similarity (r = -.58, p = .01, CI = [-0.84, -0.17]) and the urge to smoke (r = .34, p = .15, CI = [0.09, 0.56]). The validity of our analysis pipeline (i.e., MEMA followed by CCA) was further evaluated using the fMRI and behavioral data acquired from the working memory and gambling tasks available from the Human Connectome Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungman Jo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niv Lustig
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yeung MK, Lee TL, Han YMY, Chan AS. Prefrontal activation and pupil dilation during n-back task performance: A combined fNIRS and pupillometry study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 159:107954. [PMID: 34252415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The n-back task is one of the most commonly used working memory (WM) paradigms in cognitive neuroscience. Converging evidence suggests activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and pupil dilation [a proxy for locus coeruleus (LC) activation] during this task. However, it remains unclear whether the lateral PFC and the LC are functionally associated during n-back task performance. This study's aim was to examine the relationship between changes in lateral PFC activity and the pupil diameter and to evaluate the effect of WM load on such relationship during the n-back task. Thirty-nine healthy young adults (10 males, 29 females) underwent a number n-back paradigm with 0- and 3-back conditions. Their prefrontal hemodynamics and changes in pupil size during task performance were simultaneously measured using a 16-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) device and a wearable eye tracker. Young adults exhibited significant activation in the bilateral lateral PFC and significant increases in pupil size when the WM load was high (i.e., 3-back) but not low (i.e., 0-back) compared with the resting period. Interestingly, significant positive correlations were found between changes in lateral PFC activity and pupil size during the 0-back task only. These correlations tended to be stronger during the 0-back than the 3-back condition. Thus, the functional relationship between the lateral PFC and the LC may vary at different load levels during the n-back task. Our findings have important implications for neuropsychiatric research and support concurrent fNIRS and pupillometric measurements for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying WM processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Yeung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz L Lee
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yvonne M Y Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, SAR, Hong Kong, China
| | - Agnes S Chan
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong, China; Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-being, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR, Hong Kong, China.
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Neural correlates of individual variation in two-back working memory and the relationship with fluid intelligence. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9980. [PMID: 33976306 PMCID: PMC8113462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory has been examined extensively using the N-back task. However, less is known about the neural bases underlying individual variation in the accuracy rate (AR) and reaction time (RT) as metrics of N-back performance. Whereas AR indexes the overall performance, RT may more specifically reflect the efficiency in updating target identify. Further, studies have associated fluid intelligence (Gf) with working memory, but the cerebral correlates shared between Gf and N-back performance remain unclear. We addressed these issues using the Human Connectome Project dataset. We quantified the differences in AR (critical success index or CSI) and RT between 2- and 0-backs (CSI2–0 and RT2–0) and identified the neural correlates of individual variation in CSI2–0, RT2–0, and Gf, as indexed by the number of correct items scored in the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test. The results showed that CSI2–0 and RT2–0 were negatively correlated, suggesting that a prolonged response time did not facilitate accuracy. At voxel p < 0.05, FWE-corrected, the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA), bilateral frontoparietal cortex (biFPC) and right anterior insula (rAI) showed activities in negative correlation with CSI2–0 and positive correlation with RT2–0. In contrast, a cluster in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) bordering the SMA showed activities in positive correlation with CSI2–0 and negative correlation with RT2–0. Further, path analyses showed a significant fit of the model dACC → RT2–0 → CSI2–0, suggesting a critical role of target switching in determining performance accuracy. Individual variations in RT2–0 and Gf were positively correlated, although the effect size was small (f2 = 0.0246). RT2–0 and Gf shared activities both in positive correlation with the preSMA, biFPC, rAI, and dorsal precuneus. These results together suggest inter-related neural substrates of individual variation in N-back performance and highlight a complex relationship in the neural processes supporting 2-back and RSPM performance.
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Platelet MAO activity and COMT Val158Met genotype interaction predicts visual working memory updating efficiency. Behav Brain Res 2021; 407:113255. [PMID: 33745984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The exact mechanism how serotonergic and dopaminergic systems relate to one another in working memory (WM) updating is unknown. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been used as a marker for central serotonergic capacity, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) as a marker for central dopaminergic capacity. This study aimed to describe the interaction of platelet MAO activity and COMT Val158Met genotype in visual working memory updating: the ability to replace old information with new within hundreds of milliseconds. Previous studies suggest that platelet MAO activity and COMT Val158Met genotype could have an interaction effect on working memory. However, there are no studies that have directly examined the interaction of these biomarkers in WM updating. We used a 2-back updating task with facial expressions and defined updating efficiency as response times for correct responses. 455 subjects from a population representative sample were included. Mixed models were used for data analysis with an aim to study the interaction of COMT Val158Met genotype (Val/Val, Val/Met and Met/Met) and the level of MAO activity (high vs low). Education, IQ, sex, simple reaction times, and overall updating accuracy were included as covariates. We found that the effect of COMT Val158Met on updating efficiency depends on the level of platelet MAO activity. Low MAO in contrast to high MAO was associated with an increase in updating efficiency in Val/Met but a decrease in Met/Met. The results are discussed in the context of serotonin and dopamine functions in brain regions related to WM. The findings support the view that serotonin modulates dopaminergic activation in updating and contribute to understanding the role of serotonin in PFC, top-down inhibitory signals, and its interactions with dopamine in WM processes.
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Dowdle LT, Ghose G, Ugurbil K, Yacoub E, Vizioli L. Clarifying the role of higher-level cortices in resolving perceptual ambiguity using ultra high field fMRI. Neuroimage 2021; 227:117654. [PMID: 33333319 PMCID: PMC10614695 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is organized into distinct, flexible networks. Within these networks, cognitive variables such as attention can modulate sensory representations in accordance with moment-to-moment behavioral requirements. These modulations can be studied by varying task demands; however, the tasks employed are often incongruent with the postulated functions of a sensory system, limiting the characterization of the system in relation to natural behaviors. Here we combine domain-specific task manipulations and ultra-high field fMRI to study the nature of top-down modulations. We exploited faces, a visual category underpinned by a complex cortical network, and instructed participants to perform either a stimulus-relevant/domain-specific or a stimulus-irrelevant task in the scanner. We found that 1. perceptual ambiguity (i.e. difficulty of achieving a stable percept) is encoded in top-down modulations from higher-level cortices; 2. the right inferior-temporal lobe is active under challenging conditions and uniquely encodes trial-by-trial variability in face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Dowdle
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
| | - Geoffrey Ghose
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kamil Ugurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Essa Yacoub
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Luca Vizioli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 500 SE Harvard St, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
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Moreno-Alcázar A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribases M, Sánchez-Mora C, Palomar G, Bosch R, Salavert J, Fortea L, Monté-Rubio GC, Canales-Rodríguez EJ, Milham MP, Castellanos FX, Casas M, Pomarol-Clotet E, Radua J. Brain structural and functional substrates of ADGRL3 (latrophilin 3) haplotype in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2373. [PMID: 33504901 PMCID: PMC7840726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the gene encoding the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3; formerly latrophilin 3, LPHN3) is associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Conversely, no studies have investigated the anatomical or functional brain substrates of ADGRL3 risk variants. We examined here whether individuals with different ADGRL3 haplotypes, including both patients with ADHD and healthy controls, showed differences in brain anatomy and function. We recruited and genotyped adult patients with combined type ADHD and healthy controls to achieve a sample balanced for age, sex, premorbid IQ, and three ADGRL3 haplotype groups (risk, protective, and others). The final sample (n = 128) underwent structural and functional brain imaging (voxel-based morphometry and n-back working memory fMRI). We analyzed the brain structural and functional effects of ADHD, haplotypes, and their interaction, covarying for age, sex, and medication. Individuals (patients or controls) with the protective haplotype showed strong, widespread hypo-activation in the frontal cortex extending to inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. Individuals (patients or controls) with the risk haplotype also showed hypo-activation, more focused in the right temporal cortex. Patients showed parietal hyper-activation. Disorder-haplotype interactions, as well as structural findings, were not statistically significant. To sum up, both protective and risk ADGRL3 haplotypes are associated with substantial brain hypo-activation during working memory tasks, stressing this gene's relevance in cognitive brain function. Conversely, we did not find brain effects of the interactions between adult ADHD and ADGRL3 haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno-Alcázar
- FIDMAG Research Foundation, C/. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre Forum Research Unit, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions (INAD), Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep A Ramos-Quiroga
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribases
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Palomar
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Salavert
- FIDMAG Research Foundation, C/. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Sant Rafael Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Fortea
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/. Rosselló, 149, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma C Monté-Rubio
- FIDMAG Research Foundation, C/. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erick J Canales-Rodríguez
- FIDMAG Research Foundation, C/. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Signal Processing Lab (LTS5), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Milham
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miquel Casas
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall D'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Research Foundation, C/. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Radua
- FIDMAG Research Foundation, C/. Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 38, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), C/. Rosselló, 149, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Lydon-Staley DM, Cornblath EJ, Blevins AS, Bassett DS. Modeling brain, symptom, and behavior in the winds of change. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:20-32. [PMID: 32859996 PMCID: PMC7689481 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychopharmacology addresses pressing questions in the study of three intertwined complex systems: the brain, human behavior, and symptoms of illness. The field seeks to understand the perturbations that impinge upon those systems, either driving greater health or illness. In the pursuit of this aim, investigators often perform analyses that make certain assumptions about the nature of the systems that are being perturbed. Those assumptions can be encoded in powerful computational models that serve to bridge the wide gulf between a descriptive analysis and a formal theory of a system's response. Here we review a set of three such models along a continuum of complexity, moving from a local treatment to a network treatment: one commonly applied form of the general linear model, impulse response models, and network control models. For each, we describe the model's basic form, review its use in the field, and provide a frank assessment of its relative strengths and weaknesses. The discussion naturally motivates future efforts to interlink data analysis, computational modeling, and formal theory. Our goal is to inspire practitioners to consider the assumptions implicit in their analytical approach, align those assumptions to the complexity of the systems under study, and take advantage of exciting recent advances in modeling the relations between perturbations and system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lydon-Staley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eli J Cornblath
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ann Sizemore Blevins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA.
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Xu JJ, Ren M, Zhao JJ, Wu JJ, Zhang SC, Zhong YB, Xu ST, Cao ZY, Zhou ZQ, Li YL, Shan CL. Effectiveness of theta and gamma electroacupuncture for post-stroke patients on working memory and electrophysiology: study protocol for a double-center, randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham-controlled, parallel, clinical trial. Trials 2020; 21:910. [PMID: 33148333 PMCID: PMC7641837 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine have suggested that electroacupuncture (EA) could improve post-stroke cognitive impairment, based on the clinical evidence. This study protocol is aimed at showing the effectiveness of theta and gamma EA for post-stroke patients on working memory (WM) and electrophysiology. METHODS After assessing their eligibility, 66 patients with stroke will be enrolled from two Chinese medicine hospitals and randomly divided into theta frequency EA group, gamma frequency EA group, and sham-EA group according to the ratio of 1:1:1. All patients will receive 20 sessions of EA procedures for 4 weeks. Patients in three groups will receive EA at two same acupoints in the head: Baihui (GV20) and Shenting (GV24). The frequency of the three groups of EA is set as follows: 6 Hz (theta-EA group), 40 Hz (gamma-EA group), and no current through the electrodes (sham EA). Patients and assessors will be blinded throughout the entire study. The primary outcome is the performance accuracy of 1-back task which is a frequently used measure of WM in cognitive neuroscience research contexts. Secondary outcome measures will include the response time of 1-back task, the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, Trail Making Test, Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment Scale, modified Barthel Index, and electroencephalogram (EEG) signals during 1-back tasks. A blinding index will be assessed. Data will be statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, at 5% of significance level. DISCUSSION We expect this double-center, randomized, patient- and assessor-blinded, sham-controlled, parallel, clinical trial to explore the effectiveness of theta and gamma EA therapy, compared with sham EA, for post-stroke WM. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000031995 . Registered on 17 April 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200000, China.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Meng Ren
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jing-Jun Zhao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Si-Cong Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yan-Biao Zhong
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Shu-Tian Xu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Zhong-Yao Cao
- Anhui Wannan Rehabilitation Hospital, 3 Zheshang road, Jinghu District, Wuhu City, 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yuan-Li Li
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Chun-Lei Shan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200000, China. .,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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