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Shimizu T, Nomachi T, Matsumoto K, Hisamoto N. A cytidine deaminase regulates axon regeneration by modulating the functions of the Caenorhabditis elegans HGF/plasminogen family protein SVH-1. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011367. [PMID: 39058749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathway for axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans is activated by SVH-1, a growth factor belonging to the HGF/plasminogen family. SVH-1 is a dual-function factor that acts as an HGF-like growth factor to promote axon regeneration and as a protease to regulate early development. It is important to understand how SVH-1 is converted from a protease to a growth factor for axon regeneration. In this study, we demonstrate that cytidine deaminase (CDD) SVH-17/CDD-2 plays a role in the functional conversion of SVH-1. We find that the codon exchange of His-755 to Tyr in the Asp-His-Ser catalytic triad of SVH-1 can suppress the cdd-2 defect in axon regeneration. Furthermore, the stem hairpin structure around the His-755 site in svh-1 mRNA is required for the activation of axon regeneration by SVH-1. These results suggest that CDD-2 promotes axon regeneration by transforming the function of SVH-1 from a protease to a growth factor through modification of svh-1 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nomachi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Yang J, Zhang S, Li X, Chen Z, Xu J, Chen J, Tan Y, Li G, Yu B, Gu X, Xu L. Convergent and divergent transcriptional reprogramming of motor and sensory neurons underlying response to peripheral nerve injury. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00292-3. [PMID: 39002719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor neurons differ from sensory neurons in aspects including origins and surrounding environment. Understanding the similarities and differences in molecular response to peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and regeneration between sensory and motor neurons is crucial for developing effective drug targets for CNS regeneration. However, genome-wide comparisons of molecular changes between sensory and motor neurons following PNI remains limited. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate genome-wide convergence and divergence of injury response between sensory and motor neurons to identify novel drug targets for neural repair. METHODS We analyzed two large-scale RNA-seq datasets of in situ captured sensory neurons (SNs) and motoneurons (MNs) upon PNI, retinal ganglion cells and spinal cord upon CNS injury. Additionally, we integrated these with other related single-cell level datasets. Bootstrap DESeq2 and WGCNA were used to detect and explore co-expression modules of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RESULTS We found that SNs and MNs exhibited similar injury states, but with a delayed response in MNs. We identified a conserved regeneration-associated module (cRAM) with 274 shared DEGs. Of which, 47% of DEGs could be changed in injured neurons supported by single-cell resolution datasets. We also identified some less-studied candidates in cRAM, including genes associated with transcription, ubiquitination (Rnf122), and neuron-immune cells cross-talk. Further in vitro experiments confirmed a novel role of Rnf122 in axon growth. Analysis of the top 10% of DEGs with a large divergence suggested that both extrinsic (e.g., immune microenvironment) and intrinsic factors (e.g., development) contributed to expression divergence between SNs and MNs following injury. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive analysis revealed convergent and divergent injury response genes in SNs and MNs, providing new insights into transcriptional reprogramming of sensory and motor neurons responding to axonal injury and subsequent regeneration. It also identified some novel regeneration-associated candidates that may facilitate the development of strategies for axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Deyang 618000, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Xiaodi Li
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Ya Tan
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Guicai Li
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Lian Xu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China.
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3
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Meisel JD, Wiesenthal PP, Mootha VK, Ruvkun G. CMTR-1 RNA methyltransferase mutations activate widespread expression of a dopaminergic neuron-specific mitochondrial complex I gene. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2728-2738.e6. [PMID: 38810637 PMCID: PMC11265314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial proteome is comprised of approximately 1,100 proteins,1 all but 12 of which are encoded by the nuclear genome in C. elegans. The expression of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins varies widely across cell lineages and metabolic states,2,3,4 but the factors that specify these programs are not known. Here, we identify mutations in two nuclear-localized mRNA processing proteins, CMTR1/CMTR-1 and SRRT/ARS2/SRRT-1, which we show act via the same mechanism to rescue the mitochondrial complex I mutant NDUFS2/gas-1(fc21). CMTR-1 is an FtsJ-family RNA methyltransferase that, in mammals, 2'-O-methylates the first nucleotide 3' to the mRNA CAP to promote RNA stability and translation5,6,7,8. The mutations isolated in cmtr-1 are dominant and lie exclusively in the regulatory G-patch domain. SRRT-1 is an RNA binding partner of the nuclear cap-binding complex and determines mRNA transcript fate.9 We show that cmtr-1 and srrt-1 mutations activate embryonic expression of NDUFS2/nduf-2.2, a paralog of NDUFS2/gas-1 normally expressed only in dopaminergic neurons, and that nduf-2.2 is necessary for the complex I rescue by the cmtr-1 G-patch mutant. Additionally, we find that loss of the cmtr-1 G-patch domain cause ectopic localization of CMTR-1 protein to processing bodies (P bodies), phase-separated organelles involved in mRNA storage and decay.10 P-body localization of the G-patch mutant CMTR-1 contributes to the rescue of the hyperoxia sensitivity of the NDUFS2/gas-1 mutant. This study suggests that mRNA methylation at P bodies may control nduf-2.2 gene expression, with broader implications for how the mitochondrial proteome is translationally remodeled in the face of tissue-specific metabolic requirements and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Meisel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Presli P Wiesenthal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Gary Ruvkun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Sandhu A, Lyu X, Wan X, Meng X, Tang NH, Gonzalez G, Syed IN, Chen L, Jin Y, Chisholm AD. The microtubule regulator EFA-6 forms spatially restricted cortical foci dependent on its intrinsically disordered region and interactions with tubulins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.14.588158. [PMID: 38645057 PMCID: PMC11030407 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.14.588158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cytoskeleton and play essential roles in morphogenesis and maintenance of tissue and cell integrity. Despite recent advances in understanding MT ultrastructure, organization, and growth control, how cells regulate MT organization at the cell cortex remains poorly understood. The EFA-6/EFA6 proteins are recently identified membrane-associated proteins that inhibit cortical MT dynamics. Here, combining visualization of endogenously tagged C. elegans EFA-6 with genetic screening, we uncovered tubulin-dependent regulation of EFA-6 patterning. In the mature epidermal epithelium, EFA-6 forms punctate foci in specific regions of the apical cortex, dependent on its intrinsically disordered region (IDR). We further show the EFA-6 IDR is sufficient to form biomolecular condensates in vitro. In screens for mutants with altered GFP::EFA-6 localization, we identified a novel gain-of-function (gf) mutation in an α-tubulin tba-1 that induces ectopic EFA-6 foci in multiple cell types. tba-1(gf) animals exhibit temperature-sensitive embryonic lethality, which is partially suppressed by efa-6(lf), indicating the interaction between tubulins and EFA-6 is important for normal development. TBA-1(gf) shows reduced incorporation into filamentous MTs but has otherwise mild effects on cellular MT organization. The ability of TBA-1(gf) to trigger ectopic EFA-6 foci formation requires β-tubulin TBB-2 and the chaperon EVL-20/Arl2. The tba-1(gf)-induced EFA-6 foci display slower turnover, contain the MT-associated protein TAC-1/TACC, and require the EFA-6 MTED. Our results reveal a novel crosstalk between cellular tubulins and cortical MT regulators in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sandhu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Xiaohui Lyu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Xinghaoyun Wan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Xuefeng Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Ngang Heok Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Gilberto Gonzalez
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ishana N. Syed
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yishi Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Andrew D. Chisholm
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, CA 92093 USA
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5
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Asghari Adib E, Shadrach JL, Reilly-Jankowiak L, Dwivedi MK, Rogers AE, Shahzad S, Passino R, Giger RJ, Pierchala BA, Collins CA. DLK signaling in axotomized neurons triggers complement activation and loss of upstream synapses. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113801. [PMID: 38363678 PMCID: PMC11088462 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Axotomized spinal motoneurons (MNs) lose presynaptic inputs following peripheral nerve injury; however, the cellular mechanisms that lead to this form of synapse loss are currently unknown. Here, we delineate a critical role for neuronal kinase dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK)/MAP3K12, which becomes activated in axotomized neurons. Studies with conditional knockout mice indicate that DLK signaling activation in injured MNs triggers the induction of phagocytic microglia and synapse loss. Aspects of the DLK-regulated response include expression of C1q first from the axotomized MN and then later in surrounding microglia, which subsequently phagocytose presynaptic components of upstream synapses. Pharmacological ablation of microglia inhibits the loss of cholinergic C boutons from axotomized MNs. Together, the observations implicate a neuronal mechanism, governed by the DLK, in the induction of inflammation and the removal of synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Asghari Adib
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shadrach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Manish K Dwivedi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Abigail E Rogers
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shameena Shahzad
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian A Pierchala
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Catherine A Collins
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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6
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Klinkovskij A, Shepelev M, Isaakyan Y, Aniskin D, Ulasov I. Advances of Genome Editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in Neurodegeneration: The Right Path towards Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3333. [PMID: 38137554 PMCID: PMC10741756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is rising rapidly as the world's population ages. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia are becoming more prevalent and are now the fourth leading cause of death, following heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Although modern diagnostic techniques for detecting NDDs are varied, scientists are continuously seeking new and improved methods to enable early and precise detection. In addition to that, the present treatment options are limited to symptomatic therapy, which is effective in reducing the progression of neurodegeneration but lacks the ability to target the root cause-progressive loss of neuronal functioning. As a result, medical researchers continue to explore new treatments for these conditions. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the key features of NDDs and an overview of the underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune dysfunction. Additionally, we dive into the cutting-edge treatment options that gene therapy provides in the quest to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Klinkovskij
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Mikhail Shepelev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yuri Isaakyan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Denis Aniskin
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
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7
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Dahlin LB. The Dynamics of Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration in a Healthy Milieu and in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15241. [PMID: 37894921 PMCID: PMC10607341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate animal models, mimicking conditions of both health and disease, are needed to understand not only the biology and the physiology of neurons and other cells under normal conditions but also under stress conditions, like nerve injuries and neuropathy. In such conditions, understanding how genes and different factors are activated through the well-orchestrated programs in neurons and other related cells is crucial. Knowledge about key players associated with nerve regeneration intended for axonal outgrowth, migration of Schwann cells with respect to suitable substrates, invasion of macrophages, appropriate conditioning of extracellular matrix, activation of fibroblasts, formation of endothelial cells and blood vessels, and activation of other players in healthy and diabetic conditions is relevant. Appropriate physical and chemical attractions and repulsions are needed for an optimal and directed regeneration and are investigated in various nerve injury and repair/reconstruction models using healthy and diabetic rat models with relevant blood glucose levels. Understanding dynamic processes constantly occurring in neuropathies, like diabetic neuropathy, with concomitant degeneration and regeneration, requires advanced technology and bioinformatics for an integrated view of the behavior of different cell types based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and imaging at different visualization levels. Single-cell-transcriptional profile analysis of different cells may reveal any heterogeneity among key players in peripheral nerves in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Dahlin
- Department of Translational Medicine—Hand Surgery, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden; ; Tel.: +46-40-33-17-24
- Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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8
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McCarthy M, Dodd WB, Lu X, Pritko DJ, Patel ND, Haskell CV, Sanabria H, Blenner MA, Birtwistle MR. Theory for High-Throughput Genetic Interaction Screening. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2290-2300. [PMID: 37463472 PMCID: PMC10443530 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Systematic, genome-scale genetic screens have been instrumental for elucidating genotype-phenotype relationships, but approaches for probing genetic interactions have been limited to at most ∼100 pre-selected gene combinations in mammalian cells. Here, we introduce a theory for high-throughput genetic interaction screens. The theory extends our recently developed Multiplexing using Spectral Imaging and Combinatorics (MuSIC) approach to propose ∼105 spectrally unique, genetically encoded MuSIC barcodes from 18 currently available fluorescent proteins. Simulation studies based on constraints imposed by spectral flow cytometry equipment suggest that genetic interaction screens at the human genome-scale may be possible if MuSIC barcodes can be paired to guide RNAs. While experimental testing of this theory awaits, it offers transformative potential for genetic perturbation technology and knowledge of genetic function. More broadly, the availability of a genome-scale spectral barcode library for non-destructive identification of single cells could find more widespread applications such as traditional genetic screening and high-dimensional lineage tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline
E. McCarthy
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - William B. Dodd
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pritko
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Nishi D. Patel
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Charlotte V. Haskell
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Hugo Sanabria
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Mark A. Blenner
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Marc R. Birtwistle
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
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9
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Wlaschin JJ, Donahue C, Gluski J, Osborne JF, Ramos LM, Silberberg H, Le Pichon CE. Promoting regeneration while blocking cell death preserves motor neuron function in a model of ALS. Brain 2023; 146:2016-2028. [PMID: 36342754 PMCID: PMC10411937 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating and fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons with very few treatment options. We had previously found that motor neuron degeneration in a mouse model of ALS can be delayed by deleting the axon damage sensor MAP3K12 or dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK). However, DLK is also involved in axon regeneration, prompting us to ask whether combining DLK deletion with a way to promote axon regeneration would result in greater motor neuron protection. To achieve this, we used a mouse line that constitutively expresses ATF3, a master regulator of regeneration in neurons. Although there is precedence for each individual strategy in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, these have not previously been combined. By several lines of evidence including motor neuron electrophysiology, histology and behaviour, we observed a powerful synergy when combining DLK deletion with ATF3 expression. The combinatorial strategy resulted in significant protection of motor neurons with fewer undergoing cell death, reduced axon degeneration and preservation of motor function and connectivity to muscle. This study provides a demonstration of the power of combinatorial therapy to treat neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josette J Wlaschin
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Caroline Donahue
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacob Gluski
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer F Osborne
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leana M Ramos
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hanna Silberberg
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claire E Le Pichon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Vijayaraghavan T, Dhananjay S, Ho XY, Giordano-Santini R, Hilliard M, Neumann B. The dynamin GTPase mediates regenerative axonal fusion in Caenorhabditis elegans by regulating fusogen levels. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad114. [PMID: 37181046 PMCID: PMC10167995 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Axonal fusion is a neuronal repair mechanism that results in the reconnection of severed axon fragments, leading to the restoration of cytoplasmic continuity and neuronal function. While synaptic vesicle recycling has been linked to axonal regeneration, its role in axonal fusion remains unknown. Dynamin proteins are large GTPases that hydrolyze lipid-binding membranes to carry out clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle recycling. Here, we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans dynamin protein DYN-1 is a key component of the axonal fusion machinery. Animals carrying a temperature-sensitive allele of dyn-1(ky51) displayed wild-type levels of axonal fusion at the permissive temperature (15°C) but presented strongly reduced levels at the restrictive temperature (25°C). Furthermore, the average length of regrowth was significantly diminished in dyn-1(ky51) animals at the restrictive temperature. The expression of wild-type DYN-1 cell-autonomously into dyn-1(ky51) mutant animals rescued both the axonal fusion and regrowth defects. Furthermore, DYN-1 was not required prior to axonal injury, suggesting that it functions specifically after injury to control axonal fusion. Finally, using epistatic analyses and superresolution imaging, we demonstrate that DYN-1 regulates the levels of the fusogen protein EFF-1 post-injury to mediate axonal fusion. Together, these results establish DYN-1 as a novel regulator of axonal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarika Vijayaraghavan
- Neuroscience Programme, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Samiksha Dhananjay
- Neuroscience Programme, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Xue Yan Ho
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rosina Giordano-Santini
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Massimo Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Neuroscience Programme, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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11
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Bu H, Li Z, Lu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhen Y, Zhang L. Deciphering the multifunctional role of dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and its therapeutic potential in disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115404. [PMID: 37098296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12), a serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a key role in neuronal development, as it regulates axon regeneration and degeneration through its downstream kinase. Importantly, DLK is closely related to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases and the induction of β-cell apoptosis that leads to diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of DLK function, and then discuss the role of DLK signaling in human diseases. Furthermore, various types of small molecule inhibitors of DLK that have been published so far are described in detail in this paper, providing some strategies for the design of DLK small molecule inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Bu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhuang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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12
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Zhao P, Mondal S, Martin C, DuPlissis A, Chizari S, Ma KY, Maiya R, Messing RO, Jiang N, Ben-Yakar A. Femtosecond laser microdissection for isolation of regenerating C. elegans neurons for single-cell RNA sequencing. Nat Methods 2023; 20:590-599. [PMID: 36928074 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of nerve regeneration can be enhanced by delineating its underlying molecular activities at single-neuron resolution in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans. Existing cell isolation techniques cannot isolate neurons with specific regeneration phenotypes from C. elegans. We present femtosecond laser microdissection (fs-LM), a single-cell isolation method that dissects specific cells directly from living tissue by leveraging the micrometer-scale precision of fs-laser ablation. We show that fs-LM facilitates sensitive and specific gene expression profiling by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), while mitigating the stress-related transcriptional artifacts induced by tissue dissociation. scRNA-seq of fs-LM isolated regenerating neurons revealed transcriptional programs that are correlated with either successful or failed regeneration in wild-type and dlk-1 (0) animals, respectively. This method also allowed studying heterogeneity displayed by the same type of neuron and found gene modules with expression patterns correlated with axon regrowth rate. Our results establish fs-LM as a spatially resolved single-cell isolation method for phenotype-to-genotype mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisen Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sudip Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chris Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Andrew DuPlissis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shahab Chizari
- Deparment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ke-Yue Ma
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Rajani Maiya
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert O Messing
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Deparment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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13
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de Lima FMR, Abrahão I, Pentagna N, Carneiro K. Gradual specialization of phagocytic ameboid cells may have impaired regenerative capacities in metazoan lineages. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:343-362. [PMID: 36205096 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal regeneration is a fascinating field of research that has captured the attention of many generations of scientists. Among the cellular mechanisms underlying tissue and organ regeneration, we highlight the role of phagocytic ameboid cells (PACs). Beyond their ability to engulf nutritional particles, microbes, and apoptotic cells, their involvement in regeneration has been widely documented. It has been extensively described that, at least in part, animal regenerative mechanisms rely on PACs that serve as a hub for a range of critical physiological functions, both in health and disease. Considering the phylogenetics of PAC evolution, and the loss and gain of nutritional, immunological, and regenerative potential across Metazoa, we aim to discuss when and how phagocytic activity was first co-opted to regenerative tissue repair. We propose that the gradual specialization of PACs during metazoan derivation may have contributed to the loss of regenerative potential in animals, with critical impacts on potential translational strategies for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Matheus Ribeiro de Lima
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Developmental Biology, Postgraduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella Abrahão
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Pentagna
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Pathological Anatomy), Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Laboratory of Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Developmental Biology, Postgraduate Program in Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine (Pathological Anatomy), Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Rizk E, Madrid A, Koueik J, Sun D, Stewart K, Chen D, Luo S, Hong F, Papale LA, Hariharan N, Alisch RS, Iskandar BJ. Purified regenerating retinal neurons reveal regulatory role of DNA methylation-mediated Na+/K+-ATPase in murine axon regeneration. Commun Biol 2023; 6:120. [PMID: 36717618 PMCID: PMC9886953 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
While embryonic mammalian central nervous system (CNS) axons readily grow and differentiate, only a minority of fully differentiated mature CNS neurons are able to regenerate injured axons, leading to stunted functional recovery after injury and disease. To delineate DNA methylation changes specifically associated with axon regeneration, we used a Fluorescent-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based methodology in a rat optic nerve transection model to segregate the injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) into regenerating and non-regenerating cell populations. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiling of these purified neurons revealed genes and pathways linked to mammalian RGC regeneration. Moreover, whole-methylome sequencing of purified uninjured adult and embryonic RGCs identified embryonic molecular profiles reactivated after injury in mature neurons, and others that correlate specifically with embryonic or adult axon growth, but not both. The results highlight the contribution to both embryonic growth and adult axon regeneration of subunits encoding the Na+/K+-ATPase. In turn, both biochemical and genetic inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump significantly reduced RGC axon regeneration. These data provide critical molecular insights into mammalian CNS axon regeneration, pinpoint the Na+/K+-ATPase as a key regulator of regeneration of injured mature CNS axons, and suggest that successful regeneration requires, in part, reactivation of embryonic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Rizk
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA ,grid.240473.60000 0004 0543 9901Department of Neurological Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Andy Madrid
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Joyce Koueik
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Krista Stewart
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - David Chen
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Susan Luo
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Felissa Hong
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Ligia A. Papale
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Nithya Hariharan
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Reid S. Alisch
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Bermans J. Iskandar
- grid.14003.360000 0001 2167 3675Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
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15
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In Vivo Analysis of a Biomolecular Condensate in the Nervous System of C. elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2551:575-593. [PMID: 36310226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2597-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has emerged as a common biophysical event that facilitates the formation of non-membrane-bound cellular compartments, also termed biomolecular condensates. Since the first report of a biomolecular condensate in the germline of C. elegans, many regulatory hubs have been shown to have similar liquid-like features. With the wealth of molecules now being reported to possess liquid-like features, an impetus has been placed on reconciling LLPS with regulation of specific biological properties in vivo. Herein, we report a methodology used to study LLPS-associated features in C. elegans neurons, illustrated using the RNA granule protein TIAR-2. In axons, TIAR-2 forms liquid-like granules, which following injury are inhibitory to the regeneration process. Measuring the dynamics of TIAR-2 granules provides a tractable biological output to study LLPS function. In conjunction with other established methods to assess LLPS, the results from the protocol outlined provide comprehensive insight regarding this important biophysical property.
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16
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Wu J, Wang L, Ervin JF, Wang SHJ, Soderblom E, Ko D, Yan D. GABA signaling triggered by TMC-1/Tmc delays neuronal aging by inhibiting the PKC pathway in C. elegans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9236. [PMID: 36542715 PMCID: PMC9770988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging causes functional decline and degeneration of neurons and is a major risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal aging, we developed a new pipeline for neuronal proteomic profiling in young and aged animals. While the overall translational machinery is down-regulated, certain proteins increase expressions upon aging. Among these aging-up-regulated proteins, the conserved channel protein TMC-1/Tmc has an anti-aging function in all neurons tested, and the neuroprotective function of TMC-1 occurs by regulating GABA signaling. Moreover, our results show that metabotropic GABA receptors and G protein GOA-1/Goα are required for the anti-neuronal aging functions of TMC-1 and GABA, and the activation of GABA receptors prevents neuronal aging by inhibiting the PLCβ-PKC pathway. Last, we show that the TMC-1-GABA-PKC signaling axis suppresses neuronal functional decline caused by a pathogenic form of human Tau protein. Together, our findings reveal the neuroprotective function of the TMC-1-GABA-PKC signaling axis in aging and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John F. Ervin
- Bryan Brain Bank and Biorepository, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shih-Hsiu J. Wang
- Department of Pathology & Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erik Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource and Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration Next, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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17
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Intrinsic heterogeneity in axon regeneration. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1753-1762. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is composed of a variety of neurons and glial cells with different morphology and functions. In the mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS) or the lower vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), most neurons can regenerate extensively after axotomy, while the neurons in the mammalian CNS possess only limited regenerative ability. This heterogeneity is common within and across species. The studies about the transcriptomes after nerve injury in different animal models have revealed a series of molecular and cellular events that occurred in neurons after axotomy. However, responses of various types of neurons located in different positions of individuals were different remarkably. Thus, researchers aim to find the key factors that are conducive to regeneration, so as to provide the molecular basis for solving the regeneration difficulties after CNS injury. Here we review the heterogeneity of axonal regeneration among different cell subtypes in different animal models or the same organ, emphasizing the importance of comparative studies within and across species.
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18
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Sakai Y, Hanafusa H, Hisamoto N, Matsumoto K. Histidine dephosphorylation of the Gβ protein GPB-1 promotes axon regeneration in C. elegans. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55076. [PMID: 36278516 PMCID: PMC9724660 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine phosphorylation is an emerging noncanonical protein phosphorylation in animals, yet its physiological role remains largely unexplored. The protein histidine phosphatase (PHPT1) was recently identified for the first time in mammals. Here, we report that PHIP-1, an ortholog of PHPT1 in Caenorhabditis elegans, promotes axon regeneration by dephosphorylating GPB-1 Gβ at His-266 and inactivating GOA-1 Goα signaling, a negative regulator of axon regeneration. Overexpression of the histidine kinase NDK-1 also inhibits axon regeneration via GPB-1 His-266 phosphorylation. Thus, His-phosphorylation plays an antiregenerative role in C. elegans. Furthermore, we identify a conserved UNC-51/ULK kinase that functions in autophagy as a PHIP-1-binding protein. We demonstrate that UNC-51 phosphorylates PHIP-1 at Ser-112 and activates its catalytic activity and that this phosphorylation is required for PHIP-1-mediated axon regeneration. This study reveals a molecular link from ULK to protein histidine phosphatase, which facilitates axon regeneration by inhibiting trimeric G protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Sakai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Hanafusa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
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19
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Harreguy MB, Tanvir Z, Shah E, Simprevil B, Tran TS, Haspel G. Semaphorin signaling restricts neuronal regeneration in C. elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:814160. [PMID: 36325362 PMCID: PMC9618706 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signaling proteins serve as neuronal growth cone guidance molecules during development and are well positioned to be involved in neuronal regeneration and recovery from injury. Semaphorins and their receptors, the plexins, are a family of conserved proteins involved in development that, in the nervous system, are axonal guidance cues mediating axon pathfinding and synapse formation. The Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes for three semaphorins and two plexin receptors: the transmembrane semaphorins, SMP-1 and SMP-2, signal through their receptor, PLX-1, while the secreted semaphorin, MAB-20, signals through PLX-2. Here, we evaluate the locomotion behavior of knockout animals missing each of the semaphorins and plexins and the neuronal morphology of plexin knockout animals; we described the cellular expression pattern of the promoters of all plexins in the nervous system of C. elegans; and we evaluated their effect on the regrowth and reconnection of motoneuron neurites and the recovery of locomotion behavior following precise laser microsurgery. Regrowth and reconnection were more prevalent in the absence of each plexin, while recovery of locomotion surpassed regeneration in all genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Harreguy
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
- Rutgers University, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Zainab Tanvir
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
- Rutgers University, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Esha Shah
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Blandine Simprevil
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
- City College of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, United States
| | - Tracy S Tran
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
- Rutgers University, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Gal Haspel
- New Jersey Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
- Rutgers University, Department of Biological Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Columbus, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gal Haspel, ,
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20
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Sekine Y, Kannan R, Wang X, Strittmatter SM. Rabphilin3A reduces integrin-dependent growth cone signaling to restrict axon regeneration after trauma. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114070. [PMID: 35398339 PMCID: PMC9555232 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural repair after traumatic spinal cord injury depends upon the restoration of neural networks via axonal sprouting and regeneration. Our previous genome wide loss-of-function screen identified Rab GTPases as playing a prominent role in preventing successful axon sprouting and regeneration. Here, we searched for Rab27b interactors and identified Rabphilin3A as an effector within regenerating axons. Growth cone Rabphilin3a colocalized and physically associated with integrins at puncta in the proximal body of the axonal growth cone. In regenerating axons, loss of Rabphilin3a increased integrin enrichment in the growth cone periphery, enhanced focal adhesion kinase activation, increased F-actin-rich filopodial density and stimulated axon extension. Compared to wild type, mice lacking Rabphilin3a exhibited greater regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons after optic nerve crush as well as greater corticospinal axon regeneration after complete thoracic spinal cord crush injury. After moderate spinal cord contusion injury, there was greater corticospinal regrowth in the absence of Rph3a. Thus, an endogenous Rab27b - Raphilin3a pathway limits integrin action in the growth cone, and deletion of this monomeric GTPase pathway permits reparative axon growth in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Sekine
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Ramakrishnan Kannan
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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21
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Tossing G, Livernoche R, Maios C, Bretonneau C, Labarre A, Parker JA. Genetic and pharmacological PARP inhibition reduces axonal degeneration in C. elegans models of ALS. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3313-3324. [PMID: 35594544 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is observed in early stages of several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This degeneration generally precedes apoptosis and therefore may be a promising therapeutic target. An increasing number of genes have been identified to actively regulate axonal degeneration and regeneration, however, only a few potential therapeutic targets have been identified in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigate DLK-1, a major axonal regeneration pathway and its contribution to axonal degeneration phenotypes in several C. elegans ALS models. From this pathway, we identified the PAR polymerases (PARP) PARP-1 and PARP-2 as the most consistent modifiers of axonal degeneration in our models of ALS. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 and PARP-2 reduces axonal degeneration and improves related motor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Tossing
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Claudia Maios
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Constantin Bretonneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Audrey Labarre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - J Alex Parker
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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22
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Petrović A, Ban J, Ivaničić M, Tomljanović I, Mladinic M. The Role of ATF3 in Neuronal Differentiation and Development of Neuronal Networks in Opossum Postnatal Cortical Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094964. [PMID: 35563354 PMCID: PMC9100162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding (CREB) family, is upregulated by various intracellular and extracellular signals such as injury and signals related to cell proliferation. ATF3 also belongs to the regeneration-associated genes (RAG) group of transcription factors. RAG and ATF/CREB transcription factors that play an important role in embryonic neuronal development and PNS regeneration may also be involved in postnatal neuronal differentiation and development, as well as in the regeneration of the injured CNS. Here we investigated the effect of ATF3 in differentiation, neural outgrowth, network formation, and regeneration after injury using postnatal dissociated cortical neurons derived from neonatal opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Our results show that RAG and ATF genes are differentially expressed in early differentiated neurons versus undifferentiated neurospheres and that many members of those families, ATF3 in particular, are upregulated in cortical cultures obtained from younger animals that have the ability to fully functionally regenerate spinal cord after injury. In addition, we observed different intracellular localization of ATF3 that shifts from nuclear (in neuronal progenitors) to cytoplasmic (in more mature neurons) during neuronal differentiation. The ATF3 inhibition, pharmacological or by specific antibody, reduced the neurite outgrowth and differentiation and caused increased cell death in early differentiating cortical neuronal cultures, suggesting the importance of ATF3 in the CNS development of neonatal opossums. Finally, we investigated the regeneration capacity of primary cortical cultures after mechanical injury using the scratch assay. Remarkably, neonatal opossum-derived cultures retain their capacity to regenerate for up to 1 month in vitro. Inhibition of ATF3 correlates with reduced neurite outgrowth and regeneration after injury. These results indicate that ATF3, and possibly other members of RAG and ATF/CREB family of transcription factors, have an important role both during cortical postnatal development and in response after injury.
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Vijayaraghavan T, Dhananjay S, Neumann B. DYN-1/dynamin regulates microtubule dynamics after axon injury. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000549. [PMID: 35622508 PMCID: PMC9005196 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules play essential roles in the regeneration of axons after injury, but precisely how their growth is regulated remains to be resolved. Here, we studied the influence of the
C. elegans
DYN-1/dynamin GTPase protein on microtubule growth after axon injury. Before injury, loss of DYN-1 had no effect on microtubule dynamics compared to wild-type animals. However, significant increases in microtubule dynamics were observed after axotomy in animals lacking DYN-1. Moreover, a greater proportion of these animals displayed microtubule growth in the retrograde direction compared to wild-type controls. These data establish a role for DYN-1 in regulating microtubule dynamics after injury in
C. elegans
.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarika Vijayaraghavan
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samiksha Dhananjay
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Brent Neumann
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
,
Correspondence to: Brent Neumann (
)
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24
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Allievi A, Canavesi M, Ferrario C, Sugni M, Bonasoro F. An evo-devo perspective on the regeneration patterns of continuous arm structures in stellate echinoderms. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2039309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Allievi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Canavesi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Bonasoro
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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25
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Dey S, Ghosh-Roy A. In vivo Assessment of Microtubule Dynamics and Orientation in Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons. J Vis Exp 2021:10.3791/62744. [PMID: 34866634 PMCID: PMC7614928 DOI: 10.3791/62744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurons, microtubule orientation has been a key assessor to identify axons that have plus-end out microtubules and dendrites that generally have mixed orientation. Here we describe methods to label, image, and analyze the microtubule dynamics and growth during the development and regeneration of touch neurons in C. elegans. Using genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of microtubule tips, we imaged the axonal microtubules. The local changes in microtubule behavior that initiates axon regeneration following axotomy can be quantified using this protocol. This assay is adaptable to other neurons and genetic backgrounds to investigate the regulation of microtubule dynamics in various cellular processes.
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26
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Razar RBBA, Qu Y, Gunaseelan S, Chua JJE. The importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in neural circuit establishment and neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1165-1171. [PMID: 34782550 PMCID: PMC8643053 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain contains an estimated 100 billion neurons that must be systematically organized into functional neural circuits for it to function properly. These circuits range from short-range local signaling networks between neighboring neurons to long-range networks formed between various brain regions. Compelling converging evidence indicates that alterations in neural circuits arising from abnormalities during early neuronal development or neurodegeneration contribute significantly to the etiology of neurological disorders. Supporting this notion, efforts to identify genetic causes of these disorders have uncovered an over-representation of genes encoding proteins involved in the processes of neuronal differentiation, maturation, synaptogenesis and synaptic function. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1, a Kinesin-1 adapter, has emerged as a key central player involved in many of these processes. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1-dependent transport of synaptic cargoes and mitochondria is essential for neuronal development and synapse establishment. Furthermore, it acts downstream of guidance cue pathways to regulate axo-dendritic development. Significantly, perturbing its function causes abnormalities in neuronal development and synapse formation both in the brain as well as the peripheral nervous system. Mutations and deletions of the fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 gene are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, altered phosphorylation of the protein contributes to neurodegenerative disorders. Together, these findings strongly implicate the importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in the establishment of neuronal circuits and its maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafhanah Banu Bte Abdul Razar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; LSI Neurobiology Programme; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; LSI Neurobiology Programme; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Kulkarni SS, Sabharwal V, Sheoran S, Basu A, Matsumoto K, Hisamoto N, Ghosh-Roy A, Koushika SP. UNC-16 alters DLK-1 localization and negatively regulates actin and microtubule dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans regenerating neurons. Genetics 2021; 219:6359182. [PMID: 34740241 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration after injury depends on the intrinsic growth potential of neurons. Our study shows that UNC-16, a Caenorhabditis elegans JIP3 homolog, inhibits axonal regeneration by regulating initiation and rate of regrowth. This occurs through the inhibition of the regeneration-promoting activity of the long isoform of DLK-1 and independently of the inhibitory short isoform of DLK-1. We show that UNC-16 promotes DLK-1 punctate localization in a concentration-dependent manner limiting the availability of the long isoform of DLK-1 at the cut site, minutes after injury. UNC-16 negatively regulates actin dynamics through DLK-1 and microtubule dynamics partially via DLK-1. We show that post-injury cytoskeletal dynamics in unc-16 mutants are also partially dependent on CEBP-1. The faster regeneration seen in unc-16 mutants does not lead to functional recovery. Our data suggest that the inhibitory control by UNC-16 and the short isoform of DLK-1 balances the intrinsic growth-promoting function of the long isoform of DLK-1 in vivo. We propose a model where UNC-16's inhibitory role in regeneration occurs through both a tight temporal and spatial control of DLK-1 and cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucheta S Kulkarni
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Vidur Sabharwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Seema Sheoran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Atrayee Basu
- Department of Biotechnology National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya 4648601, Japan
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Department of Biotechnology National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122052, India
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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28
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CDK14 Promotes Axon Regeneration by Regulating the Noncanonical Wnt Signaling Pathway in a Kinase-Independent Manner. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8309-8320. [PMID: 34429379 PMCID: PMC8496196 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0711-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The postinjury regenerative capacity of neurons is known to be mediated by a complex interaction of intrinsic regenerative pathways and external cues. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the initiation of axon regeneration is regulated by the nonmuscle myosin light chain-4 (MLC-4) phosphorylation signaling pathway. In this study, we have identified svh-16/cdk-14, a mammalian CDK14 homolog, as a positive regulator of axon regeneration in motor neurons. We then isolated the CDK-14-binding protein MIG-5/Disheveled (Dsh) and found that EGL-20/Wnt and the MIG-1/Frizzled receptor (Fz) are required for efficient axon regeneration. Further, we demonstrate that CDK-14 activates EPHX-1, the C. elegans homolog of the mammalian ephexin Rho-type GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), in a kinase-independent manner. EPHX-1 functions as a GEF for the CDC-42 GTPase, inhibiting myosin phosphatase, which maintains MLC-4 phosphorylation. These results suggest that CDK14 activates the RhoGEF–CDC42–MLC phosphorylation axis in a noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway that promotes axon regeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Noncanonical Wnt signaling is mediated by Frizzled receptor (Fz), Disheveled (Dsh), Rho-type GTPase, and nonmuscle myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. This study identified svh-16/cdk-14, which encodes a mammalian CDK14 homolog, as a regulator of axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons. We show that CDK-14 binds to MIG-5/Dsh, and that EGL-20/Wnt, MIG-1/Fz, and EPHX-1/RhoGEF are required for axon regeneration. The phosphorylation-mimetic MLC-4 suppressed axon regeneration defects in mig-1, cdk-14, and ephx-1 mutants. CDK-14 mediates kinase-independent activation of EPHX-1, which functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for CDC-42 GTPase. Activated CDC-42 inactivates myosin phosphatase and thereby maintains MLC phosphorylation. Thus, the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway controls axon regeneration via the CDK-14–EPHX-1–CDC-42–MLC phosphorylation axis.
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29
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Bu S, Yong WL, Lim BJW, Kondo S, Yu F. A systematic analysis of microtubule-destabilizing factors during dendrite pruning in Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52679. [PMID: 34338441 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that microtubule disassembly, one of the earliest cellular events, contributes to neuronal pruning and neurodegeneration in development and disease. However, how microtubule disassembly drives neuronal pruning remains poorly understood. Here, we conduct a systematic investigation of various microtubule-destabilizing factors and identify exchange factor for Arf6 (Efa6) and Stathmin (Stai) as new regulators of dendrite pruning in ddaC sensory neurons during Drosophila metamorphosis. We show that Efa6 is both necessary and sufficient to regulate dendrite pruning. Interestingly, Efa6 and Stai facilitate microtubule turnover and disassembly prior to dendrite pruning without compromising the minus-end-out microtubule orientation in dendrites. Moreover, our pharmacological and genetic manipulations strongly support a key role of microtubule disassembly in promoting dendrite pruning. Thus, this systematic study highlights the importance of two selective microtubule destabilizers in dendrite pruning and substantiates a causal link between microtubule disassembly and neuronal pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Bu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Yong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryan Jian Wei Lim
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Swimming Exercise Promotes Post-injury Axon Regeneration and Functional Restoration through AMPK. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0414-20.2021. [PMID: 34031101 PMCID: PMC8211466 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0414-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoration of lost function following a nervous system injury is limited in adulthood as the regenerative capacity of nervous system declines with age. Pharmacological approaches have not been very successful in alleviating the consequences of nervous system injury. On the contrary, physical activity and rehabilitation interventions are often beneficial to improve the health conditions in the patients with neuronal injuries. Using touch neuron circuit of Caenorhabditis elegans, we investigated the role of physical exercise in the improvement of functional restoration after axotomy. We found that a swimming session of 90 min following the axotomy of posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) neuron can improve functional recovery in larval and adult stage animals. In older age, multiple exercise sessions were required to enhance the functional recovery. Genetic analysis of axon regeneration mutants showed that exercise-mediated enhancement of functional recovery depends on the ability of axon to regenerate. Exercise promotes early initiation of regrowth, self-fusion of proximal and distal ends, as well as postregrowth enhancement of function. We further found that the swimming exercise promotes axon regeneration through the activity of cellular energy sensor AAK-2/AMPK in both muscle and neuron. Our study established a paradigm where systemic effects of exercise on functional regeneration could be addressed at the single neuron level.
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31
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Basu A, Behera S, Bhardwaj S, Dey S, Ghosh-Roy A. Regulation of UNC-40/DCC and UNC-6/Netrin by DAF-16 promotes functional rewiring of the injured axon. Development 2021; 148:268990. [PMID: 34109380 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The adult nervous system has a limited capacity to regenerate after accidental damage. Post-injury functional restoration requires proper targeting of the injured axon to its postsynaptic cell. Although the initial response to axonal injury has been studied in great detail, it is rather unclear what controls the re-establishment of a functional connection. Using the posterior lateral microtubule neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that after axotomy, the regrowth from the proximal stump towards the ventral side and accumulation of presynaptic machinery along the ventral nerve cord correlated to the functional recovery. We found that the loss of insulin receptor DAF-2 promoted 'ventral targeting' in a DAF-16-dependent manner. We further showed that coordinated activities of DAF-16 in neuron and muscle promoted 'ventral targeting'. In response to axotomy, expression of the Netrin receptor UNC-40 was upregulated in the injured neuron in a DAF-16-dependent manner. In contrast, the DAF-2-DAF-16 axis contributed to the age-related decline in Netrin expression in muscle. Therefore, our study revealed an important role for insulin signaling in regulating the axon guidance molecules during the functional rewiring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Basu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Nainwal Mode, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Sibaram Behera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Nainwal Mode, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Smriti Bhardwaj
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Nainwal Mode, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Shirshendu Dey
- Fluorescence Microscopy Division, Bruker India Scientific PvT Ltd, International Trade Tower, Nehru Place, New Delhi 110019, India
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Nainwal Mode, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India
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32
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Losada-Pérez M, García-Guillén N, Casas-Tintó S. A novel injury paradigm in the central nervous system of adult Drosophila: molecular, cellular and functional aspects. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:268374. [PMID: 34061177 PMCID: PMC8214735 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system (CNS) exhibits limited regenerative capacity and the mechanisms that mediate its regeneration are not fully understood. Here, we present a novel experimental design to damage the CNS by using a contusion injury paradigm. The design of this protocol allows the study of long-term and short-term cellular responses, including those of the CNS and the immune system, and of any implications regarding functional recovery. We demonstrate for the first time that adult Drosophilamelanogaster glial cells undergo spontaneous functional recovery following crush injury. This crush injury leads to an intermediate level of functional recovery after damage, which is ideal to screen for genes that facilitate or prevent the regeneration process. Here, we validate this model and analyse the immune responses of glial cells as a central regulator of functional regeneration. Additionally, we demonstrate that glial cells and macrophages contribute to functional regeneration through mechanisms involving the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and the Drosophila protein Draper (Drpr), characteristic of other neural injury paradigms. We show that macrophages are recruited to the injury site and are required for functional recovery. Further, we show that the proteins Grindelwald and Drpr in Drosophila glial cells mediate activation of JNK, and that expression of drpr is dependent on JNK activation. Finally, we link neuron-glial communication and the requirement of neuronal vesicular transport to regulation of the JNK pathway and functional recovery. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Central nervous system crush injury paradigm in adult Drosophilamelanogaster is a suitable model to study the cellular events, and genetic pathways behind injury responses and functional regeneration. We describe the immune responses of glial cells, neurons and macrophages following injury, and the functional relevance of each response.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Losada-Pérez
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Guillén
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Casas-Tintó
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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EFA6 in Axon Regeneration, as a Microtubule Regulator and as a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061325. [PMID: 34073530 PMCID: PMC8226579 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after injury is a conserved biological process that involves a large number of molecular pathways, including rapid calcium influx at injury sites, retrograde injury signaling, epigenetic transition, transcriptional reprogramming, polarized transport, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Despite the numerous efforts devoted to understanding the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration, the search continues for effective target molecules for improving axon regeneration. Although there have been significant historical efforts towards characterizing pro-regenerative factors involved in axon regeneration, the pursuit of intrinsic inhibitors is relatively recent. EFA6 (exchange factor for ARF6) has been demonstrated to inhibit axon regeneration in different organisms. EFA6 inhibition could be a promising therapeutic strategy to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after axon injury. This review summarizes the inhibitory role on axon regeneration through regulating microtubule dynamics and through affecting ARF6 (ADP-ribosylation factor 6) GTPase-mediated integrin transport.
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34
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Advances in Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Optic Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094616. [PMID: 33924833 PMCID: PMC8125313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder due to the dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs function as the only output neurons conveying the detected light information from the retina to the brain, which is a bottleneck of vision formation. RGCs in mammals cannot regenerate if injured, and RGC subtypes differ dramatically in their ability to survive and regenerate after injury. Recently, novel RGC subtypes and markers have been uncovered in succession. Meanwhile, apart from great advances in RGC axon regeneration, some degree of experimental RGC regeneration has been achieved by the in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells or in vivo somatic cell reprogramming, which provides insights into the future therapy of myriad neurodegenerative disorders. Further approaches to the combination of different factors will be necessary to develop efficacious future therapeutic strategies to promote ultimate axon and RGC regeneration and functional vision recovery following injury.
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35
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Abstract
Establishment of neural circuits requires reproducible and precise interactions between growing axons, dendrites and their tissue environment. Cell adhesion molecules and guidance factors are involved in the process, but how specificity is achieved remains poorly understood. Glycans are the third major class of biopolymers besides nucleic acids and proteins, and are usually covalently linked to proteins to form glycoconjugates. Common to most glycans is an extraordinary level of molecular diversity, making them attractive candidates to contribute specificity during neural development. Indeed, many genes important for neural development encode glycoproteins, or enzymes involved in synthesizing or modifying glycans. Glycoconjugates are classified based on both the types of glycans and type of attachment that link them to proteins. Here I discuss progress in understanding the function of glycans, glycan modifications and glycoconjugates during neural development in Caenorhabditis elegans. I will also highlight relevance to human disease and known roles of glycoconjugates in regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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36
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Zhang A, Ackley BD, Yan D. Vitamin B12 Regulates Glial Migration and Synapse Formation through Isoform-Specific Control of PTP-3/LAR PRTP Expression. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3981-3988.e3. [PMID: 32209461 PMCID: PMC7281833 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 is known to play critical roles during the development and aging of the brain, and vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of how vitamin B12 affects the development and maintenance of the nervous system are still unclear. Here, we report that vitamin B12 can regulate glial migration and synapse formation through control of isoform-specific expression of PTP-3/LAR PRTP (leukocyte-common antigen-related receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase). We found the uptake of diet-supplied vitamin B12 in the intestine to be critical for the expression of a long isoform of PTP-3 (PTP-3A) in neuronal and glial cells. The expression of PTP-3A cell autonomously regulates glial migration and synapse formation through interaction with an extracellular matrix protein NID-1/nidogen 1. Together, our findings demonstrate that isoform-specific regulation of PTP-3/ LAR PRTP expression is a key molecular mechanism that mediates vitamin-B12-dependent neuronal and glial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brian D Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Regeneration Next Initiative, and Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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37
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BRCA1-BARD1 Regulates Axon Regeneration in Concert with the Gqα-DAG Signaling Network. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2842-2853. [PMID: 33593852 PMCID: PMC8018897 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1806-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 and its partner BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) form an E3-ubiquitin (Ub) ligase complex that acts as a tumor suppressor in mitotic cells. However, the roles of BRCA1–BARD1 in postmitotic cells, such as neurons, remain poorly defined. Here, we report that BRC-1 and BRD-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of BRCA1 and BARD1, are required for adult-specific axon regeneration, which is positively regulated by the EGL-30 Gqα–diacylglycerol (DAG) signaling pathway. This pathway is downregulated by DAG kinase (DGK), which converts DAG to phosphatidic acid (PA). We demonstrate that inactivation of DGK-3 suppresses the brc-1 brd-1 defect in axon regeneration, suggesting that BRC-1–BRD-1 inhibits DGK-3 function. Indeed, we show that BRC-1–BRD-1 poly-ubiquitylates DGK-3 in a manner dependent on its E3 ligase activity, causing DGK-3 degradation. Furthermore, we find that axon injury causes the translocation of BRC-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where DGK-3 is localized. These results suggest that the BRC-1–BRD-1 complex regulates axon regeneration in concert with the Gqα–DAG signaling network. Thus, this study describes a new role for breast cancer proteins in fully differentiated neurons and the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of axon regeneration in response to nerve injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BRCA1–BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) is an E3-ubiquitin (Ub) ligase complex acting as a tumor suppressor in mitotic cells. The roles of BRCA1–BARD1 in postmitotic cells, such as neurons, remain poorly defined. We show here that Caenorhabditis elegans BRC-1/BRCA1 and BRD-1/BARD1 are required for adult-specific axon regeneration, a process that requires high diacylglycerol (DAG) levels in injured neurons. The DAG kinase (DGK)-3 inhibits axon regeneration by reducing DAG levels. We find that BRC-1–BRD-1 poly-ubiquitylates and degrades DGK-3, thereby keeping DAG levels elevated and promoting axon regeneration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that axon injury causes the translocation of BRC-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where DGK-3 is localized. Thus, this study describes a new role for BRCA1–BARD1 in fully-differentiated neurons.
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Molecular Basis of Neuronal Autophagy in Ageing: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030694. [PMID: 33800981 PMCID: PMC8004021 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation process maintaining cell homeostasis. Induction of autophagy is triggered as a response to a broad range of cellular stress conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, protein aggregation, organelle damage and pathogen invasion. Macroautophagy involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic contents in a double-membrane organelle referred to as the autophagosome with subsequent degradation of its contents upon delivery to lysosomes. Autophagy plays critical roles in development, maintenance and survival of distinct cell populations including neurons. Consequently, age-dependent decline in autophagy predisposes animals for age-related diseases including neurodegeneration and compromises healthspan and longevity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of neuronal autophagy in ageing, focusing on studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Zhao J, Wang X, Meng X, Zou W, Xu S. Rapid and efficient wounding for in vivo studies of neuronal dendrite regeneration and degeneration. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:163-166. [PMID: 33483295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhi Zhao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinan Meng
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058 China.
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Ling X, Yan Z, Wu D, Liu J, Lu G. Effects of Nanoplastics and Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane on Early Zebrafish Embryos Identified by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1885-1896. [PMID: 33445878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics with small particle sizes and high surface area/volume ratios easily absorb environmental pollutants and affect their bioavailability. In this study, polystyrene nanoplastic beads (PS-NPBs) with a particle size of 100 nm and butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) sunscreen in personal-care products were chosen as target pollutants to study their developmental toxicity and interactive effects on zebrafish embryos. The exposure period was set from 2 to 12 h postfertilization (hpf). BMDBM and PS-NPBs significantly upregulated genes related to antioxidant enzymes and downregulated the gene expression of aromatase and DNA methyltransferases, but the influenced genes were not exactly the same. The combined exposure reduced the adverse effects on the expression of all genes. With the help of the single-cell RNA sequencing technology, neural mid cells were identified as the target cells of both pollutants, and brain development, head development, and the notch signaling pathway were the functions they commonly altered. The key genes and functions that are specifically affected by BMDBM and/or PS-NPBs were identified. BMDBM mainly affects the differentiation and fate of neurons in the central nervous system through the regulation of her5, her6, her11, lfng, pax2a, and fgfr4. The PS-NPBs regulate the expression of olig2, foxg1a, fzd8b, six3a, rx1, lhx2b, nkx2.1a, and sfrp5 to alter nervous system development, retinal development, and stem cell differentiation. The phenotypic responses of zebrafish larvae at 120 hpf were tested, and significant inhibition of locomotor activity was found, indicating that early effects on the central nervous system would have a sustained impact on the behavior of zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xin Ling
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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41
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Lee J, Cho Y. Potential roles of stem cell marker genes in axon regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1-7. [PMID: 33446881 PMCID: PMC8080715 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is orchestrated by many genes that are differentially expressed in response to injury. Through a comparative analysis of gene expression profiling, injury-responsive genes that are potential targets for understanding the mechanisms underlying regeneration have been revealed. As the efficiency of axon regeneration in both the peripheral and central nervous systems can be manipulated, we suggest that identifying regeneration-associated genes is a promising approach for developing therapeutic applications in vivo. Here, we review the possible roles of stem cell marker- or stemness-related genes in axon regeneration to gain a better understanding of the regeneration mechanism and to identify targets that can enhance regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Laboratory of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Enriched conditioning expands the regenerative ability of sensory neurons after spinal cord injury via neuronal intrinsic redox signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6425. [PMID: 33349630 PMCID: PMC7752916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the restricted axonal regenerative ability that limits functional repair following a central nervous system injury remains a challenge. Here we report a regenerative paradigm that we call enriched conditioning, which combines environmental enrichment (EE) followed by a conditioning sciatic nerve axotomy that precedes a spinal cord injury (SCI). Enriched conditioning significantly increases the regenerative ability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons compared to EE or a conditioning injury alone, propelling axon growth well beyond the spinal injury site. Mechanistically, we established that enriched conditioning relies on the unique neuronal intrinsic signaling axis PKC-STAT3-NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), enhancing redox signaling as shown by redox proteomics in DRG. Finally, NOX2 conditional deletion or overexpression respectively blocked or phenocopied enriched conditioning-dependent axon regeneration after SCI leading to improved functional recovery. These studies provide a paradigm that drives the regenerative ability of sensory neurons offering a potential redox-dependent regenerative model for mechanistic and therapeutic discoveries. Pre conditioning injury or environmental enrichment have been shown to promote axon regeneration. Here the authors show that environmental enrichment, combined with preconditioning injury promotes regeneration via a redox signalling dependent mechanism.
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Igarashi M, Honda A, Kawasaki A, Nozumi M. Neuronal Signaling Involved in Neuronal Polarization and Growth: Lipid Rafts and Phosphorylation. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:150. [PMID: 32922262 PMCID: PMC7456915 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarization and growth are developmental processes that occur during neuronal cell differentiation. The molecular signaling mechanisms involved in these events in in vivo mammalian brain remain unclear. Also, cellular events of the neuronal polarization process within a given neuron are thought to be constituted of many independent intracellular signal transduction pathways (the "tug-of-war" model). However, in vivo results suggest that such pathways should be cooperative with one another among a given group of neurons in a region of the brain. Lipid rafts, specific membrane domains with low fluidity, are candidates for the hotspots of such intracellular signaling. Among the signals reported to be involved in polarization, a number are thought to be present or translocated to the lipid rafts in response to extracellular signals. As part of our analysis, we discuss how such novel molecular mechanisms are combined for effective regulation of neuronal polarization and growth, focusing on the significance of the lipid rafts, including results based on recently introduced methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsuko Honda
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nozumi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Lee Y, Jeong H, Park KH, Kim KW. Effects of NAD + in Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Neuronal Damage. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070993. [PMID: 32630651 PMCID: PMC7407593 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor that mediates numerous biological processes in all living cells. Multiple NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes and NAD+-consuming enzymes are involved in neuroprotection and axon regeneration. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has served as a model to study the neuronal role of NAD+ because many molecular components regulating NAD+ are highly conserved. This review focuses on recent findings using C. elegans models of neuronal damage pertaining to the neuronal functions of NAD+ and its precursors, including a neuroprotective role against excitotoxicity and axon degeneration as well as an inhibitory role in axon regeneration. The regulation of NAD+ levels could be a promising therapeutic strategy to counter many neurodegenerative diseases, as well as neurotoxin-induced and traumatic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Hyeseon Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Kyung Hwan Park
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
- Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-248-2091
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45
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WANG Y, WANG Z. [Research progress on intrinsic signaling pathways in axon regeneration]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 49:82-89. [PMID: 32621408 PMCID: PMC8800775 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic regrowth ability of injured neurons is essential for axon regeneration and functional recovery. Recently, numerous intrinsic pathways that regulate axon regeneration have been discovered, among which the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway are arguably the best characterized examples. MAPK signaling pathway is involved in multiple processes including sensing injury signals, initiating and promoting axonal regrowth through regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and protein synthesis. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates axon regeneration mainly through gene transcription and translation. Combinatory manipulation of multiple regeneration-promoting signals can further improve the extend of axonal regrowth. This paper summarizes current progresses on axon regeneration studies in various organisms and discuss their potentials in promoting functional recovery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiping WANG
- 王志萍(1980—),女,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事神经发育和神经再生研究;E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-9557
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Tang NH, Kim KW, Xu S, Blazie SM, Yee BA, Yeo GW, Jin Y, Chisholm AD. The mRNA Decay Factor CAR-1/LSM14 Regulates Axon Regeneration via Mitochondrial Calcium Dynamics. Curr Biol 2020; 30:865-876.e7. [PMID: 31983639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
mRNA decay factors regulate mRNA turnover by recruiting non-translating mRNAs and targeting them for translational repression and mRNA degradation. How mRNA decay pathways regulate cellular function in vivo with specificity is poorly understood. Here, we show that C. elegans mRNA decay factors, including the translational repressors CAR-1/LSM14 and CGH-1/DDX6, and the decapping enzymes DCAP-1/DCP1, function in neurons to differentially regulate axon development, maintenance, and regrowth following injury. In neuronal cell bodies, CAR-1 fully colocalizes with CGH-1 and partially colocalizes with DCAP-1, suggesting that mRNA decay components form at least two types of cytoplasmic granules. Following axon injury in adult neurons, loss of CAR-1 or CGH-1 results in increased axon regrowth and growth cone formation, whereas loss of DCAP-1 or DCAP-2 results in reduced regrowth. To determine how CAR-1 inhibits regrowth, we analyzed mRNAs bound to pan-neuronally expressed GFP::CAR-1 using a crosslinking and immunoprecipitation-based approach. Among the putative mRNA targets of CAR-1, we characterized the roles of micu-1, a regulator of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter MCU-1, in axon injury. We show that loss of car-1 results increased MICU-1 protein levels, and that enhanced axon regrowth in car-1 mutants is dependent on micu-1 and mcu-1. Moreover, axon injury induces transient calcium influx into axonal mitochondria, dependent on MCU-1. In car-1 loss-of-function mutants and in micu-1 overexpressing animals, the axonal mitochondrial calcium influx is more sustained, which likely underlies enhanced axon regrowth. Our data uncover a novel pathway that controls axon regrowth through axonal mitochondrial calcium uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngang Heok Tang
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Suhong Xu
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen M Blazie
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian A Yee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Ko SH, Apple EC, Liu Z, Chen L. Age-dependent autophagy induction after injury promotes axon regeneration by limiting NOTCH. Autophagy 2020; 16:2052-2068. [PMID: 31920157 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1713645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of organelles and proteins. It also has a prominent role in modulating aging. However, the role of autophagy in the neuronal response to axon injury and axon regeneration, particularly in the context of aging, remains largely unknown. Our candidate genetic screen for axon regeneration regulators has identified genes in the autophagy pathway. Using a reporter that monitors autophagosomes and autolysosomes, we were able to monitor the dynamics of autophagy during axon regeneration. In response to axon injury, there was a significant increase in the number of autophagic vesicles. Injury-triggered autophagy activation and axon regeneration capacity undergo an age-dependent decline, and autophagy-activating agents partially rescued these declines. We found that DLK-1 was both required and sufficient for injury-induced autophagy activation. Autophagic vesicles co-localized with the NOTCH4 ortholog, LIN-12 receptor, a previously identified inhibitor of axon regeneration. Epistasis analyses indicate that LIN-12 might be a target of autophagy in axon regeneration. Together, our data suggest that DLK-mediated injury signaling can activate autophagy, which might limit the level of LIN-12 and NOTCH proteins to promote axon regeneration. Our findings reveal that autophagy activation can promote axon regeneration in neurons that lack maximal regrowth capacity, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for axon injury. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ALs: autolysosomes; APs: autophagosomes; ARF-6: ADP-Ribosylation Factor related 6; ATG-9: AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog) 9; ATG9A: autophagy related 9A; BA1: bafilomycin A1; BEC-1: BEClin (human autophagy) homolog; BECN1: beclin 1; C. elegans: Caenorhabditis elegans; CEBP-1: C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) homolog; CNS: central nervous system; DLK-1: Dual-Leucine zipper Kinase; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; FOS: Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HDA-3: Histone DeAcetylase; IP3: inositol trisphosphate; ITR-1: Inositol Triphosphate Receptor; KLF-2: Kruppel-Like Factor (zinc finger protein) 2; LGG-1: LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family; MAK-2: MAP kinase Activated protein Kinase; MAP kinase: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MKK-4: mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 4; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NGM: nematode growth medium; NICD: Notch intracellular domain; NOTCH: notch receptor; PLM: posterior lateral microtubule; PMK-3: P38 Map kinase family; PNS: peripheral nervous system; SCG10: superior cervical ganglion protein 10; SCI: spinal cord injury; UNC-51: UNCoordinated 51; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; wnd: wallenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyuk Ko
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ellen C Apple
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX, USA
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Rodemer W, Hu J, Selzer ME, Shifman MI. Heterogeneity in the regenerative abilities of central nervous system axons within species: why do some neurons regenerate better than others? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:996-1005. [PMID: 31823869 PMCID: PMC7034288 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.270298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some neurons, especially in mammalian peripheral nervous system or in lower vertebrate or in vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) regenerate after axotomy, while most mammalian CNS neurons fail to regenerate. There is an emerging consensus that neurons have different intrinsic regenerative capabilities, which theoretically could be manipulated therapeutically to improve regeneration. Population-based comparisons between “good regenerating” and “bad regenerating” neurons in the CNS and peripheral nervous system of most vertebrates yield results that are inconclusive or difficult to interpret. At least in part, this reflects the great diversity of cells in the mammalian CNS. Using mammalian nervous system imposes several methodical limitations. First, the small sizes and large numbers of neurons in the CNS make it very difficult to distinguish regenerating neurons from non-regenerating ones. Second, the lack of identifiable neurons makes it impossible to correlate biochemical changes in a neuron with axonal damage of the same neuron, and therefore, to dissect the molecular mechanisms of regeneration on the level of single neurons. This review will survey the reported responses to axon injury and the determinants of axon regeneration, emphasizing non-mammalian model organisms, which are often under-utilized, but in which the data are especially easy to interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Rodemer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianli Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation); Department of Neurology, the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael I Shifman
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kim KW. PIWI Proteins and piRNAs in the Nervous System. Mol Cells 2019; 42:828-835. [PMID: 31838836 PMCID: PMC6939654 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI Argonaute proteins and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are expressed in all animal species and play a critical role in cellular defense by inhibiting the activation of transposable elements in the germline. Recently, new evidence suggests that PIWI proteins and piRNAs also play important roles in various somatic tissues, including neurons. This review summarizes the neuronal functions of the PIWI-piRNA pathway in multiple animal species, including their involvement in axon regeneration, behavior, memory formation, and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of adaptive memory. This review also discusses the consequences of dysregulation of neuronal PIWI-piRNA pathways in certain neurological disorders, including neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. A full understanding of neuronal PIWI-piRNA pathways will ultimately provide novel insights into small RNA biology and could potentially provide precise targets for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Won Kim
- Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252,
Korea
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Nazri MUIA, Idris I, Ross O, Ismail WIW. Neurological Disorder Brain Model: A Lesson from Marine Worms (Annelida: Polychaeta). Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:5-18. [PMID: 31908583 PMCID: PMC6939724 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is directly proportional to age. The prevalence of non-communicable diseases, for example, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, is expected to rise in the coming years. Understanding the etiopathology of these diseases is a crucial step that needs to be taken to develop drugs for their treatment. Animal models are being increasingly used to expand the knowledge and understanding on neurodegenerative diseases. Marine worms, known as polychaetes (phylum Annelida), which are abundantly and frequently found in benthic environments, possess a simple yet complete nervous system (including a true brain that is centralised and specialised) compared to other annelids. Hence, polychaetes can potentially be the next candidate for a nerve disease model. The ability to activate the entire nervous system regeneration (NSR) is among the remarkable features of many polychaetes species. However, the information on NSR in polychaetes and how it can potentially model neurodegenerative diseases in humans is still lacking. By exploring such studies, we may eventually be able to circumvent the developmental constraints that limit NSR in the human nervous system. This article is intended to briefly review responsible mechanisms and signalling pathways of NSR in marine polychaetes and to make a comparison with other established models of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Izwandy Idris
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Othman Ross
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Iryani Wan Ismail
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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