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Li Q, Feng Y, Xue Y, Zhan X, Fu Y, Gui G, Zhou W, Richard JP, Taga A, Li P, Mao X, Maragakis NJ, Ying M. Edaravone activates the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling pathway and protects mRNA-induced motor neurons from iPS cells. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:8. [PMID: 35012575 PMCID: PMC8751314 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord motor neurons (MNs) from human iPS cells (iPSCs) have wide applications in disease modeling and therapeutic development for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other MN-associated neurodegenerative diseases. We need highly efficient MN differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived disease models that closely recapitulate the genetic and phenotypic complexity of ALS. An important application of these models is to understand molecular mechanisms of action of FDA-approved ALS drugs that only show modest clinical efficacy. Novel mechanistic insights will help us design optimal therapeutic strategies together with predictive biomarkers to achieve better efficacy. METHODS We induce efficient MN differentiation from iPSCs in 4 days using synthetic mRNAs coding two transcription factors (Ngn2 and Olig2) with phosphosite modification. These MNs after extensive characterization were applied in electrophysiological and neurotoxicity assays as well as transcriptomic analysis, to study the neuroprotective effect and molecular mechanisms of edaravone, an FDA-approved drug for ALS, for improving its clinical efficacy. RESULTS We generate highly pure and functional mRNA-induced MNs (miMNs) from control and ALS iPSCs, as well as embryonic stem cells. Edaravone alleviates H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and electrophysiological dysfunction in miMNs, demonstrating its neuroprotective effect that was also found in the glutamate-induced miMN neurotoxicity model. Guided by the transcriptomic analysis, we show a previously unrecognized effect of edaravone to induce the GDNF receptor RET and the GDNF/RET neurotrophic signaling in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a clinically translatable strategy to activate this key neuroprotective signaling. Notably, edaravone can replace required neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) to support long-term miMN survival and maturation, further supporting the neurotrophic function of edaravone-activated signaling. Furthermore, we show that edaravone and GDNF combined treatment more effectively protects miMNs from H2O2-induced neurotoxicity than single treatment, suggesting a potential combination strategy for ALS treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study provides methodology to facilitate iPSC differentiation and disease modeling. Our discoveries will facilitate the development of optimal edaravone-based therapies for ALS and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, NHC, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yi Feng
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yingchao Xue
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiping Zhan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059 USA
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, NHC, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Gege Gui
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Richard
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Arens Taga
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Maragakis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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2
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Kumar D, Hassan MI. Neurodegenerative brain models vs. cell replacement or restoration therapy: A review on promises and pitfalls. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 585:124-131. [PMID: 34801932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Disease models have proven useful tools for gaining deeper mechanistic insights into neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, stem cell technology is effective, especially induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain organoids and cell replacement/restoration which can be used for personalized medicine, allowing physicians to test the efficacy of drugs in vitro before delivering them to patients, enabling more precise and personalized treatment. Nonetheless, it offers the potential to minimize (or even eliminate) the use of animals, provides important clues for disease processes, and accelerates therapeutic strategies. Perhaps in the not-too-distant future, organoid models of the human brain will be able to link blood-brain barrier cultures with other liver cultures, simulating blood flow across organs and as a method of testing medicines, giving crucial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data. Simultaneously, stem cell interventions for cell replacements or restoration therapy would enable us to realize efficacious and realistic therapeutic options for Neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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3
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Live Imaging of Primary Neurons in Long-Term Cryopreserved Human Nerve Tissue. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0388-21.2021. [PMID: 34759050 PMCID: PMC8638677 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0388-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue cryopreservation provides a convenient solution for tackling one of the major problems in neuroscience research, namely, the scarce availability of human nerve tissues, especially if needed alive. While brain tissue can be used only postmortem, live nerve tissue can reasonably well be harvested from the periphery. A valuable source of primary neurons is the intestine, which compared with brain has the advantage to be safely accessible via endoscopy. The nerve tissue innervating the intestine (the enteric nervous system; ENS) can be sampled with regular endoscopic biopsy forceps and remains viable for multiple physiological and immunohistochemical tests, as previously demonstrated. Here, we present a method to preserve, over longer periods of time, human primary neurons contained in these biopsies. The use of a cryoprotective agent and the application of controlled cooling revealed to be crucial to properly store the nerve tissue and to enable functional measurements after thawing. These primary neurons were evaluated for functionality (live imaging) and morphology (histology) up to one year after cryopreservation. Calcium (Ca2+) imaging indicated that human primary neurons remained viable and responded to selective stimulations (serotonergic and nicotinic agonists) after cryopreservation. Additionally, immunohistochemistry performed with specific neuronal markers showed that nerve structure and neuronal morphology were retained, with no signs of cellular damage. In this study, we demonstrate that the human ENS is a realistic source of primary neurons, which can be successfully preserved over long times and as such can be exploited both for gastrointestinal-specific as well as for general neuroscience research.
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Lin L, Liu A, Li H, Feng J, Yan Z. Inhibition of Histone Methyltransferases EHMT1/2 Reverses Amyloid-β-Induced Loss of AMPAR Currents in Human Stem Cell-Derived Cortical Neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:1175-1185. [PMID: 31322566 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression is one of the key molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about the role of epigenetic dysregulation on synaptic dysfunction in humans, because of the difficulties of obtaining live human neurons. Here we generated mature human cortical neurons differentiated from human embryonic stem cells, and exposed them to amyloid-β (Aβ). We found that the histone methyltransferase, EHMT1, which catalyzes histone lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2, a mark for gene repression), was significantly elevated in Aβ-treated human stem cell-derived neurons. Aβ treatment led to a significant reduction of AMPAR-mediated whole-cell current and excitatory postsynaptic current. Application of BIX01294, a selective inhibitor of EHMT1/2, restored AMPAR currents and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in Aβ-treated human cortical neurons. These results suggest that inhibition of the aberrant histone methylation is a novel approach to reverse Aβ-induced synaptic deficits in human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hanqin Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
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5
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Bobkova NV, Poltavtseva RA, Leonov SV, Sukhikh GT. Neuroregeneration: Regulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S108-S130. [PMID: 32087056 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It had been commonly believed for a long time, that once established, degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is irreparable, and that adult person merely cannot restore dead or injured neurons. The existence of stem cells (SCs) in the mature brain, an organ with minimal regenerative ability, had been ignored for many years. Currently accepted that specific structures of the adult brain contain neural SCs (NSCs) that can self-renew and generate terminally differentiated brain cells, including neurons and glia. However, their contribution to the regulation of brain activity and brain regeneration in natural aging and pathology is still a subject of ongoing studies. Since the 1970s, when Fuad Lechin suggested the existence of repair mechanisms in the brain, new exhilarating data from scientists around the world have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in the generation of various cell phenotypes supporting the brain, regulation of brain activity by these newly generated cells, and participation of SCs in brain homeostasis and regeneration. The prospects of the SC research are truthfully infinite and hitherto challenging to forecast. Once researchers resolve the issues regarding SC expansion and maintenance, the implementation of the SC-based platform could help to treat tissues and organs impaired or damaged in many devastating human diseases. Over the past 10 years, the number of studies on SCs has increased exponentially, and we have already become witnesses of crucial discoveries in SC biology. Comprehension of the mechanisms of neurogenesis regulation is essential for the development of new therapeutic approaches for currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases and neuroblastomas. In this review, we present the latest achievements in this fast-moving field and discuss essential aspects of NSC biology, including SC regulation by hormones, neurotransmitters, and transcription factors, along with the achievements of genetic and chemical reprogramming for the safe use of SCs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - R A Poltavtseva
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. .,National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - S V Leonov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), The Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - G T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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Bauer PO, Dunmore JH, Sasaguri H, Matoska V. Neurons Induced From Fibroblasts of c9ALS/FTD Patients Reproduce the Pathology Seen in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:935. [PMID: 31551693 PMCID: PMC6743368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are incurable neurodegenerative conditions. A non-coding hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in the c9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of ALS/FTD. We present a cellular model of c9ALS/FTD where induced neurons (iNeurons) are generated within 2 weeks by direct conversion of patients‘ dermal fibroblasts through down-regulation of polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein 1 (PTB1). While sense (S) and anti-sense (AS) intranuclear RNA foci were observed in both fibroblasts and iNeurons, the accumulation of (S) and (AS) repeat-associated non-ATG translation (RANT) products were detected only in iNeurons. Importantly, anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against the (S) repeat transcript lead to decreased (S) RNA foci staining and a reduction of the corresponding RANT products without affecting its (AS) counterparts. ASOs treatment also rescued the cell viability upon stressful stimulus. The results indicate that iNeurons is an advantageous model that not only recapitulates c9ALS/FTD hallmark features but can also help uncover promising therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States.,Bioinova, Ltd., Prague, Czechia.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Judith H Dunmore
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Hiroki Sasaguri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Xue Y, Zhan X, Sun S, Karuppagounder SS, Xia S, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Laterra J, Zhang J, Ying M. Synthetic mRNAs Drive Highly Efficient iPS Cell Differentiation to Dopaminergic Neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:112-123. [PMID: 30387318 PMCID: PMC6344911 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural transcription factors (TFs) drive highly efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to lineage-specific neurons. However, current strategies mainly rely on genome-integrating viruses. Here, we used synthetic mRNAs coding two proneural TFs (Atoh1 and Ngn2) to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. mRNAs coding Atoh1 and Ngn2 with defined phosphosite modifications led to higher and more stable protein expression, and induced more efficient neuron conversion, as compared to mRNAs coding wild-type proteins. Using these two modified mRNAs with morphogens, we established a 5-day protocol that can rapidly generate mDA neurons with >90% purity from normal and Parkinson's disease iPSCs. After in vitro maturation, these mRNA-induced mDA (miDA) neurons recapitulate key biochemical and electrophysiological features of primary mDA neurons and can provide high-content neuron cultures for drug discovery. Proteomic analysis of Atoh1-binding proteins identified the nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II) complex as a new binding partner of nuclear Atoh1. The NM-II complex, commonly known as an ATP-dependent molecular motor, binds more strongly to phosphosite-modified Atoh1 than the wild type. Blebbistatin, an NM-II complex antagonist, and bradykinin, an NM-II complex agonist, inhibited and promoted, respectively, the transcriptional activity of Atoh1 and the efficiency of miDA neuron generation. These findings established the first mRNA-driven strategy for efficient iPSC differentiation to mDA neurons. We further identified the NM-II complex as a positive modulator of Atoh1-driven neuron differentiation. The methodology described here will facilitate the development of mRNA-driven differentiation strategies for generating iPSC-derived progenies widely applicable to disease modeling and cell replacement therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:112&12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Xue
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Xiping Zhan
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsHoward UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Shuli Xia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of PhysiologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and DiseasesInstitute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy KriegerBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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8
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Tagliafierro L, Zamora ME, Chiba-Falek O. Multiplication of the SNCA locus exacerbates neuronal nuclear aging. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:407-421. [PMID: 30304516 PMCID: PMC6337700 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC)-derived models have advanced the study of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). While age is the strongest risk factor for these disorders, hiPSC-derived models represent rejuvenated neurons. We developed hiPSC-derived Aged dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons to model PD and related synucleinopathies. Our new method induces aging through a `semi-natural' process, by passaging multiple times at the Neural Precursor Cell stage, prior to final differentiation. Characterization of isogenic hiPSC-derived neurons using heterochromatin and nuclear envelope markers, as well as DNA damage and global DNA methylation, validated our age-inducing method. Next, we compared neurons derived from a patient with SNCA-triplication (SNCA-Tri) and a Control. The SNCA-Tri neurons displayed exacerbated nuclear aging, showing advanced aging signatures already at the Juvenile stage. Noteworthy, the Aged SNCA-Tri neurons showed more α-synuclein aggregates per cell versus the Juvenile. We suggest a link between the effects of aging and SNCA overexpression on neuronal nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tagliafierro
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Madison Elena Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Chiba-Falek O, Gottschalk WK, Lutz MW. The effects of the TOMM40 poly-T alleles on Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [PMID: 29524426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TOMM40 poly-T is a polymorphism in intron 6 of the TOMM40 gene, which is adjacent to and in linkage disequilibrium with APOE. Roses et al. identified the association between the length of TOMM40 poly-T with the risk and age of onset of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Following the original discovery, additional studies found associations between the TOMM40 poly-T and LOAD-related phenotypes independent of APOE genotypes, while others did not replicate these associations. Furthermore, the identity of the TOMM40 poly-T risk allele has been controversial between different LOAD-related phenotypes. Here, we propose a framework to address the conflicting findings with respect to the TOMM40 poly-T allele associations with LOAD phenotypes and their functional effects. The framework is used to interpret previous studies as means to gain insights regarding the nature of the risk allele, very long versus short. We suggest that the identity of the TOMM40 poly-T risk allele depends on the phenotype being evaluated, the ages of the study subjects at the time of assessment, and the context of the APOE genotypes. In concluding remarks, we outline future studies that will inform the mechanistic interpretation of the genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Gándara L, Wappner P. Metabo-Devo: A metabolic perspective of development. Mech Dev 2018; 154:12-23. [PMID: 29475040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, several reports have established the notion that metabolism is not just a housekeeping process, but instead an active effector of physiological changes. The idea that the metabolic status may rule a wide range of phenomena in cell biology is starting to be broadly accepted. Thus, current developmental biology has begun to describe different ways by which the metabolic profile of the cell and developmental programs of the organism can crosstalk. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which metabolism impacts on processes governing development. We review the growing body of evidence that supports the notion that aerobic glycolysis is required in cells undergoing fast growth and high proliferation, similarly to the Warburg effect described in tumor cells. Glycolytic metabolism explains not only the higher ATP synthesis rate required for cell growth, but also the uncoupling between mitochondrial activity and bioenergetics needed to provide anabolism with sufficient precursors. We also discuss some recent studies, which show that in addition to its role in providing energy and carbon chains, the metabolic status of the cell can also influence epigenetic regulation of developmental processes. Although metabolic aspects of development are just starting to be explored, there is no doubt that ongoing research in this field will shape the future landscape of Developmental Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro Gándara
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Pablo Wappner
- Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular, y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Hofrichter M, Nimtz L, Tigges J, Kabiri Y, Schröter F, Royer-Pokora B, Hildebrandt B, Schmuck M, Epanchintsev A, Theiss S, Adjaye J, Egly JM, Krutmann J, Fritsche E. Comparative performance analysis of human iPSC-derived and primary neural progenitor cells (NPC) grown as neurospheres in vitro. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:72-82. [PMID: 29112887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing performed in rats is resource-intensive (costs, time, animals) and bears the issue of species extrapolation. Thus, reliable alternative human-based approaches are needed for predicting neurodevelopmental toxicity. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a basis for an alternative method possibly being part of an alternative DNT testing strategy. Here, we compared two hiPSC neural induction protocols resulting in 3D neurospheres: one using noggin and one cultivating cells in neural induction medium (NIM protocol). Performance of Nestin+/SOX2+ hiPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) was compared to primary human NPCs. Generally, primary hNPCs first differentiate into Nestin+ and/or GFAP+ radial glia-like cells, while the hiPSC-derived NPCs (hiPSC-NPC) first differentiate into βIII-Tubulin+ neurons suggesting an earlier developmental stage of hiPSC-NPC. In the 'Neurosphere Assay', NIM generated hiPSC-NPC produced neurons with higher performance than with the noggin protocol. After long-term differentiation, hiPSC-NPC form neuronal networks, which become electrically active on microelectrode arrays after 85days. Finally, methylmercury chloride inhibits hiPSC-NPC and hNPC migration with similar potencies. hiPSC-NPCs-derived neurospheres seem to be useful for DNT evaluation representing early neural development in vitro. More system characterization by compound testing is needed to gain higher confidence in this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxi Hofrichter
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Nimtz
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Yaschar Kabiri
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike Schröter
- Institute for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Brigitte Royer-Pokora
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Hildebrandt
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Schmuck
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexey Epanchintsev
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire: IGBMC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERUM, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephan Theiss
- Institute of clinical neuroscience and medical psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire: IGBMC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERUM, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany; Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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12
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Tousley A, Kegel-Gleason KB. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Huntington's Disease Research: Progress and Opportunity. J Huntingtons Dis 2017; 5:99-131. [PMID: 27372054 PMCID: PMC4942721 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-160199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from controls and patients can act as a starting point for in vitro differentiation into human brain cells for discovery of novel targets and treatments for human disease without the same ethical limitations posed by embryonic stem cells. Numerous groups have successfully produced and characterized Huntington’s disease (HD) iPSCs with different CAG repeat lengths, including cells from patients with one or two HD alleles. HD iPSCs and the neural cell types derived from them recapitulate some disease phenotypes found in both human patients and animal models. Although these discoveries are encouraging, the use of iPSCs for cutting edge and reproducible research has been limited due to some of the inherent problems with cell lines and the technological differences in the way laboratories use them. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the HD iPSC field, and to highlight some of the issues that need to be addressed to maximize their potential as research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly B. Kegel-Gleason
- Correspondence to: Kimberly Kegel-Gleason, Assistant Professor in Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Room 2001, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Tel.: +1 617 724 8754; E-mail:
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13
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Glenn OC, Tagliafierro L, Beach TG, Woltjer RL, Chiba-Falek O. Interpreting Gene Expression Effects of Disease-Associated Variants: A Lesson from SNCA rs356168. Front Genet 2017; 8:133. [PMID: 28979294 PMCID: PMC5611418 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNCA intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs356168, has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in large genome wide association studies (GWAS). Recently, the PD-risk allele, rs356168-G was shown to increase SNCA-mRNA expression using genome edited human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived neurons. In this study, as means of validation, we tested the effect of rs356168 on total SNCA-mRNA levels using brain tissues, temporal and frontal cortex, from healthy control donors. Carriers of the rs356168-G allele demonstrated a borderline significant decrease of SNCA-mRNA levels in temporal brain tissues (p = 0.02) compared to individuals homozygous for the 'A' allele. Similar trend, but weak, was observed in the analysis of frontal cortex samples, however, this analysis did not reach statistical significance. These results conflict with the recently reported effect of SNCA SNP rs356168 described above. Our study conveys the need to carefully interpret the precise molecular mechanism by which rs356168, or another tightly linked variant, affects the regulation of SNCA expression. The regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the observed associations between PD and the SNCA-3' linkage disequilibrium region warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolara-Chinue Glenn
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DurhamNC, United States.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DurhamNC, United States
| | - Lidia Tagliafierro
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DurhamNC, United States.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DurhamNC, United States
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun CityAZ, United States
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, PortlandOR, United States
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, DurhamNC, United States.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DurhamNC, United States
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14
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Gibson GE, Thakkar A. Mitochondria/metabolic reprogramming in the formation of neurons from peripheral cells: Cause or consequence and the implications to their utility. Neurochem Int 2017. [PMID: 28627365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and their subsequent conversion to neural progenitor cells (NPC) and finally to neurons is intriguing scientifically, and its potential to medicine is nearly infinite, but unrealized. A better understanding of the changes at each step of the transformation will enable investigators to better model neurological disease. Each step of conversion from a differentiated cell to an iPSC to a NPC to neurons requires large changes in glycolysis including aerobic glycolysis, the pentose shunt, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the electron transport chain and in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mitochondrial/metabolic changes are required and their manipulation modifies conversions. These same mitochondrial/metabolic processes are altered in common neurological diseases so that factors related to the disease may alter the cellular transformation at each step including the final phenotype. A lack of understanding of these interactions could compromise the validity of the disease comparisons in iPSC derived neurons. Both the complexity and potential of iPSC derived cells for understanding and treating disease remain great.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Gibson
- Weil Cornell Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Burke Medical Research, White Plains, NY 10605, United States.
| | - Ankita Thakkar
- Weil Cornell Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Burke Medical Research, White Plains, NY 10605, United States
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15
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Meyer K, Kaspar BK. Glia-neuron interactions in neurological diseases: Testing non-cell autonomy in a dish. Brain Res 2017; 1656:27-39. [PMID: 26778174 PMCID: PMC4939136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For the past century, research on neurological disorders has largely focused on the most prominently affected cell types - the neurons. However, with increasing knowledge of the diverse physiological functions of glial cells, their impact on these diseases has become more evident. Thus, many conditions appear to have more complex origins than initially thought. Since neurological pathologies are often sporadic with unknown etiology, animal models are difficult to create and might only reflect a small portion of patients in which a mutation in a gene has been identified. Therefore, reliable in vitro systems to studying these disorders are urgently needed. They might be a pre-requisite for improving our understanding of the disease mechanisms as well as for the development of potential new therapies. In this review, we will briefly summarize the function of different glial cell types in the healthy central nervous system (CNS) and outline their implication in the development or progression of neurological conditions. We will then describe different types of culture systems to model non-cell autonomous interactions in vitro and evaluate advantages and disadvantages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Meyer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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16
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Li J, Zhang F, Yu L, Fujimoto N, Yoshioka M, Li X, Shi J, Kotera H, Liu L, Chen Y. Culture substrates made of elastomeric micro-tripod arrays for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:236-244. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Elastomeric micro-tripod arrays were used as novel substrates for culturing and long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - F. Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
| | - L. Yu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering
| | - N. Fujimoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Department of Micro Engineering
| | - M. Yoshioka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - X. Li
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
| | - J. Shi
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
- CNRS-ENS-UPMC UMR 8640
- Paris
- France
| | - H. Kotera
- Department of Micro Engineering
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 615-8540
- Japan
| | - L. Liu
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
| | - Y. Chen
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8507
- Japan
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
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17
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Lee JH, Lee T, Choi JW. Nano-Biosensor for Monitoring the Neural Differentiation of Stem Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6120224. [PMID: 28335352 PMCID: PMC5302715 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, monitoring the status of stem cell differentiation is crucial to verify therapeutic efficacy and optimize treatment procedures. However, traditional methods, such as cell staining and sorting, are labor-intensive and may damage the cells. Therefore, the development of noninvasive methods to monitor the differentiation status in situ is highly desirable and can be of great benefit to stem cell-based therapies. Toward this end, nanotechnology has been applied to develop highly-sensitive biosensors to noninvasively monitor the neural differentiation of stem cells. Herein, this article reviews the development of noninvasive nano-biosensor systems to monitor the neural differentiation of stem cells, mainly focusing on optical (plasmonic) and eletrochemical methods. The findings in this review suggest that novel nano-biosensors capable of monitoring stem cell differentiation are a promising type of technology that can accelerate the development of stem cell therapies, including regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
- Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro (Sinsu-dong), Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
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18
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Grzybek M, Golonko A, Walczak M, Lisowski P. Epigenetics of cell fate reprogramming and its implications for neurological disorders modelling. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 99:84-120. [PMID: 27890672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proceeds in a stepwise manner with reprogramming factors binding and epigenetic composition changes during transition to maintain the epigenetic landscape, important for pluripotency. There arises a question as to whether the aberrant epigenetic state after reprogramming leads to epigenetic defects in induced stem cells causing unpredictable long term effects in differentiated cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive view of epigenetic alterations accompanying reprogramming, cell maintenance and differentiation as factors that influence applications of hiPSCs in stem cell based technologies. We conclude that sample heterogeneity masks DNA methylation signatures in subpopulations of cells and thus believe that beside a genetic evaluation, extensive epigenomic screening should become a standard procedure to ensure hiPSCs state before they are used for genome editing and differentiation into neurons of interest. In particular, we suggest that exploitation of the single-cell composition of the epigenome will provide important insights into heterogeneity within hiPSCs subpopulations to fast forward development of reliable hiPSC-based analytical platforms in neurological disorders modelling and before completed hiPSC technology will be implemented in clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Grzybek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Golonko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Walczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Pawel Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; iPS Cell-Based Disease Modelling Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Belle K, Shabazz FS, Nuytemans K, Davis DA, Ali A, Young JL, Scott WK, Mash DC, Vance JM, Dykxhoorn DM. Generation of disease-specific autopsy-confirmed iPSCs lines from postmortem isolated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Neurosci Lett 2016; 637:201-206. [PMID: 27826014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative disorders has been hampered by a lack of readily available model systems that replicate the complexity of the human disease. Recent advances in stem cell technology have facilitated the derivation of patient-specific stem cells from a variety of differentiated cell types. These induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are attractive disease models since they can be grown and differentiated to produce large numbers of disease-relevant cell types. However, most iPSC lines are derived in advance of, and without the benefit of, neuropathological confirmation of the donor - the gold standard for many disease classifications and measurement of disease severity. While others have reported the generation of autopsy-confirmed iPSC lines from patient explants, these methods require outgrowth of cadaver tissue, which require additional time and is often only successful ∼50% of the time. Here we report the rapid generation of autopsy-confirmed iPSC lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) drawn postmortem. Since this approach doesn't require the propagation of previously frozen cadaver tissue, iPSC can be rapidly and efficiently produced from patients with autopsy-confirmed pathology. These matched iPSC-derived patient-specific neurons and postmortem brain tissue will support studies of specific mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsley Belle
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Francelethia S Shabazz
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Karen Nuytemans
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - David A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Aleena Ali
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Juan L Young
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - William K Scott
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Vance
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States
| | - Derek M Dykxhoorn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, United States.
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20
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal lobar dementia are among the most pressing problems of developed societies with aging populations. Neurons carry out essential functions such as signal transmission and network integration in the central nervous system and are the main targets of neurodegenerative disease. In this Review, I address how the neuron's environment also contributes to neurodegeneration. Maintaining an optimal milieu for neuronal function rests with supportive cells termed glia and the blood-brain barrier. Accumulating evidence suggests that neurodegeneration occurs in part because the environment is affected during disease in a cascade of processes collectively termed neuroinflammation. These observations indicate that therapies targeting glial cells might provide benefit for those afflicted by neurodegenerative disorders.
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21
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Pistollato F, Ohayon EL, Lam A, Langley GR, Novak TJ, Pamies D, Perry G, Trushina E, Williams RS, Roher AE, Hartung T, Harnad S, Barnard N, Morris MC, Lai MC, Merkley R, Chandrasekera PC. Alzheimer disease research in the 21st century: past and current failures, new perspectives and funding priorities. Oncotarget 2016; 7:38999-39016. [PMID: 27229915 PMCID: PMC5129909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of Alzheimer disease (AD) research has been traditionally based on the use of animals, which have been extensively applied in an effort to both improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and to test novel therapeutic approaches. However, decades of such research have not effectively translated into substantial therapeutic success for human patients. Here we critically discuss these issues in order to determine how existing human-based methods can be applied to study AD pathology and develop novel therapeutics. These methods, which include patient-derived cells, computational analysis and models, together with large-scale epidemiological studies represent novel and exciting tools to enhance and forward AD research. In particular, these methods are helping advance AD research by contributing multifactorial and multidimensional perspectives, especially considering the crucial role played by lifestyle risk factors in the determination of AD risk. In addition to research techniques, we also consider related pitfalls and flaws in the current research funding system. Conversely, we identify encouraging new trends in research and government policy. In light of these new research directions, we provide recommendations regarding prioritization of research funding. The goal of this document is to stimulate scientific and public discussion on the need to explore new avenues in AD research, considering outcome and ethics as core principles to reliably judge traditional research efforts and eventually undertake new research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elan L. Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ann Lam
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gillian R. Langley
- Research and Toxicology Department, Humane Society International, London, UK
| | | | - David Pamies
- CAAT, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Robin S.B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Alex E. Roher
- Division of Clinical Education, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- CAAT, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stevan Harnad
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec/Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neal Barnard
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Section of Nutrition and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mei-Chun Lai
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ryan Merkley
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Zheng X, Boyer L, Jin M, Mertens J, Kim Y, Ma L, Ma L, Hamm M, Gage FH, Hunter T. Metabolic reprogramming during neuronal differentiation from aerobic glycolysis to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27282387 PMCID: PMC4963198 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How metabolism is reprogrammed during neuronal differentiation is unknown. We found that the loss of hexokinase (HK2) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) expression, together with a switch in pyruvate kinase gene splicing from PKM2 to PKM1, marks the transition from aerobic glycolysis in neural progenitor cells (NPC) to neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. The protein levels of c-MYC and N-MYC, transcriptional activators of the HK2 and LDHA genes, decrease dramatically. Constitutive expression of HK2 and LDHA during differentiation leads to neuronal cell death, indicating that the shut-off aerobic glycolysis is essential for neuronal survival. The metabolic regulators PGC-1α and ERRγ increase significantly upon neuronal differentiation to sustain the transcription of metabolic and mitochondrial genes, whose levels are unchanged compared to NPCs, revealing distinct transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in the proliferation and post-mitotic differentiation states. Mitochondrial mass increases proportionally with neuronal mass growth, indicating an unknown mechanism linking mitochondrial biogenesis to cell size. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13374.001 Structures called mitochondria act like the batteries of cells, and use several different metabolic processes to release energy. For example, neurons rely on a metabolic process called oxidative phosphorylation, while neural progenitor cells (which develop, or differentiate, into neurons) use a process called aerobic glycolysis instead. Little is known about why neurons prefer to use oxidative phosphorylation to provide them with energy, and it is also not clear why problems that affect this process are often seen in neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Zheng, Boyer et al. have now used human neural progenitor cells to explore the metabolic changes that occur as these cells develop into neurons. It appears that the loss of two metabolic enzymes, called hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase, marks the transition from aerobic glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, the instructions to produce an enzyme called pyruvate kinase are altered or “alternatively spliced” when progenitor cells differentiate, which in turn changes the structure of the enzyme. The levels of the proteins that activate and regulate the production of these three metabolic enzymes also decrease dramatically during this transition. Further experiments showed that neurons that produce hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase while they differentiate die, which means that neurons must shut off aerobic glycolysis in order to survive. The amounts of two proteins that regulate metabolism (called PGC-1α and ERRγ) increase significantly when a neuron differentiates. This sustains a constant level of activity for several metabolic and mitochondrial genes as neural progenitor cells differentiate to form neurons. Zheng, Boyer et al. also found that neurons build more mitochondria as they grow; this suggests that an unknown mechanism exists that links the creation of mitochondria to the size of the neuron. Zheng, Boyer et al. have mainly focused on how much of each metabolic enzyme is produced inside cells, but these levels may not completely reflect the actual level of enzyme activity. The next steps are therefore to investigate whether any other processes or modifications play a part in regulating the enzymes. Further investigation is also needed to determine the effects of changes in mitochondrial structure that occur as a neuron develops from a neural progenitor cell. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13374.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Leah Boyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mingji Jin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Li Ma
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael Hamm
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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23
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Massa MG, Gisevius B, Hirschberg S, Hinz L, Schmidt M, Gold R, Prochnow N, Haghikia A. Multiple Sclerosis Patient-Specific Primary Neurons Differentiated from Urinary Renal Epithelial Cells via Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155274. [PMID: 27158987 PMCID: PMC4861271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As multiple sclerosis research progresses, it is pertinent to continue to develop suitable paradigms to allow for ever more sophisticated investigations. Animal models of multiple sclerosis, despite their continuing contributions to the field, may not be the most prudent for every experiment. Indeed, such may be either insufficient to reflect the functional impact of human genetic variations or unsuitable for drug screenings. Thus, we have established a cell- and patient-specific paradigm to provide an in vitro model within which to perform future genetic investigations. Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells were isolated from multiple sclerosis patients’ urine and transfected with pluripotency-inducing episomal factors. Subsequent induced pluripotent stem cells were formed into embryoid bodies selective for ectodermal lineage, resulting in neural tube-like rosettes and eventually neural progenitor cells. Differentiation of these precursors into primary neurons was achieved through a regimen of neurotrophic and other factors. These patient-specific primary neurons displayed typical morphology and functionality, also staining positive for mature neuronal markers. The development of such a non-invasive procedure devoid of permanent genetic manipulation during the course of differentiation, in the context of multiple sclerosis, provides an avenue for studies with a greater cell- and human-specific focus, specifically in the context of genetic contributions to neurodegeneration and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan G Massa
- Neurologische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Gisevius
- Neurologische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Hirschberg
- Neurologische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Hinz
- Neurologische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Neurologische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nora Prochnow
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Neurologische Klinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
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24
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Zheng X, Boyer L, Jin M, Kim Y, Fan W, Bardy C, Berggren T, Evans RM, Gage FH, Hunter T. Alleviation of neuronal energy deficiency by mTOR inhibition as a treatment for mitochondria-related neurodegeneration. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27008180 PMCID: PMC4846388 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibition is beneficial in neurodegenerative disease models and its effects are often attributable to the modulation of autophagy and anti-apoptosis. Here, we report a neglected but important bioenergetic effect of mTOR inhibition in neurons. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin significantly preserves neuronal ATP levels, particularly when oxidative phosphorylation is impaired, such as in neurons treated with mitochondrial inhibitors, or in neurons derived from maternally inherited Leigh syndrome (MILS) patient iPS cells with ATP synthase deficiency. Rapamycin treatment significantly improves the resistance of MILS neurons to glutamate toxicity. Surprisingly, in mitochondrially defective neurons, but not neuroprogenitor cells, ribosomal S6 and S6 kinase phosphorylation increased over time, despite activation of AMPK, which is often linked to mTOR inhibition. A rapamycin-induced decrease in protein synthesis, a major energy-consuming process, may account for its ATP-saving effect. We propose that a mild reduction in protein synthesis may have the potential to treat mitochondria-related neurodegeneration. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13378.001 Living cells need to maintain an optimal balance between making new proteins and destroying older ones. Building proteins requires a supply of nutrients and appropriate levels of energy, and mammalian cells rely on a protein called mTOR to sense both nutrient availability and energy levels. Nutrients activate mTOR signaling to promote protein synthesis. In contrast, a lack of nutrients and low energy levels inhibit mTOR, which slows down protein synthesis to help the cell to conserve vital resources. The balance between protein synthesis and degradation is often perturbed in diseases that involve the progressive loss of nerve cells, and a drug called rapamycin – which inhibits mTOR signalling – can help treat this neurodegeneration in mice. Neurodegenerative diseases are also often linked to problems with the cellular structures called mitochondria that provide the cell with energy in the form of the chemical ATP. Previous research suggests that abnormal mitochondrial activity and energy deficiency could be a critical step that leads to neuron death in neurodegeneration. So far, the effect of rapamycin on energy deficiency in neurons has not been explored in detail. Zheng, Boyer et al. have now tested the therapeutic potential of rapamycin in a genetic disease called maternally inherited Leigh syndrome in which children suffer from severe neurodegeneration due to defects in their mitochondria. The experiments made use of neurons that could be grown in the laboratory and which faithfully mimicked the problems observed in maternally inherited Leigh syndrome patients. In some experiments, healthy neurons were treated with chemicals that inhibit ATP production. In other experiments, cells collected from a maternally inherited Leigh syndrome patient were coaxed into becoming neurons. Signaling via mTOR was enhanced in both kinds of neurons. Zheng, Boyer et al. then treated the defective neurons with rapamycin, which led to a significant rise in ATP levels. The production of proteins also slowed down. This could explain the observed rise in ATP levels, as making proteins consumes a lot of energy. Zheng, Boyer et al. propose that a mild reduction in protein synthesis may have the potential to treat neurodegeneration caused by defective mitochondria. Further work is needed to extend this analysis to animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13378.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Leah Boyer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mingji Jin
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Cedric Bardy
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Travis Berggren
- Stem Cell Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Tony Hunter
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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25
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Abstract
Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases are major health threats in many
developed countries. Recently, target tissues derived from human embryonic stem
(hES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), such as cardiomyocytes
(CMs) or neurons, have been actively mobilized for drug screening. Knowledge of
drug toxicity and efficacy obtained using stem cell-derived tissues could
parallel that obtained from human trials. Furthermore, iPSC disease models could
be advantageous in the development of personalized medicine in various parts of
disease sectors. To obtain the maximum benefit from iPSCs in disease modeling,
researchers are now focusing on aging, maturation, and metabolism to
recapitulate the pathological features seen in patients. Compared to pediatric
disease modeling, adult-onset disease modeling with iPSCs requires proper
maturation for full manifestation of pathological features. Herein, the success
of iPSC technology, focusing on patient-specific drug treatment,
maturation-based disease modeling, and alternative approaches to compensate for
the current limitations of patient iPSC modeling, will be further discussed.
[BMB Reports 2015; 48(5): 256-265]
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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26
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Handel AE, Chintawar S, Lalic T, Whiteley E, Vowles J, Giustacchini A, Argoud K, Sopp P, Nakanishi M, Bowden R, Cowley S, Newey S, Akerman C, Ponting CP, Cader MZ. Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical neurons through single-cell transcriptomics. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:989-1000. [PMID: 26740550 PMCID: PMC4754051 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neurons potentially present a powerful new model to understand corticogenesis and neurological disease. Previous work has established that differentiation protocols can produce cortical neurons, but little has been done to characterize these at cellular resolution. In particular, it is unclear to what extent in vitro two-dimensional, relatively disordered culture conditions recapitulate the development of in vivo cortical layer identity. Single-cell multiplex reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to interrogate the expression of genes previously implicated in cortical layer or phenotypic identity in individual cells. Totally, 93.6% of single cells derived from iPSCs expressed genes indicative of neuronal identity. High proportions of single neurons derived from iPSCs expressed glutamatergic receptors and synaptic genes. And, 68.4% of iPSC-derived neurons expressing at least one layer marker could be assigned to a laminar identity using canonical cortical layer marker genes. We compared single-cell RNA-seq of our iPSC-derived neurons to available single-cell RNA-seq data from human fetal and adult brain and found that iPSC-derived cortical neurons closely resembled primary fetal brain cells. Unexpectedly, a subpopulation of iPSC-derived neurons co-expressed canonical fetal deep and upper cortical layer markers. However, this appeared to be concordant with data from primary cells. Our results therefore provide reassurance that iPSC-derived cortical neurons are highly similar to primary cortical neurons at the level of single cells but suggest that current layer markers, although effective, may not be able to disambiguate cortical layer identity in all cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Handel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QX, UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Satyan Chintawar
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tatjana Lalic
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Emma Whiteley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alice Giustacchini
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Karene Argoud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN and
| | - Paul Sopp
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rory Bowden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7BN and
| | - Sally Cowley
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sarah Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Colin Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3QX, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DS, UK,
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27
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Zhang B, Tran L, Emilsson V, Zhu J. Characterization of Genetic Networks Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1303:459-77. [PMID: 26235085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2627-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
At the molecular level, the genetics of complex disease such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifests itself as series of alterations in the molecular interactions in pathways and networks that define biological processes underlying the pathophysiological states of disease. While large-scale genome-wide association (GWA) studies of late-onset alzheimer's disease (LOAD) have uncovered prominent genomic regions linked to the disease, the cause for the vast majority of LOAD cases still remains unknown. Increasingly available large-scale genomic and genetic data related to LOAD has made it possible to comprehensively uncover the mechanisms causally lined to LOAD in a completely data-driven manner. Here we review the various aspects of systems/network biology approaches and methodology in constructing genetic networks associated with AD from large sampling of postmortem brain tissues. We describe in detail a multiscale network modeling approach (MNMA) that integrates interaction and causal gene networks to analyze large-scale DNA, gene expression and pathophysiological data from multiple post-mortem brain regions of LOAD patients as well non-demented normal controls. MNMA first employs weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to construct multi-tissue networks that simultaneously capture intra-tissue and inter-tissue gene-gene interactions and then quantifies the change in connectivity among highly co-expressed genes in LOAD with respect to the normal state. Co-expressed gene modules are then rank ordered by relevance to pathophysiological traits and enrichment of genes differentially expressed in LOAD. Causal regulatory relationships among the genes in each module are then determined by a Bayesian network inference framework that is used to formally integrate genetic and gene expression information. MNMA has uncovered a massive remodeling of network structures in LOAD and identified novel subnetworks and key regulators that are causally linked to LOAD. In the end, we will outline the challenges in systems/network approaches to LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA,
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28
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Epigenetic Research of Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Patient iPSC-Based Models. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:9464591. [PMID: 26697081 PMCID: PMC4677257 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9464591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a role in human disease but their involvement in pathologies from the central nervous system has been hampered by the complexity of the brain together with its unique cellular architecture and diversity. Until recently, disease targeted neural types were only available as postmortem materials after many years of disease evolution. Current in vitro systems of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by cell reprogramming of somatic cells from patients have provided valuable disease models recapitulating key pathological molecular events. Yet whether cell reprogramming on itself implies a truly epigenetic reprogramming, the epigenetic mechanisms governing this process are only partially understood. Moreover, elucidating epigenetic regulation using patient-specific iPSC-derived neural models is expected to have a great impact to unravel the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and to hopefully expand future therapeutic possibilities. Here we will critically review current knowledge of epigenetic involvement in neurodegenerative disorders focusing on the potential of iPSCs as a promising tool for epigenetic research of these diseases.
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29
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Kim TH, Yea CH, Chueng STD, Yin PTT, Conley B, Dardir K, Pak Y, Jung GY, Choi JW, Lee KB. Large-Scale Nanoelectrode Arrays to Monitor the Dopaminergic Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6356-62. [PMID: 26390254 PMCID: PMC4767621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel cell-based biosensing platform is developed using a combination of sequential laser interference lithography and electrochemical deposition methods. This enables the sensitive discrimination of dopaminergic cells from other types of neural cells in a completely nondestructive manner. This platform and detection strategy may become an effective noninvasive in situ monitoring tool that can be used to determine stem cell fate for various regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Cheol-Heon Yea
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA). Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Sy-Tsong Dean Chueng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Perry To-Tien Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Brian Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Kholud Dardir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Yusin Pak
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712 (Republic of Korea)
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742 (Republic of Korea), Fax: (+82) 2-3273-0331
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA), Fax: (+1) 732-445-5312, http://kblee.rutgers.edu/. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
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30
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Tang S, Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Phenotypic Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2-15. [PMID: 26322868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell models are invaluable tools for studying diseases and discovering drugs. Human induced pluripotent stem cells, particularly derived from patients, are an advantageous resource for generating ample supplies of cells to create unique platforms that model disease. This manuscript will review recent developments in modeling a variety of diseases (including their cellular phenotypes) with induced pluripotent stem cells derived from patients. It will also describe how researchers have exploited these models to validate drugs as potential therapeutics for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibing Tang
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Min Xie
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institutes , 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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31
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Pistollato F, Cavanaugh SE, Chandrasekera PC. A Human-Based Integrated Framework forAlzheimer’s Disease Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:857-68. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Wenker SD, Casalía M, Candedo VC, Casabona JC, Pitossi FJ. Cell reprogramming and neuronal differentiation applied to neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on Parkinson's disease. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3396-406. [PMID: 26226418 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult cells from patients can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) which successively can be used to obtain specific cells such as neurons. This remarkable breakthrough represents a new way of studying diseases and brought new therapeutic perspectives in the field of regenerative medicine. This is particular true in the neurology field, where few techniques are amenable to study the affected tissue of the patient during illness progression, in addition to the lack of neuroprotective therapies for many diseases. In this review we discuss the advantages and unresolved issues of cell reprogramming and neuronal differentiation. We reviewed evidence using iPSCs-derived neurons from neurological patients. Focusing on data obtained from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, we show that iPSC-derived neurons possess morphological and functional characteristics of this disease and build a case for the use of this technology to study PD and other neuropathologies while disease is in progress. These data show the enormous impact that this new technology starts to have on different purposes such as the study and design of future therapies of neurological disease, especially PD.
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33
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Orack JC, Deleidi M, Pitt D, Mahajan K, Nicholas JA, Boster AL, Racke MK, Comabella M, Watanabe F, Imitola J. Concise review: modeling multiple sclerosis with stem cell biological platforms: toward functional validation of cellular and molecular phenotypes in inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:252-60. [PMID: 25593207 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in identifying novel mechanisms and new medications that regulate immune cell function in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant unmet need is the identification of the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration, because patients continue to manifest brain atrophy and disability despite current therapies. Neural and mesenchymal stem cells have received considerable attention as therapeutic candidates to ameliorate the disease in preclinical and phase I clinical trials. More recently, progress in somatic cell reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cell technology has allowed the generation of human "diseased" neurons in a patient-specific setting and has provided a unique biological tool that can be used to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration. In the present review, we discuss the application and challenges of these technologies, including the generation of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from patients and novel stem cell and OPC cellular arrays, in the discovery of new mechanistic insights and the future development of MS reparative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Orack
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Pitt
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kedar Mahajan
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacqueline A Nicholas
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aaron L Boster
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael K Racke
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fumihiro Watanabe
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Imitola
- Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory for Neural Stem Cells, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Wainger BJ, Buttermore ED, Oliveira JT, Mellin C, Lee S, Saber WA, Wang A, Ichida JK, Chiu IM, Barrett L, Huebner EA, Bilgin C, Tsujimoto N, Brenneis C, Kapur K, Rubin LL, Eggan K, Woolf CJ. Modeling pain in vitro using nociceptor neurons reprogrammed from fibroblasts. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:17-24. [PMID: 25420066 PMCID: PMC4429606 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells from one cell fate to another can generate specific neurons suitable for disease modeling. To maximize the utility of patient-derived neurons, they must model not only disease-relevant cell classes, but also the diversity of neuronal subtypes found in vivo and the pathophysiological changes that underlie specific clinical diseases. We identified five transcription factors that reprogram mouse and human fibroblasts into noxious stimulus-detecting (nociceptor) neurons. These recapitulated the expression of quintessential nociceptor-specific functional receptors and channels found in adult mouse nociceptor neurons, as well as native subtype diversity. Moreover, the derived nociceptor neurons exhibited TrpV1 sensitization to the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 and the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin, modeling the inherent mechanisms underlying inflammatory pain hypersensitivity and painful chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Using fibroblasts from patients with familial dysautonomia (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III), we found that the technique was able to reveal previously unknown aspects of human disease phenotypes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Wainger
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine,
Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Elizabeth D. Buttermore
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Julia T. Oliveira
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Cassidy Mellin
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Seungkyu Lee
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Wardiya Afshar Saber
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Amy Wang
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Justin K. Ichida
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and
Regenerative Biology, Harvard University
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli
and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of
Southern California
| | - Isaac M. Chiu
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Lee Barrett
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Eric A. Huebner
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Canan Bilgin
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Naomi Tsujimoto
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and
Regenerative Biology, Harvard University
| | - Christian Brenneis
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Kush Kapur
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and
Regenerative Biology, Harvard University
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and
Regenerative Biology, Harvard University
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
| | - Clifford J. Woolf
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital
and Harvard Stem Cell Institute
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School
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35
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Raitano S, Ordovàs L, De Muynck L, Guo W, Espuny-Camacho I, Geraerts M, Khurana S, Vanuytsel K, Tóth BI, Voets T, Vandenberghe R, Cathomen T, Van Den Bosch L, Vanderhaeghen P, Van Damme P, Verfaillie CM. Restoration of progranulin expression rescues cortical neuron generation in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of frontotemporal dementia. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 4:16-24. [PMID: 25556567 PMCID: PMC4297877 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD), we created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients carrying the GRNIVS1+5G > C mutation (FTD-iPSCs). FTD-iPSCs were fated to cortical neurons, the cells most affected in FTD. Although generation of neuroprogenitors was unaffected, their further differentiation into CTIP2-, FOXP2-, or TBR1-TUJ1 double-positive cortical neurons, but not motorneurons, was significantly decreased in FTD-neural progeny. Zinc finger nuclease-mediated introduction of GRN cDNA into the AAVS1 locus corrected defects in cortical neurogenesis, demonstrating that PGRN haploinsufficiency causes inefficient cortical neuron generation. RNA sequencing analysis confirmed reversal of the altered gene expression profile following genetic correction. We identified the Wnt signaling pathway as one of the top defective pathways in FTD-iPSC-derived neurons, which was reversed following genetic correction. Differentiation of FTD-iPSCs in the presence of a WNT inhibitor mitigated defective corticogenesis. Therefore, we demonstrate that PGRN haploinsufficiency hampers corticogenesis in vitro. In vitro generation of cortical neurons from PGRN deficient FTD-iPSC is inefficient Incorporation of GRN cDNA via ZFN technology rescues cortical neurons generation WNT signaling may also play a major role in the defects observed
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Raitano
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Ordovàs
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis De Muynck
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Vesalius Research Center, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wenting Guo
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Vesalius Research Center, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ira Espuny-Camacho
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Geraerts
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish Khurana
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Vanuytsel
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Balazs I Tóth
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Vesalius Research Center, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Vanderhaeghen
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), ULB, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, VIB Vesalius Research Center, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Mühling T, Duda J, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, Liss B. Elevated mRNA-levels of distinct mitochondrial and plasma membrane Ca(2+) transporters in individual hypoglossal motor neurons of endstage SOD1 transgenic mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:353. [PMID: 25452714 PMCID: PMC4231948 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as major pathogenic features in familial and sporadic forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a fatal degenerative motor neuron disease. However, the distinct molecular ALS-pathology remains unclear. Recently, an activity-dependent Ca2+ homeostasis deficit, selectively in highly vulnerable cholinergic motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus (hMNs) from a common ALS mouse model, the endstage superoxide dismutase SOD1G93A transgenic mouse, was described. This functional deficit was defined by a reduced hMN mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake capacity and elevated Ca2+ extrusion across the plasma membrane. To address the underlying molecular mechanisms, here we quantified mRNA-levels of respective potential mitochondrial and plasma membrane Ca2+ transporters in individual, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) positive hMNs from wildtype (WT) and endstage SOD1G93A mice, by combining UV laser microdissection with RT-qPCR techniques, and specific data normalization. As ChAT cDNA levels as well as cDNA and genomic DNA levels of the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase ND1 were not different between hMNs from WT and endstage SOD1G93A mice, these genes were used to normalize hMN-specific mRNA-levels of plasma membrane and mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters, respectively. We detected about 2-fold higher levels of the mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters MCU/MICU1, Letm1, and UCP2 in remaining hMNs from endstage SOD1G93A mice. These higher expression-levels of mitochondrial Ca2+ transporters in individual hMNs were not associated with a respective increase in number of mitochondrial genomes, as evident from hMN specific ND1 DNA quantification. Normalized mRNA-levels for the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX1 were also about 2-fold higher in hMNs from SOD1G93A mice. Thus, pharmacological stimulation of Ca2+ transporters in highly vulnerable hMNs might offer a neuroprotective strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mühling
- Department of Applied Physiology, Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Duda
- Department of Applied Physiology, Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Birgit Liss
- Department of Applied Physiology, Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
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37
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Soragni E, Miao W, Iudicello M, Jacoby D, De Mercanti S, Clerico M, Longo F, Piga A, Ku S, Campau E, Du J, Penalver P, Rai M, Madara JC, Nazor K, O'Connor M, Maximov A, Loring JF, Pandolfo M, Durelli L, Gottesfeld JM, Rusche JR. Epigenetic therapy for Friedreich ataxia. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:489-508. [PMID: 25159818 PMCID: PMC4361037 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) would be effective in an in vitro model for the neurodegenerative disease Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and to evaluate safety and surrogate markers of efficacy in a phase I clinical trial in patients. METHODS We used a human FRDA neuronal cell model, derived from patient induced pluripotent stem cells, to determine the efficacy of a 2-aminobenzamide HDACi (109) as a modulator of FXN gene expression and chromatin histone modifications. FRDA patients were dosed in 4 cohorts, ranging from 30mg/day to 240mg/day of the formulated drug product of HDACi 109, RG2833. Patients were monitored for adverse effects as well as for increases in FXN mRNA, frataxin protein, and chromatin modification in blood cells. RESULTS In the neuronal cell model, HDACi 109/RG2833 increases FXN mRNA levels and frataxin protein, with concomitant changes in the epigenetic state of the gene. Chromatin signatures indicate that histone H3 lysine 9 is a key residue for gene silencing through methylation and reactivation through acetylation, mediated by the HDACi. Drug treatment in FRDA patients demonstrated increased FXN mRNA and H3 lysine 9 acetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No safety issues were encountered. INTERPRETATION Drug exposure inducing epigenetic changes in neurons in vitro is comparable to the exposure required in patients to see epigenetic changes in circulating lymphoid cells and increases in gene expression. These findings provide a proof of concept for the development of an epigenetic therapy for this fatal neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Soragni
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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38
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:244-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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39
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Wang JL, Shamah SM, Sun AX, Waldman ID, Haggarty SJ, Perlis RH. Label-free, live optical imaging of reprogrammed bipolar disorder patient-derived cells reveals a functional correlate of lithium responsiveness. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e428. [PMID: 25158003 PMCID: PMC4150245 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel treatments and diagnostic tools for psychiatric illness has been hindered by the absence of cellular models of disease. With the advent of cellular reprogramming, it may be possible to recapitulate the disease biology of psychiatric disorders using patient skin cells transdifferentiated to neurons. However, efficiently identifying and characterizing relevant neuronal phenotypes in the absence of well-defined pathophysiology remains a challenge. In this study, we collected fibroblast samples from patients with bipolar 1 disorder, characterized by their lithium response (n=12), and healthy control subjects (n=6). We identified a cellular phenotype in reprogrammed neurons using a label-free imaging assay based on a nanostructured photonic crystal biosensor and found that an optical measure of cell adhesion was associated with clinical response to lithium treatment. This cellular phenotype may represent a useful biomarker to evaluate drug response and screen for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - A X Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - I D Waldman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S J Haggarty
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R H Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics and Center for Human Genetics Research, Simches Research Building, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail:
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40
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Zhang HY, Wang ZG, Lu XH, Kong XX, Wu FZ, Lin L, Tan X, Ye LB, Xiao J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: relevance and therapeutics in central nervous system diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1343-52. [PMID: 25048984 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in a range of neurological disorders, such as neurodegenation diseases, cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury, sclerosis, and diabetic neuropathy. Protein misfolding and accumulation in the ER lumen initiate unfolded protein response in energy-starved neurons which are relevant to toxic effects. In neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, ER dysfunction is well recognized, but the mechanisms remain unclear. In stroke and ischemia, spinal cord injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic activation of ER stress is considered as main pathogeny which causes neuronal disorders. By targeting components of these ER signaling responses, to explore clinical treatment strategies or new drugs in CNS neurological diseases might become possible and valuable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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41
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Zhao P, Luo Z, Tian W, Yang J, Ibáñez DP, Huang Z, Tortorella MD, Esteban MA, Fan W. Solving the puzzle of Parkinson's disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1421-32. [PMID: 24939824 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing due to a prolonged life expectancy. This highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding and new therapeutic approaches. However, traditional in vitro and in vivo experimental models to study PD are suboptimal, thus hampering the progress in the field. The epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a unique way to overcome this problem, as these cells share many properties of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) including the potential to be transformed into different lineages. PD modeling with iPSCs is nowadays facilitated by the growing availability of high-efficiency neural-specific differentiation protocols and the possibility to correct or induce mutations as well as creating marker cell lines using designer nucleases. These technologies, together with steady advances in human genetics, will likely introduce profound changes in the way we interpret PD and develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the different PD iPSCs reported so far and discuss the challenges for disease modeling using these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - David P Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Micky D Tortorella
- Drug Discovery Pipeline Group, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China Guangdong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
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42
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Sun CK, Zhou D, Zhang Z, He L, Zhang F, Wang X, Yuan J, Chen Q, Wu LG, Yang Q. Senescence impairs direct conversion of human somatic cells to neurons. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4112. [PMID: 24934763 PMCID: PMC4762026 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that fibroblasts can be converted to neurons by forced expression of transcription factors. However, the mechanisms underlying this conversion remain unclear. Here, we show that the efficiency of neuronal conversion of embryonic human fibroblasts aged in culture is lower than that in cells in early culture stages. Moreover, depletion of p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) involved in the activation of cellular senescence is sufficient to convert human fibroblast and epithelial cells into neurons. The induced neurons express neuron-specific proteins, generate action potentials and neurotransmitter receptor-mediated currents. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis shows that the induced neurons have a profile different from fibroblasts and similar to that of control neurons induced by established methods. We further noted that expression of p53 blocks the neuronal conversion, whereas expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) induces it. Our results indicate that overcoming senescence is a crucial step for neuronal conversion of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Kui Sun
- Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Zhen Zhang
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Liming He
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Jie Yuan
- Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling-Gang Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Cancer Biology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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43
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Sagal J, Zhan X, Xu J, Tilghman J, Karuppagounder SS, Chen L, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Laterra J, Ying M. Proneural transcription factor Atoh1 drives highly efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into dopaminergic neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:888-98. [PMID: 24904172 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a promising cell resource for various applications in regenerative medicine. Highly efficient approaches that differentiate human PSCs into functional lineage-specific neurons are critical for modeling neurological disorders and testing potential therapies. Proneural transcription factors are crucial drivers of neuron development and hold promise for driving highly efficient neuronal conversion in PSCs. Here, we study the functions of proneural transcription factor Atoh1 in the neuronal differentiation of PSCs. We show that Atoh1 is induced during the neuronal conversion of PSCs and that ectopic Atoh1 expression is sufficient to drive PSCs into neurons with high efficiency. Atoh1 induction, in combination with cell extrinsic factors, differentiates PSCs into functional dopaminergic (DA) neurons with >80% purity. Atoh1-induced DA neurons recapitulate key biochemical and electrophysiological features of midbrain DA neurons, the degeneration of which is responsible for clinical symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Atoh1-induced DA neurons provide a reliable disease model for studying PD pathogenesis, such as neurotoxin-induced neurodegeneration in PD. Overall, our results determine the role of Atoh1 in regulating neuronal differentiation and neuron subtype specification of human PSCs. Our Atoh1-mediated differentiation approach will enable large-scale applications of PD patient-derived midbrain DA neurons in mechanistic studies and drug screening for both familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sagal
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xiping Zhan
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jinchong Xu
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jessica Tilghman
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - John Laterra
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA; Department of Neurology, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Ross CA, Akimov SS. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells: potential for neurodegenerative diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:R17-26. [PMID: 24824217 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell biology of human neurodegenerative diseases has been difficult to study till recently. The development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models has greatly enhanced our ability to model disease in human cells. Methods have recently been improved, including increasing reprogramming efficiency, introducing non-viral and non-integrating methods of cell reprogramming, and using novel gene editing techniques for generating genetically corrected lines from patient-derived iPSCs, or for generating mutations in control cell lines. In this review, we highlight accomplishments made using iPSC models to study neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Fronto-Temporal Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Spinomuscular Atrophy and other polyglutamine diseases. We review disease-related phenotypes shown in patient-derived iPSCs differentiated to relevant neural subtypes, often with stressors or cell "aging", to enhance disease-specific phenotypes. We also discuss prospects for the future of using of iPSC models of neurodegenerative disorders, including screening and testing of therapeutic compounds, and possibly of cell transplantation in regenerative medicine. The new iPSC models have the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and to facilitate the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA, USA
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45
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Doege CA, Abeliovich A. Dementia in a dish. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:558-64. [PMID: 24629668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders of aging represent a growing public health concern. In the United States alone, there are now >5 million patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. No therapeutic approaches are available that alter the relentless course of AD or other dementias of aging. A major hurdle to the development of effective therapeutics has been the lack of predictive model systems in which to develop and validate candidate therapies. Animal model studies based on the analysis of transgenic mice that overexpress rare familial AD-associated mutant genes have been informative about mechanisms of familial disease, but they have not proven predictive for drug development. New approaches to disease modeling are of particular interest. Methods such as epigenetic reprogramming of patient skin fibroblasts to human induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be differentiated into patient-derived neuron subtypes, have generated significant excitement because of their potential to model more accurately aspects of human neurodegeneration. Studies focused on the generation of human neuron models of AD and frontotemporal dementia have pointed to pathologic pathways and potential therapeutic venues. This article discusses the promise and potential pitfalls of modeling of dementia disorders based on somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Doege
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Neurology and Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Asa Abeliovich
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Neurology and Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York.
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Inoue H, Nagata N, Kurokawa H, Yamanaka S. iPS cells: a game changer for future medicine. EMBO J 2014; 33:409-17. [PMID: 24500035 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201387098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is instrumental in advancing the fields of disease modeling and cell transplantation. We herein discuss the various issues regarding disease modeling and cell transplantation presented in previous reports, and also describe new iPSC-based medicine including iPSC clinical trials. In such trials, iPSCs from patients can be used to predict drug responders/non-responders by analyzing the efficacy of the drug on iPSC-derived cells. They could also be used to stratify patients after actual clinical trials, including those with sporadic diseases, based on the drug responsiveness of each patient in the clinical trials. iPSC-derived cells can be used for the identification of response markers, leading to increased success rates in such trials. Since iPSCs can be used in micromedicine for drug discovery, and in macromedicine for actual clinical trials, their use would tightly connect both micro- and macromedicine. The use of iPSCs in disease modeling, cell transplantation, and clinical trials could therefore lead to significant changes in the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application(CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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47
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Wurst W, Prakash N. Wnt1-regulated genetic networks in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 6:34-41. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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