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Sun SY, Nie L, Zhang J, Fang X, Luo H, Fu C, Wei Z, Tang AH. The interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 regulates dendritic morphology and synapse plasticity in neurons. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:209-223. [PMID: 38767486 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202501000-00029/figure1/v/2024-05-14T021156Z/r/image-tiff Morphological alterations in dendritic spines have been linked to changes in functional communication between neurons that affect learning and memory. Kinesin-4 KIF21A helps organize the microtubule-actin network at the cell cortex by interacting with KANK1; however, whether KIF21A modulates dendritic structure and function in neurons remains unknown. In this study, we found that KIF21A was distributed in a subset of dendritic spines, and that these KIF21A-positive spines were larger and more structurally plastic than KIF21A-negative spines. Furthermore, the interaction between KIF21A and KANK1 was found to be critical for dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Knockdown of either KIF21A or KANK1 inhibited dendritic spine morphogenesis and dendritic branching, and these deficits were fully rescued by coexpressing full-length KIF21A or KANK1, but not by proteins with mutations disrupting direct binding between KIF21A and KANK1 or binding between KANK1 and talin1. Knocking down KIF21A in the hippocampus of rats inhibited the amplitudes of long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation and negatively impacted the animals' cognitive abilities. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the function of KIF21A in modulating spine morphology and provide insight into its role in synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yan Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lingyun Nie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhiyi Wei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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2
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Thomas CI, Ryan MA, McNabb MC, Kamasawa N, Scholl B. Astrocyte coverage of excitatory synapses correlates to measures of synapse structure and function in ferret primary visual cortex. Glia 2024. [PMID: 38856149 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Most excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain are contacted or ensheathed by astrocyte processes, forming tripartite synapses. Astrocytes are thought to be critical regulators of the structural and functional dynamics of synapses. While the degree of synaptic coverage by astrocytes is known to vary across brain regions and animal species, the reason for and implications of this variability remains unknown. Further, how astrocyte coverage of synapses relates to in vivo functional properties of individual synapses has not been investigated. Here, we characterized astrocyte coverage of synapses of pyramidal neurons in the ferret visual cortex and, using correlative light and electron microscopy, examined their relationship to synaptic strength and sensory-evoked Ca2+ activity. Nearly, all synapses were contacted by astrocytes, and most were contacted along the axon-spine interface. Structurally, we found that the degree of synaptic astrocyte coverage directly scaled with synapse size and postsynaptic density complexity. Functionally, we found that the amount of astrocyte coverage scaled with how selectively a synapse responds to a particular visual stimulus and, at least for the largest synapses, scaled with the reliability of visual stimuli to evoke postsynaptic Ca2+ events. Our study shows astrocyte coverage is highly correlated with structural metrics of synaptic strength of excitatory synapses in the visual cortex and demonstrates a previously unknown relationship between astrocyte coverage and reliable sensory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connon I Thomas
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa A Ryan
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Micaiah C McNabb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin Scholl
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Flores JC, Zito K. A synapse-specific refractory period for plasticity at individual dendritic spines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.24.595787. [PMID: 38826343 PMCID: PMC11142223 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.24.595787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
How newly formed memories are preserved while brain plasticity is ongoing has been a source of debate. One idea is that synapses which experienced recent plasticity become resistant to further plasticity, a type of metaplasticity often referred to as saturation. Here, we probe the local dendritic mechanisms that limit plasticity at recently potentiated synapses. We show that recently potentiated individual synapses exhibit a synapse-specific refractory period for further potentiation. We further found that the refractory period is associated with reduced postsynaptic CaMKII signaling; however, stronger synaptic activation only partially restored the ability for further plasticity. Importantly, the refractory period is released after one hour, a timing that coincides with the enrichment of several postsynaptic proteins to pre-plasticity levels. Notably, increasing the level of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein, PSD95, but not of PSD93, overcomes the refractory period. Our results support a model in which potentiation at a single synapse is sufficient to initiate a synapse-specific refractory period that persists until key postsynaptic proteins regain their steady-state synaptic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Flores
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618
| | - Karen Zito
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95618
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Li D, Gao X, Ma X, Wang M, Cheng C, Xue T, Gao F, Shen Y, Zhang J, Liu Q. Aging-induced tRNA Glu-derived fragment impairs glutamate biosynthesis by targeting mitochondrial translation-dependent cristae organization. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1059-1075.e9. [PMID: 38458203 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cristae, infoldings of the mitochondrial inner membrane, undergo aberrant changes in their architecture with age. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and their contribution to brain aging are largely elusive. Here, we observe an age-dependent accumulation of Glu-5'tsRNA-CTC, a transfer-RNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA), derived from nuclear-encoded tRNAGlu in the mitochondria of glutaminergic neurons. Mitochondrial Glu-5'tsRNA-CTC disrupts the binding of mt-tRNALeu and leucyl-tRNA synthetase2 (LaRs2), impairing mt-tRNALeu aminoacylation and mitochondria-encoded protein translation. Mitochondrial translation defects disrupt cristae organization, leading to damaged glutaminase (GLS)-dependent glutamate formation and reduced synaptosomal glutamate levels. Moreover, reduction of Glu-5'tsRNA-CTC protects aged brains from age-related defects in mitochondrial cristae organization, glutamate metabolism, synaptic structures, and memory. Thus, beyond illustrating a physiological role for normal mitochondrial cristae ultrastructure in maintaining glutamate levels, our study defines a pathological role for tsRNAs in brain aging and age-related memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xinyi Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Chuandong Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Tian Xue
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China; Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
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Qiao Q, Tian S, Zhang Y, Che L, Li Q, Qu Z, Wang W. A Ketogenic Diet may Improve Cognitive Function in Rats with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy by Regulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Synaptic Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2249-2264. [PMID: 37870676 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) is often used in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Many studies have found that it also has a positive impact on cognitive comorbidities, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. In many disease models, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and synaptic plasticity is considered a new therapeutic target for improving cognitive impairment, and it has become a research focus in recent years. Recently, studies have found that a KD has a certain regulatory effect on both ERS and synaptic plasticity, but this result has not been confirmed in epilepsy. To investigate the effect of a KD on ERS and synaptic plasticity. In this study, a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) induced by lithium chloride-pilocarpine was used. After the model was successfully established, the rats in each group were fed a normal diet or a KD for 28 days, and the effect of a KD on the latency and seizure frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRSs) was observed via video monitoring. Subsequently, a Morris water maze was used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory abilities of the rats in each group; the ultrastructure of the ER and the synapses of the hippocampus were observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the dendritic spine density of the hippocampus was analysed by Golgi staining. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was used to detect the synaptic plasticity of the rats' hippocampi, and the expression of ERS-related proteins and synapse-related proteins was detected by Western blotting. A KD effectively reduced the frequency of SRSs in rats with TLE and improved their learning and memory impairment. Further investigations found that a KD inhibited the up-regulation of glucose-regulated protein 78, phospho-protein kinase-like ER kinase, phosphorylated α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, activating transcription factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein expression in the hippocampi of rats with TLE and protected the ultrastructure of the neuronal ER, suggesting that a KD suppressed excessive ERS induced by epilepsy. Concurrently, we also found that a KD not only improved the synaptic ultrastructure and increased the density of dendritic spines in rats with TLE but also reversed the epilepsy-induced LTP deficit to some extent. More importantly, the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95, synaptotagmin-1 and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 in the hippocampi of rats with epilepsy was significantly increased after KD intervention. The study findings indicate that a KD improves learning and memory impairment in rats with epilepsy, possibly by regulating ERS and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Liqin Che
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Qu
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Weiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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Choudhary P, Gupta A, Gupta SK, Dwivedi S, Singh S. Comparative evaluation of divergent concoction of NGF, BDNF, EGF, and FGF growth factor's role in enhancing neuronal differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129561. [PMID: 38246449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
MSCs (Mesenchymal Stem Cells) can differentiate into various lineages, including neurons and glial cells. In the past few decades, MSCs have been well explored in the context of neuronal differentiation and have been reported to have the immense potential to form distinct kinds of neurons. The distinguishing features of MSCs make them among the most desired cell sources for stem cell therapy. This study involved the trans-differentiation of Adipose-derived human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ADMSCs) into neurons. The protocol employs a cocktail of chemical inducers in different combinations, including Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and Nerve growth factor (NGF) Fibroblastic growth factor (FGF), in induction media. Both types have been successfully differentiated into neurons, confirmed by morphological aspects and the presence of neural-specific markers through RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) studies and immunocytochemistry assay. They have shown excellent morphology with long neurites, synaptic connections, and essential neural markers to validate their identity. The results may significantly contribute to cell replacement therapy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princy Choudhary
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad Devghat, Jhalwa, Prayagraj 211015, U.P., India
| | - Ayushi Gupta
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad Devghat, Jhalwa, Prayagraj 211015, U.P., India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
| | - Shrey Dwivedi
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad Devghat, Jhalwa, Prayagraj 211015, U.P., India
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Applied Science, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad Devghat, Jhalwa, Prayagraj 211015, U.P., India.
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Lenka A, Sundaravadivel P, Christopher R, Arumugham SS, Hegde S, Yadav R, Pal PK. HOMER1 Polymorphism and Parkinson's Disease-Psychosis: Is there an Association? Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2024; 27:178-182. [PMID: 38751916 PMCID: PMC11093156 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_1038_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Homer1, a postsynaptic protein coded by the HOMER1 gene, presumably has a role in homeostatic plasticity that dampens neuronal responsiveness when the input activity is too high. HOMER1 polymorphism has been studied in major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to investigate if polymorphisms of the HOMER1 gene are associated with psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD-P). Methods One hundred patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 100 healthy controls were enrolled consecutively in a PD-P biomarker study at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. Of the 100 PD patients, 50 had psychosis (PD-P) and 50 did not have psychosis (PD-NP). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of HOMER1 (rs4704559 and rs4704560) were analyzed from the DNA isolated from peripheral blood. The allele and genotype frequencies in the PD-P and PD-NP groups were compared. Results Analysis of HOMER1 rs4704560 revealed a significant difference in both genotype and allele levels between PD-P and PD-NP groups. There was an overrepresentation of T-allele (42% vs. 16%; P < 0.001) and TT genotype (24% vs. 6%; P < 0.001) in the PD-P group compared to PD-NP group. There was no significant difference between PD-P and PD-NP groups when various genotypes and allele frequencies related to HOMER1 rs4704559 were compared. Conclusion PD-P is probably associated with overrepresentation of T-allele of HOMER1 rs4704560, and larger studies are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Pandarisamy Sundaravadivel
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Integrative Medical Research, PES University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shyam S. Arumugham
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shantala Hegde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Clavet-Fournier V, Lee C, Wegner W, Brose N, Rhee J, Willig KI. Pre- and postsynaptic nanostructures increase in size and complexity after induction of long-term potentiation. iScience 2024; 27:108679. [PMID: 38213627 PMCID: PMC10783556 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapses, specialized contact sites between neurons, are the fundamental elements of neuronal information transfer. Synaptic plasticity involves changes in synaptic morphology and the number of neurotransmitter receptors, and is thought to underlie learning and memory. However, it is not clear how these structural and functional changes are connected. We utilized time-lapse super-resolution STED microscopy of organotypic hippocampal brain slices and cultured neurons to visualize structural changes of the synaptic nano-organization of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein PSD95, the presynaptic scaffolding protein Bassoon, and the GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors by chemically induced long-term potentiation (cLTP) at the level of single synapses. We found that the nano-organization of all three proteins increased in complexity and size after cLTP induction. The increase was largely synchronous, peaking at ∼60 min after stimulation. Therefore, both the size and complexity of individual pre- and post-synaptic nanostructures serve as substrates for tuning and determining synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Clavet-Fournier
- Group of Optical Nanoscopy in Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, und Molecular Biosciences (GGNB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - ChungKu Lee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Synaptic Physiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Waja Wegner
- Group of Optical Nanoscopy in Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - JeongSeop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Synaptic Physiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin I. Willig
- Group of Optical Nanoscopy in Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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Wu H, Chen X, Shen Z, Li H, Liang S, Lu Y, Zhang M. Phosphorylation-dependent membraneless organelle fusion and fission illustrated by postsynaptic density assemblies. Mol Cell 2024; 84:309-326.e7. [PMID: 38096828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Membraneless organelles formed by phase separation of proteins and nucleic acids play diverse cellular functions. Whether and, if yes, how membraneless organelles in ways analogous to membrane-based organelles also undergo regulated fusion and fission is unknown. Here, using a partially reconstituted mammalian postsynaptic density (PSD) condensate as a paradigm, we show that membraneless organelles can undergo phosphorylation-dependent fusion and fission. Without phosphorylation of the SAPAP guanylate kinase domain-binding repeats, the upper and lower layers of PSD protein mixtures form two immiscible sub-compartments in a phase-in-phase organization. Phosphorylation of SAPAP leads to fusion of the two sub-compartments into one condensate accompanied with an increased Stargazin density in the condensate. Dephosphorylation of SAPAP can reverse this event. Preventing SAPAP phosphorylation in vivo leads to increased separation of proteins from the lower and upper layers of PSD sub-compartments. Thus, analogous to membrane-based organelles, membraneless organelles can also undergo regulated fusion and fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Wu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zeyu Shen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518036, China; School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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10
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Karbowski J, Urban P. Cooperativity, Information Gain, and Energy Cost During Early LTP in Dendritic Spines. Neural Comput 2024; 36:271-311. [PMID: 38101326 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a mutual relationship between information and energy during the early phase of LTP induction and maintenance in a large-scale system of mutually coupled dendritic spines, with discrete internal states and probabilistic dynamics, within the framework of nonequilibrium stochastic thermodynamics. In order to analyze this computationally intractable stochastic multidimensional system, we introduce a pair approximation, which allows us to reduce the spine dynamics into a lower-dimensional manageable system of closed equations. We found that the rates of information gain and energy attain their maximal values during an initial period of LTP (i.e., during stimulation), and after that, they recover to their baseline low values, as opposed to a memory trace that lasts much longer. This suggests that the learning phase is much more energy demanding than the memory phase. We show that positive correlations between neighboring spines increase both a duration of memory trace and energy cost during LTP, but the memory time per invested energy increases dramatically for very strong, positive synaptic cooperativity, suggesting a beneficial role of synaptic clustering on memory duration. In contrast, information gain after LTP is the largest for negative correlations, and energy efficiency of that information generally declines with increasing synaptic cooperativity. We also find that dendritic spines can use sparse representations for encoding long-term information, as both energetic and structural efficiencies of retained information and its lifetime exhibit maxima for low fractions of stimulated synapses during LTP. Moreover, we find that such efficiencies drop significantly with increasing the number of spines. In general, our stochastic thermodynamics approach provides a unifying framework for studying, from first principles, information encoding, and its energy cost during learning and memory in stochastic systems of interacting synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Karbowski
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Paulina Urban
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
- Laboratory of Databases and Business Analytics, National Information Processing Institute, National Research Institute, Warsaw 00-608, Poland
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11
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Karbowski J, Urban P. Information encoded in volumes and areas of dendritic spines is nearly maximal across mammalian brains. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22207. [PMID: 38097675 PMCID: PMC10721930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many experiments suggest that long-term information associated with neuronal memory resides collectively in dendritic spines. However, spines can have a limited size due to metabolic and neuroanatomical constraints, which should effectively limit the amount of encoded information in excitatory synapses. This study investigates how much information can be stored in the population of sizes of dendritic spines, and whether it is optimal in any sense. It is shown here, using empirical data for several mammalian brains across different regions and physiological conditions, that dendritic spines nearly maximize entropy contained in their volumes and surface areas for a given mean size in cortical and hippocampal regions. Although both short- and heavy-tailed fitting distributions approach [Formula: see text] of maximal entropy in the majority of cases, the best maximization is obtained primarily for short-tailed gamma distribution. We find that most empirical ratios of standard deviation to mean for spine volumes and areas are in the range [Formula: see text], which is close to the theoretical optimal ratios coming from entropy maximization for gamma and lognormal distributions. On average, the highest entropy is contained in spine length ([Formula: see text] bits per spine), and the lowest in spine volume and area ([Formula: see text] bits), although the latter two are closer to optimality. In contrast, we find that entropy density (entropy per spine size) is always suboptimal. Our results suggest that spine sizes are almost as random as possible given the constraint on their size, and moreover the general principle of entropy maximization is applicable and potentially useful to information and memory storing in the population of cortical and hippocampal excitatory synapses, and to predicting their morphological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Karbowski
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Urban
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Databases and Business Analytics, National Information Processing Institute, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Zhang L, Xiong L, An X, Shi Q. Hamilton energy balance and synchronization behaviors of two functional neurons. Cogn Neurodyn 2023; 17:1683-1702. [PMID: 37974578 PMCID: PMC10640572 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is composed of various functional neurons, some of which perceive sound or light, and these physical signals can be converted into bioelectrical signals. From the biophysical point of view, piezoelectric ceramic embedded in neuronal circuits can detect the external auditory waves, while phototube can capture light signals, so as to obtain two functional neurons with auditory recognition and light-dependent recognition. Considering the two identical or different functional neurons are connected by an induction coil to stimulate magnetic field coupling, and there will be energy diversity when they are driven by different initial conditions or external stimulation. Thus, synaptic connections can be activated and awakened in an adaptive manner when field energy is exchanged, and the coupling channel remains open until the energy diversity between neurons is controlled at a limited threshold. For this purpose, a criterion of the coupling strength increases exponentially is proposed to discuss the enhancement of neuronal synaptic connections. It is found that two neurons can be coupled adaptively to achieve complete synchronization, quasi-synchronization or intermittent quasi-synchronization. These results could help in designing functional assistive devices for patients with hearing or vision impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Li Xiong
- School of Physics and Electromechanical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000 China
| | - Xinlei An
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050 China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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13
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Zhao J, Gao L, Nurrish S, Kaplan JM. Post-synaptic GABA A receptors potentiate transmission by recruiting CaV2 channels to their inputs. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113161. [PMID: 37742192 PMCID: PMC10873018 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a retrograde synaptic signal at the C. elegans GABAergic neuromuscular junction. At this synapse, GABA release is controlled by two voltage-activated calcium channels (UNC-2/CaV2 and EGL-19/CaV1), and muscle responses are mediated by a single GABA receptor (UNC-49/GABAA). Mutations inactivating UNC-49 or those preventing UNC-49 synaptic clustering cause retrograde defects in GABAergic motor neurons, whereby UNC-2/CaV2 levels at active zones, UNC-2 current, and pre-synaptic GABA release are decreased. Inactivating post-synaptic GABAA receptors has no effect on GABA neuron EGL-19/CaV1 levels nor on several other pre-synaptic markers. The effect of GABAA receptors on pre-synaptic strength is not a consequence of decreased GABA transmission and is input selective. Finally, pre-synaptic UNC-2/CaV2 levels are increased when post-synaptic GABAA receptors are increased but are unaffected by increased extra-synaptic receptors. Collectively, these results suggest that clustered post-synaptic GABAA receptors adjust the strength of their inputs by recruiting CaV2 to contacting active zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luna Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Nurrish
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua M Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Nicoll RA, Schulman H. Synaptic memory and CaMKII. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2877-2925. [PMID: 37290118 PMCID: PMC10642921 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and long-term potentiation (LTP) were discovered within a decade of each other and have been inextricably intertwined ever since. However, like many marriages, it has had its up and downs. Based on the unique biochemical properties of CaMKII, it was proposed as a memory molecule before any physiological linkage was made to LTP. However, as reviewed here, the convincing linkage of CaMKII to synaptic physiology and behavior took many decades. New technologies were critical in this journey, including in vitro brain slices, mouse genetics, single-cell molecular genetics, pharmacological reagents, protein structure, and two-photon microscopy, as were new investigators attracted by the exciting challenge. This review tracks this journey and assesses the state of this marriage 40 years on. The collective literature impels us to propose a relatively simple model for synaptic memory involving the following steps that drive the process: 1) Ca2+ entry through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors activates CaMKII. 2) CaMKII undergoes autophosphorylation resulting in constitutive, Ca2+-independent activity and exposure of a binding site for the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B. 3) Active CaMKII translocates to the postsynaptic density (PSD) and binds to the cytoplasmic C-tail of GluN2B. 4) The CaMKII-GluN2B complex initiates a structural rearrangement of the PSD that may involve liquid-liquid phase separation. 5) This rearrangement involves the PSD-95 scaffolding protein, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), and their transmembrane AMPAR-regulatory protein (TARP) auxiliary subunits, resulting in an accumulation of AMPARs in the PSD that underlies synaptic potentiation. 6) The stability of the modified PSD is maintained by the stability of the CaMKII-GluN2B complex. 7) By a process of subunit exchange or interholoenzyme phosphorylation CaMKII maintains synaptic potentiation in the face of CaMKII protein turnover. There are many other important proteins that participate in enlargement of the synaptic spine or modulation of the steps that drive and maintain the potentiation. In this review we critically discuss the data underlying each of the steps. As will become clear, some of these steps are more firmly grounded than others, and we provide suggestions as to how the evidence supporting these steps can be strengthened or, based on the new data, be replaced. Although the journey has been a long one, the prospect of having a detailed cellular and molecular understanding of learning and memory is at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Nicoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Howard Schulman
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, United States
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15
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Højgaard K, Szöllősi B, Henningsen K, Minami N, Nakanishi N, Kaadt E, Tamura M, Morris RGM, Takeuchi T, Elfving B. Novelty-induced memory consolidation is accompanied by increased Agap3 transcription: a cross-species study. Mol Brain 2023; 16:69. [PMID: 37749596 PMCID: PMC10521532 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Novelty-induced memory consolidation is a well-established phenomenon that depends on the activation of a locus coeruleus-hippocampal circuit. It is associated with the expression of activity-dependent genes that may mediate initial or cellular memory consolidation. Several genes have been identified to date, however, to fully understand the mechanisms of memory consolidation, additional candidates must be identified. In this cross-species study, we used a contextual novelty-exploration paradigm to identify changes in gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus of both mice and rats. We found that changes in gene expression following contextual novelty varied between the two species, with 9 genes being upregulated in mice and 3 genes in rats. Comparison across species revealed that ArfGAP with a GTPase domain, an ankyrin repeat and PH domain 3 (Agap3) was the only gene being upregulated in both, suggesting a potentially conserved role for Agap3. AGAP3 is known to regulate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor trafficking in the synapse, which suggests that increased transcription of Agap3 may be involved in maintaining functional plasticity. While we identified several genes affected by contextual novelty exploration, we were unable to fully reverse these changes using SCH 23390, a dopamine D1/D5 receptor antagonist. Further research on the role of AGAP3 in novelty-induced memory consolidation could lead to better understanding of this process and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Højgaard
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, DK8200, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Bianka Szöllősi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Kim Henningsen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Natsumi Minami
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakanishi
- Data Science Department, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
| | - Erik Kaadt
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, DK8200, Denmark
| | - Makoto Tamura
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kanagawa, 227-0033, Japan
- NeuroDiscovery Lab, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings America Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Richard G M Morris
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Edinburgh Neuroscience, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark.
- Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Department of Biomedicine, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, DK8000, Denmark.
- Gftd DeSci, Gftd DAO, Tokyo, 162-0044, Japan.
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, DK8200, Denmark.
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16
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Calligaro H, Shoghi A, Chen X, Kim KY, Yu HL, Khov B, Finander B, Le H, Ellisman MH, Panda S. Ultrastructure of Synaptic Connectivity within Subregions of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Revealed by a Genetically Encoded Tag and Serial Blockface Electron Microscopy. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0227-23.2023. [PMID: 37500494 PMCID: PMC10449486 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0227-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central circadian pacemaker in vertebrates. The SCN receives photic information exclusively through melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) to synchronize circadian rhythms with the environmental light cycles. The SCN is composed of two major peptidergic neuron types in the core and shell regions of the SCN. Determining how mRGCs interact with the network of synaptic connections onto and between SCN neurons is key to understand how light regulates the circadian clock and to elucidate the relevant local circuits within the SCN. To map these connections, we used a newly developed Cre-dependent electron microscopy (EM) reporter, APEX2, to label the mitochondria of mRGC axons. Serial blockface scanning electron microscopy was then used to resolve the fine 3D structure of mRGC axons and synaptic boutons in the SCN of a male mouse. The resulting maps reveal patterns of connectomic organization in the core and shell of the SCN. We show that these regions are composed of different neuronal subtypes and differ with regard to the pattern of mRGC input, as the shell receives denser mRGC synaptic input compared with the core. This finding challenges the present view that photic information coming directly from the retina is received primarily by the core region of the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Calligaro
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Azarin Shoghi
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xinyue Chen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92161
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
| | - Hsin Liu Yu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Brian Khov
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Hiep Le
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92161
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161
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17
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Thomas CI, Anderson JR, Bolton M, Kamasawa N. Screening Morphological Characteristics of Large Populations of Synaptic Vesicle Clouds and Active Zones from 3D EM Data. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1084-1085. [PMID: 37613280 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Connon I Thomas
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FLUnited States
| | - Jordan R Anderson
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FLUnited States
| | - McLean Bolton
- Disorders of Neural Circuit Function, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FLUnited States
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FLUnited States
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18
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Pelle MC, Zaffina I, Giofrè F, Pujia R, Arturi F. Potential Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11301. [PMID: 37511061 PMCID: PMC10379573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a permanent illness characterized by mental instability, memory loss, and cognitive decline. Many studies have demonstrated an association between diabetes and cognitive dysfunction that proceeds in three steps, namely, diabetes-associated cognitive decrements, mild cognitive impairment (MCI; both non-amnesic MCI and amnesic MCI), and dementia [both vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD)]. Based on this association, this disease has been designated as type 3 diabetes mellitus. The underlying mechanisms comprise insulin resistance, inflammation, lipid abnormalities, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glycated end-products and autophagy. Moreover, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been demonstrated to be involved. Insulin in the brain has a neuroprotective role that alters cognitive skills and alteration of insulin signaling determines beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, in turn promoting brain insulin resistance. In this complex mechanism, other triggers include hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, which result in neuroinflammation, suggesting that antidiabetic drugs may be potential treatments to protect against AD. Among these, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are the most attractive antidiabetic drugs due to their actions on synaptic plasticity, cognition and cell survival. The present review summarizes the significant data concerning the underlying pathophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms between diabetes and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Pelle
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Zaffina
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Giofrè
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Pujia
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franco Arturi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Diseases (CR METDIS), University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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19
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Farmer CB, Roach EL, Bice LR, Falgout ME, Mata KG, Roche JK, Roberts RC. Excitatory and inhibitory imbalances in the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus in schizophrenia: a postmortem ultrastructural study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:949-965. [PMID: 37193867 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preponderance of evidence suggests that the hippocampus is a key region of dysfunction in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging and other studies indicate a relationship between hippocampal dysfunction and the degree of psychosis. Clinical data indicate hyperactivity in the hippocampus that precedes the onset of psychosis, and is correlated with symptom severity. In this study, we sought to identify circuitry at the electron microscopic level that could contribute to region-specific imbalances in excitation and inhibition in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. We used postmortem tissue from the anterior hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. Using stereological techniques, we counted and measured synapses, postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and evaluated size, number and optical density of mitochondria and parvalbumin-containing interneurons in key nodes of the trisynaptic pathway. Compared to controls, the schizophrenia group had decreased numbers of inhibitory synapses in CA3 and increased numbers of excitatory synapses in CA1; together, this indicates deficits in inhibition and an increase in excitation. The thickness of the PSD was larger in excitatory synapses in CA1, suggesting greater synaptic strength. In the schizophrenia group, there were fewer mitochondria in the dentate gyrus and a decrease in the optical density, a measure of functional integrity, in CA1. The number and optical density of parvalbumin interneurons were lower in CA3. The results suggest region-specific increases in excitatory circuitry, decreases in inhibitory neurotransmission and fewer or damaged mitochondria. These results are consistent with the hyperactivity observed in the hippocampus in schizophrenia in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene B Farmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Erica L Roach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lily R Bice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Madeleine E Falgout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kattia G Mata
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joy K Roche
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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20
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Mısır E, Akay GG. Synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Synapse 2023:e22276. [PMID: 37210696 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic disease presented with psychotic symptoms, negative symptoms, impairment in the reward system, and widespread neurocognitive deterioration. Disruption of synaptic connections in neural circuits is responsible for the disease's development and progression. Because deterioration in synaptic connections results in the impaired effective processing of information. Although structural impairments of the synapse, such as a decrease in dendritic spine density, have been shown in previous studies, functional impairments have also been revealed with the development of genetic and molecular analysis methods. In addition to abnormalities in protein complexes regulating exocytosis in the presynaptic region and impaired vesicle release, especially, changes in proteins related to postsynaptic signaling have been reported. In particular, impairments in postsynaptic density elements, glutamate receptors, and ion channels have been shown. At the same time, effects on cellular adhesion molecular structures such as neurexin, neuroligin, and cadherin family proteins were detected. Of course, the confusing effect of antipsychotic use in schizophrenia research should also be considered. Although antipsychotics have positive and negative effects on synapses, studies indicate synaptic deterioration in schizophrenia independent of drug use. In this review, the deterioration in synapse structure and function and the effects of antipsychotics on the synapse in schizophrenia will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Mısır
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güvem Gümüş Akay
- Department of Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Brain Research Center (AÜBAUM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience and Advanced Microscopic Neuroimaging, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Kilisch M, Gere-Becker M, Wüstefeld L, Bonnas C, Crauel A, Mechmershausen M, Martens H, Götzke H, Opazo F, Frey S. Simple and Highly Efficient Detection of PSD95 Using a Nanobody and Its Recombinant Heavy-Chain Antibody Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087294. [PMID: 37108454 PMCID: PMC10138605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) is a crucial scaffolding protein participating in the organization and regulation of synapses. PSD95 interacts with numerous molecules, including neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. The functional dysregulation of PSD95 as well as its abundance and localization has been implicated with several neurological disorders, making it an attractive target for developing strategies able to monitor PSD95 accurately for diagnostics and therapeutics. This study characterizes a novel camelid single-domain antibody (nanobody) that binds strongly and with high specificity to rat, mouse, and human PSD95. This nanobody allows for more precise detection and quantification of PSD95 in various biological samples. We expect that the flexibility and unique performance of this thoroughly characterized affinity tool will help to further understand the role of PSD95 in normal and diseased neuronal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kilisch
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maja Gere-Becker
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christel Bonnas
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Crauel
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maja Mechmershausen
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrik Martens
- Synaptic Systems GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Götzke
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Opazo
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University of Göttingen Medical Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Frey
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbH, Rudolf-Wissell-Straβe 28a, 37079 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Glavis-Bloom C, Vanderlip CR, Weiser Novak S, Kuwajima M, Kirk L, Harris KM, Manor U, Reynolds JH. Violation of the ultrastructural size principle in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex underlies working memory impairment in the aged common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1146245. [PMID: 37122384 PMCID: PMC10132463 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1146245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphology and function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and corresponding working memory performance, are affected early in the aging process, but nearly half of aged individuals are spared of working memory deficits. Translationally relevant model systems are critical for determining the neurobiological drivers of this variability. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is advantageous as a model for these investigations because, as a non-human primate, marmosets have a clearly defined dlPFC that enables measurement of prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions, and their short (∼10 year) lifespan facilitates longitudinal studies of aging. Previously, we characterized working memory capacity in a cohort of marmosets that collectively covered the lifespan, and found age-related working memory impairment. We also found a remarkable degree of heterogeneity in performance, similar to that found in humans. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to synaptic ultrastructure that affect synaptic efficacy stratify marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. We utilized electron microscopy to visualize synapses in the marmoset dlPFC and measured the sizes of boutons, presynaptic mitochondria, and synapses. We found that coordinated scaling of the sizes of synapses and mitochondria with their associated boutons is essential for intact working memory performance in aged marmosets. Further, lack of synaptic scaling, due to a remarkable failure of synaptic mitochondria to scale with presynaptic boutons, selectively underlies age-related working memory impairment. We posit that this decoupling results in mismatched energy supply and demand, leading to impaired synaptic transmission. We also found that aged marmosets have fewer synapses in dlPFC than young, though the severity of synapse loss did not predict whether aging occurred with or without cognitive impairment. This work identifies a novel mechanism of synapse dysfunction that stratifies marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. The process by which synaptic scaling is regulated is yet unknown and warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Glavis-Bloom
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Casey R. Vanderlip
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sammy Weiser Novak
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Masaaki Kuwajima
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lyndsey Kirk
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kristen M. Harris
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Uri Manor
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John H. Reynolds
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, CA, United States
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23
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Lev-Ram V, Lemieux SP, Deerinck TJ, Bushong EA, Toyama BH, Perez A, Pritchard DR, Park SKR, McClatchy DB, Savas JN, Taylor SS, Ellisman MH, Yates J, Tsien RY. Do perineuronal nets stabilize the engram of a synaptic circuit? BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.09.536164. [PMID: 37066274 PMCID: PMC10104172 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.09.536164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized form of ECM (?), surround numerous neurons in the CNS and allow synaptic connectivity through holes in its structure. We hypothesis that PNNs serve as gatekeepers that guard and protect synaptic territory, and thus may stabilize an engram circuit. We present high-resolution, and 3D EM images of PNN- engulfed neurons showing that synapses occupy the PNN holes, and that invasion of other cellular components are rare. PNN constituents are long-lived and can be eroded faster in an enriched environment, while synaptic proteins have high turnover rate. Preventing PNN erosion by using pharmacological inhibition of PNN-modifying proteases or MMP9 knockout mice allowed normal fear memory acquisition but diminished remote-memory stabilization, supporting the above hypothesis. Significance In this multidisciplinary work, we challenge the hypothesis that the pattern of holes in the perineuronal nets (PNN) hold the code for very-long-term memories. The scope of this work might lead us closer to the understanding of how we can vividly remember events from childhood to death bed. We postulate that the PNN holes hold the code for the engram. To test this hypothesis, we used three independent experimental strategies; high-resolution 3D electron microscopy, Stable Isotop Labeling in Mammals (SILAM) for proteins longevity, and pharmacologically and genetically interruption of memory consolidation in fear conditioning experiments. All of these experimental results did not dispute the PNN hypothesis.
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24
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Kasai H, Ucar H, Morimoto Y, Eto F, Okazaki H. Mechanical transmission at spine synapses: Short-term potentiation and working memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102706. [PMID: 36931116 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Do dendritic spines, which comprise the postsynaptic component of most excitatory synapses, exist only for their structural dynamics, receptor trafficking, and chemical and electrical compartmentation? The answer is no. Simultaneous investigation of both spine and presynaptic terminals has recently revealed a novel feature of spine synapses. Spine enlargement pushes the presynaptic terminals with muscle-like force and augments the evoked glutamate release for up to 20 min. We now summarize the evidence that such mechanical transmission shares critical features in common with short-term potentiation (STP) and may represent the cellular basis of short-term and working memory. Thus, spine synapses produce the force of learning to leave structural traces for both short and long-term memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kasai
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hasan Ucar
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Morimoto
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Eto
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazaki
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Piguel NH, Sanders SS, De Simone FI, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, McCoig E, Dionisio LE, Smith KR, Thomas GM, Penzes P. Palmitoylation controls the stability of 190 kDa ankyrin-G in dendritic spines and is regulated by ZDHHC8 and lithium. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1144066. [PMID: 36969554 PMCID: PMC10031057 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1144066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction AnkG, encoded by the ANK3 gene, is a multifunctional scaffold protein with complex isoform expression: the 480 and 270 kDa isoforms have roles at the axon initial segment and node of Ranvier, whereas the 190 kDa isoform (AnkG-190) has an emerging role in the dendritic shaft and spine heads. All isoforms of AnkG undergo palmitoylation, a post-translational modification regulating protein attachment to lipid membranes. However, palmitoylation of AnkG-190 has not been investigated in dendritic spines. The ANK3 gene and altered expression of AnkG proteins are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders including bipolar disorder and are implicated in the lithium response, a commonly used mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder patients, although the precise mechanisms involved are unknown. Result Here, we showed that Cys70 palmitoylation stabilizes the localization of AnkG-190 in spine heads and at dendritic plasma membrane nanodomains. Mutation of Cys70 impairs AnkG-190 function in dendritic spines and alters PSD-95 scaffolding. Interestingly, we find that lithium reduces AnkG-190 palmitoylation thereby increasing its mobility in dendritic spines. Finally, we demonstrate that the palmitoyl acyl transferase ZDHHC8, but not ZDHHC5, increases AnkG-190 stability in spine heads and is inhibited by lithium. Discussion Together, our data reveal that palmitoylation is critical for AnkG-190 localization and function and a potential ZDHHC8/AnkG-190 mechanism linking AnkG-190 mobility to the neuronal effects of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H. Piguel
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shaun S. Sanders
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Francesca I. De Simone
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria D. Martin-de-Saavedra
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emmarose McCoig
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leonardo E. Dionisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katharine R. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gareth M. Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Northwestern University Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, IL, United States
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26
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D'Urso G, Toscano E, Barone A, Palermo M, Dell'Osso B, Di Lorenzo G, Mantovani A, Martinotti G, Fornaro M, Iasevoli F, de Bartolomeis A. Transcranial direct current stimulation for bipolar depression: systematic reviews of clinical evidence and biological underpinnings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 121:110672. [PMID: 36332699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite multiple available treatments for bipolar depression (BD), many patients face sub-optimal responses. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been advocated in the management of different conditions, including BD, especially in treatment-resistant cases. The optimal dose and timing of tDCS, the mutual influence with other concurrently administered interventions, long-term efficacy, overall safety, and biological underpinnings nonetheless deserve additional assessment. The present study appraised the existing clinical evidence about tDCS for bipolar depression, delving into the putative biological underpinnings with a special emphasis on cellular and molecular levels, with the ultimate goal of providing a translational perspective on the matter. Two separate systematic reviews across the PubMed database since inception up to August 8th 2022 were performed, with fourteen clinical and nineteen neurobiological eligible studies. The included clinical studies encompass 207 bipolar depression patients overall and consistently document the efficacy of tDCS, with a reduction in depression scores after treatment ranging from 18% to 92%. The RCT with the largest sample clearly showed a significant superiority of active stimulation over sham. Mild-to-moderate and transient adverse effects are attributed to tDCS across these studies. The review of neurobiological literature indicates that several molecular mechanisms may account for the antidepressant effect of tDCS in BD patients, including the action on calcium homeostasis in glial cells, the enhancement of LTP, the regulation of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of the expression of plasticity-related genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the matter to concurrently provide a synthesis of the clinical evidence and an in-depth appraisal of the putative biological underpinnings, providing consistent support for the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano D'Urso
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Elena Toscano
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Palermo
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Ospedale Luigi Sacco Polo Universitario, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, CA, USA; CRC "Aldo Ravelli" for Neuro-technology & Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Italy; Psychiatric and Clinical Psychology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "V. Tiberio" Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy; Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e delle Dipendenze, Azienda Sanitaria Regionale del Molise (ASReM), Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University Gabriele d'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Clinical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Herts, UK
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Clinical Unit of Psychiatry and Psychology, Unit of Treatment Resistance in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Clinical Department of Head and Neck, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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27
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Sun P, Li W, Guo J, Peng Q, Ye X, Hu S, Liu Y, Liu W, Chen H, Qiao J, Sun B. Ergosterol Isolated from Antrodia camphorata Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses in Microglia Cells and ICR Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:2406. [PMID: 36903649 PMCID: PMC10005213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by microglial activation is important in neurodegenerative diseases. In this research, we tried to identify safe and effective anti-neuroinflammatory agents by screening a natural compounds library and found that Ergosterol can inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of the activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in microglia cells. Ergosterol has been reported to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Nevertheless, the potential regulatory role of Ergosterol in neuroinflammatory responses has not been fully investigated. We further investigated the mechanism of Ergosterol that regulates LPS-induced microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that Ergosterol can significantly decrease the pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in BV2 and HMC3 microglial cells, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB, protein kinase B (AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In addition, we treated Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice with a safe concentration of Ergosterol following LPS injection. Ergosterol treatment significantly decreased microglial activation-associated ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1), NF-κB phosphorylation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Moreover, Ergosterol pretreatment clearly reduced LPS-induced neuron damage by restoring the expression of synaptic proteins. Our data may provide insight into possible therapeutic strategies for neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Weiling Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jiazheng Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiansheng Ye
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Song Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jialu Qiao
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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28
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Shao J, Ma X, Qu L, Ma P, Huang R, Fan D. Ginsenoside Rh4 remodels the periphery microenvironment by targeting the brain-gut axis to alleviate depression-like behaviors. Food Chem 2023; 404:134639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Kudryashova I. Presynaptic Plasticity Is Associated with Actin Polymerization. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:392-403. [PMID: 37076285 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of presynaptic short-term plasticity induced by actin polymerization was studied in rat hippocampal slices using the paired-pulse paradigm. Schaffer collaterals were stimulated with paired pulses with a 70-ms interstimulus interval every 30 s before and during perfusion with jasplakinolide, an activator of actin polymerization. Jasplakinolide application resulted in the increase in the amplitudes of CA3-CA1 responses (potentiation) accompanied by a decrease in the paired-pulse facilitation, suggesting induction of presynaptic modifications. Jasplakinolide-induced potentiation depended on the initial paired-pulse rate. These data indicate that the jasplakinolide-mediated changes in actin polymerization increased the probability of neurotransmitter release. Less typical for CA3-CA1 synapses responses, such as a very low paired-pulse ratio (close to 1 or even lower) or even paired-pulse depression, were affected differently. Thus, jasplakinolide caused potentiation of the second, but not the first response to the paired stimulus, which increased the paired-pulse ratio from 0.8 to 1.0 on average, suggesting a negative impact of jasplakinolide on the mechanisms promoting paired-pulse depression. In general, actin polymerization facilitated potentiation, although the patterns of potentiation differed depending on the initial synapse characteristics. We conclude that in addition to the increase in the neurotransmitter release probability, jasplakinolide induced other actin polymerization-dependent mechanisms, including those involved in the paired-pulse depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kudryashova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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30
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Alashram AR, Annino G. A Novel Neurorehabilitation Approach for Neural Plasticity
Overstimulation and Reorganization in Patients with Neurological
Disorders. PHYSIKALISCHE MEDIZIN, REHABILITATIONSMEDIZIN, KURORTMEDIZIN 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-2004-5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNeurological disorders are those that are associated with impairments in the
nervous system. These impairments affect the patient’s activities of
daily living. Recently, many advanced modalities have been used in the
rehabilitation field to treat various neurological impairments. However, many of
these modalities are available only in clinics, and some are expensive. Most
patients with neurological disorders have difficulty reaching clinics. This
review was designed to establish a new neurorehabilitation approach based on the
scientific way to improve patients’ functional recovery following
neurological disorders in clinics or at home. The human brain is a network, an
intricate, integrated system that coordinates operations among billions of
units. In fact, grey matter contains most of the neuronal cell bodies. It
includes the brain and the spinal cord areas involved in muscle control, sensory
perception, memory, emotions, decision-making, and self-control. Consequently,
patients’ functional ability results from complex interactions among
various brain and spinal cord areas and neuromuscular systems. While white
matter fibers connect numerous brain areas, stimulating or improving non-motor
symptoms, such as motivation, cognitive, and sensory symptoms besides motor
symptoms may enhance functional recovery in patients with neurological
disorders. The basic principles of the current treatment approach are
established based on brain connectivity. Using motor, sensory, motivation, and
cognitive (MSMC) interventions during rehabilitation may promote neural
plasticity and maximize functional recovery in patients with neurological
disorders. Experimental studies are strongly needed to verify our theories and
hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas R. Alashram
- Department of Physiotherapy, Middle East University, Amman,
Jordan
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private
University
| | - Giuseppe Annino
- Department of Medicine Systems, University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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31
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Dysregulated Signaling at Postsynaptic Density: A Systematic Review and Translational Appraisal for the Pathophysiology, Clinics, and Antipsychotics' Treatment of Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040574. [PMID: 36831241 PMCID: PMC9954794 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from genomics, post-mortem, and preclinical studies point to a potential dysregulation of molecular signaling at postsynaptic density (PSD) in schizophrenia pathophysiology. The PSD that identifies the archetypal asymmetric synapse is a structure of approximately 300 nm in diameter, localized behind the neuronal membrane in the glutamatergic synapse, and constituted by more than 1000 proteins, including receptors, adaptors, kinases, and scaffold proteins. Furthermore, using FASS (fluorescence-activated synaptosome sorting) techniques, glutamatergic synaptosomes were isolated at around 70 nm, where the receptors anchored to the PSD proteins can diffuse laterally along the PSD and were stabilized by scaffold proteins in nanodomains of 50-80 nm at a distance of 20-40 nm creating "nanocolumns" within the synaptic button. In this context, PSD was envisioned as a multimodal hub integrating multiple signaling-related intracellular functions. Dysfunctions of glutamate signaling have been postulated in schizophrenia, starting from the glutamate receptor's interaction with scaffolding proteins involved in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Despite the emerging role of PSD proteins in behavioral disorders, there is currently no systematic review that integrates preclinical and clinical findings addressing dysregulated PSD signaling and translational implications for antipsychotic treatment in the aberrant postsynaptic function context. Here we reviewed a critical appraisal of the role of dysregulated PSD proteins signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, discussing how antipsychotics may affect PSD structures and synaptic plasticity in brain regions relevant to psychosis.
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Diab AM, Wigerius M, Quinn DP, Qi J, Shahin I, Paffile J, Krueger K, Karten B, Krueger SR, Fawcett JP. NCK1 Modulates Neuronal Actin Dynamics and Promotes Dendritic Spine, Synapse, and Memory Formation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:885-901. [PMID: 36535770 PMCID: PMC9908320 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0495-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory formation and maintenance is a dynamic process involving the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton at synapses. Understanding the signaling pathways that contribute to actin modulation is important for our understanding of synapse formation and function, as well as learning and memory. Here, we focused on the importance of the actin regulator, noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1), in hippocampal dependent behaviors and development. We report that male mice lacking NCK1 have impairments in both short-term and working memory, as well as spatial learning. Additionally, we report sex differences in memory impairment showing that female mice deficient in NCK1 fail at reversal learning in a spatial learning task. We find that NCK1 is expressed in postmitotic neurons but is dispensable for neuronal proliferation and migration in the developing hippocampus. Morphologically, NCK1 is not necessary for overall neuronal dendrite development. However, neurons lacking NCK1 have lower dendritic spine and synapse densities in vitro and in vivo EM analysis reveal increased postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness in the hippocampal CA1 region of NCK1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we find the turnover of actin-filaments in dendritic spines is accelerated in neurons that lack NCK1. Together, these findings suggest that NCK1 contributes to hippocampal-dependent memory by stabilizing actin dynamics and dendritic spine formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the molecular signaling pathways that contribute to memory formation, maintenance, and elimination will lead to a better understanding of the genetic influences on cognition and cognitive disorders and will direct future therapeutics. Here, we report that the noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1) adaptor protein modulates actin-filament turnover in hippocampal dendritic spines. Mice lacking NCK1 show sex-dependent deficits in hippocampal memory formation tasks, have altered postsynaptic densities, and reduced synaptic density. Together, our work implicates NCK1 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and normal synapse development which is essential for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios M Diab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Wigerius
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dylan P Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jiansong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Shahin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Julia Paffile
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kavita Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stefan R Krueger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - James P Fawcett
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Quantitative Fluorescence Analysis Reveals Dendrite-Specific Thalamocortical Plasticity in L5 Pyramidal Neurons during Learning. J Neurosci 2023; 43:584-600. [PMID: 36639912 PMCID: PMC9888508 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1372-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput anatomic data can stimulate and constrain new hypotheses about how neural circuits change in response to experience. Here, we use fluorescence-based reagents for presynaptic and postsynaptic labeling to monitor changes in thalamocortical synapses onto different compartments of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal (Pyr) neurons in somatosensory (barrel) cortex from mixed-sex mice during whisker-dependent learning (Audette et al., 2019). Using axonal fills and molecular-genetic tags for synapse identification in fixed tissue from Rbp4-Cre transgenic mice, we found that thalamocortical synapses from the higher-order posterior medial thalamic nucleus showed rapid morphologic changes in both presynaptic and postsynaptic structures at the earliest stages of sensory association training. Detected increases in thalamocortical synaptic size were compartment specific, occurring selectively in the proximal dendrites onto L5 Pyr and not at inputs onto their apical tufts in L1. Both axonal and dendritic changes were transient, normalizing back to baseline as animals became expert in the task. Anatomical measurements were corroborated by electrophysiological recordings at different stages of training. Thus, fluorescence-based analysis of input- and target-specific synapses can reveal compartment-specific changes in synapse properties during learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synaptic changes underlie the cellular basis of learning, experience, and neurologic diseases. Neuroanatomical methods to assess synaptic plasticity can provide critical spatial information necessary for building models of neuronal computations during learning and experience but are technically and fiscally intensive. Here, we describe a confocal fluorescence microscopy-based analytical method to assess input, cell type, and dendritic location-specific synaptic plasticity in a sensory learning assay. Our method not only confirms prior electrophysiological measurements but allows us to predict functional strength of synapses in a pathway-specific manner. Our findings also indicate that changes in primary sensory cortices are transient, occurring during early learning. Fluorescence-based synapse identification can be an efficient and easily adopted approach to study synaptic changes in a variety of experimental paradigms.
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Maiellano G, Scandella L, Francolini M. Exploiting volume electron microscopy to investigate structural plasticity and stability of the postsynaptic compartment of central synapses. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1153593. [PMID: 37032841 PMCID: PMC10079905 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1153593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Volume reconstruction from electron microscopy datasets is a tool increasingly used to study the ultrastructure of the synapse in the broader context of neuronal network and brain organization. Fine modifications of synapse structure, such as activity-dependent dendritic spine enlargement and changes in the size and shape of the postsynaptic density, occur upon maturation and plasticity. The lack of structural plasticity or the inability to stabilize potentiated synapses are associated with synaptic and neuronal functional impairment. Mapping these rearrangements with the high resolution of electron microscopy proved to be essential in order to establish precise correlations between the geometry of synapses and their functional states. In this review we discuss recent discoveries on the substructure of the postsynaptic compartment of central excitatory synapses and how those are correlated with functional states of the neuronal network. The added value of volume electron microscopy analyses with respect to conventional transmission electron microscopy studies is highlighted considering that some limitations of volume-based methods imposed several adjustments to describe the geometry of this synaptic compartment and new parameters-that are good indicators of synapses strength and activity-have been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Maiellano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- MeLis, CNRS UMR 5284, INSERMU1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lucrezia Scandella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Francolini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maura Francolini,
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Heck N, Santos MD. Dendritic Spines in Learning and Memory: From First Discoveries to Current Insights. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:311-348. [PMID: 37962799 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is composed of neural ensembles, and their activity patterns are neural correlates of cognitive functions. Those ensembles are networks of neurons connected to each other by synapses. Most neurons integrate synaptic signal through a remarkable subcellular structure called spine. Dendritic spines are protrusions whose diverse shapes make them appear as a specific neuronal compartment, and they have been the focus of studies for more than a century. Soon after their first description by Ramón y Cajal, it has been hypothesized that spine morphological changes could modify neuronal connectivity and sustain cognitive abilities. Later studies demonstrated that changes in spine density and morphology occurred in experience-dependent plasticity during development, and in clinical cases of mental retardation. This gave ground for the assumption that dendritic spines are the particular locus of cerebral plasticity. With the discovery of synaptic long-term potentiation, a research program emerged with the aim to establish whether dendritic spine plasticity could explain learning and memory. The development of live imaging methods revealed on the one hand that dendritic spine remodeling is compatible with learning process and, on the other hand, that their long-term stability is compatible with lifelong memories. Furthermore, the study of the mechanisms of spine growth and maintenance shed new light on the rules of plasticity. In behavioral paradigms of memory, spine formation or elimination and morphological changes were found to correlate with learning. In a last critical step, recent experiments have provided evidence that dendritic spines play a causal role in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Heck
- Laboratory Neurosciences Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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Uchigashima M, Hayashi Y, Futai K. Regulation of Presynaptic Release Machinery by Cell Adhesion Molecules. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:333-356. [PMID: 37615873 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The synapse is a highly specialized asymmetric structure that transmits and stores information in the brain. The size of pre- and postsynaptic structures and function is well coordinated at the individual synapse level. For example, large postsynaptic dendritic spines have a larger postsynaptic density with higher α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) number on their surface, while juxtaposing presynaptic terminals have a larger active zone and higher release probability. This indicates that pre- and postsynaptic domains bidirectionally communicate to coordinate assembly of specific molecules on both sides of the synaptic cleft. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that localize at synapses form transsynaptic protein interactions across the synaptic cleft and play important roles in synapse formation and regulation. The extracellular domain of CAMs is essential for specific synapse formation and function. In contrast, the intracellular domain is necessary for binding with synaptic molecules and signal transduction. Therefore, CAMs play an essential role on synapse function and structure. In fact, ample evidence indicates that transsynaptic CAMs instruct and modulate functions at presynaptic sites. This chapter focuses on transsynaptic protein interactions that regulate presynaptic functions emphasizing the role of neuronal CAMs and the intracellular mechanism of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motokazu Uchigashima
- Department of Cellular Neuropathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kensuke Futai
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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37
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Petanjek Z, Banovac I, Sedmak D, Hladnik A. Dendritic Spines: Synaptogenesis and Synaptic Pruning for the Developmental Organization of Brain Circuits. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:143-221. [PMID: 37962796 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic overproduction and elimination is a regular developmental event in the mammalian brain. In the cerebral cortex, synaptic overproduction is almost exclusively correlated with glutamatergic synapses located on dendritic spines. Therefore, analysis of changes in spine density on different parts of the dendritic tree in identified classes of principal neurons could provide insight into developmental reorganization of specific microcircuits.The activity-dependent stabilization and selective elimination of the initially overproduced synapses is a major mechanism for generating diversity of neural connections beyond their genetic determination. The largest number of overproduced synapses was found in the monkey and human cerebral cortex. The highest (exceeding adult values by two- to threefold) and most protracted overproduction (up to third decade of life) was described for associative layer IIIC pyramidal neurons in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.Therefore, the highest proportion and extraordinarily extended phase of synaptic spine overproduction is a hallmark of neural circuitry in human higher-order associative areas. This indicates that microcircuits processing the most complex human cognitive functions have the highest level of developmental plasticity. This finding is the backbone for understanding the effect of environmental impact on the development of the most complex, human-specific cognitive and emotional capacities, and on the late onset of human-specific neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Banovac
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dora Sedmak
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Basic, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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38
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Aberrant ventral dentate gyrus structure and function in trauma susceptible mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:502. [PMID: 36473832 PMCID: PMC9723770 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder vulnerable individuals can develop following a traumatic event, whereas others are resilient. Enhanced insight into the mechanistic underpinnings contributing to these inter-individual differences in trauma susceptibility is key to improved treatment and prevention. Aberrant function of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) may contribute to its psychopathology, with the dorsal DG potentially encoding trauma memory generalization and the ventral DG anxiety. Using a mouse model, we hypothesized that susceptibility to develop PTSD-like symptoms following trauma will be underpinned by aberrant DG structure and function. Mice were exposed to a traumatic event (unpredictable, inescapable foot shocks) and tested for PTSD-like symptomatology following recovery. In four independent experiments, DG neuronal morphology, synaptic protein gene and protein expression, and neuronal activity during trauma encoding and recall were assessed. Behaviorally, trauma-susceptible animals displayed increased anxiety-like behavior already prior to trauma, increased novelty-induced freezing, but no clear differences in remote trauma memory recall. Comparison of the ventral DG of trauma susceptible vs resilient mice revealed lower spine density, reduced expression of the postsynaptic protein homer1b/c gene and protein, a larger population of neurons active during trauma encoding, and a greater presence of somatostatin neurons. In contrast, the dorsal DG of trauma-susceptible animals did not differ in terms of spine density or gene expression but displayed more active neurons during trauma encoding and a lower amount of somatostatin neurons. Collectively, we here report on specific structural and functional changes in the ventral DG in trauma susceptible male mice.
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39
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Liao M, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Wang K, Fang Q, Qi Y, Shen Y, Cheng H, Fu X, Tang M, Sun S, Gao X, Chai R. 3D Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Matrigel with Electroacoustic Stimulation to Promote the Growth of Spiral Ganglion Neurons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16744-16756. [PMID: 36222600 PMCID: PMC9620407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cochlear implantation has become the most effective treatment method for patients with profound and total hearing loss. However, its therapeutic efficacy is dependent on the number and normal physiological function of cochlear implant-targeted spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Electrical stimulation can be used as an effective cue to regulate the morphology and function of excitatory cells. Therefore, it is important to develop an efficient cochlear implant electroacoustic stimulation (EAS) system to study the behavior of SGNs. In this work, we present an electrical stimulation system constructed by combining a cochlear implant and a conductive Ti3C2Tx MXene-matrigel hydrogel. SGNs were cultured in the Ti3C2Tx MXene-matrigel hydrogel and exposed to electrical stimulation transduced by the cochlear implant. It was demonstrated that low-frequency stimulation promoted the growth cone development and neurite outgrowth of SGNs as well as signal transmission between cells. This work may have potential value for the clinical application of the Ti3C2Tx MXene hydrogel to optimize the postoperative listening effect of cochlear implantation and benefit people with sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Liao
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Department
of Otorhinolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yangnan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Department
of Otorhinolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Kaichen Wang
- Chien-Shiung
Wu College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yanru Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yingbo Shen
- Chien-Shiung
Wu College, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated
Hospital, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
- Co-Innovation
Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT
Institute and Department
of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory
of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department
of Otorhinolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head
and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology,
Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech
Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Co-Innovation
Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
- Department
of Otolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial
People’s Hospital, University of
Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
- Institute
for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese
Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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40
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Lehr AB, Luboeinski J, Tetzlaff C. Neuromodulator-dependent synaptic tagging and capture retroactively controls neural coding in spiking neural networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17772. [PMID: 36273097 PMCID: PMC9588040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Events that are important to an individual's life trigger neuromodulator release in brain areas responsible for cognitive and behavioral function. While it is well known that the presence of neuromodulators such as dopamine and norepinephrine is required for memory consolidation, the impact of neuromodulator concentration is, however, less understood. In a recurrent spiking neural network model featuring neuromodulator-dependent synaptic tagging and capture, we study how synaptic memory consolidation depends on the amount of neuromodulator present in the minutes to hours after learning. We find that the storage of rate-based and spike timing-based information is controlled by the level of neuromodulation. Specifically, we find better recall of temporal information for high levels of neuromodulation, while we find better recall of rate-coded spatial patterns for lower neuromodulation, mediated by the selection of different groups of synapses for consolidation. Hence, our results indicate that in minutes to hours after learning, the level of neuromodulation may alter the process of synaptic consolidation to ultimately control which type of information becomes consolidated in the recurrent neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Lehr
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Computational Synaptic Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannik Luboeinski
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Computational Synaptic Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Department of Computational Synaptic Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) plays a critical role in long-term potentiation (LTP), a long accepted cellular model for learning and memory. However, how LTP and memories survive the turnover of synaptic proteins, particularly CaMKII, remains a mystery. Here, we take advantage of the finding that constitutive Ca2+-independent CaMKII activity, acquired prior to slice preparation, provides a lasting memory trace at synapses. In slice culture, this persistent CaMKII activity, in the absence of Ca2+ stimulation, remains stable over a 2-wk period, well beyond the turnover of CaMKII protein. We propose that the nascent CaMKII protein present at 2 wk acquired its activity from preexisting active CaMKII molecules, which transferred their activity to newly synthesized CaMKII molecules and thus maintain the memory in the face of protein turnover.
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42
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Wang X, Jin Y, Hao K. Computational Modeling of Structural Synaptic Plasticity in Echo State Networks. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2022; 52:11254-11266. [PMID: 33760748 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2021.3060466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most existing studies on computational modeling of neural plasticity have focused on synaptic plasticity. However, regulation of the internal weights in the reservoir based on synaptic plasticity often results in unstable learning dynamics. In this article, a structural synaptic plasticity learning rule is proposed to train the weights and add or remove neurons within the reservoir, which is shown to be able to alleviate the instability of the synaptic plasticity, and to contribute to increase the memory capacity of the network as well. Our experimental results also reveal that a few stronger connections may last for a longer period of time in a constantly changing network structure, and are relatively resistant to decay or disruptions in the learning process. These results are consistent with the evidence observed in biological systems. Finally, we show that an echo state network (ESN) using the proposed structural plasticity rule outperforms an ESN using synaptic plasticity and three state-of-the-art ESNs on four benchmark tasks.
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Lyu J, Yao Z, Liang B, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Small protein complex prediction algorithm based on protein-protein interaction network segmentation. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:405. [PMID: 36180820 PMCID: PMC9524060 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying protein complexes from protein-protein interaction network is one of significant tasks in the postgenome era. Protein complexes, none of which exceeds 10 in size play an irreplaceable role in life activities and are also a hotspot of scientific research, such as PSD-95, CD44, PKM2 and BRD4. And in MIPS, CYC2008, SGD, Aloy and TAP06 datasets, the proportion of small protein complexes is over 75%. But up to now, protein complex identification methods do not perform well in the field of small protein complexes. Results In this paper, we propose a novel method, called BOPS. It is a three-step procedure. Firstly, it calculates the balanced weights to replace the original weights. Secondly, it divides the graphs larger than MAXP until the original PPIN is divided into small PPINs. Thirdly, it enumerates the connected subset of each small PPINs, identifies potential protein complexes based on cohesion and removes those that are similar. Conclusions In four yeast PPINs, experimental results have shown that BOPS has an improvement of about 5% compared with the SOTA model. In addition, we constructed a weighted Homo sapiens PPIN based on STRINGdb and BioGRID, and BOPS gets the best result in it. These results give new insights into the identification of small protein complexes, and the weighted Homo sapiens PPIN provides more data for related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Lyu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bing Liang
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Yiwei Liu
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yijia Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
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Jing G, Zuo J, Fang Q, Yuan M, Xia Y, Jin Q, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Liu W, Wu X, Song X. Erbin protects against sepsis-associated encephalopathy by attenuating microglia pyroptosis via IRE1α/Xbp1s-Ca 2+ axis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:237. [PMID: 36171629 PMCID: PMC9520943 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia pyroptosis-mediated neuroinflammation is thought to be the crucial pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Erbin has been reported to be associated with various inflammatory diseases. However, the role of Erbin in SAE and the relationship between Erbin and microglia pyroptosis are unknown. In this study, we investigated the promising role and underlying molecular mechanism of Erbin in the regulation of microglia pyroptosis. Methods WT and Erbin knockout mice underwent cecum ligation perforation (CLP) to induce SAE. Primary mouse microglia and BV2 cells were treated with LPS/nigericin in vitro. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate cognitive function. Nissl staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess histological and structural lesions. ELISA and qPCR were carried out to detect neuroinflammation. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to analyze protein expression. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were utilized to observe the Ca2+ changes in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To further explore the underlying mechanism, STF083010 was administered to block the IRE1α/Xbp1s pathway. Results Erbin deletion resulted in more pronounced neuronal damage and cognitive impairment in mice that underwent CLP. Erbin knockout promoted microglial pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokines secretion in vivo and in vitro, which was mediated by activation of the IRE1α/Xbp1s. Treatment with the selective inhibitor STF083010 significantly inhibited IRE1α/Xbp1s pathway activity, decreased intracytoplasmic Ca2+, attenuated microglial pyroptosis, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, lessened neuronal damage, and improved cognitive function. Conclusions In SAE, Erbin inhibits IRE1/Xbp1s pathway activity and reduces the ER Ca2+ influx to the cytoplasm, reducing microglial pyroptosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02598-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Jing
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Fang
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiyan Jin
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuemin Song
- Research Centre of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Amano R, Nakao M, Matsumiya K, Miwakeichi F. A computational model to explore how temporal stimulation patterns affect synapse plasticity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275059. [PMID: 36149886 PMCID: PMC9506666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity-related proteins (PRPs), which are synthesized in a synapse activation-dependent manner, are shared by multiple synapses to a limited spatial extent for a specific period. In addition, stimulated synapses can utilize shared PRPs through synaptic tagging and capture (STC). In particular, the phenomenon by which short-lived early long-term potentiation is transformed into long-lived late long-term potentiation using shared PRPs is called “late-associativity,” which is the underlying principle of “cluster plasticity.” We hypothesized that the competitive capture of PRPs by multiple synapses modulates late-associativity and affects the fate of each synapse in terms of whether it is integrated into a synapse cluster. We tested our hypothesis by developing a computational model to simulate STC, late-associativity, and the competitive capture of PRPs. The experimental results obtained using the model revealed that the number of competing synapses, timing of stimulation to each synapse, and basal PRP level in the dendritic compartment altered the effective temporal window of STC and influenced the conditions under which late-associativity occurs. Furthermore, it is suggested that the competitive capture of PRPs results in the selection of synapses to be integrated into a synapse cluster via late-associativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Amano
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsuyuki Nakao
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Fumikazu Miwakeichi
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Statistical Modeling, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tachikawa-Shi, Japan
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Gore A, Yurina A, Yukevich-Mussomeli A, Nahmani M. Synaptic spinules are reliable indicators of excitatory presynaptic bouton size and strength and are ubiquitous components of excitatory synapses in CA1 hippocampus. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:968404. [PMID: 36032419 PMCID: PMC9403541 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.968404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic spinules are thin, finger-like projections from one neuron that become embedded within the presynaptic or postsynaptic compartments of another neuron. While spinules are conserved features of synapses across the animal kingdom, their specific function(s) remain unknown. Recent focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) image volume analyses have demonstrated that spinules are embedded within ∼25% of excitatory boutons in primary visual cortex, yet the diversity of spinule sizes, origins, and ultrastructural relationships to their boutons remained unclear. To begin to uncover the function of synaptic spinules, we sought to determine the abundance, origins, and 3D ultrastructure of spinules within excitatory presynaptic spinule-bearing boutons (SBBs) in mammalian CA1 hippocampus and compare them with presynaptic boutons bereft of spinules (non-SBBs). Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive 3D analysis of every excitatory presynaptic bouton, their embedded spinules, and postsynaptic densities, within a 5 nm isotropic FIB-SEM image volume from CA1 hippocampus of an adult male rat. Surprisingly, we found that ∼74% of excitatory presynaptic boutons in this volume contained at least one spinule, suggesting they are fundamental components of excitatory synapses in CA1. In addition, we found that SBBs are 2.5-times larger and have 60% larger postsynaptic densities (PSDs) than non-SBBs. Moreover, synaptic spinules within SBBs are clearly differentiated into two groups: small clathrin-coated spinules, and 29-times larger spinules without clathrin. Together, these findings suggest that the presence of a spinule is a marker for stronger and more stable presynaptic boutons in CA1, and that synaptic spinules serve at least two separable and distinct functions.
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Kozlova A, Zhang S, Kotlar AV, Jamison B, Zhang H, Shi S, Forrest MP, McDaid J, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Zwick ME, Pang ZP, Sanders AR, Warren ST, Gejman PV, Mulle JG, Duan J. Loss of function of OTUD7A in the schizophrenia- associated 15q13.3 deletion impairs synapse development and function in human neurons. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1500-1519. [PMID: 35931052 PMCID: PMC9388388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying causative gene(s) within disease-associated large genomic regions of copy-number variants (CNVs) is challenging. Here, by targeted sequencing of genes within schizophrenia (SZ)-associated CNVs in 1,779 SZ cases and 1,418 controls, we identified three rare putative loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in OTU deubiquitinase 7A (OTUD7A) within the 15q13.3 deletion in cases but none in controls. To tie OTUD7A LoF with any SZ-relevant cellular phenotypes, we modeled the OTUD7A LoF mutation, rs757148409, in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived induced excitatory neurons (iNs) by CRISPR-Cas9 engineering. The mutant iNs showed a ∼50% decrease in OTUD7A expression without undergoing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The mutant iNs also exhibited marked reduction of dendritic complexity, density of synaptic proteins GluA1 and PSD-95, and neuronal network activity. Congruent with the neuronal phenotypes in mutant iNs, our transcriptomic analysis showed that the set of OTUD7A LoF-downregulated genes was enriched for those relating to synapse development and function and was associated with SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. These results suggest that OTUD7A LoF impairs synapse development and neuronal function in human neurons, providing mechanistic insight into the possible role of OTUD7A in driving neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with the 15q13.3 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kozlova
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex V Kotlar
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Pillar Biosciences Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA
| | - Brendan Jamison
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Serena Shi
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John McDaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Senior Vice President for Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Synaptic plasticity during systems memory consolidation. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:1-6. [PMID: 35667493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After learning, memory is initially encoded in the hippocampus but subsequently stabilized in other brain regions such as the cortex for long-lasting storage. This process is known as systems memory consolidation, and its cellular mechanism has long been a fundamental question. Synaptic plasticity is the major cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory, and is therefore considered a key function in the process of systems memory consolidation. Therefore, many studies have aimed to establish a causal link between synaptic plasticity in the brain and memory-associated behaviors. In this review, I discuss the various lines of research showing the function of synaptic plasticity, mainly in the hippocampus and cortex during memory consolidation.
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Yang Y, Liu JJ. Structural LTP: Signal transduction, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and membrane remodeling of dendritic spines. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 74:102534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang F, Cai YJ, Ma X, Wang N, Wu ZB, Sun Y, Xu YX, Yang H, Liu TT, Xia Q, Yu Z, Zhu DF. Synaptic loss in a mouse model of euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis: possible involvement of the microglia. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:25. [PMID: 35468730 PMCID: PMC9036731 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune illness that renders individuals vulnerable to neuropsychopathology even in the euthyroid state, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We hypothesized that activated microglia might disrupt synapses, resulting in cognitive disturbance in the context of euthyroid HT, and designed the present study to test this hypothesis. Methods Experimental HT model was induced by immunizing NOD mice with thyroglobulin and adjuvant twice. Morris Water Maze was measured to determine mice spatial learning and memory. The synaptic parameters such as the synaptic density, synaptic ultrastructure and synaptic-markers (SYN and PSD95) as well as the interactions of microglia with synapses were also determined. Results HT mice had poorer performance in Morris Water Maze than controls. Concurrently, HT resulted in a significant reduction in synapse density and ultrastructure damage, along with decreased synaptic puncta visualized by immunostaining with synaptophysin and PSD-95. In parallel, frontal activated microglia in euthyroid HT mice showed increased engulfment of PSD95 and EM revealed that the synaptic structures were visible within the microglia. These functional alterations in microglia corresponded to structural increases in their attachment to neuronal perikarya and a reduction in presynaptic terminals covering the neurons. Conclusion Our results provide initial evidence that HT can induce synaptic loss in the euthyroid state with deficits might be attributable to activated microglia, which may underlie the deleterious effects of HT on spatial learning and memory. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00710-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yao-Jun Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Respiratoration, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhang-Bi Wu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong-Xia Xu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - De-Fa Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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