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Ribasés M, Mitjans M, Hartman CA, Soler Artigas M, Demontis D, Larsson H, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Kuntsi J, Faraone SV, Børglum AD, Reif A, Franke B, Cormand B. Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105313. [PMID: 37451654 PMCID: PMC10789879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) co-occurs with many other psychiatric disorders and traits. In this review, we summarize and interpret the existing literature on the genetic architecture of these comorbidities based on hypothesis-generating approaches. Quantitative genetic studies indicate that genetic factors play a substantial role in the observed co-occurrence of ADHD with many different disorders and traits. Molecular genetic correlations derived from genome-wide association studies and results of studies based on polygenic risk scores confirm the general pattern but provide effect estimates that are smaller than those from twin studies. The identification of the specific genetic variants and biological pathways underlying co-occurrence using genome-wide approaches is still in its infancy. The first analyses of causal inference using genetic data support causal relationships between ADHD and comorbid disorders, although bidirectional effects identified in some instances point to complex relationships. While several issues in the methodology and inferences from the results are still to be overcome, this review shows that the co-occurrence of ADHD with many psychiatric disorders and traits is genetically interpretable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ribasés
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Mitjans
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Soler Artigas
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine/Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - H Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - S V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - A D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine/Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Franke
- Departments of Cognitive Neuroscience and Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - B Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Xu J, Liu N, Polemiti E, Garcia-Mondragon L, Tang J, Liu X, Lett T, Yu L, Nöthen MM, Feng J, Yu C, Marquand A, Schumann G. Effects of urban living environments on mental health in adults. Nat Med 2023; 29:1456-1467. [PMID: 37322117 PMCID: PMC10287556 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban-living individuals are exposed to many environmental factors that may combine and interact to influence mental health. While individual factors of an urban environment have been investigated in isolation, no attempt has been made to model how complex, real-life exposure to living in the city relates to brain and mental health, and how this is moderated by genetic factors. Using the data of 156,075 participants from the UK Biobank, we carried out sparse canonical correlation analyses to investigate the relationships between urban environments and psychiatric symptoms. We found an environmental profile of social deprivation, air pollution, street network and urban land-use density that was positively correlated with an affective symptom group (r = 0.22, Pperm < 0.001), mediated by brain volume differences consistent with reward processing, and moderated by genes enriched for stress response, including CRHR1, explaining 2.01% of the variance in brain volume differences. Protective factors such as greenness and generous destination accessibility were negatively correlated with an anxiety symptom group (r = 0.10, Pperm < 0.001), mediated by brain regions necessary for emotion regulation and moderated by EXD3, explaining 1.65% of the variance. The third urban environmental profile was correlated with an emotional instability symptom group (r = 0.03, Pperm < 0.001). Our findings suggest that different environmental profiles of urban living may influence specific psychiatric symptom groups through distinct neurobiological pathways.
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Grants
- R01 DA049238 NIDA NIH HHS
- European Union-funded Horizon Europe project ‘environMENTAL’ (101057429 to G.S.), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ‘STRATIFY’ (695313 to G.S.), the Human Brain Project (HBP SGA3, 945539 to G.S.), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238 to G.S.), the German Research Foundation (DFG) (COPE; 675346 to G.S.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82150710554 to G.S.),the Chinese National High-end Foreign Expert Recruitment Plan to G.S. and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation to G.S.
- the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82001797 to J.X.),Tianjin Applied Basic Research Diversified Investment Foundation (21JCYBJC01360 to J.X.), Tianjin Health Technology Project (TJWJ2021QN002 to J.X.), Science&Technology Development Fund of Tianjin Education Commission for Higher Education (2019KJ195 to J.X.)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82202093)
- National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFE0209400), Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program (2021Z11GHX002), the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (EarthLab)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82030053);National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1314301)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Elli Polemiti
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tristram Lett
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Andre Marquand
- Predictive Clinical Neuroscience Group at the Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine, Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Mallard TT, Grotzinger AD, Smoller JW. Examining the shared etiology of psychopathology with genome-wide association studies. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1645-1665. [PMID: 36634217 PMCID: PMC9988537 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have ushered in a new era of reproducible discovery in psychiatric genetics. The field has now identified hundreds of common genetic variants that are associated with mental disorders, and many of them influence more than one disorder. By advancing the understanding of causal biology underlying psychopathology, GWAS results are poised to inform the development of novel therapeutics, stratification of at-risk patients, and perhaps even the revision of top-down classification systems in psychiatry. Here, we provide a concise review of GWAS findings with an emphasis on findings that have elucidated the shared genetic etiology of psychopathology, summarizing insights at three levels of analysis: 1) genome-wide architecture; 2) networks, pathways, and gene sets; and 3) individual variants/genes. Three themes emerge from these efforts. First, all psychiatric phenotypes are heritable, highly polygenic, and influenced by many pleiotropic variants with incomplete penetrance. Second, GWAS results highlight the broad etiological roles of neuronal biology, system-wide effects over localized effects, and early neurodevelopment as a critical period. Third, many loci that are robustly associated with multiple forms of psychopathology harbor genes that are involved in synaptic structure and function. Finally, we conclude our review by discussing the implications that GWAS results hold for the field of psychiatry, as well as expected challenges and future directions in the next stage of psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis T Mallard
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Andrew D Grotzinger
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Lam M, Chen CY, Hill WD, Xia C, Tian R, Levey DF, Gelernter J, Stein MB, Hatoum AS, Huang H, Malhotra AK, Runz H, Ge T, Lencz T. Collective genomic segments with differential pleiotropic patterns between cognitive dimensions and psychopathology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6868. [PMID: 36369282 PMCID: PMC9652380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are known to be related to most forms of psychopathology. Here, we perform local genetic correlation analysis as a means of identifying independent segments of the genome that show biologically interpretable pleiotropic associations between cognitive dimensions and psychopathology. We identify collective segments of the genome, which we call "meta-loci", showing differential pleiotropic patterns for psychopathology relative to either cognitive task performance (CTP) or performance on a non-cognitive factor (NCF) derived from educational attainment. We observe that neurodevelopmental gene sets expressed during the prenatal-early childhood period predominate in CTP-relevant meta-loci, while post-natal gene sets are more involved in NCF-relevant meta-loci. Further, we demonstrate that neurodevelopmental gene sets are dissociable across CTP meta-loci with respect to their spatial distribution across the brain. Additionally, we find that GABA-ergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic genes drive pleiotropic relationships within dissociable meta-loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W David Hill
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charley Xia
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruoyu Tian
- Computational Biology and Human Genetics, Dewpoint Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Norwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Norwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tian Ge
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Norwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Norwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders overlap substantially at the genetic level, with family-based methods long pointing toward transdiagnostic risk pathways. Psychiatric genomics has progressed rapidly in the last decade, shedding light on the biological makeup of cross-disorder risk at multiple levels of analysis. Over a hundred genetic variants have been identified that affect multiple disorders, with many more to be uncovered as sample sizes continue to grow. Cross-disorder mechanistic studies build on these findings to cluster transdiagnostic variants into meaningful categories, including in what tissues or when in development these variants are expressed. At the upper-most level, methods have been developed to estimate the overall shared genetic signal across pairs of traits (i.e. single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic correlations) and subsequently model these relationships to identify overarching, genomic risk factors. These factors can subsequently be associated with external traits (e.g. functional imaging phenotypes) to begin to understand the makeup of these transdiagnostic risk factors. As psychiatric genomic efforts continue to expand, we can begin to gain even greater insight by including more fine-grained phenotypes (i.e. symptom-level data) and explicitly considering the environment. The culmination of these efforts will help to inform bottom-up revisions of our current nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Grotzinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU) and the Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Genomic Relationships, Novel Loci, and Pleiotropic Mechanisms across Eight Psychiatric Disorders. Cell 2019; 179:1469-1482.e11. [PMID: 31835028 PMCID: PMC7077032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic influences on psychiatric disorders transcend diagnostic boundaries, suggesting substantial pleiotropy of contributing loci. However, the nature and mechanisms of these pleiotropic effects remain unclear. We performed analyses of 232,964 cases and 494,162 controls from genome-wide studies of anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genetic correlation analyses revealed a meaningful structure within the eight disorders, identifying three groups of inter-related disorders. Meta-analysis across these eight disorders detected 109 loci associated with at least two psychiatric disorders, including 23 loci with pleiotropic effects on four or more disorders and 11 loci with antagonistic effects on multiple disorders. The pleiotropic loci are located within genes that show heightened expression in the brain throughout the lifespan, beginning prenatally in the second trimester, and play prominent roles in neurodevelopmental processes. These findings have important implications for psychiatric nosology, drug development, and risk prediction.
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Duquette PM, Lamarche-Vane N. The calcium-activated protease calpain regulates netrin-1 receptor deleted in colorectal cancer-induced axon outgrowth in cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 152:315-332. [PMID: 31344270 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During development, neurons extend axons toward their appropriate synaptic targets to establish functional neuronal connections. The growth cone, a highly motile structure at the tip of the axon, is capable of recognizing extracellular guidance cues and translating them into directed axon outgrowth through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Netrin-1 mediates its attractive function through the receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) to promote axon outgrowth and guidance. The calcium-activated protease calpain is involved in the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins, which plays an important role during adhesion turnover and cell migration. However, its function during neuronal development is less understood. Here we demonstrate that netrin-1 activated calpain in embryonic rat cortical neurons in an extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent manner. In addition, we found that netrin-1 stimulation led to an increase in calpain-1 localization in the axon, whereas its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin was decreased in the growth cones of cortical neurons by indirect immunofluorescence. Interestingly, calpain-1 was able to cleave DCC in vitro. Furthermore, netrin-1 induced the cleavage of the cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and focal adhesion kinase concomitantly with the intracellular domain of DCC in a calpain-dependent manner in embryonic rat cortical neurons. Cortical neurons over-expressing calpastatin or calpain-depleted neurons displayed increased basal axon length and were unresponsive to netrin-1 stimulation. Altogether, we propose a novel model whereby netrin-1/DCC-mediated axon outgrowth is modulated by calpain-mediated proteolysis of DCC and cytoskeletal targets in embryonic cortical neurons. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Duquette
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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