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Dey S, Kumar N, Balakrishnan S, Koushika SP, Ghosh-Roy A. KLP-7/Kinesin-13 orchestrates axon-dendrite checkpoints for polarized trafficking in neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar115. [PMID: 38985513 PMCID: PMC7616348 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-08-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The polarized nature of neurons depends on their microtubule dynamics and orientation determined by both microtubule-stabilizing and destabilizing factors. The role of destabilizing factors in developing and maintaining neuronal polarity is unclear. We investigated the function of KLP-7, a microtubule depolymerizing motor of the Kinesin-13 family, in axon-dendrite compartmentalization using PVD neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Loss of KLP-7 caused a mislocalization of axonal proteins, including RAB-3, SAD-1, and their motor UNC-104, to dendrites. This is rescued by cell-autonomous expression of the KLP-7 or colchicine treatment, indicating the involvement of KLP-7-dependent microtubule depolymerization. The high mobility of KLP-7 is correlated to increased microtubule dynamics in the dendrites, which restricts the enrichment of UNC-44, an integral component of Axon Initial Segment (AIS) in these processes. Due to the loss of KLP-7, ectopic enrichment of UNC-44 in the dendrite potentially redirects axonal traffic into dendrites that include plus-end out microtubules, axonal motors, and cargoes. These observations indicate that KLP-7-mediated depolymerization defines the microtubule dynamics conducive to the specific enrichment of AIS components in dendrites. This further compartmentalizes dendritic and axonal microtubules, motors, and cargoes, thereby influencing neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Dey
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana122052, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana122052, India
| | - Supraja Balakrishnan
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana122052, India
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra400005, India
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana122052, India
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2
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Mendoza CS, Plowinske CR, Montgomery AC, Quinones GB, Banker G, Bentley M. Kinesin Regulation in the Proximal Axon is Essential for Dendrite-selective Transport. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar81. [PMID: 38598291 PMCID: PMC11238084 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-11-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons are polarized and typically extend multiple dendrites and one axon. To maintain polarity, vesicles carrying dendritic proteins are arrested upon entering the axon. To determine whether kinesin regulation is required for terminating anterograde axonal transport, we overexpressed the dendrite-selective kinesin KIF13A. This caused mistargeting of dendrite-selective vesicles to the axon and a loss of dendritic polarity. Polarity was not disrupted if the kinase MARK2/Par1b was coexpressed. MARK2/Par1b is concentrated in the proximal axon, where it maintains dendritic polarity-likely by phosphorylating S1371 of KIF13A, which lies in a canonical 14-3-3 binding motif. We probed for interactions of KIF13A with 14-3-3 isoforms and found that 14-3-3β and 14-3-3ζ bound KIF13A. Disruption of MARK2 or 14-3-3 activity by small molecule inhibitors caused a loss of dendritic polarity. These data show that kinesin regulation is integral for dendrite-selective transport. We propose a new model in which KIF13A that moves dendrite-selective vesicles in the proximal axon is phosphorylated by MARK2. Phosphorylated KIF13A is then recognized by 14-3-3, which causes dissociation of KIF13A from the vesicle and termination of transport. These findings define a new paradigm for the regulation of vesicle transport by localized kinesin tail phosphorylation, to restrict dendrite-selective vesicles from entering the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Mendoza
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Cameron R. Plowinske
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Andrew C. Montgomery
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Geraldine B. Quinones
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Gary Banker
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
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3
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Chuma S, Kiyosue K, Akiyama T, Kinoshita M, Shimazaki Y, Uchiyama S, Sotoma S, Okabe K, Harada Y. Implication of thermal signaling in neuronal differentiation revealed by manipulation and measurement of intracellular temperature. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3473. [PMID: 38724563 PMCID: PMC11082174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation-the development of neurons from neural stem cells-involves neurite outgrowth and is a key process during the development and regeneration of neural functions. In addition to various chemical signaling mechanisms, it has been suggested that thermal stimuli induce neuronal differentiation. However, the function of physiological subcellular thermogenesis during neuronal differentiation remains unknown. Here we create methods to manipulate and observe local intracellular temperature, and investigate the effects of noninvasive temperature changes on neuronal differentiation using neuron-like PC12 cells. Using quantitative heating with an infrared laser, we find an increase in local temperature (especially in the nucleus) facilitates neurite outgrowth. Intracellular thermometry reveals that neuronal differentiation is accompanied by intracellular thermogenesis associated with transcription and translation. Suppression of intracellular temperature increase during neuronal differentiation inhibits neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, spontaneous intracellular temperature elevation is involved in neurite outgrowth of primary mouse cortical neurons. These results offer a model for understanding neuronal differentiation induced by intracellular thermal signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Chuma
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kiyosue
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Taishu Akiyama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiho Shimazaki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shingo Sotoma
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohki Okabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, 4-8-1 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Harada
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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4
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Bui KC, Kamiyama D. Adjacent Neuronal Fascicle Guides Motoneuron 24 Dendritic Branching and Axonal Routing Decisions through Dscam1 Signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588591. [PMID: 38645010 PMCID: PMC11030417 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The formation and precise positioning of axons and dendrites are crucial for the development of neural circuits. Although juxtracrine signaling via cell-cell contact is known to influence these processes, the specific structures and mechanisms regulating neuronal process positioning within the central nervous system (CNS) remain to be fully identified. Our study investigates motoneuron 24 (MN24) in the Drosophila embryonic CNS, which is characterized by a complex yet stereotyped axon projection pattern, known as 'axonal routing.' In this motoneuron, the primary dendritic branches project laterally toward the midline, specifically emerging at the sites where axons turn. We observed that Scp2-positive neurons contribute to the lateral fascicle structure in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) near MN24 dendrites. Notably, the knockout of the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (dscam1) results in the loss of dendrites and disruption of proper axonal routing in MN24, while not affecting the formation of the fascicle structure. Through cell-type specific knockdown and rescue experiments of dscam1, we have determined that the interaction between MN24 and Scp2-positive fascicle, mediated by Dscam1, promotes the development of both dendrites and axonal routing. Our findings demonstrate that the holistic configuration of neuronal structures, such as axons and dendrites, within single motoneurons can be governed by local contact with the adjacent neuron fascicle, a novel reference structure for neural circuitry wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Clara Bui
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Daichi Kamiyama
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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5
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Guan K, Curtis ER, Lew DJ, Elston TC. Particle-based simulations reveal two positive feedback loops allow relocation and stabilization of the polarity site during yeast mating. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011523. [PMID: 37782676 PMCID: PMC10569529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cells adjust the direction of polarized growth or migration in response to external directional cues. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae orient their cell fronts (also called polarity sites) up pheromone gradients in the course of mating. However, the initial polarity site is often not oriented towards the eventual mating partner, and cells relocate the polarity site in an indecisive manner before developing a stable orientation. During this reorientation phase, the polarity site displays erratic assembly-disassembly behavior and moves around the cell cortex. The mechanisms underlying this dynamic behavior remain poorly understood. Particle-based simulations of the core polarity circuit revealed that molecular-level fluctuations are unlikely to overcome the strong positive feedback required for polarization and generate relocating polarity sites. Surprisingly, inclusion of a second pathway that promotes polarity site orientation generated relocating polarity sites with properties similar to those observed experimentally. This pathway forms a second positive feedback loop involving the recruitment of receptors to the cell membrane and couples polarity establishment to gradient sensing. This second positive feedback loop also allows cells to stabilize their polarity site once the site is aligned with the pheromone gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Guan
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin R. Curtis
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Lew
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Elston
- Department of Pharmacology and Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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6
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Bai F, Bertram R, Karamched BR. A mathematical study of the efficacy of possible negative feedback pathways involved in neuronal polarization. J Theor Biol 2023; 571:111561. [PMID: 37331648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal polarization, a process wherein nascent neurons develop a single long axon and multiple short dendrites, can occur within in vitro cell cultures without environmental cues. This is an apparently random process in which one of several short processes, called neurites, grows to become long, while the others remain short. In this study, we propose a minimum model for neurite growth, which involves bistability and random excitations reflecting actin waves. Positive feedback is needed to produce the bistability, while negative feedback is required to ensure that no more than one neurite wins the winner-takes-all contest. By applying the negative feedback to different aspects of the neurite growth process, we demonstrate that targeting the negative feedback to the excitation amplitude results in the most persistent polarization. Also, we demonstrate that there are optimal ranges of values for the neurite count, and for the excitation rate and amplitude that best maintain the polarization. Finally, we show that a previously published model for neuronal polarization based on competition for limited resources shares key features with our best-performing minimal model: bistability and negative feedback targeted to the size of random excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Bai
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States
| | - Richard Bertram
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States
| | - Bhargav R Karamched
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee FL 32306, United States.
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7
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Puri D, Barry BJ, Engle EC. TUBB3 and KIF21A in neurodevelopment and disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1226181. [PMID: 37600020 PMCID: PMC10436312 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1226181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration and axon growth and guidance require precise control of microtubule dynamics and microtubule-based cargo transport. TUBB3 encodes the neuronal-specific β-tubulin isotype III, TUBB3, a component of neuronal microtubules expressed throughout the life of central and peripheral neurons. Human pathogenic TUBB3 missense variants result in altered TUBB3 function and cause errors either in the growth and guidance of cranial and, to a lesser extent, central axons, or in cortical neuronal migration and organization, and rarely in both. Moreover, human pathogenic missense variants in KIF21A, which encodes an anterograde kinesin motor protein that interacts directly with microtubules, alter KIF21A function and cause errors in cranial axon growth and guidance that can phenocopy TUBB3 variants. Here, we review reported TUBB3 and KIF21A variants, resulting phenotypes, and corresponding functional studies of both wildtype and mutant proteins. We summarize the evidence that, in vitro and in mouse models, loss-of-function and missense variants can alter microtubule dynamics and microtubule-kinesin interactions. Lastly, we highlight additional studies that might contribute to our understanding of the relationship between specific tubulin isotypes and specific kinesin motor proteins in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Puri
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Brenda J. Barry
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Puri D, Sharma S, Samaddar S, Ravivarma S, Banerjee S, Ghosh-Roy A. Muscleblind-1 interacts with tubulin mRNAs to regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton in C. elegans mechanosensory neurons. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010885. [PMID: 37603562 PMCID: PMC10470942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is crucial for the development and maintenance of neuronal architecture, and recent studies have highlighted the significance of regulated RNA processing in the establishment and maintenance of neural circuits. In a genetic screen conducted using mechanosensory neurons of C. elegans, we identified a mutation in muscleblind-1/mbl-1 as a suppressor of loss of kinesin-13 family microtubule destabilizing factor klp-7. Muscleblind-1(MBL-1) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the splicing, localization, and stability of RNA. Our findings demonstrate that mbl-1 is required cell-autonomously for axon growth and proper synapse positioning in the posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) neuron. Loss of mbl-1 leads to increased microtubule dynamics and mixed orientation of microtubules in the anterior neurite of PLM. These defects are also accompanied by abnormal axonal transport of the synaptic protein RAB-3 and reduction of gentle touch sensation in mbl-1 mutant. Our data also revealed that mbl-1 is genetically epistatic to mec-7 (β tubulin) and mec-12 (α tubulin) in regulating axon growth. Furthermore, mbl-1 is epistatic to sad-1, an ortholog of BRSK/Brain specific-serine/threonine kinase and a known regulator of synaptic machinery, for synapse formation at the correct location of the PLM neurite. Notably, the immunoprecipitation of MBL-1 resulted in the co-purification of mec-7, mec-12, and sad-1 mRNAs, suggesting a direct interaction between MBL-1 and these transcripts. Additionally, mbl-1 mutants exhibited reduced levels and stability of mec-7 and mec-12 transcripts. Our study establishes a previously unknown link between RNA-binding proteins and cytoskeletal machinery, highlighting their crucial roles in the development and maintenance of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Puri
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sunanda Sharma
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sarbani Samaddar
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sruthy Ravivarma
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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9
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Zhang Y, He X, Zou J, Yang J, Ma A, Tan M. Phosphorylation mutation impairs the promoting effect of spastin on neurite outgrowth without affecting its microtubule severing ability. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67. [PMID: 36632786 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spastin, a microtubule-severing enzyme, is known to be important for neurite outgrowth. However, the role of spastin post-translational modification, particularly its phosphorylation regulation in neuronal outgrowth, remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of eliminating spastin phosphorylation on the neurite outgrowth of rat hippocampal neurons. To accomplish this, we constructed a spastin mutant with eleven potential phosphorylation sites mutated to alanine. The phosphorylation levels of the wildtype spastin (WT) and the mutant (11A) were then detected using Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. The spastin constructs were transfected into COS7 cells for the observation of microtubule severing, and into rat hippocampal neurons for the detection of neuronal outgrowth. The results showed that compared to the spastin WT, the phosphorylation levels were significantly reduced in the spastin 11A mutant. The spastin mutant 11A impaired its ability to promote neurite length, branching, and complexity in hippocampal neurons, but did not affect its ability to sever microtubules in COS7 cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that mutations at multiple phosphorylation sites of spastin do not impair its microtubule cleavage ability in COS7 cells, but reduce its ability to promote neurite outgrowth in rat hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou.
| | - Xin He
- Clinical Laboratory Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou.
| | - Jianyu Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou.
| | | | - Minghui Tan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou.
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10
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Goo BS, Mun DJ, Kim S, Nhung TTM, Lee SB, Woo Y, Kim SJ, Suh BK, Park SJ, Lee HE, Park K, Jang H, Rah JC, Yoon KJ, Baek ST, Park SY, Park SK. Schizophrenia-associated Mitotic Arrest Deficient-1 (MAD1) regulates the polarity of migrating neurons in the developing neocortex. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:856-870. [PMID: 36357673 PMCID: PMC9908555 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified an association between MAD1L1 (Mitotic Arrest Deficient-1 Like 1) and the pathology of schizophrenia, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to address these mechanisms by examining the role of MAD1 (the gene product of MAD1L1) in key neurodevelopmental processes in mice and human organoids. Our findings indicated that MAD1 is highly expressed during active cortical development and that MAD1 deficiency leads to impairments in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. We also observed that MAD1 is localized to the Golgi apparatus and regulates vesicular trafficking from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, which is required for the growth and polarity of migrating neurons. In this process, MAD1 physically interacts and collaborates with the kinesin-like protein KIFC3 (kinesin family member C3) to regulate the morphology of the Golgi apparatus and neuronal polarity, thereby ensuring proper neuronal migration and differentiation. Consequently, our findings indicate that MAD1 is an essential regulator of neuronal development and that alterations in MAD1 may underlie schizophrenia pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Seong Goo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Mun
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Truong Thi My Nhung
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Been Lee
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Woo
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Suh
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea ,grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Present Address: Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
| | - Hee-Eun Lee
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kunyou Park
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Jang
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Rah
- grid.452628.f0000 0004 5905 0571Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- grid.49100.3c0000 0001 0742 4007Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Falconieri A, De Vincentiis S, Cappello V, Convertino D, Das R, Ghignoli S, Figoli S, Luin S, Català-Castro F, Marchetti L, Borello U, Krieg M, Raffa V. Axonal plasticity in response to active forces generated through magnetic nano-pulling. Cell Rep 2022; 42:111912. [PMID: 36640304 PMCID: PMC9902337 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force is crucial in guiding axon outgrowth before and after synapse formation. This process is referred to as "stretch growth." However, how neurons transduce mechanical input into signaling pathways remains poorly understood. Another open question is how stretch growth is coupled in time with the intercalated addition of new mass along the entire axon. Here, we demonstrate that active mechanical force generated by magnetic nano-pulling induces remodeling of the axonal cytoskeleton. Specifically, the increase in the axonal density of microtubules induced by nano-pulling leads to an accumulation of organelles and signaling vesicles, which, in turn, promotes local translation by increasing the probability of assembly of the "translation factories." Modulation of axonal transport and local translation sustains enhanced axon outgrowth and synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara De Vincentiis
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy,The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Valentina Cappello
- Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | - Domenica Convertino
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ravi Das
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | | | - Sofia Figoli
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- National Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST) Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Frederic Català-Castro
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Laura Marchetti
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy,Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Borello
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michael Krieg
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Garbouchian A, Montgomery AC, Gilbert SP, Bentley M. KAP is the neuronal organelle adaptor for Kinesin-2 KIF3AB and KIF3AC. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar133. [PMID: 36200888 PMCID: PMC9727798 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-08-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-driven organelle transport is crucial for neuron development and maintenance, yet the mechanisms by which kinesins specifically bind their organelle cargoes remain undefined. In contrast to other transport kinesins, the neuronal function and specific organelle adaptors of heterodimeric Kinesin-2 family members KIF3AB and KIF3AC remain unknown. We developed a novel microscopy-based assay to define protein-protein interactions in intact neurons. The experiments found that both KIF3AB and KIF3AC bind kinesin-associated protein (KAP). These interactions are mediated by the distal C-terminal tail regions and not the coiled-coil domain. We used live-cell imaging in cultured hippocampal neurons to define the localization and trafficking parameters of KIF3AB and KIF3AC organelle populations. We discovered that KIF3AB/KAP and KIF3AC/KAP bind the same organelle populations and defined their transport parameters in axons and dendrites. The results also show that ∼12% of KIF3 organelles contain the RNA-binding protein adenomatous polyposis coli. These data point toward a model in which KIF3AB and KIF3AC use KAP as their neuronal organelle adaptor and that these kinesins mediate transport of a range of organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Garbouchian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Andrew C. Montgomery
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Susan P. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Marvin Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180,*Address correspondence to: Marvin Bentley ()
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13
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Burute M, Jansen KI, Mihajlovic M, Vermonden T, Kapitein LC. Local changes in microtubule network mobility instruct neuronal polarization and axon specification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2343. [PMID: 36332030 PMCID: PMC9635826 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The polarization of neurons into axons and dendrites depends on extracellular cues, intracellular signaling, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and polarized transport, but the interplay between these processes during polarization remains unresolved. Here, we show that axon specification is determined by differences in microtubule network mobility between neurites, regulated by Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and extracellular cues. In developing neurons, retrograde microtubule flow prevents the entry of the axon-selective motor protein Kinesin-1 into most neurites. Using inducible assays to control microtubule network flow, we demonstrate that local inhibition of microtubule mobility is sufficient to guide Kinesin-1 into a specific neurite, whereas long-term global inhibition induces the formation of multiple axons. We furthermore show that extracellular mechanical cues and intracellular Rho GTPase signaling control the local differences in microtubule network flow. These results reveal a novel cytoskeletal mechanism for neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Klara I. Jansen
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marko Mihajlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Science for Life, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
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14
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PRG3 and PRG5 C-Termini: Important Players in Early Neuronal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113007. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional importance of neuronal differentiation of the transmembrane proteins’ plasticity-related genes 3 (PRG3) and 5 (PRG5) has been shown. Although their sequence is closely related, they promote different morphological changes in neurons. PRG3 was shown to promote neuritogenesis in primary neurons; PRG5 contributes to spine induction in immature neurons and the regulation of spine density and morphology in mature neurons. Both exhibit intracellularly located C-termini of less than 50 amino acids. Varying C-termini suggested that these domains shape neuronal morphology differently. We generated mutant EGFP-fusion proteins in which the C-termini were either swapped between PRG3 and PRG5, deleted, or fused to another family member, plasticity-related gene 4 (PRG4), that was recently shown to be expressed in different brain regions. We subsequently analyzed the influence of overexpression in immature neurons. Our results point to a critical role of the PRG3 and PRG5 C-termini in shaping early neuronal morphology. However, the results suggest that the C-terminus alone might not be sufficient for promoting the morphological effects induced by PRG3 and PRG5.
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15
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Habibey R, Rojo Arias JE, Striebel J, Busskamp V. Microfluidics for Neuronal Cell and Circuit Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14842-14880. [PMID: 36070858 PMCID: PMC9523714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of microfluidic devices among the neuroscience and neurobiology communities has enabled addressing a broad range of questions at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. Here, we review biomedical engineering approaches that harness the power of microfluidics for bottom-up generation of neuronal cell types and for the assembly and analysis of neural circuits. Microfluidics-based approaches are instrumental to generate the knowledge necessary for the derivation of diverse neuronal cell types from human pluripotent stem cells, as they enable the isolation and subsequent examination of individual neurons of interest. Moreover, microfluidic devices allow to engineer neural circuits with specific orientations and directionality by providing control over neuronal cell polarity and permitting the isolation of axons in individual microchannels. Similarly, the use of microfluidic chips enables the construction not only of 2D but also of 3D brain, retinal, and peripheral nervous system model circuits. Such brain-on-a-chip and organoid-on-a-chip technologies are promising platforms for studying these organs as they closely recapitulate some aspects of in vivo biological processes. Microfluidic 3D neuronal models, together with 2D in vitro systems, are widely used in many applications ranging from drug development and toxicology studies to neurological disease modeling and personalized medicine. Altogether, microfluidics provide researchers with powerful systems that complement and partially replace animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rojo Arias
- Wellcome─MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Straße 2, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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16
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Godini R, Fallahi H, Pocock R. The regulatory landscape of neurite development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:974208. [PMID: 36090252 PMCID: PMC9453034 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.974208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal communication requires precise connectivity of neurite projections (axons and dendrites). Developing neurites express cell-surface receptors that interpret extracellular cues to enable correct guidance toward, and connection with, target cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of neurite guidance molecule expression by transcription factors (TFs) is critical for nervous system development and function. Here, we review how neurite development is regulated by TFs in the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system. By collecting publicly available transcriptome and ChIP-sequencing data, we reveal gene expression dynamics during neurite development, providing insight into transcriptional mechanisms governing construction of the nervous system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Godini
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Rasoul Godini,
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Roger Pocock,
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17
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Khan TA, Guo A, Martin J, Te Chien C, Liu T, Szczurkowska J, Shelly M. Directed mechanisms for apical dendrite development during neuronal polarization. Dev Biol 2022; 490:110-116. [PMID: 35809631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the dendrite and the axon during neuronal polarization underlies the directed flow of information in the brain. Seminal studies on axon development have dominated the mechanistic analysis of neuronal polarization. These studies, many originating from examinations in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons in vitro, have established a prevalent view that axon formation precedes and is necessary for neuronal polarization. There is also in vivo evidence supporting this view. Nevertheless, the establishment of bipolar polarity and the leading edge, and apical dendrite development in pyramidal neurons in vivo occur when axon formation is prevented. Furthermore, recent mounting evidence suggest that directed mechanisms might mediate bipolar polarity/leading process and subsequent apical dendrite development. In the presence of spatially directed extracellular cues in the developing brain, these events may operate independently of axon forming events. In this perspective we summarize evidence in support of these evolving views in neuronal polarization and highlight recent findings on dedicated mechanisms acting in apical dendrite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamor A Khan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Alan Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Chia Te Chien
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Tianrui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Joanna Szczurkowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Maya Shelly
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
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18
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Razar RBBA, Qu Y, Gunaseelan S, Chua JJE. The importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in neural circuit establishment and neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1165-1171. [PMID: 34782550 PMCID: PMC8643053 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain contains an estimated 100 billion neurons that must be systematically organized into functional neural circuits for it to function properly. These circuits range from short-range local signaling networks between neighboring neurons to long-range networks formed between various brain regions. Compelling converging evidence indicates that alterations in neural circuits arising from abnormalities during early neuronal development or neurodegeneration contribute significantly to the etiology of neurological disorders. Supporting this notion, efforts to identify genetic causes of these disorders have uncovered an over-representation of genes encoding proteins involved in the processes of neuronal differentiation, maturation, synaptogenesis and synaptic function. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1, a Kinesin-1 adapter, has emerged as a key central player involved in many of these processes. Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1-dependent transport of synaptic cargoes and mitochondria is essential for neuronal development and synapse establishment. Furthermore, it acts downstream of guidance cue pathways to regulate axo-dendritic development. Significantly, perturbing its function causes abnormalities in neuronal development and synapse formation both in the brain as well as the peripheral nervous system. Mutations and deletions of the fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 gene are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, altered phosphorylation of the protein contributes to neurodegenerative disorders. Together, these findings strongly implicate the importance of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 in the establishment of neuronal circuits and its maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafhanah Banu Bte Abdul Razar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yinghua Qu
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Jia En Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Higgs VE, Das RM. Establishing neuronal polarity: microtubule regulation during neurite initiation. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac007. [PMID: 38596701 PMCID: PMC10913830 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The initiation of nascent projections, or neurites, from the neuronal cell body is the first stage in the formation of axons and dendrites, and thus a critical step in the establishment of neuronal architecture and nervous system development. Neurite formation relies on the polarized remodelling of microtubules, which dynamically direct and reinforce cell shape, and provide tracks for cargo transport and force generation. Within neurons, microtubule behaviour and structure are tightly controlled by an array of regulatory factors. Although microtubule regulation in the later stages of axon development is relatively well understood, how microtubules are regulated during neurite initiation is rarely examined. Here, we discuss how factors that direct microtubule growth, remodelling, stability and positioning influence neurite formation. In addition, we consider microtubule organization by the centrosome and modulation by the actin and intermediate filament networks to provide an up-to-date picture of this vital stage in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Higgs
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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20
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Tian T, Quintana-Urzainqui I, Kozić Z, Pratt T, Price DJ. Pax6 loss alters the morphological and electrophysiological development of mouse prethalamic neurons. Development 2022; 149:274738. [PMID: 35224626 PMCID: PMC8977098 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Pax6 is a well-known regulator of early neuroepithelial progenitor development. Its constitutive loss has a particularly strong effect on the developing prethalamus, causing it to become extremely hypoplastic. To overcome this difficulty in studying the long-term consequences of Pax6 loss for prethalamic development, we used conditional mutagenesis to delete Pax6 at the onset of neurogenesis and studied the developmental potential of the mutant prethalamic neurons in vitro. We found that Pax6 loss affected their rates of neurite elongation, the location and length of their axon initial segments, and their electrophysiological properties. Our results broaden our understanding of the long-term consequences of Pax6 deletion in the developing mouse forebrain, suggesting that it can have cell-autonomous effects on the structural and functional development of some neurons. Summary: Pax6 impacts neurite extension, axon initial segment properties and the ability to fire normal action potentials in maturing neurons, revealing actions extending beyond those previously characterised in progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Idoia Quintana-Urzainqui
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69012 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zrinko Kozić
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Pratt
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David J. Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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21
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Naramoto S, Hata Y, Fujita T, Kyozuka J. The bryophytes Physcomitrium patens and Marchantia polymorpha as model systems for studying evolutionary cell and developmental biology in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:228-246. [PMID: 34459922 PMCID: PMC8773975 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are nonvascular spore-forming plants. Unlike in flowering plants, the gametophyte (haploid) generation of bryophytes dominates the sporophyte (diploid) generation. A comparison of bryophytes with flowering plants allows us to answer some fundamental questions raised in evolutionary cell and developmental biology. The moss Physcomitrium patens was the first bryophyte with a sequenced genome. Many cell and developmental studies have been conducted in this species using gene targeting by homologous recombination. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has recently emerged as an excellent model system with low genomic redundancy in most of its regulatory pathways. With the development of molecular genetic tools such as efficient genome editing, both P. patens and M. polymorpha have provided many valuable insights. Here, we review these advances with a special focus on polarity formation at the cell and tissue levels. We examine current knowledge regarding the cellular mechanisms of polarized cell elongation and cell division, including symmetric and asymmetric cell division. We also examine the role of polar auxin transport in mosses and liverworts. Finally, we discuss the future of evolutionary cell and developmental biological studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Hata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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22
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Bustos Plonka F, Sosa LJ, Quiroga S. Sec3 exocyst component knockdown inhibits axonal formation and cortical neuronal migration during brain cortex development. J Neurochem 2021; 160:203-217. [PMID: 34862972 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are the largest known cells, with complex and highly polarized morphologies and consist of a cell body (soma), several dendrites, and a single axon. The establishment of polarity necessitates initial axonal outgrowth in concomitance with the addition of new membrane to the axon's plasmalemma. Axolemmal expansion occurs by exocytosis of plasmalemmal precursor vesicles primarily at the neuronal growth cone membrane. The multiprotein exocyst complex drives spatial location and specificity of vesicle fusion at plasma membrane. However, the specific participation of its different proteins on neuronal differentiation has not been fully established. In the present work we analyzed the role of Sec3, a prominent exocyst complex protein on neuronal differentiation. Using mice hippocampal primary cultures, we determined that Sec3 is expressed in neurons at early stages prior to neuronal polarization. Furthermore, we determined that silencing of Sec3 in mice hippocampal neurons in culture precluded polarization. Moreover, using in utero electroporation experiments, we determined that Sec3 knockdown affected cortical neurons migration and morphology during neocortex formation. Our results demonstrate that the exocyst complex protein Sec3 plays an important role in axon formation in neuronal differentiation and the migration of neuronal progenitors during cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentyna Bustos Plonka
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas J Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Quiroga
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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23
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Wakatsuki S, Araki T. Novel Molecular Basis for Synapse Formation: Small Non-coding Vault RNA Functions as a Riboregulator of MEK1 to Modulate Synaptogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:748721. [PMID: 34630040 PMCID: PMC8498202 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.748721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding vault RNAs (vtRNAs) have been described as a component of the vault complex, a hollow-and-barrel-shaped ribonucleoprotein complex found in most eukaryotes. It has been suggested that the function of vtRNAs might not be limited to simply maintaining the structure of the vault complex. Despite the increasing research on vtRNAs, little is known about their physiological functions. Recently, we have shown that murine vtRNA (mvtRNA) up-regulates synaptogenesis by activating the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. mvtRNA binds to and activates mitogen activated protein kinase 1 (MEK1), and thereby enhances MEK1-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Here, we introduce the regulatory mechanism of MAPK signaling in synaptogenesis by vtRNAs and discuss the possibility as a novel molecular basis for synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Wakatsuki S, Takahashi Y, Shibata M, Adachi N, Numakawa T, Kunugi H, Araki T. Small noncoding vault RNA modulates synapse formation by amplifying MAPK signaling. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211679. [PMID: 33439240 PMCID: PMC7809882 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small noncoding vault RNA (vtRNA) is a component of the vault complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex found in most eukaryotes. Emerging evidence suggests that vtRNAs may be involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular functions when unassociated with the vault complex. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for vtRNA in synaptogenesis. Using an in vitro synapse formation model, we show that murine vtRNA (mvtRNA) promotes synapse formation by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. mvtRNA is transported to the distal region of neurites as part of the vault complex. Interestingly, mvtRNA is released from the vault complex in the neurite by a mitotic kinase Aurora-A–dependent phosphorylation of MVP, a major protein component of the vault complex. mvtRNA binds to and activates MEK1 and thereby enhances MEK1-mediated ERK activation in neurites. These results suggest the existence of a regulatory mechanism of the MAPK signaling pathway by vtRNAs as a new molecular basis for synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Takahashi
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Shibata
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Adachi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Numakawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Perez JD, Fusco CM, Schuman EM. A Functional Dissection of the mRNA and Locally Synthesized Protein Population in Neuronal Dendrites and Axons. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:183-207. [PMID: 34460296 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-030321-054851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are characterized by a complex morphology that enables the generation of subcellular compartments with unique biochemical and biophysical properties, such as dendrites, axons, and synapses. To sustain these different compartments and carry a wide array of elaborate operations, neurons express a diverse repertoire of gene products. Extensive regulation at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels allows for the differentiation of subcellular compartments as well as numerous forms of plasticity in response to variable stimuli. Among the multiple mechanisms that control cellular functions, mRNA translation is manipulated by neurons to regulate where and when a protein emerges. Interestingly, transcriptomic and translatomic profiles of both dendrites and axons have revealed that the mRNA population only partially predicts the local protein population and that this relation significantly varies between different gene groups. Here, we describe the space that local translation occupies within the large molecular and regulatory complexity of neurons, in contrast to other modes of regulation. We then discuss the specialized organization of mRNAs within different neuronal compartments, as revealed by profiles of the local transcriptome. Finally, we discuss the features and functional implications of both locally correlated-and anticorrelated-mRNA-protein relations both under baseline conditions and during synaptic plasticity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Perez
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Claudia M Fusco
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany;
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26
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Lee J, Magescas J, Fetter RD, Feldman JL, Shen K. Inherited apicobasal polarity defines the key features of axon-dendrite polarity in a sensory neuron. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3768-3783.e3. [PMID: 34270949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with morphologically and functionally distinct dendritic and axonal processes. The molecular mechanisms that establish axon-dendrite polarity in vivo are poorly understood. Here, we describe the initial polarization of posterior deirid (PDE), a ciliated mechanosensory neuron, during development in vivo through 4D live imaging with endogenously tagged proteins. PDE inherits and maintains apicobasal polarity from its epithelial precursor. Its apical domain is directly transformed into the ciliated dendritic tip through apical constriction, which is followed by axonal outgrowth from the opposite basal side of the cell. The apical Par complex and junctional proteins persistently localize at the developing dendritic domain throughout this transition. Consistent with their instructive role in axon-dendrite polarization, conditional depletion of the Par complex and junctional proteins results in robust defects in dendrite and axon formation. During apical constriction, a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) containing the microtubule nucleator γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) forms along the apical junction between PDE and its sister cell in a manner dependent on the Par complex and junctional proteins. This junctional MTOC patterns neuronal microtubule polarity and facilitate the dynein-dependent recruitment of the basal body for ciliogenesis. When non-ciliated neurons are genetically manipulated to obtain ciliated neuronal fate, inherited apicobasal polarity is required for generating ciliated dendritic tips. We propose that inherited apicobasal polarity, together with apical cell-cell interactions drive the morphological and cytoskeletal polarity in early neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Lee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jérémy Magescas
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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Puri D, Ponniah K, Biswas K, Basu A, Dey S, Lundquist EA, Ghosh-Roy A. Wnt signaling establishes the microtubule polarity in neurons through regulation of Kinesin-13. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212396. [PMID: 34137792 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarization is facilitated by the formation of axons with parallel arrays of plus-end-out and dendrites with the nonuniform orientation of microtubules. In C. elegans, the posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) neuron is bipolar with its two processes growing along the anterior-posterior axis under the guidance of Wnt signaling. Here we found that loss of the Kinesin-13 family microtubule-depolymerizing enzyme KLP-7 led to the ectopic extension of axon-like processes from the PLM cell body. Live imaging of the microtubules and axonal transport revealed mixed polarity of the microtubules in the short posterior process, which is dependent on both KLP-7 and the minus-end binding protein PTRN-1. KLP-7 is positively regulated in the posterior process by planar cell polarity components of Wnt involving rho-1/rock to induce mixed polarity of microtubules, whereas it is negatively regulated in the anterior process by the unc-73/ced-10 cascade to establish a uniform microtubule polarity. Our work elucidates how evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling establishes the microtubule polarity in neurons through Kinesin-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Puri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Keerthana Ponniah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Kasturi Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Atrayee Basu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Swagata Dey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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28
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Abstract
The small non-coding vault RNA (vtRNA) is a component of the vault complex, a ribonucleoprotein complex found in most eukaryotes. vtRNAs regulate a variety of cellular functions when unassociated with the vault complex. Human has four vtRNA paralogs (hvtRNA1-1, hvtRNA1-2, hvtRNA1-3, hvtRNA2-1), which are highly similar and differ only slightly in primary and secondary structure. Despite the increasing research on vtRNAs, a feature that distinguishes one hvtRNA from the others has not been recognized. Recently, we demonstrated that murine vtRNA (mvtRNA) promotes synapse formation by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Here we showed that expression ofhvtRNA1-1, but not hvtRNA2-1 increases the expression of synaptic marker proteins, ERK phosphorylation and the number of PSD95 and Synapsin I double positive puncta to an extent similar to that of mvtRNA, suggesting that hvtRNA1-1 may enhance synapse formation. This finding opens new perspectives to uncover the function of the different vtRNA paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Pinto MJ, Tomé D, Almeida RD. The Ubiquitinated Axon: Local Control of Axon Development and Function by Ubiquitin. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2796-2813. [PMID: 33789876 PMCID: PMC8018891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2251-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin tagging sets protein fate. With a wide range of possible patterns and reversibility, ubiquitination can assume many shapes to meet specific demands of a particular cell across time and space. In neurons, unique cells with functionally distinct axons and dendrites harboring dynamic synapses, the ubiquitin code is exploited at the height of its power. Indeed, wide expression of ubiquitination and proteasome machinery at synapses, a diverse brain ubiquitome, and the existence of ubiquitin-related neurodevelopmental diseases support a fundamental role of ubiquitin signaling in the developing and mature brain. While special attention has been given to dendritic ubiquitin-dependent control, how axonal biology is governed by this small but versatile molecule has been considerably less discussed. Herein, we set out to explore the ubiquitin-mediated spatiotemporal control of an axon's lifetime: from its differentiation and growth through presynaptic formation, function, and pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pinto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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30
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Tuba Activates Cdc42 during Neuronal Polarization Downstream of the Small GTPase Rab8a. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1636-1649. [PMID: 33478991 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0633-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of neuronal polarity is a complex molecular process that depends on changes in cytoskeletal dynamics and directed membrane traffic, regulated by the Rho and Rab families of small GTPases, respectively. However, during axon specification, a molecular link that couples these protein families has yet to be identified. In this paper, we describe a new positive feedback loop between Rab8a and Cdc42, coupled by Tuba, a Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF), that ensures a single axon generation in rodent hippocampal neurons from embryos of either sex. Accordingly, Rab8a or Tuba gain-of-function generates neurons with supernumerary axons whereas Rab8a or Tuba loss-of-function abrogated axon specification, phenocopying the well-established effect of Cdc42 on neuronal polarity. Although Rab8 and Tuba do not interact physically, the activity of Rab8 is essential to generate a proximal to distal axonal gradient of Tuba in cultured neurons. Tuba-associated and Rab8a-associated polarity defects are also evidenced in vivo, since dominant negative (DN) Rab8a or Tuba knock-down impairs cortical neuronal migration in mice. Our results suggest that Tuba coordinates directed vesicular traffic and cytoskeleton dynamics during neuronal polarization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The morphologic, biochemical, and functional differences observed between axon and dendrites, require dramatic structural changes. The extension of an axon that is 1 µm in diameter and grows at rates of up to 500 µm/d, demands the confluence of two cellular processes: directed membrane traffic and fine-tuned cytoskeletal dynamics. In this study, we show that both processes are integrated in a positive feedback loop, mediated by the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Tuba. Tuba connects the activities of the Rab GTPase Rab8a and the Rho GTPase Cdc42, ensuring the generation of a single axon in cultured hippocampal neurons and controlling the migration of cortical neurons in the developing brain. Finally, we provide compelling evidence that Tuba is the GEF that mediates Cdc42 activation during the development of neuronal polarity.
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31
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Nechipurenko I, Lavrentyeva S, Sengupta P. GRDN-1/Girdin regulates dendrite morphogenesis and cilium position in two specialized sensory neuron types in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2021; 472:38-51. [PMID: 33460640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are located at the dendritic tips of sensory neurons and house the molecular machinery necessary for detection and transduction of sensory stimuli. The mechanisms that coordinate dendrite extension with cilium position during sensory neuron development are not well understood. Here, we show that GRDN-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of the highly conserved scaffold and signaling protein Girdin/GIV, regulates both cilium position and dendrite extension in the postembryonic AQR and PQR gas-sensing neurons. Mutations in grdn-1 disrupt dendrite outgrowth and mislocalize cilia to the soma or proximal axonal segments in AQR, and to a lesser extent, in PQR. GRDN-1 is localized to the basal body and regulates localization of HMR-1/Cadherin to the distal AQR dendrite. However, knockdown of HMR-1 and/or loss of SAX-7/LICAM, molecules previously implicated in sensory dendrite development in C. elegans, do not alter AQR dendrite morphology or cilium position. We find that GRDN-1 localization in AQR is regulated by UNC-116/Kinesin-1, and that correspondingly, unc-116 mutants exhibit severe AQR dendrite outgrowth and cilium positioning defects. In contrast, GRDN-1 and cilium localization in PQR is modulated by LIN-44/Wnt signaling. Together, these findings identify upstream regulators of GRDN-1, and describe new cell-specific roles for this multifunctional protein in sensory neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | | | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
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32
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Wilkes OR, Moore AW. Distinct Microtubule Organizing Center Mechanisms Combine to Generate Neuron Polarity and Arbor Complexity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:594199. [PMID: 33328893 PMCID: PMC7711044 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.594199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrite and axon arbor wiring patterns determine the connectivity and computational characteristics of a neuron. The identities of these dendrite and axon arbors are created by differential polarization of their microtubule arrays, and their complexity and pattern are generated by the extension and organization of these arrays. We describe how several molecularly distinct microtubule organizing center (MTOC) mechanisms function during neuron differentiation to generate and arrange dendrite and axon microtubules. The temporal and spatial organization of these MTOCs generates, patterns, and diversifies arbor wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Wilkes
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian W Moore
- Laboratory for Neurodiversity, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
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33
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Myosin X Interaction with KIF13B, a Crucial Pathway for Netrin-1-Induced Axonal Development. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9169-9185. [PMID: 33097641 PMCID: PMC7687062 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0929-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo X) transports cargos to the tips of filopodia for cell adhesion, migration, and neuronal axon guidance. Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) is one of the Myo X cargos that is essential for Netrin-1-regulated axon pathfinding. The function of Myo X in axon development in vivo and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for the role of Myo X in Netrin-1-DCC-regulated axon development in developing mouse neocortex. The knockout (KO) or knockdown (KD) of Myo X in cortical neurons of embryonic mouse brain impairs axon initiation and contralateral branching/targeting. Similar axon deficits are detected in Netrin-1-KO or DCC-KD cortical neurons. Further proteomic analysis of Myo X binding proteins identifies KIF13B (a kinesin family motor protein). The Myo X interaction with KIF13B is induced by Netrin-1. Netrin-1 promotes anterograde transportation of Myo X into axons in a KIF13B-dependent manner. KIF13B-KD cortical neurons exhibit similar axon deficits. Together, these results reveal Myo X-KIF13B as a critical pathway for Netrin-1-promoted axon initiation and branching/targeting. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Netrin-1 increases Myosin X (Myo X) interaction with KIF13B, and thus promotes axonal delivery of Myo X and axon initiation and contralateral branching in developing cerebral neurons, revealing unrecognized functions and mechanisms underlying Netrin-1 regulation of axon development.
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34
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Ichinose S, Ogawa T, Jiang X, Hirokawa N. The Spatiotemporal Construction of the Axon Initial Segment via KIF3/KAP3/TRIM46 Transport under MARK2 Signaling. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2413-2426.e7. [PMID: 31461655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a compartment that serves as a molecular barrier to achieve axon-dendrite differentiation. Distribution of specific proteins during early neuronal development has been proposed to be critical for AIS construction. However, it remains unknown how these proteins are specifically targeted to the proximal axon within this limited time period. Here, we reveal spatiotemporal regulation driven by the microtubule (MT)-based motor KIF3A/B/KAP3 that transports TRIM46, influenced by a specific MARK2 phosphorylation cascade. In the proximal part of the future axon under low MARK2 activity, the KIF3/KAP3 motor recognizes TRIM46 as cargo and transports it to the future AIS. In contrast, in the somatodendritic area under high MARK2 activity, KAP3 phosphorylated at serine 60 by MARK2 cannot bind with TRIM46 and be transported. This spatiotemporal regulation between KIF3/KAP3 and TRIM46 under specific MARK2 activity underlies the specific transport needed for axonal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Ichinose
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ogawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Xuguang Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center of Excellence in Genome Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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35
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Involvement of JNK1 in Neuronal Polarization During Brain Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081897. [PMID: 32823764 PMCID: PMC7466125 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNKs) are a group of regulatory elements responsible for the control of a wide array of functions within the cell. In the central nervous system (CNS), JNKs are involved in neuronal polarization, starting from the cell division of neural stem cells and ending with their final positioning when migrating and maturing. This review will focus mostly on isoform JNK1, the foremost contributor of total JNK activity in the CNS. Throughout the text, research from multiple groups will be summarized and discussed in order to describe the involvement of the JNKs in the different steps of neuronal polarization. The data presented support the idea that isoform JNK1 is highly relevant to the regulation of many of the processes that occur in neuronal development in the CNS.
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36
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Radler MR, Suber A, Spiliotis ET. Spatial control of membrane traffic in neuronal dendrites. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103492. [PMID: 32294508 PMCID: PMC7317674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal dendrites are highly branched and specialized compartments with distinct structures and secretory organelles (e.g., spines, Golgi outposts), and a unique cytoskeletal organization that includes microtubules of mixed polarity. Dendritic membranes are enriched with proteins, which specialize in the formation and function of the post-synaptic membrane of the neuronal synapse. How these proteins partition preferentially in dendrites, and how they traffic in a manner that is spatiotemporally accurate and regulated by synaptic activity are long-standing questions of neuronal cell biology. Recent studies have shed new insights into the spatial control of dendritic membrane traffic, revealing new classes of proteins (e.g., septins) and cytoskeleton-based mechanisms with dendrite-specific functions. Here, we review these advances by revisiting the fundamental mechanisms that control membrane traffic at the levels of protein sorting and motor-driven transport on microtubules and actin filaments. Overall, dendrites possess unique mechanisms for the spatial control of membrane traffic, which might have specialized and co-evolved with their highly arborized morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Radler
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ayana Suber
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elias T Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, 3245 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Teravskis PJ, Ashe KH, Liao D. The Accumulation of Tau in Postsynaptic Structures: A Common Feature in Multiple Neurodegenerative Diseases? Neuroscientist 2020; 26:503-520. [PMID: 32389059 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420916696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, research suggests that neurodegenerative diseases and dementias are caused not by unique, solitary cellular mechanisms, but by multiple contributory mechanisms manifesting as heterogeneous clinical presentations. However, diverse neurodegenerative diseases also share common pathological hallmarks and cellular mechanisms. One such mechanism involves the redistribution of the microtubule associated protein tau from the axon into the somatodendritic compartment of neurons, followed by the mislocalization of tau into dendritic spines, resulting in postsynaptic functional deficits. Here we review various signaling pathways that trigger the redistribution of tau to the cell body and dendritic tree, and its mislocalization to dendritic spines. The convergence of multiple pathways in different disease models onto this final common pathway suggests that it may be an attractive pathway to target for developing new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Teravskis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen H Ashe
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,N. Budd Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dezhi Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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38
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Setien MB, Smith KR, Howard K, Williams K, Suhr ST, Purcell EK. Differentiation and characterization of neurons derived from rat iPSCs. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 338:108693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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39
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Advances in defining signaling networks for the establishment of neuronal polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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40
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Chen Y, Zheng J, Li X, Zhu L, Shao Z, Yan X, Zhu X. Wdr47 Controls Neuronal Polarization through the Camsap Family Microtubule Minus-End-Binding Proteins. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Mitotic and pheromone-specific intrinsic polarization cues interfere with gradient sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6580-6589. [PMID: 32152126 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912505117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity decisions are central to many processes, including mitosis and chemotropism. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, budding and mating projection (MP) formation use an overlapping system of cortical landmarks that converges on the small G protein Cdc42. However, pheromone-gradient sensing must override the Rsr1-dependent internal polarity cues used for budding. Using this model system, we asked what happens when intrinsic and extrinsic spatial cues are not aligned. Is there competition, or collaboration? By live-cell microscopy and microfluidics techniques, we uncovered three previously overlooked features of this signaling system. First, the cytokinesis-associated polarization patch serves as a polarity landmark independently of all known cues. Second, the Rax1-Rax2 complex functions as a pheromone-promoted polarity cue in the distal pole of the cells. Third, internal cues remain active during pheromone-gradient tracking and can interfere with this process, biasing the location of MPs. Yeast defective in internal-cue utilization align significantly better than wild type with artificially generated pheromone gradients.
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Xing ZK, Zhang LQ, Zhang Y, Sun X, Sun XL, Yu HL, Zheng YW, He ZX, Zhu XJ. DIP2B Interacts With α-Tubulin to Regulate Axon Outgrowth. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32153366 PMCID: PMC7045754 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal development is essential to the establishment of neuronal morphology and circuitry, although the mechanisms underlying axonal outgrowth during the early developmental stages remain unclear. Here, we showed that the conserved disco-interacting protein B (DIP2B) which consists of a DMAP1 domain and a crotonobetaine/carnitine CoA ligase (Caic) domain, is highly expressed in the excitatory neurons of the hippocampus. DIP2B knockout led to excessive axonal outgrowth but not polarity at an early developmental stage. Furthermore, the loss of DIP2B inhibited synaptic transmission for both spontaneous and rapid release in cultured hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, DIP2B function during axonal outgrowth requires tubulin acetylation. These findings reveal a new conserved regulator of neuronal morphology and provide a novel intervention mechanism for neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Kai Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua-Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao-Wu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Bucher M, Fanutza T, Mikhaylova M. Cytoskeletal makeup of the synapse: Shaft versus spine. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 77:55-64. [PMID: 31762205 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neurons to communicate and store information depends on the activity of synapses which can be located on small protrusions (dendritic spines) or directly on the dendritic shaft. The formation, plasticity, and stability of synapses are regulated by the neuronal cytoskeleton. Actin filaments together with microtubules, neurofilaments, septins, and scaffolding proteins orchestrate the structural organization of both shaft and spine synapses, enabling their efficacy in response to synaptic activation. Synapses critically depend on several factors, which are also mediated by the cytoskeleton, including transport and delivery of proteins from the soma, protein synthesis, as well as surface diffusion of membrane proteins. In this minireview, we focus on recent progress made in the field of cytoskeletal elements of the postsynapse and discuss the differences and similarities between synapses located in the spines versus dendritic shaft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bucher
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tomas Fanutza
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- DFG Emmy Noether Group 'Neuronal Protein Transport', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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44
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Dupraz S, Hilton BJ, Husch A, Santos TE, Coles CH, Stern S, Brakebusch C, Bradke F. RhoA Controls Axon Extension Independent of Specification in the Developing Brain. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3874-3886.e9. [PMID: 31679934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The specification of an axon and its subsequent outgrowth are key steps during neuronal polarization, a prerequisite to wire the brain. The Rho-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) RhoA is believed to be a central player in these processes. However, its physiological role has remained undefined. Here, genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments combined with time-lapse microscopy, cell culture, and in vivo analysis show that RhoA is not involved in axon specification but confines the initiation of neuronal polarization and axon outgrowth during development. Biochemical analysis and super-resolution microscopy together with molecular and pharmacological manipulations reveal that RhoA restrains axon growth by activating myosin-II-mediated actin arc formation in the growth cone to prevent microtubules from protruding toward the leading edge. Through this mechanism, RhoA regulates the duration of axon growth and pause phases, thus controlling the tightly timed extension of developing axons. Thereby, this work unravels physiologically relevant players coordinating actin-microtubule interactions during axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dupraz
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brett J Hilton
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Husch
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Telma E Santos
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte H Coles
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sina Stern
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 99, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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45
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Wang X, Tian W, Banh BT, Statler BM, Liang J, Stone DE. Mating yeast cells use an intrinsic polarity site to assemble a pheromone-gradient tracking machine. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3730-3752. [PMID: 31570500 PMCID: PMC6829655 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201901155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mating of budding yeast depends on chemotropism, a fundamental cellular process. The two yeast mating types secrete peptide pheromones that bind to GPCRs on cells of the opposite type. Cells find and contact a partner by determining the direction of the pheromone source and polarizing their growth toward it. Actin-directed secretion to the chemotropic growth site (CS) generates a mating projection. When pheromone-stimulated cells are unable to sense a gradient, they form mating projections where they would have budded in the next cell cycle, at a position called the default polarity site (DS). Numerous models have been proposed to explain yeast gradient sensing, but none address how cells reliably switch from the intrinsically determined DS to the gradient-aligned CS, despite a weak spatial signal. Here we demonstrate that, in mating cells, the initially uniform receptor and G protein first polarize to the DS, then redistribute along the plasma membrane until they reach the CS. Our data indicate that signaling, polarity, and trafficking proteins localize to the DS during assembly of what we call the gradient tracking machine (GTM). Differential activation of the receptor triggers feedback mechanisms that bias exocytosis upgradient and endocytosis downgradient, thus enabling redistribution of the GTM toward the pheromone source. The GTM stabilizes when the receptor peak centers at the CS and the endocytic machinery surrounds it. A computational model simulates GTM tracking and stabilization and correctly predicts that its assembly at a single site contributes to mating fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bryan T Banh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Jie Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - David E Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Tedeschi A, Dupraz S, Curcio M, Laskowski CJ, Schaffran B, Flynn KC, Santos TE, Stern S, Hilton BJ, Larson MJE, Gurniak CB, Witke W, Bradke F. ADF/Cofilin-Mediated Actin Turnover Promotes Axon Regeneration in the Adult CNS. Neuron 2019; 103:1073-1085.e6. [PMID: 31400829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Injured axons fail to regenerate in the adult CNS, which contrasts with their vigorous growth during embryonic development. We explored the potential of re-initiating axon extension after injury by reactivating the molecular mechanisms that drive morphogenetic transformation of neurons during development. Genetic loss- and gain-of-function experiments followed by time-lapse microscopy, in vivo imaging, and whole-mount analysis show that axon regeneration is fueled by elevated actin turnover. Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin controls actin turnover to sustain axon regeneration after spinal cord injury through its actin-severing activity. This pinpoints ADF/cofilin as a key regulator of axon growth competence, irrespective of developmental stage. These findings reveal the central role of actin dynamics regulation in this process and elucidate a core mechanism underlying axon growth after CNS trauma. Thereby, neurons maintain the capacity to stimulate developmental programs during adult life, expanding their potential for plasticity. Thus, actin turnover is a key process for future regenerative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tedeschi
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dupraz
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michele Curcio
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia J Laskowski
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Schaffran
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin C Flynn
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Telma E Santos
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sina Stern
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brett J Hilton
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Molly J E Larson
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christine B Gurniak
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Witke
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str. 27, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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Santiago SE, Barnes AP. Neuronal Polarization Packs a One-Two Punch. Neuron 2019; 100:1007-1009. [PMID: 30521770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Ambrozkiewicz et al. (2018) define a new molecular circuit controlling neuronal polarization and migration through the transcription factor SOX9 to coordinate the production of regulators of both protein synthesis and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Santiago
- Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Anthony P Barnes
- Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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48
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Fawley JA, Andresen MC. Distinct Calcium Sources Define Compartmentalized Synaptic Signaling Domains. Neuroscientist 2019; 25:408-419. [PMID: 31375041 DOI: 10.1177/1073858419863771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nervous system communication relies on neurotransmitter release for synaptic transmission between neurons. Neurotransmitter is contained within vesicles in presynaptic terminals and intraterminal calcium governs the fundamental step of their release into the synaptic cleft. Despite a common dependence on calcium, synaptic transmission and its modulation varies highly across the nervous system. The precise mechanisms that underlie this heterogeneity, however, remain unclear. The present review highlights recent data that reveal vesicles sourced from separate pools define discrete modes of release. A rich diversity of regulatory machinery may further distinguish the different forms of vesicle release, including presynaptic proteins involved in trafficking, alignment, and exocytosis. These multiple vesicle release mechanisms and vesicle pools likely depend on the arrangement of vesicles in relation to specific calcium entry pathways that create compartmentalized spheres of calcium influence (i.e., domains). This diversity permits release specialization. This review details examples of how individual neurons rely on multiple calcium sources and unique regulatory schemes to provide differential release and discrete modulation of neurotransmitter release from specific vesicle pools-as part of network signal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Fawley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael C Andresen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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49
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Jin J, Ravindran P, Di Meo D, Püschel AW. Igf1R/InsR function is required for axon extension and corpus callosum formation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219362. [PMID: 31318893 PMCID: PMC6638864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest steps during the development of the nervous system is the establishment of neuronal polarity and the formation of an axon. The intrinsic mechanisms that promote axon formation have been extensively analyzed. However, much less is known about the extrinsic signals that initiate axon formation. One of the candidates for these signals is Insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) that acts through the Igf1 (Igf1R) and insulin receptors (InsR). Since Igf1R and InsR may act redundantly we analyzed conditional cortex-specific knockout mice that are deficient for both Igf1r and Insr to determine if they regulate the development of the cortex and the formation of axons in vivo. Our results show that Igf1R/InsR function is required for the normal development of the embryonic hippocampus and cingulate cortex while the lateral cortex does not show apparent defects in the Igf1r;Insr knockout. In the cingulate cortex, the number of intermediate progenitors and deep layer neurons is reduced and the corpus callosum is absent at E17. However, cortical organization and axon formation are not impaired in knockout embryos. In culture, cortical and hippocampal neurons from Igf1r;Insr knockout embryos extend an axon but the length of this axon is severely reduced. Our results indicate that Igf1R/InsR function is required for brain development in a region-specific manner and promotes axon growth but is not essential for neuronal polarization and migration in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Danila Di Meo
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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50
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The Development of Neuronal Polarity: A Retrospective View. J Neurosci 2019; 38:1867-1873. [PMID: 29467146 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1372-16.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1988, Carlos Dotti, Chris Sullivan, and I published a paper on the establishment of polarity by hippocampal neurons in culture, which continues to be frequently cited 30 years later (Dotti et al., 1988). By following individual neurons from the time of plating until they had formed well developed axonal and dendritic arbors, we identified the five stages of development that lead to the mature expression of neuronal polarity. We were surprised to find that, before axon formation, the cells pass through a multipolar phase, in which several, apparently identical short neurites undergo periods of extension and retraction. Then one of these neurites begins a period of prolonged growth, becoming the definitive axon; the remaining neurites subsequently become dendrites. This observation suggested that any of the initial neurites were capable of becoming axons, a hypothesis confirmed by later work. In this Progressions article, I will try to recall the circumstances that led to this work, recapture some of the challenges we faced in conducting these experiments, and consider why some of today's neuroscientists still find this paper relevant.
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