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Johnson BN, Allen MI, Nader MA. Acquisition of cocaine reinforcement using fixed-ratio and concurrent choice schedules in socially housed female and male monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:263-274. [PMID: 37882812 PMCID: PMC10841868 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies in socially housed monkeys examining acquisition of cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement found that subordinate males and dominant females were more vulnerable than their counterparts. OBJECTIVES The present studies extended these findings in two ways: (1) to replicate the earlier study, in which female monkeys were studied after a relatively short period of social housing (~ 3 months) using cocaine-naïve female monkeys (n = 9; 4 dominant and 5 subordinate) living in well-established social groups (~ 18 months); and (2) in male monkeys (n = 3/social rank), we studied cocaine acquisition under a concurrent schedule, with an alternative, non-drug reinforcer available. RESULTS In contrast to earlier findings, subordinate female monkeys acquired cocaine reinforcement (i.e., > saline reinforcement) at significantly lower cocaine doses compared with dominant monkeys. In the socially housed males, no dominant monkey acquired a cocaine preference (i.e., > 80% cocaine choice) over food, while two of three subordinate monkeys acquired cocaine reinforcement. In monkeys that did not acquire, the conditions were changed to an FR schedule with only cocaine available and after acquisition, returned to the concurrent schedule. In all monkeys, high doses of cocaine were chosen over food reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral data in females suggests that duration of social enrichment and stress can differentially impact vulnerability to cocaine reinforcement. The findings in socially housed male monkeys, using concurrent food vs. cocaine choice schedules of reinforcement, confirmed earlier social-rank differences using an FR schedule and showed that vulnerability could be modified by exposure to cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard N Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Center Blvd, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA
| | - Mia I Allen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Center Blvd, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical Center Blvd, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1083, USA.
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Bagley JR, Tan Y, Zhu W, Cheng Z, Takeda S, Fang Z, Arslan A, Wang M, Guan Y, Jiang L, Jian R, Gu F, Parada I, Prince D, Jentsch JD, Peltz G. Neuron Navigator 1 (Nav1) regulates the response to cocaine in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1053. [PMID: 37853211 PMCID: PMC10584906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation accounts for much of the risk for developing a substance use disorder, but the underlying genetic factors and their genetic effector mechanisms are mostly unknown. Inbred mouse strains exhibit substantial and heritable differences in the extent of voluntary cocaine self-administration. Computational genetic analysis of cocaine self-administration data obtained from twenty-one inbred strains identified Nav1, a member of the neuron navigator family that regulates dendrite formation and axonal guidance, as a candidate gene. To test this genetic hypothesis, we generated and characterized Nav1 knockout mice. Consistent with the genetic prediction, Nav1 knockout mice exhibited increased voluntary cocaine intake and had increased motivation for cocaine consumption. Immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, and transcriptomic studies were performed as a starting point for investigating the mechanism for the Nav1 knockout effect. Nav1 knockout mice had a reduced inhibitory synapse density in their cortex, increased excitatory synaptic transmission in their cortex and hippocampus, and increased excitatory neurons in a deep cortical layer. Collectively, our results indicate that Nav1 regulates the response to cocaine, and we identified Nav1 knockout induced changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic balance in the cortex and hippocampus that could contribute to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R Bagley
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Yalun Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhuanfen Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saori Takeda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhouqing Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed Arslan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meiyue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruiqi Jian
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, USA
| | - Isabel Parada
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Prince
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J David Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Crane NA, Funkhouser CJ, Burkhouse KL, Klumpp H, Phan KL, Shankman SA. Cannabis users demonstrate enhanced neural reactivity to reward: An event-related potential and time-frequency EEG study. Addict Behav 2021; 113:106669. [PMID: 33035810 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruptions in neural measures of reward responsiveness are implicated in risk for and the development of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) in general, but it is not clear if this is also true for Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). To date, no studies have examined neural reward responsiveness in cannabis users using EEG. METHODS Cannabis users (CU; n = 67) and non-users (n = 60) were drawn from larger studies of individuals with and without internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Groups were matched on current and lifetime psychopathology. Participants completed a validated monetary reward task during electroencephalogram (EEG). One-way between subject analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models examined group differences in four EEG indicators of reward responsiveness - the reward positivity (RewP) and feedback negativity (FN) event-related potentials and two time-frequency measures (reward-related delta and loss-related theta). RESULTS CU demonstrated an enhanced RewP to the attainment of monetary reward compared to non-users (p = .004), even after controlling for relevant covariates. Secondary analyses found that occasional CU, but not current CUD or remitted CUD, showed enhanced RewP compared to non-users. There were no significant differences in FN, reward-related delta, or loss-related theta time-frequency measures between groups. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to show preliminary evidence that CU have an enhanced RewP to reward and the extent of disruption may be related to CUD status. Our findings suggest that greater neural reward responsiveness may only be seen among occasional CU, not necessarily among CU with current or remitted CUD.
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Xlr4 as a new candidate gene underlying vulnerability to cocaine effects. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108019. [PMID: 32113966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have been performed in rodents, non-human primates and humans, the biological basis of vulnerability to develop cocaine addiction remains largely unknown. Exposure to critical early events (as Repeated Cross Fostering (RCF)) has been reported to increase sensitivity to cocaine effects in adult C57BL/6J female mice. Using a microarray approach, here we report data showing a strong engagement of X-linked lymphocyte-regulated 4a and 4b (Xlr4) genes in cocaine effects. The expression of Xlr4, a gene involved in chromatin remodeling and dendritic spine morphology, was reduced into the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) of adult RCF C57BL/6J female. We used virally mediated accumbal Xlr4 down-modulation (AAVXlr4-KD) to investigate the role of this gene in vulnerability to cocaine effects. AAVXlr4-KD animals show a potentiated behavioral and neurochemical response to cocaine, reinstatement following cocaine withdrawal and cocaine-induced spine density alterations in the Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons of NAc. We propose Xlr4 as a new candidate gene mediating the cocaine effects.
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Grzywacz A, Suchanecka A, Chmielowiec J, Chmielowiec K, Szumilas K, Masiak J, Balwicki Ł, Michałowska-Sawczyn M, Trybek G. Personality Traits or Genetic Determinants-Which Strongly Influences E-Cigarette Users? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010365. [PMID: 31948125 PMCID: PMC6981659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Presently, a growing popularity of electronic cigarettes may be observed. Used as a means of obtaining nicotine they allow to substitute traditional cigarettes. The origins of substance use disorders are conditioned by dopaminergic signaling which influences motivational processes being elementary factors conditioning the process of learning and exhibiting goal-directed behaviors. The study concentrated on analysis of three polymorphisms located in the dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) gene—rs1076560, rs1799732 and rs1079597 using the PCR method, personality traits determined with the Big Five Questionnaire, and anxiety measured with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. The study was conducted on a group of 394 volunteers, consisting e-cigarette users (n = 144) and controls (n = 250). Compared to the controls the case group subjects achieved significantly higher scores in regard to the STAI state and the trait scale, as well as the NEO-FFI Neuroticism and Openness scale. Likewise, in the case of the STAI state for DRD2 rs1076560 significant differences were found. Furthermore, while comparing the groups (e-cigarette users vs. controls) we noticed interactions for the NEO FFI Neuroticism and DRD2 rs1076560. The same was observed in the case of interactions significance while comparing groups (e-cigarette users vs. controls) for the STAI trait/scale and DRD2 rs1799732. Findings from this study demonstrate that psychological factors and genetic determinants should be analyzed simultaneously and comprehensively while considering groups of addicted patients. Since the use, and rapid increase in popularity, of electronic cigarettes has implications for public health, e-cigarette users should be studied holistically, especially younger groups of addicted and experimenting users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Suchanecka
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (J.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (J.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Kamila Szumilas
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp.72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Masiak
- Neurophysiological Independent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Balwicki
- Department of Public Health and Social Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 42A Zwyciestwa St., 80-210 Gdansk, Poland;
| | | | - Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powstańców Wlkp. St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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Nonhuman animal models of substance use disorders: Translational value and utility to basic science. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107733. [PMID: 31790978 PMCID: PMC6980671 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recently released a Request for Information (RFI) soliciting comments on nonhuman animal models of substance use disorders (SUD). METHODS A literature review was performed to address the four topics outlined in the RFI and one topic inspired by the RFI: (1) animal models that best recapitulate SUD, (2) animal models that best balance the trade-offs between resources and ecological validity, (3) animal models whose translational value are frequently misrepresented or overrepresented by the scientific community, (4) aspects of SUD that are not currently being modeled in animals, and (5) animal models that are optimal for examining the basic mechanisms by which drugs produce their abuse-related effects. RESULTS Models that employ response-contingent drug administration, use complex schedules of reinforcement, measure behaviors that mimic the distinguishing features of SUD, and use animals that are phylogenetically similar to humans have the greatest translational value. Models that produce stable and reproducible baselines of behavior, lessen the number of uncontrolled variables, and minimize the influence of extraneous factors are best at examining basic mechanisms contributing to drug reward and reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS Nonhuman animal models of SUD have undergone significant refinements to increase their utility for basic science and translational value for SUD. The existing literature describes numerous examples of how these models may best be utilized to answer mechanistic questions of drug reward and identify potential therapeutic interventions for SUD. Progress in the field could be accelerated by further collaborations between researchers using animals versus humans.
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Clark L, Boileau I, Zack M. Neuroimaging of reward mechanisms in Gambling disorder: an integrative review. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:674-693. [PMID: 30214041 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) was reclassified as a behavioral addiction in the DSM-5 and shares clinical and behavioral features with substance use disorders (SUDs). Neuroimaging studies of GD hold promise in isolating core features of the addiction syndrome, avoiding confounding effects of drug neurotoxicity. At the same time, a neurobiologically-grounded theory of how behaviors like gambling can become addictive remains lacking, posing a significant hurdle for ongoing decisions in addiction nosology. This article integrates research on reward-related brain activity (functional MRI) and neurotransmitter function (PET) in GD, alongside the consideration of structural MRI data as to whether these signals more likely reflect pre-existing vulnerability or neuroadaptive change. Where possible, we point to qualitative similarities and differences with established markers for SUDs. Structural MRI studies indicate modest changes in regional gray matter volume and diffuse reductions in white matter integrity in GD, contrasting with clear structural deterioration in SUDs. Functional MRI studies consistently identify dysregulation in reward-related circuitry (primarily ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex), but evidence is mixed as to the direction of these effects. The need for further parsing of reward sub-processes is emphasized, including anticipation vs outcome, gains vs. losses, and disorder-relevant cues vs natural rewards. Neurotransmitter PET studies indicate amplified dopamine (DA) release in GD, in the context of minimal differences in baseline DA D2 receptor binding, highlighting a distinct profile from SUDs. Preliminary work has investigated further contributions of opioids, GABA and serotonin. Neuroimaging data increasingly highlight divergent profiles in GD vs. SUDs. The ability of gambling to perpetually activate DA (via maximal uncertainty) may contribute to neuroimaging similarities between GD and SUDs, whereas the supra-physiological DA effects of drugs may partly explain differences in the neuroimaging profile of the two syndromes. Coupled with consistent observations of correlations with gambling severity and related clinical variables within GD samples, the overall pattern of effects is interpreted as a likely combination of shared vulnerability markers across GD and SUDs, but with further experience-dependent neuroadaptive processes in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vivian M. Rakoff PET Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Zack
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Clinical Neuroscience Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Solinas M, Belujon P, Fernagut PO, Jaber M, Thiriet N. Dopamine and addiction: what have we learned from 40 years of research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:481-516. [PMID: 30569209 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1957-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the neurotransmitters involved in addiction, dopamine (DA) is clearly the best known. The critical role of DA in addiction is supported by converging evidence that has been accumulated in the last 40 years. In the present review, first we describe the dopaminergic system in terms of connectivity, functioning and involvement in reward processes. Second, we describe the functional, structural, and molecular changes induced by drugs within the DA system in terms of neuronal activity, synaptic plasticity and transcriptional and molecular adaptations. Third, we describe how genetic mouse models have helped characterizing the role of DA in addiction. Fourth, we describe the involvement of the DA system in the vulnerability to addiction and the interesting case of addiction DA replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Finally, we describe how the DA system has been targeted to treat patients suffering from addiction and the result obtained in clinical settings and we discuss how these different lines of evidence have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the physiopathology of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
| | - Pauline Belujon
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
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Milienne-Petiot M, Higa KK, Grim A, Deben D, Groenink L, Twamley EW, Geyer MA, Young JW. Nicotine improves probabilistic reward learning in wildtype but not alpha7 nAChR null mutants, yet alpha7 nAChR agonists do not improve probabilistic learning. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1217-1231. [PMID: 30213668 PMCID: PMC6344043 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments, e.g., reward learning, are present in various psychiatric disorders and warrant treatment. Improving reward-related learning could synergistically enhance psychosocial treatments and cognition generally. A critical first step is to understand the mechanisms underlying reward learning. The dopamine system has been implicated in such learning, but less known is how indirect activation of this system may affect reward learning. We determined the role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) on a probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT) in mice that includes reward and punishment. Male alpha7 knockout (KO), heterozygous (HT), and wildtype (WT) littermate mice (n = 84) were treated with vehicle, 0.03, or 0.3 mg/kg nicotine. Two cohorts of C57BL/6NJ male mice were treated with various alpha7 nAChR ligands, including the full agonists PNU282877 and AR-R-17779, the positive allosteric modulator CCMI, the partial agonist SSR180711, and the antagonist methyllycaconitine. All mice were then tested in the PRLT. Nicotine (0.3 mg/kg) significantly improved initial reward learning in alpha7 WT and HT mice but did not improve learning in KO mice, suggesting an involvement of the alpha7 nAChR in the pro-learning effects of nicotine. Neither alpha7 nAChR treatments (PNU282987, AR-R-17779, CCMI, SSR180711, nor methyllycaconitine) affected mouse PRLT performance however. Nicotine improved reward learning via a mechanism that may include alpha7 nAChRs. This improvement unlikely relied solely on alpha7 nAChRs however, since no alpha7 nAChR ligand improved reward learning in normal mice. Future assessments of the effects of other nAChR subtypes on reward learning are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kerin K Higa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Andrea Grim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Debbie Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucianne Groenink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States
| | - Elizabeth W Twamley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
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Petersen N, London ED. Addiction and Dopamine: Sex Differences and Insights from Studies of Smoking. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018; 23:150-159. [PMID: 30746429 PMCID: PMC6368096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesolimbic dopaminergic function influences addiction through effects on reinforcement learning, decision-making, and impulsivity. This review covers sex differences in dopaminergic neurochemistry, their hormonal and genetic determinants, and how differences in dopaminergic tone interact with sex and/or ovarian hormone status to affect cognitive functions. Findings from research on cigarette smoking reveal sex differences in striatal and midbrain dopamine D2-type receptor availability and striatal dopamine release that suggest mechanisms of nicotine dependence, and stronger subjective responses to nicotine and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in male smokers than in their female counterparts. Opportunities exist to extend such efforts in studies of how sex and hormone status influence other addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90024
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90024,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90024,Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90024,Corresponding author: Dr. Edythe D. London, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA, Tel: 310 825 0606, Fax: 310 825-0812,
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Zhang X, Yin Q, Berridge M, Wang C. Application of molecular imaging technology in neurotoxicology research. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2018; 36:113-124. [PMID: 30199343 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2018.1492200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging has been widely applied in preclinical research. Among these new molecular imaging modalities, microPET imaging can be utilized as a very powerful tool that can obtain the measurements of multiple biological processes in various organs repeatedly in a same subject. This review discusses how this new approach provides noninvasive biomarker for neurotoxicology research and summarizes microPET findings with multiple radiotracers on the variety of neurotoxicity induced by toxic agents in both the rodent and the nonhuman primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Qi Yin
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Marc Berridge
- b 3D Imaging, LLC, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Che Wang
- a Division of Neurotoxicology , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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12
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A Multilevel Computational Characterization of Endophenotypes in Addiction. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-TNC-0151-18. [PMID: 30073199 PMCID: PMC6071202 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0151-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by a profound intersubject (phenotypic) variability in the expression of addictive symptomatology and propensity to relapse following treatment. However, laboratory investigations have primarily focused on common neural substrates in addiction and have not yet been able to identify mechanisms that can account for the multifaceted phenotypic behaviors reported in the literature. To fill this knowledge gap theoretically, here we simulated phenotypic variations in addiction symptomology and responses to putative treatments, using both a neural model, based on cortico-striatal circuit dynamics, and an algorithmic model of reinforcement learning (RL). These simulations rely on the widely accepted assumption that both the ventral, model-based, goal-directed system and the dorsal, model-free, habitual system are vulnerable to extra-physiologic dopamine reinforcements triggered by addictive rewards. We found that endophenotypic differences in the balance between the two circuit or control systems resulted in an inverted-U shape in optimal choice behavior. Specifically, greater unbalance led to a higher likelihood of developing addiction and more severe drug-taking behaviors. Furthermore, endophenotypes with opposite asymmetrical biases among cortico-striatal circuits expressed similar addiction behaviors, but responded differently to simulated treatments, suggesting personalized treatment development could rely on endophenotypic rather than phenotypic differentiations. We propose our simulated results, confirmed across neural and algorithmic levels of analysis, inform on a fundamental and, to date, neglected quantitative method to characterize clinical heterogeneity in addiction.
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Choi JK, Lim G, Chen YCI, Jenkins BG. Abstinence to chronic methamphetamine switches connectivity between striatal, hippocampal and sensorimotor regions and increases cerebral blood volume response. Neuroimage 2018. [PMID: 29518566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth), and other psychostimulants such as cocaine, present a persistent problem for society with chronic users being highly prone to relapse. We show, in a chronic methamphetamine administration model, that discontinuation of drug for more than a week produces much larger changes in overall meth-induced brain connectivity and cerebral blood volume (CBV) response than changes that occur immediately following meth administration. Areas showing the largest changes were hippocampal, limbic striatum and sensorimotor cortical regions as well as brain stem areas including the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) and pontine nuclei - regions known to be important in mediating reinstatement of drug-taking after abstinence. These changes occur concomitantly with behavioral sensitization and appear to be mediated through increases in dopamine D1 and D3 and decreases in D2 receptor protein and mRNA expression. We further identify a novel region of dorsal caudate/putamen, with a low density of calbindin neurons, that has an opposite hemodynamic response to meth than the rest of the caudate/putamen and accumbens and shows very strong correlation with dorsal CA1 and CA3 hippocampus. This correlation switches following meth abstinence from CA1/CA3 to strong connections with ventral hippocampus (ventral subiculum) and nucleus accumbens. These data provide novel evidence for temporal alterations in brain connectivity where chronic meth can subvert hippocampal - striatal interactions from cognitive control regions to regions that mediate drug reinstatement. Our results also demonstrate that the signs and magnitudes of the induced CBV changes following challenge with meth or a D3-preferring agonist are a complementary read out of the relative changes that occur in D1, D2 and D3 receptors using protein or mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kyung Choi
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Grewo Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
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Chen R, McIntosh S, Hemby SE, Sun H, Sexton T, Martin TJ, Childers SR. High and low doses of cocaine intake are differentially regulated by dopamine D2 receptors in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:133-139. [PMID: 29454035 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are associated with vulnerability to addiction; however, whether D2Rs in these two brain regions play differential roles in regulation of drug intake is unknown. Here, we compared the effect of decreased mRNA level of Drd2 in each region on cocaine self-administration in a dose-response function. Drd2 mRNA levels in rat VTA or NAc were knocked down by bilateral microinjection of lentivirus coding shRNAs against rat Drd2 or scrambled shRNA. Drd2 knockdown was persistent and stable between 20 and 90 days after lentiviral infection. Animals were trained to self-administer cocaine 20 days after Drd2 shRNA treatment. Compared to scrambled shRNA treated rats, Drd2 knockdown in the VTA increased cocaine self-administration at all tested doses (0.02-0.56 mg/kg/infusion) producing an upward shift (both the ascending and descending limb) in the dose-response curve of cocaine self-administration. In contrast, intra-NAc knockdown increased cocaine self-administration only on the ascending limb of the dose-response curve (0.02-0.07 mg/kg/infusion). These data suggest that D2Rs in the VTA, not in the NAc, regulate high-dose cocaine intake. The present study not only demonstrates that low levels of D2Rs in either region increase low doses of cocaine intake, but also reveals for the first time their dissociable roles in limiting high doses of cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States; Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27109, United States.
| | - S McIntosh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - S E Hemby
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - H Sun
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - T Sexton
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - T J Martin
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - S R Childers
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, United States
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15
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Banks ML, Czoty PW, Negus SS. Utility of Nonhuman Primates in Substance Use Disorders Research. ILAR J 2017; 58:202-215. [PMID: 28531265 PMCID: PMC5886327 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (i.e., drug addiction) constitute a global and insidious public health issue. Preclinical biomedical research has been invaluable in elucidating the environmental, biological, and pharmacological determinants of drug abuse and in the process of developing innovative pharmacological and behavioral treatment strategies. For more than 70 years, nonhuman primates have been utilized as research subjects in biomedical research related to drug addiction. There are already several excellent published reviews highlighting species differences in both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between rodents and nonhuman primates in preclinical substance abuse research. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight three advantages of nonhuman primates as preclinical substance abuse research subjects. First, nonhuman primates offer technical advantages in experimental design compared to other laboratory animals that afford unique opportunities to promote preclinical-to-clinical translational research. Second, these technical advantages, coupled with the relatively long lifespan of nonhuman primates, allows for pairing longitudinal drug self-administration studies and noninvasive imaging technologies to elucidate the biological consequences of chronic drug exposure. Lastly, nonhuman primates offer advantages in the patterns of intravenous drug self-administration that have potential theoretical implications for both the neurobiological mechanisms of substance use disorder etiology and in the drug development process of pharmacotherapies for substance use disorders. We conclude with potential future research directions in which nonhuman primates would provide unique and valuable insights into the abuse of and addiction to novel psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Banks
- Matthew L. Banks, PharmD, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia and currently serves as a scientific member of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Paul W. Czoty, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology in the Wake Forest School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and currently serves as Vice-Chair of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Sidney S. Negus, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia and has served as both a scientific member and chair of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
| | - Paul W Czoty
- Matthew L. Banks, PharmD, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia and currently serves as a scientific member of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Paul W. Czoty, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology in the Wake Forest School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and currently serves as Vice-Chair of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Sidney S. Negus, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia and has served as both a scientific member and chair of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
| | - Sidney S Negus
- Matthew L. Banks, PharmD, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia and currently serves as a scientific member of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Paul W. Czoty, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology in the Wake Forest School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and currently serves as Vice-Chair of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Sidney S. Negus, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in the School of Medicine at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia and has served as both a scientific member and chair of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
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16
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Naylor JE, Hiranita T, Matazel KS, Zhang X, Paule MG, Goodwin AK. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of nicotine-induced dopamine release in squirrel monkeys using [ 18F]Fallypride. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:254-259. [PMID: 28818716 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine, the principal psychoactive tobacco constituent, is thought to produce its reinforcing effects via actions within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of nicotine on DA D2/D3 receptor availability in the nonhuman primate brain with the use of the radioligand [18F]fallypride and positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Ten adult male squirrel monkeys were used in the current study. Each subject underwent two PET scans, one with an injection (IV) of saline and subsequently one with an injection of nicotine (0.032mg/kg). The DA D2/D3 antagonist, [18F]fallypride, was delivered IV at the beginning of each scan, and nicotine or saline was delivered at 45min into the scan. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn on specific brain regions and these were used to quantify standard uptake values (SUVs). The SUV is defined as the average concentration of radioactivity in the ROI x body weight/injected dose. Using the cerebellum as a reference region, SUV ratios (SUVROI/SUVcerebellum) were calculated to compare saline and nicotine effects in each ROI. RESULTS Two-way repeated ANOVA revealed a significant decrease of SUV ratios in both striatal and extrastriatal regions following an injection of nicotine during the PET scans. CONCLUSIONS Like other drugs of abuse, these results indicate that nicotine administration may produce DA release, as suggested by the decrease in [18F]fallypride signal in striatal regions. These findings from a nonhuman primate model provide further evidence that the mesolimbic DA system is affected by the use of products that contain nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Naylor
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Katelin S Matazel
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United States
| | - Amy K Goodwin
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, United States.
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17
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Nicolas C, Tauber C, Lepelletier FX, Chalon S, Belujon P, Galineau L, Solinas M. Longitudinal Changes in Brain Metabolic Activity after Withdrawal from Escalation of Cocaine Self-Administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1981-1990. [PMID: 28553833 PMCID: PMC5561337 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chronic and relapsing nature of addiction suggests that drugs produce persistent adaptations in the brain that make individuals with drug addiction particularly sensitive to drug-related cues and stress and incapable of controlling drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. In animal models, several long-lasting neuroadaptations have been described. However, few studies have used brain-imaging techniques to provide a complete picture of brain functioning in the course of withdrawal from cocaine. In this study, we allowed rats to self-administer cocaine under short-access (1-h/day) or long-access (6-h/day) conditions and used 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-d-glucose (18FDG) positron emission tomography scanning to investigate the longitudinal changes in metabolic activity 1 and 4 weeks after discontinuation of cocaine self-administration. We found that compared to naive rats, both long-access and short-access rats showed significant disruptions in basal brain metabolic activity. However, compared to short-access, long-access rats showed more intense, and long-lasting neuroadaptations in a network of brain areas. In particular, abstinence from extended access to cocaine was associated with decreased metabolic activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, the insular cortex, and the dorsolateral striatum, and increased metabolic activity in the mesencephalon, amygdala, and hippocampus. This pattern is strikingly similar to that described in humans that has led to the proposal of the Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution model of addiction. These results demonstrate that extended access to cocaine leads to persistent neuroadaptations in brain regions involved in motivation, salience attribution, memory, stress, and inhibitory control that may underlie increased risks of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Nicolas
- INSERM, U1084, Poitiers, France,Université de Poitiers, U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Clovis Tauber
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Sylvie Chalon
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pauline Belujon
- INSERM, U1084, Poitiers, France,Université de Poitiers, U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Galineau
- UMR INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- INSERM, U1084, Poitiers, France,Université de Poitiers, U1084, Poitiers, France,Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction Team, Laboratory of Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Bât. B36—Pôle Biologie Santé, 1, rue Georges Bonnet—BP 633, Poitiers 86022, France, Tel: +33 5 49 366343, Fax: +33 5 49 454014, E-mail:
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18
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Wunderli MD, Vonmoos M, Niedecker SM, Hulka LM, Preller KH, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T, Seifritz E, Schaub MP, Eich-Höchli D, Quednow BB. Cognitive and emotional impairments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:92-9. [PMID: 27085500 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an important modulator of cognitive and social functioning in cocaine addiction but it is unclear whether ADHD symptoms and cocaine use display mutually aggravating interaction effects on cognition, social functioning, and depressive symptoms. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of cocaine use and adult ADHD on social and non-social cognition and depressive symptoms. METHODS Twenty-four cocaine users with (CU+ADHD) and 30 without ADHD (CU-ADHD), 29 cocaine-naïve ADHD patients, and 40 cocaine-naïve healthy controls underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing including assessment of social cognition (cognitive/emotional empathy and Theory-of-Mind). Additionally, depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS The effect size of global cognitive impairment was largest in CU+ADHD (d=1.22 vs. controls) followed by CU-ADHD (d=0.74), and cocaine-naïve ADHD patients (d=0.33). A similar pattern appeared regarding depressive symptoms (CU+ADHD: d=1.47; CU-ADHD: d=0.49, ADHD: d=0.34). In the measures of Theory-of-Mind (CU+ADHD: d=0.76; CU-ADHD: d=0.06, ADHD: d=0.01) and cognitive empathy (CU+ADHD: d=0.80; CU-ADHD: d=0.39, ADHD: d=-0.11) only CU+ADHD showed moderate to large impairments. Moreover, two-way analyses of covariance revealed a significant interaction effect of the factors ADHD and cocaine use on depressive symptoms (p<0.05) and Theory-of-Mind (p<0.05) but not on global cognitive performance (p=0.64). CONCLUSIONS When occurring together, cognitive impairments associated with both ADHD and cocaine use are largely additive, whereas both factors seem to mutually potentiate one another with respect to mood and mental perspective-taking disturbances. Given the high comorbidity between ADHD and cocaine use, longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the origin of these potentiated impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wunderli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Vonmoos
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefania M Niedecker
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lea M Hulka
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin H Preller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center of Forensic Hairanalytics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Kurvenstrasse 17, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Center of Forensic Hairanalytics, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Kurvenstrasse 17, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Schaub
- Swiss Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, Associated Institute at the University of Zurich and WHO Collaborating Centre, Konradstrasse 32, 8031 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Eich-Höchli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues associated with prior cocaine use. This vulnerability to relapse persists for long periods (months to years) after abstinence is achieved. Here, I discuss rodent studies of cue-induced cocaine craving during abstinence, with a focus on neuronal plasticity in the reward circuitry that maintains high levels of craving. Such work has the potential to identify new therapeutic targets and to further our understanding of experience-dependent plasticity in the adult brain under normal circumstances and in the context of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Wolf
- The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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20
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Le Foll B, Chefer SI, Kimes AS, Stein EA, Goldberg SR, Mukhin AG. Impact of short access nicotine self-administration on expression of α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in non-human primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1829-35. [PMID: 26911381 PMCID: PMC4846528 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although nicotine exposure upregulates the α4β2* subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the upregulation of nAChRs in non-human primates voluntarily self-administering nicotine has never been demonstrated. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study is to determine if short access to nicotine in a non-human primate model of nicotine self-administration is sufficient to induce nAChRs upregulation. METHODS We combined a nicotine self-administration paradigm with in vivo measure of α4β2* nAChRs using 2-[(18)F]fluoro-A-85380 (2-FA) and positron emission tomography (PET) in six squirrel monkeys. PET measurement was performed before and after intravenous nicotine self-administration (unit dose 10 μg/kg per injection). Monkeys were trained to self-administer nicotine under a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement. Intermittent access (1 h daily per weekday) to nicotine was allowed for 4 weeks and levels of α4β2* nAChRs were measured 4 days later. RESULTS This intermittent access was sufficient to induce upregulation of α4β2* receptors in the whole brain (31 % upregulation) and in specific brain areas (+36 % in amygdala and +62 % in putamen). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that intermittent nicotine exposure is sufficient to produce change in nAChRs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 2S1. .,Departments of Family and Community Medicine, Pharmacology, Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatment Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. .,Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Svetlana I. Chefer
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224,The Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Fort. Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702
| | - Alane S. Kimes
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224,Office of the Clinical Director (retired), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Steven R. Goldberg
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Alexey G. Mukhin
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224,Department Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Smoking Cessation, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 201, Durham, NC 27705
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21
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Kuhn C. Emergence of sex differences in the development of substance use and abuse during adolescence. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 153:55-78. [PMID: 26049025 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Substance use and abuse begin during adolescence. Male and female adolescent humans initiate use at comparable rates, but males increase use faster. In adulthood, more men than women use and abuse addictive drugs. However, some women progress more rapidly from initiation of use to entry into treatment. In animal models, adolescent males and females consume addictive drugs similarly. However, reproductively mature females acquire self-administration faster, and in some models, escalate use more. Sex/gender differences exist in neurobiologic factors mediating both reinforcement (dopamine, opioids) and aversiveness (CRF, dynorphin), as well as intrinsic factors (personality, psychiatric co-morbidities) and extrinsic factors (history of abuse, environment especially peers and family) which influence the progression from initial use to abuse. Many of these important differences emerge during adolescence, and are moderated by sexual differentiation of the brain. Estradiol effects which enhance both dopaminergic and CRF-mediated processes contribute to the female vulnerability to substance use and abuse. Testosterone enhances impulsivity and sensation seeking in both males and females. Several protective factors in females also influence initiation and progression of substance use including hormonal changes of pregnancy as well as greater capacity for self-regulation and lower peak levels of impulsivity/sensation seeking. Same sex peers represent a risk factor more for males than females during adolescence, while romantic partners increase risk for women during this developmental epoch. In summary, biologic factors, psychiatric co-morbidities as well as personality and environment present sex/gender-specific risks as adolescents begin to initiate substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Box 3813, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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22
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Keck TM, John WS, Czoty PW, Nader MA, Newman AH. Identifying Medication Targets for Psychostimulant Addiction: Unraveling the Dopamine D3 Receptor Hypothesis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5361-80. [PMID: 25826710 PMCID: PMC4516313 DOI: 10.1021/jm501512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target for developing medications to treat substance use disorders. D3R-selective compounds with high affinity and varying efficacies have been discovered, providing critical research tools for cell-based studies that have been translated to in vivo models of drug abuse. D3R antagonists and partial agonists have shown especially promising results in rodent models of relapse-like behavior, including stress-, drug-, and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. However, to date, translation to human studies has been limited. Herein, we present an overview and illustrate some of the pitfalls and challenges of developing novel D3R-selective compounds toward clinical utility, especially for treatment of cocaine abuse. Future research and development of D3R-selective antagonists and partial agonists for substance abuse remains critically important but will also require further evaluation and development of translational animal models to determine the best time in the addiction cycle to target D3Rs for optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Keck
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - William S John
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Paul W Czoty
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Michael A Nader
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Lu H, Jenkins BG, Stein EA. Introduction to the special issue on neuroimaging in neuropharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2014; 84:63-4. [PMID: 24859606 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, USA.
| | - Bruce G Jenkins
- MGH Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, USA
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Joffe ME, Grueter CA, Grueter BA. Biological substrates of addiction. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2014; 5:151-171. [PMID: 24999377 PMCID: PMC4078878 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review is an introduction to addiction, the reward circuitry, and laboratory addiction models. Addiction is a chronic disease hallmarked by a state of compulsive drug seeking that persists despite negative consequences. Most of the advances in addiction research have centered on the canonical and contemporary drugs of abuse; however, addictions to other activities and stimuli also exist. Substances of abuse have the potential to induce long-lasting changes in the brain at the behavioral, circuit, and synaptic levels. Addiction-related behavioral changes involve initiation, escalation, and obsession to drug seeking and much of the current research is focused on mapping these manifestations to specific neural pathways. Drug abuse is well known to recruit components of the mesolimbic dopamine system, including the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. In addition, altered function of a wide variety of brain regions is tightly associated with specific manifestations of drug abuse. These regions peripheral to the mesolimbic pathway likely play a role in specific observed comorbidities and endophenotypes that can facilitate, or be caused by, substance abuse. Alterations in synaptic structure, function, and connectivity, as well as epigenetic and genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie the pathologies of addiction. In preclinical models, these persistent changes are studied at the levels of molecular pharmacology and biochemistry, ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiology, radiography, and behavior. Coordinating research efforts across these disciplines and examining cell type- and circuit-specific phenomena are crucial components for translating preclinical findings to viable medical interventions that effectively treat addiction and related disorders. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:151-171. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1273 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E. Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Carrie A. Grueter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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Monoamine transporter inhibitors and substrates as treatments for stimulant abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:129-76. [PMID: 24484977 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acute and chronic effects of abused psychostimulants on monoamine transporters and associated neurobiology have encouraged development of candidate medications that target these transporters. Monoamine transporters, in general, and dopamine transporters, in particular, are critical molecular targets that mediate abuse-related effects of psychostimulants such as cocaine and amphetamine. Moreover, chronic administration of psychostimulants can cause enduring changes in neurobiology reflected in dysregulation of monoamine neurochemistry and behavior. The current review will evaluate evidence for the efficacy of monoamine transporter inhibitors and substrates to reduce abuse-related effects of stimulants in preclinical assays of stimulant self-administration, drug discrimination, and reinstatement. In considering deployment of monoamine transport inhibitors and substrates as agonist-type medications to treat stimulant abuse, the safety and abuse liability of the medications are an obvious concern, and this will also be addressed. Future directions in drug discovery should identify novel medications that retain efficacy to decrease stimulant use but possess lower abuse liability and evaluate the degree to which efficacious medications can attenuate or reverse neurobiological effects of chronic stimulant use.
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26
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Nader MA, Banks ML. Environmental modulation of drug taking: Nonhuman primate models of cocaine abuse and PET neuroimaging. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:510-7. [PMID: 23748095 PMCID: PMC3812308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current review highlights the importance of environmental variables on cocaine self-administration in nonhuman primate models of drug abuse. In addition to describing the behavioral consequences, potential mechanisms of action are discussed, based on imaging results using the non-invasive and translational technique of positron emission tomography (PET). In this review, the role of three environmental variables - both positive and negative - are described: alternative non-drug reinforcers; social rank (as an independent variable) and punishment of cocaine self-administration. These environmental stimuli can profoundly influence brain function and drug self-administration. We focus on environmental manipulations involving non-drug alternatives (e.g., food reinforcement) using choice paradigms. Manipulations such as response cost and social variables (e.g., social rank, social stress) also influence the behavioral effects of drugs. Importantly, these manipulations are amenable to brain imaging studies. Taken together, these studies emphasize the profound impact environmental variables can have on drug taking, which should provide important information related to individual-subject variability in treatment responsiveness, and the imaging work may highlight pharmacological targets for medications related to treating drug abuse. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., 546 NRC, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA.
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