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Zhang W, Xu M, Chen F, Su Y, Yu M, Xing L, Chang Y, Yan T. Targeting the JAK2-STAT3 pathway to inhibit cGAS-STING activation improves neuronal senescence after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114474. [PMID: 37419174 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia is a key event in progressive brain injury after ischemic stroke. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway is pivotal for neuroinflammation; however, its role in brain senescence after ischemic stroke is unclear. Here, we report that inflammation is increased in the brains of C57BL/6 stroke mice. Treatment of ischemic stroke in adult mice with a JAK kinase inhibitor (AG490) alleviated neurobehavioral defects, reduced brain infarct volume, reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased activation of pro-inflammatory microglia. Moreover, AG490 treatment reduced oxidative DNA damage and cellular senescence in the brains of mice following ischemic stroke. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) were associated with inflammation and senescence. Furthermore, AG490 blocked cGAS/STING/NF-κBp65 expression. Overall, our results indicate that inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 can alleviate the negative neurological consequences of ischemic stroke, likely due to repression of cGAS/STING/NF-κB p65, leading to reduced neuroinflammation and neuronal senescence. Therefore, JAK2/STAT3 may represent a viable therapeutic target for preventing senescence after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Meijie Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Su
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingjing Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Yifan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post Neurotrauma, Neurorepair, and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.
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Zhang L, Shi W, Liu J, Chen K, Zhang G, Zhang S, Cong B, Li Y. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Regulates GABAA Receptors in the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Nucleus (DMH) through Activation of the JAK/STAT Pathway to Affect Heart Rate Variability in Stressed Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12985. [PMID: 37629166 PMCID: PMC10455568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial hypothalamus nucleus (DMH) is an important component of the autonomic nervous system and plays a critical role in regulating the sympathetic outputs of the heart. Stress alters the neuronal activity of the DMH, affecting sympathetic outputs and triggering heart rate variability. However, the specific molecular mechanisms behind stress leading to abnormal DMH neuronal activity have still not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we successfully constructed a stressed rat model and used it to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms by which IL-6 regulates GABAA receptors in the DMH through activation of the JAK/STAT pathway and thus affects heart rate variability in rats. By detecting the c-Fos expression of neurons in the DMH and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes in rats, we clarified the relationship between abnormal DMH neuronal activity and heart rate variability in stressed rats. Then, using ELISA, immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and RNAscope, we further explored the correlation between the IL-6/JAK/STAT signaling pathway and GABAA receptors. The data showed that an increase in IL-6 induced by stress inhibited GABAA receptors in DMH neurons by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, while specific inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway using AG490 obviously reduced DMH neuronal activity and improved heart rate variability in rats. These findings suggest that IL-6 regulates the expression of GABAA receptors via the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in the DMH, which may be an important cause of heart rate variability in stressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin Cong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (L.Z.); (W.S.); (J.L.); (K.C.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yingmin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (L.Z.); (W.S.); (J.L.); (K.C.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.)
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de Oliveira Micheletti T, Cassia dos Santos A, Rocha GZ, Silva VRR, Quaresma PGF, Assalin HB, Junqueira FS, Ropelle ER, Oliveira AG, Saad MJA, Prada PDO. Acute exercise reduces feeding by activating IL-6/Tubby axis in the mouse hypothalamus. Front Physiol 2022; 13:956116. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.956116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute exercise contributes to decreased feeding through leptin and interleukin/Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) signaling. Considering the pleiotropic use of substrates by JAK2 and that JAK2 can phosphorylate the Tubby protein (TUB) in CHO-IR cells, we speculated that acute exercise can activate the IL-6/JAK2/TUB pathway to decrease food intake.Aims: We investigated whether acute exercise induced tyrosine phosphorylation and the association of TUB and JAK2 in the hypothalamus and if IL-6 is involved in this response, whether acute exercise increases the IL-6/TUB axis to regulate feeding, and if leptin has an additive effect over this mechanism.Methods: We applied a combination of genetic, pharmacological, and molecular approaches.Key findings: The in vivo experiments showed that acute exercise increased the tyrosine phosphorylation and association of JAK2/TUB in the hypothalamus, which reduced feeding. This response was dependent on IL-6. Leptin had no additive effect on this mechanism.Significance: The results of this study suggest a novel hypothalamic pathway by which IL-6 released by exercise regulates feeding and reinforces the beneficial effects of exercise.
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Role of JAK-STAT and PPAR-Gamma Signalling Modulators in the Prevention of Autism and Neurological Dysfunctions. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3888-3912. [PMID: 35437700 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal physiological functions such as cell proliferation, neuronal development, and cell survival. JAK activation phosphorylates STAT3 in astrocytes and microglia, and this phosphorylation has been linked to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and genetic mutations. As a regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), in relation to JAK-STAT signalling, prevents this phosphorylation and aids in the treatment of the above-mentioned neurocomplications. Changes in cellular signalling may also contribute to the onset and progression of autism. Thus, PPAR-gamma agonist upregulation may be associated with JAK-STAT signal transduction downregulation. It may also be responsible for attenuating neuropathological changes by stimulating SOCS3 or involving RXR or SMRT, thereby reducing transcription of the various cytokine proteins and genes involved in neuronal damage. Along with JAK-STAT inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists could be used as target therapeutic interventions for autism. This research-based review explores the potential involvement and mutual regulation of JAK-STAT and PPAR-gamma signalling in controlling multiple pathological factors associated with autism.
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Li W, Huang Q, Yu J, Yang Y, Yu J, Liu Y, Song H, Cui L, Niu X. Schisandrin improves lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14141. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Li
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Qiuxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Jinjin Yu
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yajie Yang
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Jiabao Yu
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Huixin Song
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Langjun Cui
- School of Life Sciences Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Xiaofeng Niu
- School of Pharmacy Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
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Li F, Xiang H, Gu Y, Ye T, Lu X, Huang C. Innate immune stimulation by monophosphoryl lipid A prevents chronic social defeat stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:12. [PMID: 34996472 PMCID: PMC8742352 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immune pre-stimulation can prevent the development of depression-like behaviors in chronically stressed mice; however, whether the same stimulation prevents the development of anxiety-like behaviors in animals remains unclear. We addressed this issue using monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a derivative of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that lacks undesirable properties of LPS but still keeps immune-enhancing activities. Methods The experimental mice were pre-injected intraperitoneally with MPL before stress exposure. Depression was induced through chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Behavioral tests were conducted to identify anxiety-like behaviors. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical assays were employed to examine the gene and protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers. Results A single MPL injection at the dose of 400 and 800 μg/kg 1 day before stress exposure prevented CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors, and a single MPL injection (400 μg/kg) five but not 10 days before stress exposure produced similar effect. The preventive effect of MPL on anxiety-like behaviors was also observed in CSDS mice who received a second MPL injection 10 days after the first MPL injection or a 4 × MPL injection 10 days before stress exposure. MPL pre-injection also prevented the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in CSDS mice, and inhibiting the central immune response by minocycline pretreatment abrogated the preventive effect of MPL on CSDS-induced anxiety-like behaviors and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions in the brain. Conclusions Pre-stimulation of the innate immune system by MPL can prevent chronic stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No.7 People's Hospital, 288# Yanling East Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou, 215028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Jiangsu, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Jiangsu, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Jiangsu, 226001, Nantong, China.
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Jiangsu, 226001, Nantong, China.
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7
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Bredehöft J, Dolga AM, Honrath B, Wache S, Mazurek S, Culmsee C, Schoemaker RG, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Rummel C. SK-Channel Activation Alters Peripheral Metabolic Pathways in Mice, but Not Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Fever or Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:509-531. [PMID: 35115803 PMCID: PMC8800008 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s338812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previously, we have shown that CyPPA (cyclohexyl-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methyl-pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine), a pharmacological small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK)–channel positive modulator, antagonizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression in microglial cells. Here, we aimed to test its therapeutic potential for brain-controlled sickness symptoms, brain inflammatory response during LPS-induced systemic inflammation, and peripheral metabolic pathways in mice. Methods Mice were pretreated with CyPPA (15 mg/kg IP) 24 hours before and simultaneously with LPS stimulation (2.5 mg/kg IP), and the sickness response was recorded by a telemetric system for 24 hours. A second cohort of mice were euthanized 2 hours after CyPPA or solvent treatment to assess underlying CyPPA-induced mechanisms. Brain, blood, and liver samples were analyzed for inflammatory mediators or nucleotide concentrations using immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blot, or HPLC. Moreover, we investigated CyPPA-induced changes of UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT)–explant cultures. Results CyPPA treatment did not affect LPS-induced fever, anorexia, adipsia, or expression profiles of inflammatory mediators in the hypothalamus or plasma or microglial reactivity to LPS (CD11b staining and CD68 mRNA expression). However, CyPPA alone induced a rise in core body temperature linked to heat production via altered metabolic pathways like reduced levels of adenosine, increased protein content, and increased UCP1 expression in BAT-explant cultures, but no alteration in ATP/ADP concentrations in the liver. CyPPA treatment was accompanied by altered pathways, including NFκB signaling, in the hypothalamus and cortex, while circulating cytokines remained unaltered. Conclusion Overall, while CyPPA has promise as a treatment strategy, in particular according to results from in vitro experiments, we did not reveal anti-inflammatory effects during severe LPS-induced systemic inflammation. Interestingly, we found that CyPPA alters metabolic pathways inducing short hyperthermia, most likely due to increased energy turnover in the liver and heat production in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bredehöft
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Birgit Honrath
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sybille Wache
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen and Marburg, Germany
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen and Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior-CMBB, Giessen and Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: Christoph Rummel Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, GiessenD-35392, GermanyTel +49 641 99 38155Fax +49 641 99 38159 Email
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8
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WANG FD, LI J, ZHAI X, CHEN R, WANG F. Methane-rich saline restores brain SOD activity and alleviates cognitive impairment in rats with traumatic brain injury. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.54921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie LI
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Xu ZHAI
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Rui CHEN
- Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
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Abstract
Systemic infections of all types lead to a syndrome known as sickness behaviors. Changes in the behavior of febrile humans and animals formed the original basis for this concept. Body temperature is behaviorally regulated in both endotherms and ectotherms. However, infections cause other changes in body functions, including sleep disruption, anorexia, cognitive and memory deficits and disorientation. The brain mediates this entire cluster of symptoms, even though most major infections occur outside the brain. The true importance of sickness behaviors is not the numerous discoveries of symptoms that affect all of us when we get sick. Instead, the legacy of 30 years of research in sickness behaviors is that it established the physiologic importance of reciprocal communication systems between the immune system and the brain. This conceptual advance remains in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Kelley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences (ACES), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,School of Psychology and Public Health, University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Dean and Head of School of Psychology & Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Gomes BRB, de Sousa GLS, Ott D, Murgott J, de Sousa MV, de Souza PEN, Roth J, Veiga-Souza FH. Cytoglobin Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Primary Preoptic Area Cells via NF-κB Pathway Inhibition. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:307. [PMID: 31920538 PMCID: PMC6920097 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a hexacoordinate protein, associated with the transport of oxygen, nitric oxide scavenging, tumor suppression and protection against oxidative stress and inflammation. This protein is expressed in brain areas including the preoptic area (POA) of the anterior hypothalamus, the region responsible for the regulation of body temperature. In this study, we show that Cygb is upregulated in the rat hypothalamus 2.5 h and 5 h after intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the effect of treatment with Cygb in POA primary cultures stimulated with LPS for 4 h. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured and the results showed that Cygb reduced the concentrations of both cytokines. We further observed a decrease in immunoreactivity of the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), but not NF-IL6 and STAT3, in the nucleus of Cygb-treated POA cells. These findings suggest that Cygb attenuates the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated POA primary cultures via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, indicating that this protein might play an important role in the control of neuroinflammation and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R B Gomes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Ott
- Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jolanta Murgott
- Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcelo V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Paulo E N de Souza
- Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Joachim Roth
- Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,School of Ceilandia, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Yamawaki Y, Shirawachi S, Mizokami A, Nozaki K, Ito H, Asano S, Oue K, Aizawa H, Yamawaki S, Hirata M, Kanematsu T. Phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothalamic inflammation-mediated anorexia in mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104563. [PMID: 31589911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection induces systemic inflammation through the activation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) kinase (IKK)/NF-κB signaling pathway, which promotes brain dysfunction resulting in conditions including anorexia. LPS-mediated reduction of food intake is associated with activation of NF-κB signaling and phosphorylation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the hypothalamus. We recently reported phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein (PRIP) as a new negative regulator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling. AKT regulates the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of PRIP/AKT signaling in LPS-mediated neuroinflammation-induced anorexia. PRIP gene (Prip1 and Prip2) knockout (Prip-KO) mice intraperitoneally (ip) administered with LPS exhibited increased anorexia responses compared with wild-type (WT) controls. Although few differences were observed between WT and Prip-KO mice in LPS-elicited plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine elevation, hypothalamic pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly upregulated in Prip-KO rather than WT mice. Hypothalamic AKT and IKK phosphorylation and IκB degradation were significantly increased in Prip-KO rather than WT mice, indicating further promotion of AKT-mediated NF-κB signaling. Consistently, hypothalamic STAT3 was further phosphorylated in Prip-KO rather than WT mice. Furthermore, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (Socs3), a negative feedback regulator for STAT3 signaling, and cyclooxogenase-2 (Cox2), a candidate molecule in LPS-induced anorexigenic responses, were upregulated in the hypothalamus in Prip-KO rather than WT mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated in hypothalamic microglia isolated from Prip-KO rather than WT mice. Together, these findings indicate that PRIP negatively regulates LPS-induced anorexia caused by pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hypothalamus, which is mediated by AKT-activated NF-κB signaling. Importantly, hypothalamic microglia participate in this PRIP-mediated process. Elucidation of PRIP-mediated neuroinflammatory responses may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of many brain dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamawaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Laboratory of Advanced Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Satomi Shirawachi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozaki
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ito
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan; Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Asano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kana Oue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Barney TM, Vore AS, Gano A, Mondello JE, Deak T. The influence of central interleukin-6 on behavioral changes associated with acute alcohol intoxication in adult male rats. Alcohol 2019; 79:37-45. [PMID: 30472309 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated brain cytokine fluctuations associated with acute ethanol intoxication (increased IL-6) and withdrawal (increased IL-1β and TNFα). The purpose of the present studies was to examine the potential functional role of increased central interleukin-6 (IL-6). We utilized two tests of ethanol sensitivity to establish a potential role for IL-6 after high (3.5-4.0 g/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) or moderate (2.0 g/kg, i.p.) doses of ethanol: loss of righting reflex (LORR) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA), respectively. Briefly, guide cannulae were implanted into the third ventricle of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the first experiments, rats were infused with 25, 50, 100, or 200 ng of IL-6; or 0.3, 3.0, or 9.0 μg of the JAK/STAT inhibitor AG490 30 min prior to a high-dose ethanol challenge. Although sleep time was not affected by exogenous IL-6, infusion of AG490 increased latency to lose the righting reflex relative to vehicle-infused rats. Next, we assessed whether IL-6 was sufficient to produce a CTA. Moderately water-deprived rats received intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of 25, 50, or 100 ng IL-6 immediately after 60-min access to 5% sucrose solution. Forty-eight hours later, rats were returned to the context and given 60-min access to sucrose solution. IL-6 infusion had no significant effect on sucrose intake when all rats were considered together. However, a median split revealed that low sucrose-consuming rats significantly increased their drinking on test day, an effect that was not seen in rats that received 50 or 100 ng of IL-6. In the last study, AG490 had no effect on ethanol-induced CTA (2 g/kg). Overall, these studies suggest that IL-6 had only a minor influence on ethanol-induced behavioral changes, yet phenotypic differences in sensitivity to IL-6 were apparent. These studies are among the first to examine a potential functional role for IL-6 in ethanol-related behaviors, and may have important implications for understanding the relationship between acute ethanol intoxication and its associated behavioral alterations.
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Ding Q, Sun J, Xie W, Zhang M, Zhang C, Xu X. Stemona alkaloids suppress the positive feedback loop between M2 polarization and fibroblast differentiation by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway in fibroblasts and CXCR4/PI 3K/AKT1 pathway in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:385-394. [PMID: 31030094 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the interaction between macrophages and fibroblasts in pulmonary fibrosis and the effects of total alkaloids of Stemona tuberosa (STA, 9 alkaloids with relative content of 91.2%) on them. The culture medium of LPS- or IL-4-induced macrophages was used as conditioned medium (CM) to co-culture with fibroblasts to study the effect of macrophages on the differentiation of fibroblasts. Similarly,the CM of TGF-β1-induced fibroblasts was co-culture with macrophages to study the effect of fibroblasts on the polarization of macrophages. The results showed that the TGF-β1 level in IL-4-induced (M2) rather than LPS-induced (M1) macrophages was significantly high (p < 0.001), and the SDF-1 level in TGF-β1-induced fibroblasts (MF) was significantly high (p < 0.001). The expressions of α-SMA and Col-1 in M2-CM-induced fibroblasts and Arg-1 and CXCR4 in MF-CM-induced macrophages were significantly increased (p < 0.01). STA effectively decreased the expressions of α-SMA (p < 0.05, 0.01 at 10, 100 μg/mL), Col-1 (p < 0.05, 0.05, 0.01 at 1, 10, 100 μg/mL), Arg-1 (p < 0.01 at 1, 10, 100 μg/mL) and CXCR4 (p < 0.01, 0.001 at 10, 100 μg/mL), which were consistent with the experimental results in vivo. These results suggested that there was a positive feedback loop between M2 polarization and fibroblast differentiation in pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies showed that the transcription of sdf-1 gene in MF was initiated by JAK2/STAT3 pathway and the M2 polarization was promoted by SDF-1/CXCR4/PI3K/AKT1 pathway. STA blocked the feedback loop by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 pathway in fibroblasts and CXCR4-PI3K/AKT1 pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weina Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianghong Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China.
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Villaseñor T, Madrid-Paulino E, Maldonado-Bravo R, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Mycobacterium bovis BCG promotes IL-10 expression by establishing a SYK/PKCα/β positive autoregulatory loop that sustains STAT3 activation. Pathog Dis 2019; 77:5512589. [PMID: 31175361 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium ensures its survival inside macrophages and long-term infection by subverting the innate and adaptive immune response through the modulation of cytokine gene expression profiles. Different Mycobacterium species promote the expression of TGFβ and IL-10, which, at the early stages of infection, block the formation of the phagolysosome, thereby securing mycobacterial survival upon phagocytosis, and at later stages, antagonize IFNγ production and functions. Despite the key role of IL-10 in mycobacterium infection, the signal transduction pathways leading to IL-10 expression in infected macrophages are poorly understood. Here, we report that Mycobacterium bovis BCG promotes IL-10 expression and cytokine production by establishing a SYK/PKCα/β positive feedback loop that leads to STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Villaseñor
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, México
| | - Edgardo Madrid-Paulino
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, México
| | - Rafael Maldonado-Bravo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, México
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15
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Moravcová S, Pačesová D, Melkes B, Kyclerová H, Spišská V, Novotný J, Bendová Z. The day/night difference in the circadian clock's response to acute lipopolysaccharide and the rhythmic Stat3 expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199405. [PMID: 30265676 PMCID: PMC6161871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour and is an important part of the mammalian homeostatic system. Previously, we have shown that systemic inflammatory stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the daytime-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 in the SCN. Here, we demonstrate the LPS-induced Stat3 mRNA expression in the SCN and show also the circadian rhythm in Stat3 expression in the SCN, with high levels during the day. Moreover, we examined the effects of LPS (1mg/kg), applied either during the day or the night, on the rhythm in locomotor activity of male Wistar rats. We observed that recovery of normal locomotor activity patterns took longer when the animals were injected during the night. The clock genes Per1, Per2 and Nr1d1, and phosphorylation of kinases ERK1/2 and GSK3β are sensitive to external cues and function as the molecular entry for external signals into the circadian clockwork. We also studied the immediate changes in these clock genes expressions and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK3β in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in response to daytime or night-time inflammatory stimulation. We revealed mild and transient changes with respect to the controls. Our data stress the role of STAT3 in the circadian clock response to the LPS and provide further evidence of the interaction between the circadian clock and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Moravcová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Pačesová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Melkes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kyclerová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Spišská
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Bendová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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16
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Pang J, Peng J, Matei N, Yang P, Kuai L, Wu Y, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Sun X, Zhang JH, Jiang Y. Apolipoprotein E Exerts a Whole-Brain Protective Property by Promoting M1? Microglia Quiescence After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9:654-668. [PMID: 30225551 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurologically destructive stroke in which early brain injury (EBI) plays a pivotal role in poor patient outcomes. Expanding upon our previous work, multiple techniques and methods were used in this preclinical study to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) against EBI after SAH in murine apolipoprotein E gene-knockout mice (Apoe-/-, KO) and wild-type mice (WT) on a C57BL/6J background. We reported that Apoe deficiency resulted in a more extensive EBI at 48 h after SAH in mice demonstrated by MRI scanning and immunohistochemical staining and exhibited more extensive white matter injury and neuronal apoptosis than WT mice. These changes were associated with an increase in NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression, an important regulator of both oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NOX2 was abundantly expressed in activated M1 microglia. The JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, an upstream regulator of NOX2, was increased in WT mice and activated to an even greater extent in Apoe-/- mice; whereas, the JAK2-specific inhibitor, AG490, reduced NOX2 expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation in Apoe-deficient mice. Also, apoE-mimetic peptide COG1410 suppressed the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and significantly reduced M1 microglia activation with subsequent attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation after SAH. Taken together, apoE and apoE-mimetic peptide have whole-brain protective effects that may reduce EBI after SAH via M1 microglial quiescence through the attenuation of the JAK2/STAT3/NOX2 signaling pathway axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Kuai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China. .,Sichuan Province Neurosurgery Clinical Medical Research Center, Luzhou, China. .,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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17
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Firmino M, Weis SN, Souza JMF, Gomes BRB, Mól AR, Mortari MR, Souza GEP, Coca GC, Williams TCR, Fontes W, Ricart CAO, de Sousa MV, Veiga-Souza FH. Label-free quantitative proteomics of rat hypothalamus under fever induced by LPS and PGE 2. J Proteomics 2018; 187:182-199. [PMID: 30056254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a brain-mediated increase in body temperature mainly during inflammatory or infectious challenges. Although there is considerable data regarding the inflammation pathways involved in fever, metabolic alterations necessary to orchestrate the complex inflammatory response are not totally understood. We performed proteomic analysis of rat hypothalamus using label-free LC-MS/MS in a model of fever induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In total, 7021 proteins were identified. As far as we know, this is the largest rat hypothalamus proteome dataset available to date. Pathway analysis showed proteins from both stimuli associated with inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Concerning metabolic pathways, rats exposed to LPS or PGE2 presented lower relative abundance of proteins involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Mitochondrial function may also be altered by both stimuli because significant downregulation of several proteins was found, mainly in complexes I and IV. LPS was able to induce downregulation of important proteins in the enzymatic antioxidant system, thereby contributing to oxidative stress. The results offered comprehensive information about fever responses and helped to reveal new insights into proteins potentially involved in inflammatory signaling and metabolic changes in the hypothalamus during systemic LPS and central PGE2 administration. SIGNIFICANCE The evolutionary persistence of fever, despite the elevated cost for maintenance of this response, suggests that elevation in core temperature may represent an interesting strategy for survival. Fever response is achieved through the integrated behavioral, physiological, immunological and biochemical processes that determine the balance between heat generation and elimination. The development of such complex response arouses interest in studying how the cell metabolism responds or even contributes to promote fever. Our results offered comprehensive information about fever responses, including metabolic and inflammatory pathways, providing new insights into candidate proteins potentially involved in inflammatory signaling and metabolic changes in the hypothalamus during fever induced by systemic LPS and central PGE2 perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Firmino
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Simone N Weis
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Jaques M F Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna R B Gomes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Alan R Mól
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Mortari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gloria E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Coca
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Thomas C R Williams
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André O Ricart
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; School of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF 72220-275, Brazil.
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18
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Li M, Zhang X, Wang B, Xu X, Wu X, Guo M, Wang F. Effect of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway on liver injury associated with severe acute pancreatitis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2013-2021. [PMID: 30186433 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling constitutes one of the major pathways for cytokine signal transduction. However, the role of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in liver injury during severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in liver injury after SAP. In the present study 64 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, AG490 (inhibition of JAK2), SAP and SAP with AG490. SAP was induced by retrograde infusion of 4% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. The activities of amylase (AMY) and liver enzymes were measured in serum. Livers and pancreas were isolated for measurements of histological damage. Blood and liver samples were taken for the measurement of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 concentrations. The expression levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in liver tissue were detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blotting. The results demonstrated that amylase and liver enzymes were higher in the SAP groups compared with the control, AG490 and AG490-treated groups. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18 were effectively increased in the SAP groups, whereas they were reduced by AG490. Interestingly, JAK2 and STAT3 protein expression levels were significantly increased following induction of SAP and were significantly decreased in the AG490-pretreated groups. Administration of AG490 decreased the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and significantly attenuated SAP associated-liver injury in the rats. These results suggested that the mechanism may relate to the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-18, and inhibiting excessive JAK2 and STAT3 activation, and may play a crucial role in the liver injury associated with SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Meixia Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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19
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Damm J, Roth J, Gerstberger R, Rummel C. The use of siRNA as a pharmacological tool to assess a role for the transcription factor NF-IL6 in the brain under in vitro and in vivo conditions during LPS-induced inflammatory stimulation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 28:563-571. [PMID: 28820735 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies with NF-IL6-deficient mice indicate that this transcription factor plays a dual role during systemic inflammation with pro- and anti-inflammatory capacities. Here, we aimed to characterize the role of NF-IL6 specifically within the brain. METHODS In this study, we tested the capacity of short interfering (si) RNA to silence the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-interleukin 6 (NF-IL6) in brain cells under in vitro and in vivo conditions. RESULTS In cells of a mixed neuronal and glial primary culture from the rat area postrema (AP), short interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against NF-IL6 strongly reduced basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear immunoreactivity of this transcription factor, with the strongest effect on astrocytes. The siRNA did not exert inflammatory effects in the primary culture as confirmed by unaltered levels of IL-6 in supernatants. In vivo, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of fluorochrome labelled siRNA caused its appearance in relevant brain structures for fever induction pathways such as the vascular organ of lamina terminalis, the subfornical organ, the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and the AP in several cell types, including microglial cells. However, i.c.v. injections of siRNA per se caused signs of fever, anorexia and reduced locomotor activity, i.e. sickness behavior. CONCLUSIONS This approach was, thus, not suitable to characterize the role NF-IL6 in the brain in vivo, namely during experimentally induced systemic inflammation.
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20
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Alsaffar H, Martino N, Garrett JP, Adam AP. Interleukin-6 promotes a sustained loss of endothelial barrier function via Janus kinase-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and de novo protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C589-C602. [PMID: 29351406 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular leakage is a hallmark of the inflammatory response. Acute changes in endothelial permeability are due to posttranslational changes in intercellular adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins. However, little is known about the mechanisms leading to long-term changes in vascular permeability. Here, we show that interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes an increase in endothelial monolayer permeability that lasts over 24 h and demonstrate that activation of Src and MEK/ERK pathways is required only for short-term increases in permeability, being dispensable after 2 h. In contrast, Janus kinase (JAK)-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation at Y705 (but not S727) and de novo synthesis of RNA and proteins are required for the sustained permeability increases. Loss of junctional localization of VE-cadherin and ZO-1 is evident several hours after the maximal IL-6 response, thus suggesting that these events are a consequence of IL-6 signaling, but not a cause of the increased permeability. Understanding the mechanisms involved in sustaining vascular permeability may prove crucial to allow us to directly target vascular leakage and minimize tissue damage, thus reducing the rates of mortality and chronic sequelae of excessive edema. Targeting endothelial-specific mechanisms regulating barrier function could provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent vascular leakage while maintaining the immune response and other beneficial aspects of the inflammatory response that are required for bacterial clearance and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Alsaffar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York
| | - Nina Martino
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York
| | - Joshua P Garrett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical Center , Albany, New York.,Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York
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21
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An JY, Pang HG, Huang TQ, Song JN, Li DD, Zhao YL, Ma XD. AG490 ameliorates early brain injury via inhibition of JAK2/STAT3-mediated regulation of HMGB1 in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1330-1338. [PMID: 29434719 PMCID: PMC5774435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a classic damage-associated molecular pattern that has an important role in the pathological inflammatory response. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of HMGB1 expression, mediating the inflammatory response. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate JAK2/STAT3 pathway involvement in the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-dependent regulation of HMGB1, using an in vivo rat model. A SAH model was established by endovascular perforation. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to analyze HMGB1 expression after SAH. In addition, the effects of AG490 after SAH on JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation, HMGB1 expression and brain damage were evaluated. The results of the present study demonstrated that JAK2/STAT3 was significantly phosphorylated (P<0.05) and the total HMGB1 protein level was significantly increased (P<0.05) after SAH. In addition, the cytosolic HMGB1 level after SAH demonstrated an initial increase followed by a decrease to the control level, while the nuclear HMGB1 level after SAH demonstrated the opposite trend, with an initial decrease and subsequent increase. AG490 administration after SAH significantly inhibited JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation (P<0.05), suppressed the expression and translocation of HMGB1, reduced cortical apoptosis, brain edema and neurological deficits. These results demonstrated the involvement of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HMGB1 regulation after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yang An
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Gang Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Qin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Dong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Lin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Li XJ, Ma QY, Jiang YM, Bai XH, Yan ZY, Liu Q, Pan QX, Liu YY, Chen JX. Xiaoyaosan exerts anxiolytic-like effects by down-regulating the TNF-α/JAK2-STAT3 pathway in the rat hippocampus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:353. [PMID: 28336920 PMCID: PMC5428435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the anxiolytic-like effects of Xiaoyaosan, a Chinese herbal formula, have been described in many previous studies, its underlying mechanism remains undefined. The cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and its closely associated janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) signalling pathway regulate the neuro-inflammatory response in the brain, thus participating in the development of anxiety. Our purpose was to investigate whether the anxiolytic-like effects of Xiaoyaosan are related to the TNF-α/JAK2-STAT3 pathway in the hippocampus. We examined the effects of Xiaoyaosan on behaviours exhibited in the elevated plus maze test, open field test and novelty-suppressed feeding test as well as hippocampal neuron damage and changes in the TNF-α/JAK2-STAT3 pathway in a rat model of chronic immobilization stress (CIS)-induced anxiety. Xiaoyaosan exerts anxiolytic-like effects on CIS-induced anxiety, with a significant alleviation of anxiety-like behaviours, an attenuation of hippocampal neuron damage, and a reversal of the activation of the TNF-α/JAK2-STAT3 pathway in the hippocampus that are similar to the effects of the JAK2 antagonist AG490. However, Xiaoyaosan and AG490 failed to effectively regulate apoptosis-related factors, including Bax and Caspase-3. These results suggest that Xiaoyaosan attenuates stress-induced anxiety behaviours by down-regulating the TNF-α/JAK2-STAT3 pathway in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ma
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - You-Ming Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Yan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qun Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Pan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yue-Yun Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Sickness behavior in feverish children is independent of the severity of fever. An observational, multicenter study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171670. [PMID: 28278190 PMCID: PMC5344311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. OBJECTIVES Behavioral changes in a febrile child are usually considered to stem from the fever. We studied sickness behavior (SB) in terms of its clinical components and its relation to fever. METHODS This observational, multicenter study included children aged 6 months to 3 years who were either febrile (fever ≥12 hours, ≥ 39°C and ≥38°C at inclusion) or non-febrile and well. The child had to have been awake for the 2 hours preceding the consultation and cared for by the parent who brought him/her to the doctor. SB was evaluated according to 6 parameters over this 2-hour period: time spent playing, distance covered, time spent seeking comfort, time spent whining or crying, time spent in a state of irritation or of anger, most distorted facial expression. Two parameters were assessed for the 24-hour period preceding the consultation: time spent sleeping and appetite. The parent reported the degree of change in these parameters compared with the usual situation, using rating scales. RESULTS 200 febrile children (most with nonspecific upper respiratory infections) and 200 non-febrile children were included. The mean values of the 8 parameters differed significantly (p<0.001) between the 2 groups and were independent of the height of fever at inclusion in the febrile children. In the study conditions, paracetamol failed to improve SB when the child was still feverish. CONCLUSION The 8 parameters suggested that SB and fever are two independent manifestations that are activated simultaneously during an infection. This independence is in harmony with recommendations to treat the discomfort of SB and not the fever.
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Sevoflurane Postconditioning Reduces Apoptosis by Activating the JAK-STAT Pathway After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2017; 29:37-45. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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TRPV1 is crucial for proinflammatory STAT3 signaling and thermoregulation-associated pathways in the brain during inflammation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26088. [PMID: 27188969 PMCID: PMC4870621 DOI: 10.1038/srep26088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel that is stimulated by heat (>43 °C), mechanical/osmotic stimuli, and low pH. The importance of TRPV1 in inflammatory responses has been demonstrated, whereas its participation in brains remains unclear. In the present study, the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of the TRPV1 agonist resiniferatoxin (RTX) induced the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in circumventricular organs (CVOs) and thermoregulation-associated brain regions with a similar patttern to the peripheral and icv administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). With the peripheral and icv LPS stimuli, STAT3 activation was significantly lower in Trpv1−/− mice than in Trpv1+/+ mice. The icv administration of RTX induced transient hypothermia, whereas that of the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine enhanced the magnitude and period of LPS-induced hyperthermia. These results indicate that TRPV1 is important for activating proinflammatory STAT3 signaling and thermoregulation-associated brain pathways in the brain.
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Swanepoel T, Sabbar M, Baartman TL, Laburn HP, Mitchell D, Dukhan T, Harden LM. Simulated acute central Mycoplasma infections in rats induce fever, anorexia, body mass stunting and lethargy but spare memory. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:294-304. [PMID: 27180133 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the documented post-infectious neurological complications of a central nervous system (CNS) Mycoplasma infection in humans, very few studies have investigated the acute inflammatory responses and sickness behaviours induced by CNS Mycoplasma infections. We therefore determined the effect of acute central administration of fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1), derived from Mycoplasma salivarium, and FAM-20 from a more pathogenic species, namely Mycoplasma pneumoniae, on behavioural and inflammatory responses in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats had radiotransmitters implanted, intra-abdominally, to measure body temperature and cage activity continuously. After recovery from surgery, rats were conditioned in a fear conditioning task and then immediately received an intra-cisterna magna (i.c.m.) injection of either: (1) FSL-1 (10 or 100μg/5μl) or its vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline, 5μl), or (2) FAM-20 (10 or 100μg/5μl) or its vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, 5μl). Body mass and food intake were measured daily. Memory was assessed seven days after injection using fear conditioning tests. A single, i.c.m. injection of either FSL-1 or FAM-20 induced profound, dose-dependent fever, anorexia, lethargy and body mass stunting in rats. Moreover, rats that received an i.c.m. injection of 100μg/5μl FAM-20 had a significant increase in the concentration of IL-1β in both the hypothalamus and the hippocampus for ~27h after injection. Seven days after FSL-1 or FAM-20 injection, when body mass of rats still was stunted, they maintained their memory for fear of the context and for fear of the tone, despite the increase in hippocampal IL-1β concentration after FAM-20 administration. Thus, acute simulated CNS Mycoplasma infections caused pronounced sickness responses and brain inflammation in rats, but spared fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Swanepoel
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Mariam Sabbar
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Tamzyn L Baartman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Helen P Laburn
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Tanusha Dukhan
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lois M Harden
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Inflammatory transcription factors as activation markers and functional readouts in immune-to-brain communication. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:1-14. [PMID: 26348582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-to-brain communication pathways involve humoral mediators, including cytokines, central modulation by neuronal afferents and immune cell trafficking to the brain. During systemic inflammation these pathways contribute to mediating brain-controlled sickness symptoms including fever. Experimentally, activation of these signaling pathways can be mimicked and studied when injecting animals with pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS). One central component of the brain inflammatory response, which leads, for example, to fever induction, is transcriptional activation of brain cells via cytokines and PAMPS. We and others have studied the spatiotemporal activation and the physiological significance of transcription factors for the induction of inflammation within the brain and the manifestation of fever. Evidence has revealed a role of nuclear factor (NF)κB in the initiation, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 in the maintenance and NF-interleukin (IL)6 in the maintenance or even termination of brain-inflammation and fever. Moreover, psychological stressors, such as exposure to a novel environment, leads to increased body core temperature and genomic NF-IL6-activation, suggesting a potential use of NF-IL6-immunohistochemistry as a multimodal brain cell activation marker and a role for NF-IL6 for differential brain activity. In addition, the nutritional status, as reflected by circulating levels of the cytokine-like hormone leptin, influence immune-to-brain communication and age-dependent changes in LPS-induced fever. Overall, transcription factors remain therapeutically important targets for the treatment of brain-inflammation and fever induction during infectious/non-infectious inflammatory and psychological stress. However, the exact physiological role and significance of these transcription factors requires to be further investigated.
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Schneiders J, Fuchs F, Damm J, Herden C, Gerstberger R, Soares DM, Roth J, Rummel C. The transcription factor nuclear factor interleukin 6 mediates pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during LPS-induced systemic inflammation in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:147-64. [PMID: 25813145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL6) plays a pivotal role in neuroinflammation and, as we previously suggested, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis-activation. Here, we investigated its contribution to immune-to-brain communication and brain controlled sickness symptoms during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (50 or 2500 μg/kg i.p.) systemic inflammation in NF-IL6-deficient (KO) or wildtype mice (WT). In WT LPS induced a dose-dependent febrile response and reduction of locomotor activity. While KO developed a normal fever after low-dose LPS-injection the febrile response was almost abolished 3-7 h after a high LPS-dose. High-dose LPS-stimulation was accompanied by decreased (8 h) followed by enhanced (24 h) inflammation in KO compared to WT e.g. hypothalamic mRNA-expression including microsomal prostaglandin E synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase and further inflammatory mediators, neutrophil recruitment to the brain as well as plasma levels of inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and IL-10. Interestingly, KO showed reduced locomotor activity even under basal conditions, but enhanced locomotor activity to novel environment stress. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis-activity of KO was intact, but tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes were shifted to enhanced serotonin production and reuptake. Overall, we showed for the first time that NF-IL6 plays a dual role for sickness response and immune-to-brain communication: acting pro-inflammatory at 8h but anti-inflammatory at 24 h after onset of the inflammatory response reflecting active natural programming of inflammation. Moreover, reduced locomotor activity observed in KO might be due to altered tryptophan metabolism and serotonin reuptake suggesting some role for NF-IL6 as therapeutic target for depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Schneiders
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Fuchs
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jelena Damm
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denis Melo Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-060, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Roth J, Blatteis CM. Mechanisms of fever production and lysis: lessons from experimental LPS fever. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1563-604. [PMID: 25428854 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from noninfectious causes. The fever-inducing agent that has been used most frequently in experimental studies designed to characterize the physiological, immunological and neuroendocrine processes and to identify the neuronal circuits that underlie the manifestation of the febrile response is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our knowledge of the mechanisms of fever production and lysis is largely based on this model. Fever is usually initiated in the periphery of the challenged host by the immediate activation of the innate immune system by LPS, specifically of the complement (C) cascade and Toll-like receptors. The first results in the immediate generation of the C component C5a and the subsequent rapid production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The second, occurring after some delay, induces the further production of PGE2 by induction of its synthesizing enzymes and transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Kupffer cells (Kc) of the liver seem to be essential for these initial processes. The subsequent transfer of the pyrogenic message from the periphery to the brain is achieved by neuronal and humoral mechanisms. These pathways subserve the genesis of early (neuronal signals) and late (humoral signals) phases of the characteristically biphasic febrile response to LPS. During the course of fever, counterinflammatory factors, "endogenous antipyretics," are elaborated peripherally and centrally to limit fever in strength and duration. The multiple interacting pro- and antipyretic signals and their mechanistic effects that underlie endotoxic fever are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Damm J, Wiegand F, Harden LM, Wenisch S, Gerstberger R, Rummel C, Roth J. Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of the TLR9 agonist ODN 1668 in rats: brain inflammatory responses are related to peripheral IL-6 rather than interferons. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:105-17. [PMID: 25465287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 agonist, ODN 1668 caused moderate fever and anorexia. In comparison to stimulation of other intracellular TLRs, activation of TLR9 did not result in pronounced peripheral induction of interferons, but rather induced interleukin-6. Expression of cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β) and inducible forms of enzymes for prostaglandin E2 synthesis occurred in the brain, in conjunction with a moderate activation of the transcription factors STAT3 and NF-IL6 in brain endothelial cells. The lack of a septic-like state in ODN 1668-treated rats reinforces the therapeutic value of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Damm
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - F Wiegand
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - L M Harden
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Wenisch
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - R Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Koenig S, Luheshi GN, Wenz T, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Rummel C. Leptin is involved in age-dependent changes in response to systemic inflammation in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 36:128-38. [PMID: 24513873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to a state of subclinical peripheral and central inflammation and is often associated with aging. Here we investigated the source and contribution of adipose tissue derived cytokines and the cytokine-like hormone leptin to age-related changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced brain-controlled sickness-responses. Old (24 months) and young (2 months) rats were challenged with LPS or saline alone or in combination with a neutralizing leptin antiserum (LAS) or control serum. Changes in the sickness-response were monitored by biotelemetry. Additionally, ex vivo fat-explants from young and old rats were stimulated with LPS or saline and culture medium collected and analyzed by cytokine-specific bioassays/ELISAs. We found enhanced duration/degree of the sickness-symptoms, including delayed but prolonged fever in old rats. This response was accompanied by increased plasma-levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1ra and exaggerated expression of inflammatory markers in brain and liver analyzed by RT-PCR including inhibitor κBα, microsomal prostaglandin synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 (brain). Moreover, for the first time, we were able to show prolonged elevated plasma leptin-levels in LPS-treated old animals. Treatment with LAS in young rats tended to attenuate the early- and in old rats the prolonged febrile response. Fat-explants exhibited unchanged IL-6 but reduced IL-1ra and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release from adipose tissue of aged compared to young animals. In addition, we found increased expression of the endogenous immune regulator microRNA146a in aged animals suggesting a role for these mediators in counteracting brain inflammation. Overall, our results indicate a role of adipose tissue and leptin in “aging-related-inflammation” and age-dependent modifications of febrile-responses.
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LPS-induced inflammation in the chicken is associated with CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta-mediated fat mass and obesity associated gene down-regulation in the liver but not hypothalamus. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:257. [PMID: 24345215 PMCID: PMC3892065 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) is widely investigated in humans regarding its important roles in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Studies in mammals demonstrate that FTO is also associated with inflammation markers. However, the association of FTO with inflammation in chickens remains unclear. In this study, male chickens on day 28 posthatching were injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline to investigate whether the FTO gene is involved in LPS-induced inflammation. Results We detected significant down-regulation of FTO mRNA in the liver (P < 0.01), but not in the hypothalamus, 2 and 24 h after LPS challenge. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 (P < 0.01) and TLR4 (P < 0.01) followed the same pattern as FTO, being suppressed significantly in liver but not in hypothalamus. IL-1β was dramatically up-regulated (P < 0.01) in both liver and hypothalamus 2 h after LPS challenge, while activation of IL-6 was observed in the liver (P < 0.01), but not in hypothalamus. The 5′-flanking sequence of the chicken FTO gene contains nine predicted binding sites for CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP beta) and one for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Significant elevation of C/EBP beta was detected in the liver (P < 0.01), but not in the hypothalamus, 2 h after LPS challenge. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased the C/EBP beta binding to FTO promoter in the liver (P < 0.01 for fragment 1, P < 0.05 for fragment 2), although the protein content of C/EBP beta was not altered. Moreover, injection of LPS resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of liver STAT3, a downstream transcription factor in IL-6 signaling. Although phosphorylated STAT3 was not detected to directly bind to FTO promoter, it was found to interact with C/EBP beta. Conclusion Our results reveal that FTO expression in liver, but not in hypothalamus, is affected by the i.p. injection of LPS, which may be mediated through tissue-specific FTO transcriptional regulation by C/EBP beta and STAT3 interaction.
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Fuchs F, Damm J, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Rummel C. Activation of the inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor interleukin-6 during inflammatory and psychological stress in the brain. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:140. [PMID: 24279606 PMCID: PMC4222273 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL6) is known to be activated by various inflammatory stimuli in the brain. Interestingly, we recently detected NF-IL6-activation within the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis of rats after systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injection. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether NF-IL6 is activated during either, inflammatory, or psychological stress in the rat brain. METHODS Rats were challenged with either the inflammatory stimulus LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) or exposed to a novel environment. Core body temperature (Tb) and motor activity were monitored using telemetry, animals were killed at different time points, brains and blood removed, and primary cell cultures of the anterior pituitary lobe (AL) were investigated. Analyses were performed using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and cytokine-specific bioassays. RESULTS Stress stimulation by a novel environment increased NF-IL6-immunoreactivity (IR) in the pituitary's perivascular macrophages and hypothalamic paraventricular cells and a rise in Tb lasting approximately 2 h. LPS stimulation lead to NF-IL6-IR in several additional cell types including ACTH-IR-positive corticotrope cells in vivo and in vitro. Two other proinflammatory transcription factors, namely signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and NFκB, were significantly activated and partially colocalized with NF-IL6-IR in cells of the AL only after LPS-stimulation, but not following psychological stress. In vitro NF-IL6-activation was associated with induction and secretion of TNFα in folliculostellate cells, which could be antagonized by the JAK-STAT-inhibitor AG490. CONCLUSIONS We revealed, for the first time, that NF-IL6 activation occurs not only during inflammatory LPS stimulation, but also during psychological stress, that is, a novel environment. Both stressors were associated with time-dependent activation of NF-IL6 in different cell types of the brain and the pituitary. Moreover, while NF-IL6-IR was partially linked to STAT3 and NFκB activation, TNFα production, and ACTH-IR after LPS stimulation; this was not the case after exposure to a novel environment, suggesting distinct underlying signaling pathways. Overall, NF-IL6 can be used as a broad activation marker in the brain and might be of interest for therapeutic approaches not only during inflammatory but also psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fuchs
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jelena Damm
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen D-35392, Germany
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Soares DM, Ott D, Melo MCC, Souza GEP, Roth J. Chemokine ligand (CCL)-3 promotes an integrated febrile response when injected within pre-optic area (POA) of rats and induces calcium signaling in cells of POA microcultures but not TNF-α or IL-6 synthesis. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:120-9. [PMID: 23999490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have shown that chemokines are pyrogenic when injected into the brain, there are no data indicating which cell types and receptors in the CNS are employed by chemokines such as CCL3 (synonym: MIP-1α) to induce fever in rats. We aimed to study, whether CCL3 induces fever when injected directly into the thermoregulatory center within the pre-optic area (POA). Moreover, we investigated whether CCL3 activates cells from POA microcultures resulting in intracellular Ca++ mobilization and synthesis/release of TNF-α and IL-6. Microinjections of CCL3 into the POA induced a dose-dependent fever, which was accompanied by a decrease in tail skin temperature. The primary microcultures of the POA (from topographically excised rat pup brain tissue) were stimulated by bolus administrations of 100 μl CCL3 (0.1 or 0.01 μg) or sterile PBS as control. We evaluated the responses of 261 (30.89%) neurons, 346 (40.94%) astrocytes and 238 microglia cells (29.17%). Stimulation of rat POA microcultures with CCL3 was capable of inducing Ca++ signaling in 15.31% of all astrocytes and 5.75% of all neurons investigated. No cellular Ca++-signals were observed after overnight incubation of the cultures with antiCCR1 or antiCCR5 antibodies. CCL3 did not alter the release of the pyrogenic cytokines IL-6 or TNF-α into the supernatant of the cultures. In conclusion the present study shows for the first time that CCL-3 injected directly into the rat POA, evoked an integrated febrile response. In parallel this chemokine induces Ca++ signaling in astrocytes and neurons via both CCR1 and CCR5 receptors when administered to POA microcultures without stimulating the synthesis of TNF-α and IL-6. It is a possibility that CCL3-induced fever may occur via CCR1 and CCR5 receptors stimulation of astrocytes and neurons from POA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Melo Soares
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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