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Wendlandt M, Kürten AJ, Beiersdorfer A, Schubert C, Samad-Yazdtchi K, Sauer J, Pinto MC, Schulz K, Friese MA, Gee CE, Hirnet D, Lohr C. A 2A adenosine receptor-driven cAMP signaling in olfactory bulb astrocytes is unaffected in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273837. [PMID: 38077336 PMCID: PMC10701430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cyclic nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger, which is known to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) can modulate inflammation but little is known about the significance of cAMP in their function. Methods We investigated cAMP dynamics in mouse olfactory bulb astrocytes in brain slices prepared from healthy and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Results The purinergic receptor ligands adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) both induced transient increases in cAMP in astrocytes expressing the genetically encoded cAMP sensor Flamindo2. The A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 inhibited the responses. Similar transient increases in astrocytic cAMP occurred when olfactory receptor neurons were stimulated electrically, resulting in ATP release from the stimulated axons that increased cAMP, again via A2A receptors. Notably, A2A-mediated responses to ATP and adenosine were not different in EAE mice as compared to healthy mice. Discussion Our results indicate that ATP, synaptically released by afferent axons in the olfactory bulb, is degraded to adenosine that acts on A2A receptors in astrocytes, thereby increasing the cytosolic cAMP concentration. However, this pathway is not altered in the olfactory bulb of EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wendlandt
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina J. Kürten
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Schubert
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Sauer
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Carolina Pinto
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schulz
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine E. Gee
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Hirnet
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Li S, Lu X, Qiu Y, Teng Z, Zhao Z, Xu X, Tang H, Xiang H, Chen J, Wang B, Wu H. Association between uric acid and cognitive dysfunction: A cross-sectional study with newly diagnosed, drug-naïve with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2023; 327:159-166. [PMID: 36739000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). Purine system disorders may play an important role in cognitive dysfunction. So far, the relationship between cognitive deficits and purinergic metabolism in BD has been seldom discussed in previous studies. This study aims to explore its relevance and potential biological mechanisms. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 205 first time diagnosed drug-naive individuals with BD and 97 healthy volunteers were recruited. The uric acid(UA) level was measured using automatic biochemical analyzer, and cognitive function was assessed by Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and Stroop color-word test. In addition, general information and clinical symptoms were collected and evaluated. RESULTS In this study, the UA level of BD group (U = 8475.000, p = 0.038) was found to be significantly higher than that of the healthy controls, but the scores of RBANS (t = -11.302, p < 0.001) and Stroop color-word test (t = -6.962, p < 0.001) were significantly lower than that of the healthy controls. In gender subgroup analysis, females had lower UA level and higher RBANS scores. In correlation analysis, the cognitive function of individuals with BD was found to present a significant negative correlation with UA level in attention (r = -0.23, p = 0.001) and delayed memory(r = -0.16, p = 0.022). LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional design. CONCLUSION Elevated UA levels may be a potential mechanism of cognitive impairment in BD. This provides a new possible strategy for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaozi Lu
- Qingdao Memtal Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ziwei Teng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ziru Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuelei Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jindong Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bolun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Haishan Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, , Department of Psychiatry, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Ribeiro DE, Petiz LL, Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Andrejew R, Saab FDAR, Milanis MDS, Campos HC, Sampaio VFA, La Banca S, Longo BM, Lameu C, Tang Y, Resende RR, Ferreira ST, Ulrich H. Purinergic signaling in cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109371. [PMID: 36502867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
About 10 million new cases of dementia develop worldwide each year, of which up to 70% are attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to the widely known symptoms of memory loss and cognitive impairment, AD patients frequently develop non-cognitive symptoms, referred to as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs). Sleep disorders are often associated with AD, but mood alterations, notably depression and apathy, comprise the most frequent class of BPSDs. BPSDs negatively affect the lives of AD patients and their caregivers, and have a significant impact on public health systems and the economy. Because treatments currently available for AD are not disease-modifying and mainly aim to ameliorate some of the cognitive symptoms, elucidating the mechanisms underlying mood alterations and other BPSDs in AD may reveal novel avenues for progress in AD therapy. Purinergic signaling is implicated in the pathophysiology of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as AD, depression and sleep disorders. Here, we review recent findings indicating that purinergic receptors, mainly the A1, A2A, and P2X7 subtypes, are associated with the development/progression of AD. Current evidence suggests that targeting purinergic signaling may represent a promising therapeutic approach in AD and related conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Milena da Silva Milanis
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Correia Campos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sophia La Banca
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Monteiro Longo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudiana Lameu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signalling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Increased surface P2X4 receptor regulates anxiety and memory in P2X4 internalization-defective knock-in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:629-644. [PMID: 31911635 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ATP signaling and surface P2X4 receptors are upregulated selectively in neurons and/or glia in various CNS disorders including anxiety, chronic pain, epilepsy, ischemia, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the cell-specific functions of P2X4 in pathological contexts remain elusive. To elucidate P2X4 functions, we created a conditional transgenic knock-in P2X4 mouse line (Floxed P2X4mCherryIN) allowing the Cre activity-dependent genetic swapping of the internalization motif of P2X4 by the fluorescent mCherry protein to prevent constitutive endocytosis of P2X4. By combining molecular, cellular, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches, we characterized two distinct knock-in mouse lines expressing noninternalized P2X4mCherryIN either exclusively in excitatory forebrain neurons or in all cells natively expressing P2X4. The genetic substitution of wild-type P2X4 by noninternalized P2X4mCherryIN in both knock-in mouse models did not alter the sparse distribution and subcellular localization of P2X4 but increased the number of P2X4 receptors at the surface of the targeted cells mimicking the pathological increased surface P2X4 state. Increased surface P2X4 density in the hippocampus of knock-in mice altered LTP and LTD plasticity phenomena at CA1 synapses without affecting basal excitatory transmission. Moreover, these cellular events translated into anxiolytic effects and deficits in spatial memory. Our results show that increased surface density of neuronal P2X4 contributes to synaptic deficits and alterations in anxiety and memory functions consistent with the implication of P2X4 in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, these conditional P2X4mCherryIN knock-in mice will allow exploring the cell-specific roles of P2X4 in various physiological and pathological contexts.
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Illes P, Xu GY, Tang Y. Purinergic Signaling in the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1239-1241. [PMID: 33146814 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.,Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitaet Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China. .,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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6
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Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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7
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Verkhratsky A. Early evolutionary history (from bacteria to hemichordata) of the omnipresent purinergic signalling: A tribute to Geoff Burnstock inquisitive mind. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114261. [PMID: 33011161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are indispensable molecules of life; they are fundamental for genetic code and bioenergetics. From the very early evolution of life purines have acquired the meaning of damage-associated extracellular signaller and purinergic receptors emerged in unicellular organisms. Ancestral purinoceptors are P2X-like ionotropic ligand-gated cationic channels showing 20-40% of homology with vertebrate P2X receptors; genes encoding ancestral P2X receptors have been detected in Protozoa, Algae, Fungi and Sponges; they are also present in some invertebrates, but are absent from the genome of insects, nematodes, and higher plants. Plants nevertheless evolved a sophisticated and widespread purinergic signalling system relying on the idiosyncratic purinoceptor P2K1/DORN1 linked to intracellular Ca2+ signalling. The advance of metabotropic purinoceptors starts later in evolution with adenosine receptors preceding the emergence of P2Y nucleotide and P0 adenine receptors. In vertebrates and mammals the purinergic signalling system reaches the summit and operates throughout all tissues and systems without anatomical or functional segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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8
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Garré JM, Silva HM, Lafaille JJ, Yang G. P2X7 receptor inhibition ameliorates dendritic spine pathology and social behavioral deficits in Rett syndrome mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1784. [PMID: 32286307 PMCID: PMC7156443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated immunity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders but its contribution to synaptic and behavioral deficits in Rett syndrome (RTT) remains unknown. P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) are unique purinergic receptors with pro-inflammatory functions. Here, we report in a MECP2-deficient mouse model of RTT that the border of the cerebral cortex exhibits increased number of inflammatory myeloid cells expressing cell-surface P2X7Rs. Total knockout of P2X7Rs in MECP2 deficient mice decreases the number of inflammatory myeloid cells, restores cortical dendritic spine dynamics, and improves the animals’ neurological function and social behavior. Furthermore, either genetic depletion of P2X7Rs in bone-marrow derived leukocytes or pharmacological block of P2X7Rs primarily outside of the central nervous system parenchyma, recapitulates the beneficial effects of total P2X7R depletion on the social behavior. Together, our results highlight the pathophysiological roles of P2X7Rs in a mouse model of RTT. P2X7 receptors are purinergic receptors with pro-inflammatory functions. Here, the authors show that inhibition of leukocyte P2X7 receptors reduces dendritic spine pathology and social behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mauricio Garré
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Hernandez Moura Silva
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Soares MSP, Pedra NS, Bona NP, de Souza AÁ, Teixeira FC, Azambuja JH, Wyse AT, Braganhol E, Stefanello FM, Spanevello RM. Methionine and methionine sulfoxide induces neurochemical and morphological changes in cultured astrocytes: Involvement of Na +, K +-ATPase activity, oxidative status, and cholinergic and purinergic signaling. Neurotoxicology 2019; 77:60-70. [PMID: 31883448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypermethioninemia is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by high concentration of methionine (Met) and its metabolites such as methionine sulfoxide (Met-SO), which may lead to development of neurological alterations. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of Met or Met-SO on viability, proliferation, morphology, and neurochemical parameters in primary culture of cortical astrocytes, after treatment with 1 or 2 mM Met or 0.5 mM Met-SO, for 24, 48, and 72 h. Met or Met-SO did not affect cell viability and proliferation but induced astrocyte hypertrophy. Acetylcholinesterase activity was increased, while Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased by 2 mM Met, Met-SO, or Met (1 and 2 mM) + Met-SO (P < 0.05). ATP and AMP hydrolysis was decreased by Met (1 and 2 mM), Met-SO and Met (1 and 2 mM) + Met-SO treatment, while ADP hydrolysis was enhanced by Met-SO and Met (1 and 2 mM) + Met-SO (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity was increased by Met-SO and Met (1 and 2 mM) + Met-SO (P < 0.05). Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities were reduced by Met or Met-SO treatment for 48 and 72 h (P < 0.05). Reactive oxygen species and total thiol content was reduced by Met or Met-SO treatment for 24, 48, and 72 h while nitrite and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were increased under the same experimental conditions (P < 0.05). High concentrations of Met and Met-SO do not cause cell death but induced changes in astrocyte function. These alterations in astrocytic homeostasis may be associated with neurological symptoms found in hypermethioninemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia Stark Pedra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Pontes Bona
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Anita Ávila de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cardoso Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Hofstatter Azambuja
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Ts Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doença Metabólica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Francieli Moro Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Biomarcadores, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção - Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Inflamação e Câncer, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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10
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Nikolic L, Nobili P, Shen W, Audinat E. Role of astrocyte purinergic signaling in epilepsy. Glia 2019; 68:1677-1691. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Nikolic
- Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade Serbia
| | | | - Weida Shen
- Zhejiang University City College Zhejiang Hangzhou China
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM Montpellier France
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11
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Illes P, Burnstock G, Tang Y. Astroglia-Derived ATP Modulates CNS Neuronal Circuits. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:885-898. [PMID: 31704181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is broadly recognized that ATP not only supports energy storage within cells but is also a transmitter/signaling molecule that serves intercellular communication. Whereas the fast (co)transmitter function of ATP in the peripheral nervous system has been convincingly documented, in the central nervous system (CNS) ATP appears to be primarily a slow transmitter/modulator. Data discussed in the present review suggest that the slow modulatory effects of ATP arise as a result of its vesicular/nonvesicular release from astrocytes. ATP acts together with other glial signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and free radicals to modulate neuronal circuits. Hence, astrocytes are positioned at the crossroads of the neuron-glia-neuron communication pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 610075 Chengdu, China.
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 610075 Chengdu, China
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12
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Vardjan N, Zorec R. Physiology of Astroglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:45-91. [PMID: 31583584 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are principal cells responsible for maintaining the brain homeostasis. Additionally, these glial cells are also involved in homocellular (astrocyte-astrocyte) and heterocellular (astrocyte-other cell types) signalling and metabolism. These astroglial functions require an expression of the assortment of molecules, be that transporters or pumps, to maintain ion concentration gradients across the plasmalemma and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Astrocytes sense and balance their neurochemical environment via variety of transmitter receptors and transporters. As they are electrically non-excitable, astrocytes display intracellular calcium and sodium fluctuations, which are not only used for operative signalling but can also affect metabolism. In this chapter we discuss the molecules that achieve ionic gradients and underlie astrocyte signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Tóth A, Antal Z, Bereczki D, Sperlágh B. Purinergic Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Multi-target System to Combat Neurodegeneration. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2413-2422. [PMID: 31054067 PMCID: PMC6776560 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons that results in characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms. L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the gold standard therapy for the treatment of PD. However, long-term use of L-DOPA leads to side effects such as dyskinesias and motor fluctuation. Since purines have neurotransmitter and co-transmitter properties, the function of the purinergic system has been thoroughly studied in the nervous system. Adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are modulators of dopaminergic neurotransmission, neuroinflammatory processes, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and cell death via purinergic receptor subtypes. Aberrant purinergic receptor signalling can be either the cause or the result of numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. Many data confirm the involvement of purinergic signalling pathways in PD. Modulation of purinergic receptor subtypes, the activity of ectonucleotidases and ATP transporters could be beneficial in the treatment of PD. We give a brief summary of the background of purinergic signalling focusing on its roles in PD. Possible targets for pharmacological treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Tóth
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Antal
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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14
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Emerging Role of Purine Metabolizing Enzymes in Brain Function and Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113598. [PMID: 30441833 PMCID: PMC6274932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing evidence of the involvement of purine compounds in signaling, of nucleotide imbalance in tumorigenesis, the discovery of purinosome and its regulation, cast new light on purine metabolism, indicating that well known biochemical pathways may still surprise. Adenosine deaminase is important not only to preserve functionality of immune system but also to ensure a correct development and function of central nervous system, probably because its activity regulates the extracellular concentration of adenosine and therefore its function in brain. A lot of work has been done on extracellular 5′-nucleotidase and its involvement in the purinergic signaling, but also intracellular nucleotidases, which regulate the purine nucleotide homeostasis, play unexpected roles, not only in tumorigenesis but also in brain function. Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) appears to have a role in the purinosome formation and, therefore, in the regulation of purine synthesis rate during cell cycle with implications in brain development and tumors. The final product of purine catabolism, uric acid, also plays a recently highlighted novel role. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological manifestations of purine dysmetabolisms, focusing on the newly described/hypothesized roles of cytosolic 5′-nucleotidase II, adenosine kinase, adenosine deaminase, HPRT, and xanthine oxidase.
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15
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Khan MT, Deussing J, Tang Y, Illes P. Astrocytic rather than neuronal P2X7 receptors modulate the function of the tri-synaptic network in the rodent hippocampus. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:164-173. [PMID: 30098388 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell patch clamp recordings demonstrated that in the dentate gyrus (DG) as well as in the CA3 area of mouse hippocampal slices the prototypic P2X7 receptor (R) agonist dibenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP) induced inward current responses both in neurons and astrocytes. Whereas the selective P2X7R antagonist A438079 strongly inhibited both neuronal and astrocytic currents, a combination of ionotropic glutamate receptor (CNQX, AP-5) and GABAA-R (gabazine) antagonists depressed the Bz-ATP-induced current responses in the DG (granule cells) and CA3 neurons only. It was concluded that Bz-ATP activated astrocytic P2X7Rs and thereby released glutamate and GABA to stimulate nearby neurons. The residual A438079-resistant current response of astrocytes was suggested to be due to the stimulation of P2XRs of the non-P2X7-type. Further, we searched for presynaptic P2X7Rs at the axon terminals of DG and CA3 pyramidal neurons innervating CA3 and CA1 cells, respectively. Bz-ATP potentiated the frequency of spontaneous postsynaptic currents (sPSCs) in CA1 but not CA3 pyramidal cells. However, the Bz-ATP effect in CA1 cells was inhibited by gabazine or the astrocytic toxin fluorocitrate suggesting stimulation of P2X7Rs at stratum radiatum astrocytes located near to interneurons and synapsing onto CA1 neurons. Our data suggest that functional P2X7Rs are missing at neurons in the tri-synaptic network of the rodent hippocampus, but are present at nearby astrocytes indirectly regulating network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Rudolf-Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Deussing
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany; Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China.
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16
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Kovács G, Környei Z, Tóth K, Baranyi M, Brunner J, Neubrandt M, Dénes Á, Sperlágh B. Modulation of P2X7 purinergic receptor activity by extracellular Zn 2+ in cultured mouse hippocampal astroglia. Cell Calcium 2018; 75:1-13. [PMID: 30098501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The P2X7R protein, a P2 type purinergic receptor functioning as a non-selective cation channel, is expressed in different cell types of the central nervous system in several regions of the brain. The activation of the P2X7R protein by ATP modulates excitatory neurotransmission and contributes to microglial activation, apoptosis and neuron-glia communication. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is highly concentrated in the synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic hippocampal neurons where free zinc ions released into the synaptic cleft alter glutamatergic signal transmission. Changes in both P2X7R-mediated signaling and brain zinc homeostasis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular zinc regulates P2X7R activity in the hippocampus. We observed that P2X7R is expressed in both neurons and glial cells in primary mouse hippocampal neuron-glia culture. Propidium iodide (PI) uptake through large pores formed by pannexins and P2X7R was dose-dependently inhibited by extracellular zinc ions. Calcium influx mediated by P2X7R in glial cells was also reduced by free zinc ions. Interestingly, no calcium influx was detected in response to ATP or 3'-O-(4-Benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP) in neurons despite the expression of P2X7R at the plasma membrane. Our results show that free zinc ions can modulate hippocampal glial purinergic signaling, and changes in the activity of P2X7R may contribute to the development of depression-like behaviors associated with zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Krisztina Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Neubrandt
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, HU-1083 Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, HU-1083 Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Li Y, Busoy JM, Zaman BAA, Tan QSW, Tan GSW, Barathi VA, Cheung N, Wei JJY, Hunziker W, Hong W, Wong TY, Cheung CMG. A novel model of persistent retinal neovascularization for the development of sustained anti-VEGF therapies. Exp Eye Res 2018; 174:98-106. [PMID: 29852133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies lead to a major breakthrough in treatment of neovascular retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. Current management of these conditions require regular and frequent intravitreal injections to prevent disease recurrence once the effect of the injected drug wears off. This has led to a pressing clinical need of developing sustained release formulations or therapies with longer duration. A major drawback in developing such therapies is that the currently available animal models show spontaneous regression of vascular leakage. They therefore not only fail to recapitulate retinal vascular disease in humans, but also prevent to discern if regression is due to prolonged therapeutic effect or simply reflects spontaneous healing. Here, we described the development of a novel rabbit model of persistent retinal neovascularization (PRNV). Retinal Müller glial are essential for maintaining the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier. Intravitreal injection of DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DL-AAA), a selective retinal glial (Müller) cell toxin, results in persistent vascular leakage for up to 48 weeks. We demonstrated that VEGF concentrations were significantly increased in vitreous suggesting VEGF plays a significant role in mediating the leakage observed. Intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF drugs (e.g. bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept) suppresses vascular leakage for 8-10 weeks, before recurrence of leakage to pre-treatment levels. All three anti-VEGF drugs are very effective in re-ducing angiographic leakage in PRNV model, and aflibercept demonstrated a longer duration of action compared with the others, reminiscent of what is observed with these drugs in human in the clinical setting. Therefore, this model provides a unique tool to evaluate novel anti-VEGF formulations and therapies with respect to their duration of action in comparison to the currently used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore.
| | - Joanna Marie Busoy
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore
| | - Ben Alfyan Achirn Zaman
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore
| | - Queenie Shu Woon Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore
| | - Gavin Siew Wei Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Amutha Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore
| | - Ning Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore
| | - Jay Ji-Ye Wei
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 61 Biopolis Dr, 138673, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore; Duke NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, The Academia, Level 6, Discovery Tower, 169856, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, SNEC Building, 168751, Singapore
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18
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Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Naaldijk Y, Sardá-Arroyo L, Gonçalves MCB, Corrêa-Velloso J, Pillat MM, de Souza HDN, Ulrich H. Purinergic Receptors in Neurological Diseases With Motor Symptoms: Targets for Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:325. [PMID: 29692728 PMCID: PMC5902708 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since proving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a neurotransmitter in neuron/glia interactions, the purinergic system has been more intensely studied within the scope of the central nervous system. In neurological disorders with associated motor symptoms, including Parkinson's disease (PD), motor neuron diseases (MND), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's Disease (HD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), and ataxias, alterations in purinergic receptor expression and activity have been noted, indicating a potential role for this system in disease etiology and progression. In neurodegenerative conditions, neural cell death provokes extensive ATP release and alters calcium signaling through purinergic receptor modulation. Consequently, neuroinflammatory responses, excitotoxicity and apoptosis are directly or indirectly induced. This review analyzes currently available data, which suggests involvement of the purinergic system in neuro-associated motor dysfunctions and underlying mechanisms. Possible targets for pharmacological interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. B. Gonçalves
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Corrêa-Velloso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Micheli M. Pillat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Héllio D. N. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Wei L, Syed Mortadza SA, Yan J, Zhang L, Wang L, Yin Y, Li C, Chalon S, Emond P, Belzung C, Li D, Lu C, Roger S, Jiang LH. ATP-activated P2X7 receptor in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and as an emerging target for the development of novel antidepressant therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:192-205. [PMID: 29453990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that represent leading global disease burdens. Increasing evidence from clinical and preclinical studies supports that innate immune system dysfunction plays an important part in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. P2X7 receptor, belonging to the ligand-gated ion channel P2X subfamily of purinergic P2 receptors for extracellular ATP, is highly expressed in immune cells including microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and has a vital role in mediating innate immune response. The P2X7 receptor is also important in neuron-glia signalling in the CNS. The gene encoding human P2X7 receptor is located in a locus of susceptibility to mood disorders. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress in understanding the role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis and development of mood disorders and in discovering CNS-penetrable P2X7 antagonists for potential uses in in vivo imaging to monitor brain inflammation and antidepressant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Wei
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sharifah A Syed Mortadza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yan
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Chaokun Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | | | - Dongliang Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Sebastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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20
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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21
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 958] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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22
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Apolloni S, Fabbrizio P, Amadio S, Napoli G, Verdile V, Morello G, Iemmolo R, Aronica E, Cavallaro S, Volonté C. Histamine Regulates the Inflammatory Profile of SOD1-G93A Microglia and the Histaminergic System Is Dysregulated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1689. [PMID: 29250069 PMCID: PMC5714870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset motor neuron disease where activated glia release pro-inflammatory cytokines that trigger a vicious cycle of neurodegeneration in the absence of resolution of inflammation. Given the well-established role of histamine as a neuron-to-glia alarm signal implicated in brain disorders, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of the histaminergic pathway in microglial activation in ALS mouse model and in humans. By examining the contribution of the histaminergic system to ALS, we found that particularly via H1 and H4 receptors, histamine promoted an anti-inflammatory profile in microglia from SOD1-G93A mice by modulating their activation state. A decrease in NF-κB and NADPH oxidase 2 with an increase in arginase 1 and P2Y12 receptor was induced by histamine only in the ALS inflammatory environment, but not in the healthy microglia, together with an increase in IL-6, IL-10, CD163, and CD206 phenotypic markers in SOD1-G93A cells. Moreover, histaminergic H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, and histamine metabolizing enzymes histidine decarboxylase, histamine N-methyltransferase, and diamine oxidase were found deregulated in spinal cord, cortex, and hypothalamus of SOD1-G93A mice during disease progression. Finally, by performing a meta-analysis study, we found a modulated expression of histamine-related genes in cortex and spinal cord from sporadic ALS patients. Our findings disclose that histamine acts as anti-inflammatory agent in ALS microglia and suggest a dysregulation of the histaminergic signaling in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savina Apolloni
- Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fabbrizio
- Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Napoli
- National Research Council, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Morello
- National Research Council, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosario Iemmolo
- National Research Council, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Catania, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Volonté
- Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Rome, Italy
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23
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Beamer E, Kovács G, Sperlágh B. ATP released from astrocytes modulates action potential threshold and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in the neonatal rat prefrontal cortex. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:129-142. [PMID: 29030320 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation during pregnancy is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia; however, a full mechanistic understanding has yet to be established. The activity of a transient cell population, the subplate neurons, is critical for the development of cortical inhibition and functional thalamocortical connections. Sensitivity of these cells to factors released during inflammation, therefore, may offer a link between maternal immune activation and the aberrant cortical development underlying some neuropsychiatric disorders. An elevated extracellular ATP concentration is associated with inflammation and has been shown to have an effect on neuronal activity. Here, we investigated the effect of ATP on the electrophysiological properties of subplate neurons. Exogenous ATP increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) at micromolar concentrations. Further, ATP released by astrocytes activated by the PAR-1 agonist, TFLLR-NH2, also increased the amplitude and frequency of sEPSCs in subplate neurons. The electrophysiological properties of subplate neurons recorded from prefrontal cortical (PFC) slices from neonatal rats were also disrupted in a maternal immune activation rat model of schizophrenia, with a suramin-sensitive increase in frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs. An alternative neurodevelopmental rat model of schizophrenia, MAM-E17, which did not rely on maternal immune activation, however, showed no change in subplate neuron activity. Both models were validated with behavioral assays, showing schizophrenia-like endophenotypes in young adulthood. The purinergic modulation of subplate neuron activity offers a potential explanatory link between maternal immune activation and disruptions in cortical development that lead to the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Neuronal P2X7 Receptors Revisited: Do They Really Exist? J Neurosci 2017; 37:7049-7062. [PMID: 28747388 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3103-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (Rs) constitute a subclass of ATP-sensitive ionotropic receptors (P2X1-P2X7). P2X7Rs have many distinguishing features, mostly based on their long intracellular C terminus regulating trafficking to the cell membrane, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modification. Their C-terminal tail is especially important in enabling the transition from the nonselective ion channel mode to a membrane pore allowing the passage of large molecules. There is an ongoing dispute on the existence of neuronal P2X7Rs with consequences for our knowledge on their involvement in neuroinflammation, aggravating stroke, temporal lobe epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and various neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas early results appeared to support the operation of P2X7Rs at neurons, more recently glial P2X7Rs are increasingly considered as indirect causes of neuronal effects. Specific tools for P2X7Rs are of limited value because of the poor selectivity of agonists, and the inherent failure of antibodies to differentiate between the large number of active and inactive splice variants, or gain-of-function and loss-of-function small nucleotide polymorphisms of the receptor. Unfortunately, the available P2RX7 knock-out mice generated by pharmaceutical companies possess certain splice variants, which evade inactivation. In view of the recently discovered bidirectional dialogue between astrocytes and neurons (and even microglia and neurons), we offer an alternative explanation for previous data, which assumedly support the existence of P2X7Rs at neurons. We think that the unbiased reader will follow our argumentation on astrocytic or microglial P2X7Rs being the primary targets of pathologically high extracellular ATP concentrations, although a neuronal localization of these receptors cannot be fully excluded either.
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25
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Fabbrizio P, Amadio S, Apolloni S, Volonté C. P2X7 Receptor Activation Modulates Autophagy in SOD1-G93A Mouse Microglia. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:249. [PMID: 28871219 PMCID: PMC5566572 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and inflammation play determinant roles in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by deterioration and final loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MN) priming microglia to sustain neuroinflammation and a vicious cycle of neurodegeneration. Given that extracellular ATP through P2X7 receptor constitutes a neuron-to-microglia alarm signal implicated in ALS, and that P2X7 affects autophagy in immune cells, we have investigated if autophagy can be directly triggered by P2X7 activation in primary microglia from superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-G93A mice. We report that P2X7 enhances the expression of the autophagic marker microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II, via mTOR pathway and concomitantly with modulation of anti-inflammatory M2 microglia markers. We also demonstrate that the autophagic target SQSTM1/p62 is decreased in SOD1-G93A microglia after a short stimulation of P2X7, but increased after a sustained challenge. These effects are prevented by the P2X7 antagonist A-804598, and the autophagy/phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin (WM). Finally, a chronic in vivo treatment with A-804598 in SOD1-G93A mice decreases the expression of SQSTM1/p62 in lumbar spinal cord at end stage of disease. These data identify the modulation of the autophagic flux as a novel mechanism by which P2X7 activates ALS-microglia, to be considered for further investigations in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fabbrizio
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Experimental NeuroscienceRome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata UniversityRome, Italy
| | - Susanna Amadio
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Experimental NeuroscienceRome, Italy
| | - Savina Apolloni
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Experimental NeuroscienceRome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Experimental NeuroscienceRome, Italy.,CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and NeurobiologyRome, Italy
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Kardos J, Héja L, Jemnitz K, Kovács R, Palkovits M. The nature of early astroglial protection-Fast activation and signaling. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:86-99. [PMID: 28342942 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our present review is focusing on the uniqueness of balanced astroglial signaling. The balance of excitatory and inhibitory signaling within the CNS is mainly determined by sharp synaptic transients of excitatory glutamate (Glu) and inhibitory γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) acting on the sub-second timescale. Astroglia is involved in excitatory chemical transmission by taking up i) Glu through neurotransmitter-sodium transporters, ii) K+ released due to presynaptic action potential generation, and iii) water keeping osmotic pressure. Glu uptake-coupled Na+ influx may either ignite long-range astroglial Ca2+ transients or locally counteract over-excitation via astroglial GABA release and increased tonic inhibition. Imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory drives is associated with a number of disease conditions, including prevalent traumatic and ischaemic injuries or the emergence of epilepsy. Therefore, when addressing the potential of early therapeutic intervention, astroglial signaling functions combating progress of Glu excitotoxicity is of critical importance. We suggest, that excitotoxicity is linked primarily to over-excitation induced by the impairment of astroglial Glu uptake and/or GABA release. Within this framework, we discuss the acute alterations of Glu-cycling and metabolism and conjecture the therapeutic promise of regulation. We also confer the role played by key carrier proteins and enzymes as well as their interplay at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Moreover, based on our former studies, we offer potential prospect on the emerging theme of astroglial succinate sensing in course of Glu excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Kardos
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary.
| | - László Héja
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
| | - Katalin Jemnitz
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
| | - Richárd Kovács
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Illes P, Verkhratsky A, Burnstock G, Sperlagh B. Purines in neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration. Neuropharmacology 2016; 104:1-3. [PMID: 26775822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Beata Sperlagh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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28
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Köles L, Kató E, Hanuska A, Zádori ZS, Al-Khrasani M, Zelles T, Rubini P, Illes P. Modulation of excitatory neurotransmission by neuronal/glial signalling molecules: interplay between purinergic and glutamatergic systems. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:1-24. [PMID: 26542977 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS), released both from neurons and glial cells. Acting via ionotropic (NMDA, AMPA, kainate) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, it is critically involved in essential regulatory functions. Disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission can be detected in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. This paper summarizes the present knowledge on the modulation of glutamate-mediated responses in the CNS. Emphasis will be put on NMDA receptor channels, which are essential executive and integrative elements of the glutamatergic system. This receptor is crucial for proper functioning of neuronal circuits; its hypofunction or overactivation can result in neuronal disturbances and neurotoxicity. Somewhat surprisingly, NMDA receptors are not widely targeted by pharmacotherapy in clinics; their robust activation or inhibition seems to be desirable only in exceptional cases. However, their fine-tuning might provide a promising manipulation to optimize the activity of the glutamatergic system and to restore proper CNS function. This orchestration utilizes several neuromodulators. Besides the classical ones such as dopamine, novel candidates emerged in the last two decades. The purinergic system is a promising possibility to optimize the activity of the glutamatergic system. It exerts not only direct and indirect influences on NMDA receptors but, by modulating glutamatergic transmission, also plays an important role in glia-neuron communication. These purinergic functions will be illustrated mostly by depicting the modulatory role of the purinergic system on glutamatergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex, a CNS area important for attention, memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Köles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.
| | - Erzsébet Kató
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Hanuska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Tibor Zelles
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Patrizia Rubini
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
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