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Bashashati M, Bradshaw HB, Johnson CT, Zuckerman MJ, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW, Sarosiek I. Plasma endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives are altered in cyclic vomiting syndrome: The effects of sham feeding. J Investig Med 2023; 71:821-829. [PMID: 37572030 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231196591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an underdiagnosed disorder of the gut-brain interaction. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of CVS is evolving. Here, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) the levels of endocannabinoids and related lipids are altered in CVS, and (2) cephalic-vagal stimulation drive changes in endolipid levels. Ten adult patients with CVS and eight healthy controls were included. Indirect measurements of parasympathetic (RFa) functions were performed with spectral analysis of heart rate variability and respiratory activity. Plasma levels of endocannabinoids and related lipids were measured at baseline and during a sham feeding. Values are reported as mean ± standard error of the mean and compared using t-test or ANOVA. CVS patients had a lower parasympathetic tone and response to the Valsalva maneuver and deep breathing than the controls. The baseline 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) had a significantly higher concentration in CVS (5.9e-008 ± 3.7e-008 mol/L) than control (3.7e-008 ± 1.3e-008 mol/; p < 0.05). Sham feeding did not change the concentration of 2-AG. 2-oleoylglycerol (2-OG) was significantly higher in CVS than control and did not change with sham feeding. Levels of N-acylethanolamines, including anandamide (AEA), were not different in CVS vs control. After sham feeding, AEA showed a trend toward increasing (p = 0.08) in CVS, but not in control. With sham feeding, palmitoyl ethanolamine significantly increased in both CVS and control groups; oleoyl ethanolamine in CVS only, and stearoyl ethanolamine in the control group. Levels of endocannabinoids and related lipids are altered in CVS patients. Sham feeding affects endogenous signaling lipids in a disease and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bashashati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Clare T Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Marc J Zuckerman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jerzy Sarosiek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Irene Sarosiek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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Toczek M, Ryszkiewicz P, Remiszewski P, Schlicker E, Krzyżewska A, Kozłowska H, Malinowska B. Weak Hypotensive Effect of Chronic Administration of the Dual FAAH/MAGL Inhibitor JZL195 in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats as Revealed by Area under the Curve Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10942. [PMID: 37446125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of the endocannabinoid tone might have a beneficial influence on hypertension. Polypharmacology proposes multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of complex diseases. In the present paper, we studied JZL195, a dual inhibitor of the two major endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Hemodynamic parameters were assessed in conscious animals via radiotelemetry and tail-cuff methods and then evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC). Single administration of JZL195 induced dose-dependent weak hypotensive and bradycardic responses in SHR but not in WKY. Similarly, its chronic application revealed only a slight hypotensive potential which, however, effectively prevented the progression of hypertension and did not undergo tolerance. In addition, multiple JZL195 administrations slightly decreased heart rate only in WKY and prevented the gradual weight gain in both groups. JZL195 did not affect organ weights, blood glucose level, rectal temperature and plasma oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, chronic dual FAAH/MAGL inhibition prevents the progression of hypertension in SHR without affecting some basal functions of the body. In addition, our study clearly proves the suitability of AUC for the evaluation of weak blood pressure changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Ryszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Patryk Remiszewski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Krzyżewska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Str. 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Villar-Martinez MD, Goadsby PJ. Pathophysiology and Therapy of Associated Features of Migraine. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172767. [PMID: 36078174 PMCID: PMC9455236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex and debilitating disorder that is broadly recognised by its characteristic headache. However, given the wide array of clinical presentations in migraineurs, the headache might not represent the main troublesome symptom and it can even go unnoticed. Understanding migraines exclusively as a pain process is simplistic and certainly hinders management. We describe the mechanisms behind some of the most disabling associated symptoms of migraine, including the relationship between the central and peripheral processes that take part in nausea, osmophobia, phonophobia, vertigo and allodynia. The rationale for the efficacy of the current therapeutic arsenal is also depicted in this article. The associated symptoms to migraine, apart from the painful component, are frequent, under-recognised and can be more deleterious than the headache itself. The clinical anamnesis of a headache patient should enquire about the associated symptoms, and treatment should be considered and individualised. Acknowledging the associated symptoms as a fundamental part of migraine has permitted a deeper and more coherent comprehension of the pathophysiology of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Villar-Martinez
- Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- NIHR King’s Clinical Research Facility, SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Peter J. Goadsby
- Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- NIHR King’s Clinical Research Facility, SLaM Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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Stith SS, Li X, Orozco J, Lopez V, Brockelman F, Keeling K, Hall B, Vigil JM. The Effectiveness of Common Cannabis Products for Treatment of Nausea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:331-338. [PMID: 35258504 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GOALS We measure for the first time how a wide range of cannabis products affect nausea intensity in actual time. BACKGROUND Even though the Cannabis plant has been used to treat nausea for millennia, few studies have measured real-time effects of common and commercially available cannabis-based products. STUDY Using the Releaf App, 886 people completed 2220 cannabis self-administration sessions intended to treat nausea between June 6, 2016 and July 8, 2019. They recorded the characteristics of self-administered cannabis products and baseline symptom intensity levels before tracking real-time changes in the intensity of their nausea. RESULTS By 1 hour postconsumption, 96.4% of people had experienced symptom relief with an average symptom intensity reduction of -3.85 points on a 0 to 10 visual analog scale (SD=2.45, d=1.85, P<0.001). Symptom relief was statistically significant at 5 minutes and increased with time. Among product characteristics, flower and concentrates yielded the strongest, yet similar results; products labeled as Cannabis indica underperformed those labeled as Cannabis sativa or hybrid; and joints were associated with greater symptom relief than pipes or vaporizers. In sessions using flower, higher tetrahydrocannbinol and lower cannabidiol were generally associated with greater symptom relief (eg, within 5 min). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the vast majority of patients self-selecting into cannabis use for treatment of nausea likely experience relief within a relative short duration of time, but the level of antiemetic effect varies with the characteristics of the cannabis products consumed in vivo. Future research should focus on longer term symptom relief, including nausea-free intervals and dosing frequency; the risks of consumption of medical cannabis, especially among high-risk populations, such as pregnant women and children; and potential interactions between cannabis, conventional antiemetics, other medications, food, tobacco, alcohol, and street drugs among specific patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victoria Lopez
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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Bernanke A, Burnette E, Murphy J, Hernandez N, Zimmerman S, Walker QD, Wander R, Sette S, Reavis Z, Francis R, Armstrong C, Risher ML, Kuhn C. Behavior and Fos activation reveal that male and female rats differentially assess affective valence during CTA learning and expression. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260577. [PMID: 34898621 PMCID: PMC8668140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Females are more affected by psychiatric illnesses including eating disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder than males. However, the neural mechanisms mediating these sex differences are poorly understood. Animal models can be useful in exploring such neural mechanisms. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a behavioral task that assesses how animals process the competition between associated reinforcing and aversive stimuli in subsequent task performance, a process critical to healthy behavior in many domains. The purpose of the present study was to identify sex differences in this behavior and associated neural responses. We hypothesized that females would value the rewarding stimulus (Boost®) relative to the aversive stimulus (LiCl) more than males in performing CTA. We evaluated behavior (Boost® intake, LiCl-induced behaviors, ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), CTA performance) and Fos activation in relevant brain regions after the acute stimuli [acute Boost® (AB), acute LiCl (AL)] and the context-only task control (COT), Boost® only task (BOT) and Boost®-LiCl task (BLT). Acutely, females drank more Boost® than males but showed similar aversive behaviors after LiCl. Females and males performed CTA similarly. Both sexes produced 55 kHz USVs anticipating BOT and inhibited these calls in the BLT. However, more females emitted both 22 kHz and 55 kHz USVs in the BLT than males: the latter correlated with less CTA. Estrous cycle stage also influenced 55 kHz USVs. Fos responses were similar in males and females after AB or AL. Females engaged the gustatory cortex and ventral tegmental area (VTA) more than males during the BOT and males engaged the amygdala more than females in both the BOT and BLT. Network analysis of correlated Fos responses across brain regions identified two unique networks characterizing the BOT and BLT, in both of which the VTA played a central role. In situ hybridization with RNAscope identified a population of D1-receptor expressing cells in the CeA that responded to Boost® and D2 receptor-expressing cells that responded to LiCl. The present study suggests that males and females differentially process the affective valence of a stimulus to produce the same goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Bernanke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Burnette
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Justine Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Sara Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Q. David Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Rylee Wander
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Samantha Sette
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Zackery Reavis
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Reynold Francis
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher Armstrong
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mary-Louise Risher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Ayoub SM, Piscitelli F, Silvestri C, Limebeer CL, Rock EM, Smoum R, Farag M, de Almeida H, Sullivan MT, Lacroix S, Boubertakh B, Nallabelli N, Lichtman AH, Leri F, Mechoulam R, Di Marzo V, Parker LA. Spontaneous and Naloxone-Precipitated Withdrawal Behaviors From Chronic Opiates are Accompanied by Changes in N-Oleoylglycine and N-Oleoylalanine Levels in the Brain and Ameliorated by Treatment With These Mediators. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706703. [PMID: 34603019 PMCID: PMC8479102 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The endocannabinoidome mediators, N-Oleoylglycine (OlGly) and N-Oleoylalanine (OlAla), have been shown to reduce acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal affective and somatic responses. Objectives: To determine the role and mechanism of action of OlGly and OlAla in withdrawal responses from chronic exposure to opiates in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Opiate withdrawal was produced: 1) spontaneously 24 h following chronic exposure to escalating doses of morphine over 14 days (Experiments 1 and 2) and steady-state exposure to heroin by minipumps for 12 days (Experiment 3), 2) by naloxone injection during steady-state heroin exposure (Experiment 4), 3) by naloxone injection during operant heroin self-administration (Experiment 5). Results: In Experiment 1, spontaneous morphine withdrawal produced somatic withdrawal reactions. The behavioral withdrawal reactions were accompanied by suppressed endogenous levels of OlGly in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, N-Arachidonylglycerol and OlAla in the amygdala, 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and interoceptive insular cortex, and by changes in colonic microbiota composition. In Experiment 2, treatment with OlAla, but not OlGly, reduced spontaneous morphine withdrawal responses. In Experiment 3, OlAla attenuated spontaneous steady-state heroin withdrawal responses at both 5 and 20 mg/kg; OlGly only reduced withdrawal responses at the higher dose of 20 mg/kg. Experiment 4 demonstrated that naloxone-precipitated heroin withdrawal from steady-state exposure to heroin (7 mg/kg/day for 12 days) is accompanied by tissue-specific changes in brain or gut endocannabinoidome mediator, including OlGly and OlAla, levels and colonic microbiota composition, and that OlAla (5 mg/kg) attenuated behavioural withdrawal reactions, while also reversing some of the changes in brain and gut endocannabinoidome and gut microbiota induced by naloxone. Experiment 5 demonstrated that although OlAla (5 mg/kg) did not interfere with operant heroin self-administration on its own, it blocked naloxone-precipitated elevation of heroin self-administration behavior. Conclusion: These results suggest that OlAla and OlGly are two endogenous mediators whose brain concentrations respond to chronic opiate treatment and withdrawal concomitantly with changes in colon microbiota composition, and that OlAla may be more effective than OlGly in suppressing chronic opiate withdrawal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Ayoub
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pozzuli, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mathew Farag
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah de Almeida
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Megan T Sullivan
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Besma Boubertakh
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nayudu Nallabelli
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pozzuli, Italy.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, INAF, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome/Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Bashashati M, Leishman E, Bradshaw H, Sigaroodi S, Tatro E, Bright T, McCallum R, Sarosiek I. Plasma endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives are altered in gastroparesis: A sex- and subtype-dependent observation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e13961. [PMID: 32779297 PMCID: PMC8018519 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroparesis (GP) is a motility disorder of the stomach presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the setting of delayed gastric emptying. Endocannabinoids are involved in the regulation of GI function including motility. However, their role in the pathophysiology of GP has not been sufficiently investigated. Our goal was to compare the circulating levels of endocannabinoids and cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives in GP versus control subjects. METHODS The study compared plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and their lipoamine and 2-acyl glycerol congeners, measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS), in adult patients with diabetic gastroparesis (DM-GP; n = 24; n = 16 female), idiopathic gastroparesis (ID-GP; n = 19; n = 11 female), diabetic patients without GP (DM; n = 19; n = 10 female), and healthy controls (HC; n = 18; n = 10 female). Data, presented as mean ± SEM, were analyzed with ANOVA (Sidak post hoc). KEY RESULTS Endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA: 0.5 ± 0.1 nMol/L) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG: 2.6 ± 0.7 nMol/L) were significantly lower in female DM-GP patients vs. DM females (AEA: 2.5 ± 0.7 nMol/L and 2-AG: 9.4 ± 3.3 nMol/L). Other monoacylglycerols including 2-palmitoyl glycerol and 2-oleoyl glycerol were also lower in female DM-GP patients compared to DM females. No changes were observed in men. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Endocannabinoids and other fatty acid derivatives with cannabimimetic properties are reduced in female DM-GP patients. Since GP, particularly with diabetic etiology, is more prevalent among women and since cannabinoids are antiemetic, this decrease in levels may contribute to symptom development in these subjects. Targeting the endocannabinoid system may be a future therapeutic option in DM-GP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bashashati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Emma Leishman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Heather Bradshaw
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Solmaz Sigaroodi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA,Department of Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Eric Tatro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Tamis Bright
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Richard McCallum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Irene Sarosiek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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Abstract
Cannabinoids have been known as the primary component of cannabis for decades, but the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the 1990s opened the doors for cannabis' use in modern medicine. The 2 main receptors of this system, cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, are found on cells of various tissues, with significant expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The characterization of the ECS also heralded the understanding of endocannabinoids, naturally occurring compounds synthesized in the human body. Via secondary signaling pathways acting on vagal nerves, nociceptors, and immune cells, cannabinoids have been shown to have both palliative and detrimental effects on the pathophysiology of GI disorders. Although research on the effects of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids has been slow due to the complicated legal history of cannabis, discoveries of cannabinoids' treatment potential have been found in various fields of medicine, including the GI world. Medical cannabis has since been offered as a treatment for a myriad of conditions and malignancies, including cancer, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, nausea, posttraumatic stress disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cachexia, glaucoma, and epilepsy. This article hopes to create an overview of current research on cannabinoids and the ECS, detail the potential advantages and pitfalls of their use in GI diseases, and explore possible future developments in this field.
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Wooldridge LM, Ji L, Liu Y, Nikas SP, Makriyannis A, Bergman J, Kangas BD. Antiemetic Effects of Cannabinoid Agonists in Nonhuman Primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:462-468. [PMID: 32561684 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuating emesis elicited by both disease and medical treatments of disease remains a critical public health challenge. Although cannabinergic medications have been used in certain treatment-resistant populations, Food and Drug Administration-approved cannabinoid antiemetics are associated with undesirable side effects, including cognitive disruption, that limit their prescription. Previous studies have shown that a metabolically stable analog of the endocannabinoid anandamide, methanandamide (mAEA), may produce lesser cognitive disruption than that associated with the primary psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), raising the possibility that endocannabinoids may offer a therapeutic advantage over currently used medications. The present studies were conducted to evaluate this possibility by comparing the antiemetic effects of Δ9-THC (0.032-0.1 mg/kg) and mAEA (3.2-10.0 mg/kg) against nicotine- and lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced emesis and prodromal hypersalivation in squirrel monkeys. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg Δ9-THC blocked nicotine-induced emesis and reduced hypersalivation in all subjects and blocked LiCl-induced emesis and reduced hypersalivation in three of four subjects. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg mAEA blocked nicotine-induced emesis in three of four subjects and LiCl-induced emesis in one of four subjects and reduced both nicotine- and LiCl-induced hypersalivation. Antiemetic effects of Δ9-THC and mAEA were reversed by rimonabant pretreatment, providing verification of cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediation. These studies systematically demonstrate for the first time the antiemetic effects of cannabinoid agonists in nonhuman primates. Importantly, although Δ9-THC produced superior antiemetic effects, the milder cognitive effects of mAEA demonstrated in previous studies suggest that it may provide a favorable treatment option under clinical circumstances in which antiemetic efficacy must be balanced against side effect liability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Emesis has significant evolutionary value as a defense mechanism against ingested toxins; however, it is also one of the most common adverse symptoms associated with both disease and medical treatments of disease. The development of improved antiemetic pharmacotherapies has been impeded by a paucity of animal models. The present studies systematically demonstrate for the first time the antiemetic effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and endocannabinoid analog methanandamide in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Wooldridge
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Lipin Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Yingpeng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Jack Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Brian D Kangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.B., B.D.K.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.M.W., J.B., B.D.K.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (L.J., Y.L., S.P.N., A.M.)
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10
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DeVuono MV, Parker LA. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Review of Potential Mechanisms. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:132-144. [PMID: 32656345 PMCID: PMC7347072 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabinoids have long been known for their ability to treat nausea and vomiting. Recent reports, however, have highlighted the paradoxical proemetic effects of cannabinoids. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by cyclical episodes of nausea and vomiting, accompanied by abdominal pain following prolonged, high-dose cannabis use, which is alleviated by hot baths and showers. Little is known about the cause of this syndrome. Discussion: Cannabinoids produce a biphasic effect on nausea and vomiting, with low doses having an antiemetic effect and high doses producing emesis. Presentation and treatment of CHS are similar to cyclical vomiting syndrome as well as chemotherapy-related anticipatory nausea and vomiting, suggesting that these phenomena may share mechanisms. The prevalence of CHS is not known because of the symptomatic overlap with other disorders and the lack of knowledge of the syndrome by the public and physicians. Treatment with typical antiemetic drugs is ineffective for CHS, but anxiolytic and sedative drugs, along with hot showers, seem to be consistently effective at reducing symptoms. The only known way to permanently end CHS, however, is abstinence from cannabinoids. Case studies and limited pre-clinical data on CHS indicate that prolonged high doses of the main psychotropic compound in cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), result in changes to the endocannabinoid system by acting on the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor. These endocannabinoid system changes can dysregulate stress and anxiety responses, thermoregulation, the transient receptor potential vanilloid system, and several neurotransmitters systems, and are thus potential candidates for mediating the pathophysiology of CHS. Conclusions: Excessive cannabinoid administration disrupts the normal functioning of the endocannabinoid system, which may cause CHS. More clinical and pre-clinical research is needed to fully understand the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder and the negative consequences of prolonged high-dose cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieka V. DeVuono
- Department of Psychology and Collabortive Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Linda A. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collabortive Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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11
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Corcoran L, Mattimoe D, Roche M, Finn DP. Attenuation of fear-conditioned analgesia in rats by monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in the anterior cingulate cortex: Potential role for CB 2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2240-2255. [PMID: 31967664 PMCID: PMC7174879 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Improved understanding of brain mechanisms regulating endogenous analgesia is important from a fundamental physiological perspective and for identification of novel therapeutic strategies for pain. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in stress-induced analgesia, including fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA), a potent form of endogenous analgesia. Here, we studied the role of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; a brain region implicated in the affective component of pain) in FCA in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FCA was modelled in male Lister-hooded rats by assessing formalin-evoked nociceptive behaviour in an arena previously paired with footshock. The effects of intra-ACC administration of MJN110 (inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase [MGL], the primary enzyme catabolizing 2-AG), AM630 (CB2 receptor antagonist), AM251 (CB1 receptor antagonist) or MJN110 + AM630 on FCA were assessed. KEY RESULTS MJN110 attenuated FCA when microinjected into the ACC, an effect associated with increased levels of 2-AG in the ACC. This effect of MJN110 on FCA was unaltered by co-administration of AM251 but was blocked by AM630, which alone reduced nociceptive behaviour in non-fear-conditioned rats. RT-qPCR confirmed that mRNA encoding CB1 and CB2 receptors was detectable in the ACC of formalin-injected rats and unchanged in those expressing FCA. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that an MGL substrate in the ACC, likely 2-AG, modulates FCA and that within the ACC, 2-AG-CB2 receptor signalling may suppress this form of endogenous analgesia. These results may facilitate increased understanding and improved treatment of pain- and fear-related disorders and their co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Corcoran
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain ResearchNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Darragh Mattimoe
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain ResearchNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain ResearchNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - David P. Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain ResearchNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
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12
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Piscitelli F, Guida F, Luongo L, Iannotti FA, Boccella S, Verde R, Lauritano A, Imperatore R, Smoum R, Cristino L, Lichtman AH, Parker LA, Mechoulam R, Maione S, Di Marzo V. Protective Effects of N-Oleoylglycine in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1117-1128. [PMID: 32017529 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of death in young people for which currently no efficacious treatment exists. Recently, we have reported that mice with mild-TBI with a specific injury in the insula showed elevated levels of a little investigated N-acyl amino acid, N-oleoylglycine (OlGly). N-acyl amino acids have recently experienced an increased interest because of their important biological activities. They belong to the endocannabinoidome family of lipids with structural similarities with the endocannabinoids (eCBs). The aim of this study was to test the neuroprotective and antihyperalgesic actions of OlGly in a model of mouse mild-TBI (mTBI) and its effect on levels of eCBs and N-acylethanolamines at the end of treatment. Following mTBI, mice were administered a daily injection of OlGly (10-50-100 mg/kg i.p.) for 14 days. Treatment with OlGly normalized motor impairment and behavior in the light/dark box test, ameliorated TBI-induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, and normalized aggressiveness and depression. Moreover, levels of eCBs and some N-acylethanolamines underwent significant changes 60 days after TBI, especially in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, and OlGly reversed some of these changes. In conclusion, our findings reveal that OlGly ameliorates the behavioral alterations associated with mTBI in mice, while concomitantly modulating eCB and eCB-like mediator tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Luigia Cristino
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Linda A. Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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13
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Fucich EA, Stielper ZF, Cancienne HL, Edwards S, Gilpin NW, Molina PE, Middleton JW. Endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors ameliorate neuronal and synaptic alterations following traumatic brain injury. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:707-717. [PMID: 31913777 PMCID: PMC7052644 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00570.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work showed that lateral fluid percussion injury to the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of anesthetized rats increased neuronal synaptic hyperexcitability in layer 5 (L5) neurons in ex vivo brain slices 10 days postinjury. Furthermore, endocannabinoid (EC) degradation inhibition via intraperitoneal JZL184 injection 30 min postinjury attenuated synaptic hyperexcitability. This study tested the hypothesis that traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces synaptic and intrinsic neuronal alterations of L5 SMC pyramidal neurons and that these alterations are significantly attenuated by in vivo post-TBI treatment with EC degradation inhibitors. We tested the effects of systemically administered EC degradation enzyme inhibitors (JZL184, MJN110, URB597, or JZL195) with differential selectivity for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) on electrophysiological parameters in SMC neurons of TBI- and sham-treated rats 10 days post-TBI. We recorded intrinsic neuronal properties, including resting membrane voltage, input resistance, spike threshold, spiking responses to current input, voltage "sag" (rebound response to hyperpolarization-activated inward current), and burst firing. We also measured the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. We then used the aggregate parameter sets (intrinsic + synaptic properties) to apply a machine learning classification algorithm to quantitatively compare neural population responses from each experimental group. Collectively, our electrophysiological and computational results indicate that sham neurons are the most distinguishable from TBI neurons. Administration of EC degradation inhibitors post-TBI exerted varying degrees of rescue, approximating the neuronal phenotype of sham neurons, with neurons from TBI/JZL195 (a dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor) being most similar to neurons from sham rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study elucidates neuronal properties altered by traumatic brain injury (TBI) in layer 5 of sensorimotor cortex, which may be implicated in post-TBI circuit dysfunction. We compared effects of systemic administration of four different endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors within a clinically relevant window postinjury. Electrophysiological measures and using a machine learning classification algorithm collectively suggest that pharmacological inhibitors targeting both monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase (e.g., JZL195) may be most efficacious in attenuating TBI-induced neuronal dysfunction at site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Fucich
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Zachary F Stielper
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Heather L Cancienne
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Scott Edwards
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason W Middleton
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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14
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Rock EM, Ayoub SM, Limebeer CL, Gene A, Wills KL, DeVuono MV, Smoum R, Di Marzo V, Lichtman AH, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal elicits nausea-like somatic behaviors in rats in a manner suppressed by N-oleoylglycine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:375-384. [PMID: 31712968 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MWD) produces a conditioned place aversion (CPA) in rats even after one or two exposures to high-dose (20 mg/kg, sc) morphine followed 24-h later by naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc). However, the somatic withdrawal reactions produced by acute naloxone-precipitated MWD in rats have not been investigated. A recently discovered fatty acid amide, N-oleoylglycine (OlGly), which has been suggested to act as a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor and as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, was previously shown to interfere with a naloxone-precipitated MWD-induced CPA in rats. OBJECTIVES The aims of these studies were to examine the somatic withdrawal responses produced by acute naloxone-precipitated MWD and determine whether OlGly can also interfere with these responses. RESULTS Here, we report that following two exposures to morphine (20 mg/kg, sc) each followed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc) 24 h later, rats display nausea-like somatic reactions of lying flattened on belly, abdominal contractions and diarrhea, and display increased mouthing movements and loss of body weight. OlGly (5 mg/kg, ip) interfered with naloxone-precipitated MWD-induced abdominal contractions, lying on belly, diarrhea and mouthing movements in male Sprague-Dawley rats, by both a cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and a PPARα mechanism of action. Since these withdrawal reactions are symptomatic of nausea, we evaluated the potential of OlGly to interfere with lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced and MWD-induced conditioned gaping in rats, a selective measure of nausea; the suppression of MWD-induced gaping reactions by OlGly was both CB1 and PPARα mediated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the aversive effects of acute naloxone-precipitated MWD reflect nausea, which is suppressed by OlGly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samantha M Ayoub
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexia Gene
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kiri L Wills
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marieka V DeVuono
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pozzuli, Naples, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome/Endocannabinoid Axis in Metabolomic Health, University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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Wickham RJ. Revisiting the physiology of nausea and vomiting-challenging the paradigm. Support Care Cancer 2019; 28:13-21. [PMID: 31388745 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-05012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The predominant neurotransmitters and receptors for acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are represented in the current paradigm, which reflects successful control of emesis. However, control of nausea (N) lags behind management of vomiting (V). This review aims to re-examine and incorporate new information about the mechanisms of V and N. METHODS The initial literature search focused on CINV. Keywords in articles led to subsequent discovery of publications focused on N&V in other medical and scientific fields (e.g., gastroenterology, neurology, cannabinoid science, neuropharmacology, and motion sickness). Using keywords to identify other sources continued until no further recent, meaningful publications were found. RESULTS More than 86% of references were from recent non-oncology journals and books, suggesting there are many areas for cross-fertilization research into mechanisms and management of N&V-particularly of N, which involves overlapping and dissimilar CNS areas from V. Information from cited articles was incorporated into visual representation of N&V, which is certainly not exhaustive but supports highly complex processes in the stomach and gut, the vagus nerve and spinal cord neurons, the nucleus tractus solitarii, and the anterior insular cortex and anterior cingulate cortex with input from the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS These data support the idea that mechanisms for N, whatever the cause, must be highly similar. Continued research into nausea, including patient-reported evaluation and outcomes, is important; interventions for nausea could be considered adjuvants to current standard of care antiemetics and be individualized, depending on patient-reported efficacy and adverse effects and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Wickham
- Rush University College of Nursing, 8039 Garth Point Lane, Rapid River, MI, 49878, USA.
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16
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Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Aliasi-Sinai L, Parker LA. The ventral pallidum as a critical region for fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition of nausea-induced conditioned gaping in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:142-149. [PMID: 31145905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigate the involvement of the ventral pallidum (VP) in the anti-nausea effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition with PF-3845, and examine the pharmacological mechanism of such an effect. We explored the potential of intra-VP PF-3845 to reduce the establishment of lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned gaping (a model of acute nausea) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. As well, the role of the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPARα) in the anti-nausea effect of PF-3845 was examined. Finally, the potential of intra-VP GW7647, a PPARα agonist, to reduce acute nausea was also evaluated. Intra-VP PF-3845 dose-dependently reduced acute nausea by a PPARα mechanism (and not a CB1 receptor mechanism). Intra-VP administration of GW7647, similarly attenuated acute nausea. These findings suggest that the anti-nausea action of FAAH inhibition may occur in the VP, and may involve activation of PPARα to suppress acute nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lital Aliasi-Sinai
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Anti-cholinergics mecamylamine and scopolamine alleviate motion sickness-induced gastrointestinal symptoms through both peripheral and central actions. Neuropharmacology 2019; 146:252-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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DeVuono MV, Hrelja KM, Sabaziotis L, Rajna A, Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Mutch DM, Parker LA. Conditioned gaping produced by high dose Δ 9-tetrahydracannabinol: Dysregulation of the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system. Neuropharmacology 2018; 141:272-282. [PMID: 30195587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydracannabinol (THC) is recognized as an effective treatment for nausea and vomiting via its action on the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor. Paradoxically, there is evidence that THC can also produce nausea and vomiting. Using the conditioned gaping model of nausea in rats, we evaluated the ability of several doses of THC (0.0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) to produced conditioned gaping reactions. We then investigated the ability of the CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, to block the establishment of THC-induced conditioned gaping. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was then used to investigate changes in endocannabinoid related genes in various brain regions in rats chronically treated with vehicle (VEH), 0.5 or 10 mg/kg THC. THC produced dose-dependent gaping, with 5 and 10 mg/kg producing significantly more gaping reactions than VEH or 0.5 mg/kg THC, a dose known to have anti-emetic properties. Pre-treatment with rimonabant reversed this effect, indicating that THC-induced conditioned gaping was CB1 receptor mediated. The RT-PCR analysis revealed an upregulation of genes for the degrading enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidolyl glycerol (2-AG), in the hypothalamus of rats treated with 10 mg/kg THC. No changes in the expression of relevant genes were found in nausea (interoceptive insular cortex) or vomiting (dorsal vagal complex) related brain regions. These findings support the hypothesis that THC-induced nausea is a result of a dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to an overactive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieka V DeVuono
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly M Hrelja
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Sabaziotis
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Rajna
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, ON, Canada.
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19
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Sticht MA, Lau DJ, Keenan CM, Cavin JB, Morena M, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A, Cravatt BF, Sharkey KA, Hill MN. Endocannabinoid regulation of homeostatic feeding and stress-induced alterations in food intake in male rats. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1524-1540. [PMID: 30051485 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stress is known to reduce food intake. Many aspects of the stress response and feeding are regulated by the endocannabinoid system, but the roles of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in stress-induced anorexia are unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of acute restraint stress on endocannabinoids were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic and central pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) was used to assess the effects of elevated AEA and 2-AG on homeostatic feeding and on food consumption after stress. Animals were pretreated with the FAAH inhibitor, PF-04457845, or the MAGL inhibitor, MJN110, before 2 h acute restraint stress or 2 h homecage period without food. KEY RESULTS Restraint stress decreased hypothalamic and circulating AEA, with no effect in the gastrointestinal tract, while 2-AG content in the jejunum (but not duodenum) was reduced. PF-04457845 (30 μg), given i.c.v., attenuated stress-induced anorexia via CB1 receptors, but reduced homeostatic feeding in unstressed animals through an unknown mechanism. On the other hand, systemic administration of MJN110 (10 mg·kg-1 ) reduced feeding, regardless of stress or feeding status and inhibited basal intestinal transit in unstressed rats. The ability of MAGL inhibition to reduce feeding in combination with stress was independent of CB1 receptor signalling in the gut as the peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonist, AM6545 did not block this effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data reveal diverse roles for 2-AG and AEA in homeostatic feeding and changes in energy intake following stress. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Sticht
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David J Lau
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine M Keenan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria Morena
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Dept. of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Nausea-Induced 5-HT Release in the Interoceptive Insular Cortex and Regulation by Monoacylglycerol Lipase (MAGL) Inhibition and Cannabidiol. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0256-18. [PMID: 30073198 PMCID: PMC6071201 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0256-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the rat conditioned gaping model of nausea, the interoceptive insular cortex (IIC) has been identified as a critical site for the regulation of lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced nausea. Indirect evidence supports a model where serotonin (5-HT) acts on postsynaptic 5-HT3 receptors and its release is suppressed by elevating 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition to suppress nausea. Here, we directly test the hypothesis that systemic LiCl elevates 5-HT in the IIC, and this is prevented by pretreatments that reduce 5-HT release. Using male Sprague Dawley rats, LiCl (but not saline), elevated 5-HT selectively in the IIC, for 20 min after LiCl administration (127.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Systemic pretreatment with the MAGL inhibitor, MJN110, prevented the LiCl-induced elevation of 5-HT in the IIC. Systemic cannabidiol (CBD), which reduces LiCl-induced nausea by acting at 5-HT1A somatodendritic autoreceptors, also prevented LiCl-induced elevation of 5-HT in the IIC. Since 5-HT3 receptor agonists delivered to the IIC produce nausea, we tested and confirmed the hypothesis that the intra-IIC administration of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, but not MJN110, would prevent LiCl-induced conditioned gaping reactions produced by intra-IIC administration of the 5-HT3 receptor agonist, m-chlorophenylbiguanide (mCPBG). Finally, we demonstrate that exposure to a LiCl-paired flavor (but not a saline-paired flavor) produces elevated 5-HT release in the IIC, while rats display conditioned gaping reactions. These results confirm that LiCl-induced nausea is triggered by elevated 5-HT release in the IIC and is attenuated by treatments that reduce 5-HT availability in this region.
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Enhanced endocannabinoid tone as a potential target of pharmacotherapy. Life Sci 2018; 204:20-45. [PMID: 29729263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is up-regulated in numerous pathophysiological states such as inflammatory, neurodegenerative, gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, pain, and cancer. It has been suggested that this phenomenon primarily serves an autoprotective role in inhibiting disease progression and/or diminishing signs and symptoms. Accordingly, enhancement of endogenous endocannabinoid tone by inhibition of endocannabinoid degradation represents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases. Importantly, this allows for the avoidance of unwanted psychotropic side effects that accompany exogenously administered cannabinoids. The effects of endocannabinoid metabolic pathway modulation are complex, as endocannabinoids can exert their actions directly or via numerous metabolites. The two main strategies for blocking endocannabinoid degradation are inhibition of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes and inhibition of endocannabinoid cellular uptake. To date, the most investigated compounds are inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. However, application of FAAH inhibitors (and consequently other endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors) in medicine became questionable due to a lack of therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials and serious adverse effects evoked by one specific compound. In this paper, we discuss multiple pathways of endocannabinoid metabolism, changes in endocannabinoid levels across numerous human diseases and corresponding experimental models, pharmacological strategies for enhancing endocannabinoid tone and potential therapeutic applications including multi-target drugs with additional targets outside of the endocannabinoid system (cyclooxygenase-2, cholinesterase, TRPV1, and PGF2α-EA receptors), and currently used medicines or medicinal herbs that additionally enhance endocannabinoid levels. Ultimately, further clinical and preclinical studies are warranted to develop medicines for enhancing endocannabinoid tone.
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Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition alters social behavior in male and female rats after post-weaning social isolation. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:146-153. [PMID: 29292159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-weaning social isolation (PSI) has been shown to increase aggressive behavior and alter medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function in rats. The present study sought to determine whether this phenotype would be normalized by increasing levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) using pharmacological inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either 4 weeks of PSI or social rearing (SR) starting on postnatal day 21, then underwent a 15 min trial of social interaction with a novel, same-sex juvenile rat. Rats were administered an acute injection of the MAGL inhibitor MJN110 or vehicle prior to the social interaction. Rats received either 0 mg/kg (vehicle), 1 mg/kg, or 5 mg/kg of MJN110. Both doses of MJN110 decreased aggressive grooming, a measure of agonistic behavior, in both males and females, largely driven by decreased aggressive grooming in PSI rats. There were no effects of MJN110 on overall social behavior or play behavior, while modest effects were observed on locomotor activity in SR rats only. While social interaction increased c-Fos expression in the mPFC of both males and females, MJN110 reduced c-Fos preferentially in females. These results suggest that 2-AG can modulate specific social behaviors during adolescence, and may affect mPFC function differentially in males and females.
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Rock EM, Moreno-Sanz G, Limebeer CL, Petrie GN, Angelini R, Piomelli D, Parker LA. Suppression of acute and anticipatory nausea by peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor in animal models: role of PPARα and CB 1 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3837-3847. [PMID: 28805944 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Effective treatments of nausea are limited. In this study we evaluated the ability of the peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB937, to suppress acute and anticipatory nausea in rats and examined the pharmacological mechanism of this effect. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the potential of URB937 (administered i.p.) to reduce the establishment of lithium chloride-induced conditioned gaping (model of acute nausea) and to reduce the expression of contextually-elicited conditioned gaping (model of anticipatory nausea) in rats. The role of CB1 receptors, CB2 receptors and PPARα in the anti-nausea effect of URB937 was examined. The potential of URB937 to suppress FAAH activity in tissue collected from the area postrema (AP), prefrontal cortex (PFC), liver and duodenum and to elevate levels of FAAH substrates - anandamide (AEA), N-oleoylethanolamide (OEO) and N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) - in the AP was also evaluated. KEY RESULTS URB937 reduced acute nausea by a PPARα-dependent mechanism and reduced anticipatory nausea by a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism. The PPARα agonist, GW7647, similarly attenuated acute nausea. URB937 reduced FAAH activity in the liver and the duodenum but not in the PFC. In addition, URB937 reduced FAAH activity and elevated levels of fatty-acid ethanolamides in the AP, a brain region that is not protected by the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The anti-nausea action of URB937 may occur in the AP and may involve PPARα to suppress acute nausea and CB1 receptors to suppress anticipatory nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin N Petrie
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Angelini
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Schurman LD, Lichtman AH. Endocannabinoids: A Promising Impact for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28261100 PMCID: PMC5314139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system regulates a diverse array of physiological processes and unsurprisingly possesses considerable potential targets for the potential treatment of numerous disease states, including two receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2 receptors) and enzymes regulating their endogenous ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG). Increases in brain levels of endocannabinoids to pathogenic events suggest this system plays a role in compensatory repair mechanisms. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology remains mostly refractory to currently available drugs, perhaps due to its heterogeneous nature in etiology, clinical presentation, and severity. Here, we review pre-clinical studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate TBI pathology. Specifically, manipulations of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes (e.g., fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and α/β-hydrolase domain-6), CB1 and CB2 receptors, and their endogenous ligands have shown promise in modulating cellular and molecular hallmarks of TBI pathology such as; cell death, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular breakdown, and cell structure and remodeling. TBI-induced behavioral deficits, such as learning and memory, neurological motor impairments, post-traumatic convulsions or seizures, and anxiety also respond to manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. As such, the endocannabinoid system possesses potential drugable receptor and enzyme targets for the treatment of diverse TBI pathology. Yet, full characterization of TBI-induced changes in endocannabinoid ligands, enzymes, and receptor populations will be important to understand that role this system plays in TBI pathology. Promising classes of compounds, such as the plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids, as well as their non-cannabinoid receptor targets, such as TRPV1 receptors, represent important areas of basic research and potential therapeutic interest to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
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25
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Limebeer CL, Rock EM, Puvanenthirarajah N, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Parker LA. Elevation of 2-AG by monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in the visceral insular cortex interferes with anticipatory nausea in a rat model. Behav Neurosci 2016; 130:261-6. [PMID: 26974857 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Anticipatory nausea (AN) is a conditioned nausea reaction experienced by chemotherapy patients upon returning to the clinic. Currently, there are no specific treatments for this phenomenon, with the classic antiemetic treatments (e.g., ondansetron) providing no relief. The rat model of AN, contextually elicited conditioned gaping reactions in rats, provides a tool for assessing potential treatments for this difficult to treat disorder. Systemically administered drugs which elevate the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), by interfering with their respective degrading enzymes, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MAGL) interfere with AN in the rat model. We have shown that MAGL inhibition within the visceral insular cortex (VIC) interferes with acute nausea in the gaping model (Sticht et al., 2015). Here we report that bilateral infusion of the MAGL inhibitor, MJN110 (but neither the FAAH inhibitor, PF3845, nor ondansetron) into the VIC suppressed contextually elicited conditioned gaping, and this effect was reversed by coadministration of the CB1 antagonist, AM251. These findings suggest that 2-AG within the VIC plays a critical role in the regulation of both acute nausea and AN. Because there are currently no specific therapeutics for chemotherapy patients that develop anticipatory nausea, MAGL inhibition by MJN110 may be a candidate treatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph
| | | | - Micah J Niphakis
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute
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Sharkey KA, Wiley JW. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Brain-Gut Axis. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:252-66. [PMID: 27133395 PMCID: PMC4961581 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The actions of cannabis are mediated by receptors that are part of an endogenous cannabinoid system. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of the naturally occurring ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their biosynthetic and degradative enzymes, and the cannabinoid (CB) receptors CB1 and CB2. The ECS is a widely distributed transmitter system that controls gut functions peripherally and centrally. It is an important physiologic regulator of gastrointestinal motility. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding CB1 (CNR1) have been associated with some forms of irritable bowel syndrome. The ECS is involved in the control of nausea and vomiting and visceral sensation. The homeostatic role of the ECS also extends to the control of intestinal inflammation. We review the mechanisms by which the ECS links stress and visceral pain. CB1 in sensory ganglia controls visceral sensation, and transcription of CNR1 is modified through epigenetic processes under conditions of chronic stress. These processes might link stress with abdominal pain. The ECS is also involved centrally in the manifestation of stress, and endocannabinoid signaling reduces the activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathways via actions in specific brain regions, notably the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Agents that modulate the ECS are in early stages of development for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Increasing our understanding of the ECS will greatly advance our knowledge of interactions between the brain and gut and could lead to new treatments for gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada,Corresponding author: Dr. Keith Sharkey, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada, , Tel: 403-220-4601
| | - John W. Wiley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Rock EM, Parker LA. Cannabinoids As Potential Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:221. [PMID: 27507945 PMCID: PMC4960260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of classic anti-emetics, chemotherapy-induced nausea is still problematic, with vomiting being somewhat better managed in the clinic. If post-treatment nausea and vomiting are not properly controlled, anticipatory nausea—a conditioned response to the contextual cues associated with illness-inducing chemotherapy—can develop. Once it develops, anticipatory nausea is refractive to current anti-emetics, highlighting the need for alternative treatment options. One of the first documented medicinal uses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) was for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), and recent evidence is accumulating to suggest a role for the endocannabinoid system in modulating CINV. Here, we review studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system in human patients and pre-clinical animal models of nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
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Rock EM, Boulet N, Limebeer CL, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor agonism reduces lithium chloride-induced vomiting in Suncus murinus and nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 786:94-99. [PMID: 27263826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the potential anti-emetic and anti-nausea properties of targeting the cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor. We investigated the effect of the selective CB2 agonist, HU-308, on lithium chloride- (LiCl) induced vomiting in Suncus murinus (S. murinus) and conditioned gaping (nausea-induced behaviour) in rats. Additionally, we determined whether these effects could be prevented by pretreatment with AM630 (a selective CB2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist). In S. murinus, HU-308 (2.5, 5mg/kg, i.p.) reduced, but did not completely block, LiCl-induced vomiting; an effect that was prevented with AM630. In rats, HU-308 (5mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed, but did not completely block, LiCl-induced conditioned gaping to a flavour; an effect that was prevented by AM630. These findings are the first to demonstrate the ability of a selective CB2 receptor agonist to reduce nausea in animal models, indicating that targeting the CB2 receptor may be an effective strategy, devoid of psychoactive effects, for managing toxin-induced nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute of Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Wills KL, Petrie GN, Millett G, Limebeer CL, Rock EM, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Parker LA. Double Dissociation of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition and CB1 Antagonism in the Central Amygdala, Basolateral Amygdala, and the Interoceptive Insular Cortex on the Affective Properties of Acute Naloxone-Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1865-73. [PMID: 26647976 PMCID: PMC4869055 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Both CB1 receptor antagonism and agonism, in particular by 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), have been shown to reduce somatic symptoms of morphine withdrawal (MWD). Here we evaluated the effects of both systemic pretreatment with the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor MJN110 (which selectively elevates 2-AG) and central administration of both MJN110 and the CB1 antagonist (AM251) on the affective properties of MWD. Acute MWD induced place aversion occurs when naloxone is administered 24 h following a single exposure to a high dose of morphine. Systemic pretreatment with the MAGL inhibitor, MJN110, prevented the aversive effects of acute MWD by a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, in a double dissociation, AM251 infusions into the central amygdala, but MJN110 infusions into the basolateral amygdala, interfered with the naloxone-precipitated MWD induced place aversion. As well, MJN110, but not AM251, infusions into the interoceptive insular cortex (a region known to be activated in acute MWD) also prevented the establishment of the place aversion by a CB1 mechanism of action. These findings reveal the respective sites of action of systemically administered MJN110 and AM251 in regulating the aversive effects of MWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri L Wills
- Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin N Petrie
- Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geneva Millett
- Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Erin M Rock
- Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Physiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda A Parker
- Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada, Tel: +1 519 824 4120, 5330, Fax: +1 519 837 8629, E-mail:
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Parker LA, Limebeer CL, Rock EM, Sticht MA, Ward J, Turvey G, Benchama O, Rajarshi G, Wood JT, Alapafuja SO, Makriyannis A. A comparison of novel, selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacyglycerol lipase (MAGL) or dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors to suppress acute and anticipatory nausea in rat models. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2265-75. [PMID: 27048155 PMCID: PMC5531749 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drugs that block fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, which elevates anandamide [AEA]) and drugs which block monoacylglycerol (MAGL, which elevates 2-arachidonyl glycerol [2-AG]) have promise in treating both acute and anticipatory nausea in human patients. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the relative effectiveness of dual MAGL/FAAH inhibition with either alone to reduce acute and anticipatory nausea in rat models. MATERIALS AND METHODS AM4302, a new dual MAGL/FAAH inhibitor, was compared with a new selective MAGL inhibitor, AM4301, and new selective FAAH inhibitor, AM4303, for their potential to reduce acute nausea (gaping in taste reactivity) and anticipatory nausea (contextually elicited conditioned gaping) in two rat models. RESULTS Our in vitro studies indicate that AM4302 blocks human and rat FAAH: IC50 60 and 31 nM, respectively, with comparable potencies against human MAGL (IC50 41 nM) and rat MAGL (IC50 200 nM). AM4301 selectively blocks human and rat MAGL (IC50 8.9 and 36 nM, respectively), while AM4303 selectively inhibits human and rat FAAH (IC50 2 and 1.9 nM), respectively. Our in vivo studies show that the MAGL inhibitor, AM4301, suppressed acute nausea in a CB1-mediated manner, when delivered systemically or into the interoceptive insular cortex. Although the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor, AM4302, was equally effective as the FAAH inhibitor or MAGL inhibitor in reducing acute nausea, it was more effective than both in suppressing anticipatory nausea. CONCLUSIONS Dual FAAH and MAGL inhibition with AM4302 may be an especially effective treatment for the very difficult to treat symptom of anticipatory nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Martin A Sticht
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordan Ward
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Greig Turvey
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Othman Benchama
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Girija Rajarshi
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - JodiAnne T Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shakiru O Alapafuja
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- MAK Scientific LLC, Northeastern University, 432 Mugar Building, Boston, MA, USA
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Rock EM, Sticht MA, Limebeer CL, Parker LA. Cannabinoid Regulation of Acute and Anticipatory Nausea. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:113-121. [PMID: 28861486 PMCID: PMC5576606 DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced nausea is one of the most distressing symptoms reported by patients undergoing treatment, and even with the introduction of newer antiemetics such as ondansetron and aprepitant, nausea remains problematic in the clinic. Indeed, when acute nausea is not properly managed, the cues of the clinic can become associated with this distressing symptom resulting in anticipatory nausea for which no effective treatments are available. Clinical trials exploring the potential of exogenous or endogenous cannabinoids to reduce chemotherapy-induced nausea are sparse; therefore, we must rely on the data from pre-clinical rat models of nausea. In this review, we explore the human and pre-clinical animal literature examining the potential for exogenous and endogenous cannabinoid treatments to regulate chemotherapy-induced nausea. The pre-clinical evidence points to a compelling need to evaluate the antinausea potential of cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and treatments that boost the functioning of the endocannabinoid system in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Martin A Sticht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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Interference with acute nausea and anticipatory nausea in rats by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition through a PPARα and CB1 receptor mechanism, respectively: a double dissociation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3841-8. [PMID: 26297326 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition elevates anandamide (AEA), which acts on cannabinoid (CB1 and CB2) receptors, as well as N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA), which act on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Here, we determine the mechanism of action of FAAH inhibition on acute and anticipatory nausea (AN). OBJECTIVE We compared the effectiveness and mechanism of action of two FAAH inhibitors, URB597 and PF-3845, to reduce acute nausea and AN in rodent models of conditioned gaping. MATERIALS AND METHODS For assessment of acute nausea, rats were pretreated with vehicle (VEH), URB597 (0.3 and 10 mg/kg, experiment 1a) or PF-3845 (10 mg/kg, experiment 1b) 120 min prior to a saccharin-lithium chloride (LiCl) pairing. To assess the CB1 receptor or PPARα mediation of the effect of PF-3845 on acute nausea, rats were also pretreated with rimonabant or MK886, respectively. For assessment of AN, following four pairings of a novel context with LiCl, rats received a pretreatment of VEH, URB597 (0.3 mg/kg, experiment 2a), or PF-3845 (10, 20 mg/kg, experiment 2b) 120 min prior to placement in the AN context. To assess the CB1 receptor or PPARα mediation of the effect, rats were also pretreated with rimonabant or MK886, respectively. RESULTS PF-3845 (10 mg/kg, but not URB597 0.3 or 10 mg/kg) suppressed acute nausea via PPARα, but not CB1 receptors. URB597 (0.3 and 10 mg/kg) or PF-3845 (10 and 20 mg/kg) reduced AN via CB1 receptors, but not PPARα. CONCLUSIONS FAAH inhibition reduces acute nausea and AN through PPARα and CB1 receptor mediated effects, respectively.
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