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Nguyen HTM, van der Westhuizen ET, Langmead CJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Valant C. Opportunities and challenges for the development of M 1 muscarinic receptor positive allosteric modulators in the treatment for neurocognitive deficits. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2114-2142. [PMID: 36355830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting allosteric sites of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 receptors) is a promising strategy to treat neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Indeed, the last two decades have seen an impressive body of work focussing on the design and development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the M1 receptor. This has led to the identification of a structurally diverse range of highly selective M1 PAMs. In preclinical models, M1 PAMs have shown rescue of cognitive deficits and improvement of endpoints predictive of symptom domains of schizophrenia. Yet, to date only a few M1 PAMs have reached early-stage clinical trials, with many of them failing to progress further due to on-target mediated cholinergic adverse effects that have plagued the development of this class of ligand. This review covers the recent preclinical and clinical studies in the field of M1 receptor drug discovery for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, with a specific focus on M1 PAM, highlighting both the undoubted potential but also key challenges for the successful translation of M1 PAMs from bench-side to bedside. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong T M Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Widman CJ, Ventresca S, Dietrich J, Elmslie G, Smith H, Kaup G, Wesley A, Doenecke M, Williams FE, Schiefer IT, Ellis J, Messer WS. Allosteric modulators of M 1 muscarinic receptors enhance acetylcholine efficacy and decrease locomotor activity and turning behaviors in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14901. [PMID: 38942828 PMCID: PMC11213934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) has been identified as a potential strategy for regulating cholinergic signaling in the treatment of various neurological disorders. Most positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mAChR enhance agonist affinity and potency, while very few PAMs (e.g., amiodarone) selectively enhance G protein coupling efficacy. The key structural features of amiodarone responsible for enhancement of mAChR efficacy were examined in CHO cells expressing M1 receptors. Subsequent incorporation of these structural features into previously identified allosteric modulators of potency (i.e., n-benzyl isatins) generated ligands that demonstrated similar or better enhancement of mAChR efficacy, lower in vivo toxicity, and higher allosteric binding affinity relative to amiodarone. Notable ligands include 8a, c which respectively demonstrated the strongest binding affinity and the most robust enhancement of mAChR efficacy as calculated from an allosteric operational model. Amiodarone derivatives and hybrid ligands were additionally screened in wildtype zebrafish (Danio rerio) to provide preliminary in vivo toxicity data as well as to observe effects on locomotor and turning behaviors relative to other mAChR PAMs. Several compounds, including 8a, c, reduced locomotor activity and increased measures of turning behaviors in zebrafish, suggesting that allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptor efficacy might be useful in the treatment of repetitive behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Widman
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Mail Stop #1015, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Sestina Ventresca
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jillian Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Gwendolynne Elmslie
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Hazel Smith
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Mail Stop #1015, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Gina Kaup
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Mail Stop #1015, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Aaron Wesley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Madeline Doenecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Mail Stop #1015, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
- Center for Drug Design and Development, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - John Ellis
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - William S Messer
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Mail Stop #1015, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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3
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Azargoonjahromi A. Current Findings and Potential Mechanisms of KarXT (Xanomeline-Trospium) in Schizophrenia Treatment. Clin Drug Investig 2024:10.1007/s40261-024-01377-9. [PMID: 38904739 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-024-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Standard schizophrenia treatment involves antipsychotic medications that target D2 dopamine receptors. However, these drugs have limitations in addressing all symptoms and can lead to adverse effects such as motor impairments, metabolic effects, sedation, sexual dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and tardive dyskinesia. Recently, KarXT has emerged as a novel drug for schizophrenia. KarXT combines xanomeline, a muscarinic receptor M1 and M4 agonist, with trospium, a nonselective antimuscarinic agent. Of note, xanomeline can readily cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, thus, enter into the brain, thereby stimulating muscarinic receptors (M1 and M4). By doing so, xanomeline has been shown to target negative symptoms and potentially improve positive symptoms. Trospium, on the other hand, is not able to cross BBB, thereby not affecting M1 and M4 receptors; instead, it acts as an antimuscarinic agent and, hence, diminishes peripheral activity of muscarinic receptors to minimize side effects probably stemming from xanomeline in other organs. Accordingly, ongoing clinical trials investigating KarXT's efficacy in schizophrenia have demonstrated positive outcomes, including significant improvements in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score and cognitive function compared with placebo. These findings emphasize the potential of KarXT as a promising treatment for schizophrenia, providing symptom relief while minimizing side effects associated with xanomeline monotherapy. Despite such promising evidence, further research is needed to confirm the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of KarXT in managing schizophrenia. This review article explores the current findings and potential mechanisms of KarXT in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Janbazan Blv, 14th Alley, Jahrom, Shiraz, 7417773539, Fars, Iran.
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4
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Montejo-López W, Sampieri-Cabrera R, Nicolás-Vázquez MI, Aceves-Hernández JM, Razo-Hernández RS. Analysing the effect caused by increasing the molecular volume in M1-AChR receptor agonists and antagonists: a structural and computational study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8615-8640. [PMID: 38495977 PMCID: PMC10938299 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07380g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-AChR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) family, plays a crucial role in learning and memory, making it an important drug target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. M1-AChR activation and deactivation have shown modifying effects in AD and PD preclinical models, respectively. However, understanding the pharmacology associated with M1-AChR activation or deactivation is complex, because of the low selectivity among muscarinic subtypes, hampering their therapeutic applications. In this regard, we constructed two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, one for M1-AChR agonists (total and partial), and the other for the antagonists. The binding mode of 59 structurally different compounds, including agonists and antagonists with experimental binding affinity values (pKi), were analyzed employing computational molecular docking over different structures of M1-AChR. Furthermore, we considered the interaction energy (Einter), the number of rotatable bonds (NRB), and lipophilicity (ilogP) for the construction of the QSAR model for agonists (R2 = 89.64, QLMO2 = 78, and Qext2 = 79.1). For the QSAR model of antagonists (R2 = 88.44, QLMO2 = 82, and Qext2 = 78.1) we considered the Einter, the fraction of sp3 carbons fCsp3, and lipophilicity (MlogP). Our results suggest that the ligand volume is a determinant to establish its biological activity (agonist or antagonist), causing changes in binding energy, and determining the affinity for M1-AChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber Montejo-López
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54740 Mexico
| | - Raúl Sampieri-Cabrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias de Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
| | - María Inés Nicolás-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán Campo 1, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida 1o de Mayo s/n, Colonia Santa María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54740 Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Aceves-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de Mexico 54714 Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Av. Universidad 1001 Cuernavaca 62209 Mexico
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5
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Sun H, Yu W, Li H, Hu X, Wang X. Bioactive Components of Areca Nut: An Overview of Their Positive Impacts Targeting Different Organs. Nutrients 2024; 16:695. [PMID: 38474823 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Areca catechu L. is a widely cultivated tropical crop in Southeast Asia, and its fruit, areca nut, has been consumed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material for more than 10,000 years, although it has recently attracted widespread attention due to potential hazards. Areca nut holds a significant position in traditional medicine in many areas and ranks first among the four southern medicines in China. Numerous bioactive compounds have been identified in areca nuts, including alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, which exhibit diverse bioactive functions, such as anti-bacterial, deworming, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, they also display beneficial impacts targeting the nervous, digestive, and endocrine systems. This review summarizes the pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients in areca nut. This helps to ascertain the beneficial components of areca nut, discover its medicinal potential, and guide the utilization of the areca nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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6
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Widman CJ, Ventresca S, Dietrich J, Elmslie G, Smith H, Kaup G, Wesley A, Doenecke M, Williams FE, Schiefer IT, Ellis J, Messer WS. Hybrid Allosteric Modulators of M1 Muscarinic Receptors Enhance Acetylcholine Efficacy and Decrease Locomotor Activity and Turning Behaviors in Zebrafish. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3901189. [PMID: 38410427 PMCID: PMC10896388 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3901189/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) has been identified as a potential strategy for regulating cholinergic signaling in the treatment of various neurological disorders. Most positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mAChR enhance agonist affinity and potency, while very few PAMs selectively enhance G-protein coupling efficacy (e.g., amiodarone). The key structural features of amiodarone responsible for enhancement of mAChR efficacy were examined in CHO cells expressing M1 receptors. Subsequent incorporation of these structural features into previously identified allosteric modulators of potency (i.e., n-benzyl isatins) generated hybrid ligands that demonstrated similar or better enhancement of mAChR efficacy, lower in vivo toxicity, and higher allosteric binding affinity relative to amiodarone. Notable hybrid ligands include 8a and 8b which respectively demonstrated the strongest binding affinity and the most robust enhancement of mAChR efficacy as calculated from an allosteric operational model. Amiodarone derivatives and hybrid ligands were additionally screened in wildtype zebrafish (Danio rerio) to provide preliminary in vivo toxicity data as well as to observe effects on locomotor and turning behaviors relative to other mAChR PAMs. Several compounds, including 8a and 8c, reduced locomotor activity and increased measures of turning behaviors in zebrafish, suggesting that allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptor efficacy might be useful in the treatment of repetitive behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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7
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Alberto-Silva C, Pantaleão HQ, da Silva BR, da Silva JCA, Echeverry MB. Activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by proline-rich oligopeptide 7a (<EDGPIPP) from Bothrops jararaca snake venom rescues oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230043. [PMID: 38362565 PMCID: PMC10868729 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The bioactive peptides derived from snake venoms of the Viperidae family species have been promising as therapeutic candidates for neuroprotection due to their ability to prevent neuronal cell loss, injury, and death. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of a synthetic proline-rich oligopeptide 7a (PRO-7a; Methods Both cells were pre-treated for four hours with different concentrations of PRO-7a, submitted to H2O2-induced damage for 20 h, and then the oxidative stress markers were analyzed. Also, two independent neuroprotective mechanisms were investigated: a) L-arginine metabolite generation via argininosuccinate synthetase (AsS) activity regulation to produce agmatine or polyamines with neuroprotective properties; b) M1 mAChR receptor subtype activation pathway to reduce oxidative stress and neuron injury. Results PRO-7a was not cytoprotective in C6 cells, but potentiated the H2O2-induced damage to cell integrity at a concentration lower than 0.38 μM. However, PRO-7a at 1.56 µM, on the other hand, modified H2O2-induced toxicity in PC12 cells by restoring cell integrity, mitochondrial metabolism, ROS generation, and arginase indirect activity. The α-Methyl-DL-aspartic acid (MDLA) and L-NΩ-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-Name), specific inhibitors of AsS and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which catalyzes the synthesis of polyamines and NO from L-arginine, did not suppress PRO-7a-mediated cytoprotection against oxidative stress. It suggested that its mechanism is independent of the production of L-arginine metabolites with neuroprotective properties by increased AsS activity. On the other hand, the neuroprotective effect of PRO-7a was blocked in the presence of dicyclomine hydrochloride (DCH), an M1 mAChR antagonist. Conclusions For the first time, this work provides evidence that PRO-7a-induced neuroprotection seems to be mediated through M1 mAChR activation in PC12 cells, which reduces oxidative stress independently of AsS activity and L-arginine bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto-Silva
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center (CCNH), Experimental
Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do
Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Halyne Queiroz Pantaleão
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center (CCNH), Experimental
Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do
Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Brenda Rufino da Silva
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center (CCNH), Experimental
Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do
Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Araujo da Silva
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center (CCNH), Experimental
Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do
Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Bermudez Echeverry
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition (CMCC), Federal
University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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8
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Qi A, Kling HE, Billard N, Rodriguez AL, Peng L, Dickerson JW, Engers JL, Bender AM, Moehle MS, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Niswender CM. Development of a Selective and High Affinity Radioligand, [ 3H]VU6013720, for the M 4 Muscarinic Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:195-202. [PMID: 37595966 PMCID: PMC10586508 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
M4 muscarinic receptors are highly expressed in the striatum and cortex, brain regions that are involved in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and dystonia. Despite potential therapeutic advantages of specifically targeting the M4 receptor, it has been historically challenging to develop highly selective ligands, resulting in undesired off-target activity at other members of the muscarinic receptor family. Recently, we have reported first-in-class, potent, and selective M4 receptor antagonists. As an extension of that work, we now report the development and characterization of a radiolabeled M4 receptor antagonist, [3H]VU6013720, with high affinity (pKd of 9.5 ± 0.2 at rat M4, 9.7 at mouse M4, and 10 ± 0.1 at human M4 with atropine to define nonspecific binding) and no significant binding at the other muscarinic subtypes. Binding assays using this radioligand in rodent brain tissues demonstrate loss of specific binding in Chrm4 knockout animals. Dissociation kinetics experiments with various muscarinic ligands show differential effects on the dissociation of [3H]VU6013720 from M4 receptors, suggesting a binding site that is overlapping but may be distinct from the orthosteric site. Overall, these results demonstrate that [3H]VU6013720 is the first highly selective antagonist radioligand for the M4 receptor, representing a useful tool for studying the basic biology of M4 as well for the support of M4 receptor-based drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript describes the development and characterization of a novel muscarinic (M) acetylcholine subtype 4 receptor antagonist radioligand, [3H]VU6013720. This ligand binds to or overlaps with the acetylcholine binding site, providing a highly selective radioligand for the M4 receptor that can be used to quantify M4 protein expression in vivo and probe the selective interactions of acetylcholine with M4 versus the other members of the muscarinic receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Haley E Kling
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Natasha Billard
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Li Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Julie L Engers
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Aaron M Bender
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mark S Moehle
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (A.Q., H.E.K., N.B., A.L.R., L.P., J.W.D., J.L.E., A.M.B., C.W.L., J.M.R., C.M.N.) and Department of Chemistry (C.W.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N); Vanderbilt Brain Institute (C.M.N.) and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.W.L., C.M.N.),Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegeneration (M.S.M.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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9
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Steel D, Reid KM, Pisani A, Hess EJ, Fox S, Kurian MA. Advances in targeting neurotransmitter systems in dystonia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:217-258. [PMID: 37482394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is characterised as uncontrolled, often painful involuntary muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures and repetitive or twisting movements. These movements can be continuous or sporadic and affect different parts of the body and range in severity. Dystonia and its related conditions present a huge cause of neurological morbidity worldwide. Although therapies are available, achieving optimal symptom control without major unwanted effects remains a challenge. Most pharmacological treatments for dystonia aim to modulate the effects of one or more neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, but doing so effectively and with precision is far from straightforward. In this chapter we discuss the physiology of key neurotransmitters, including dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate, adenosine and cannabinoids, and their role in dystonia. We explore the ways in which existing pharmaceuticals as well as novel agents, currently in clinical trial or preclinical development, target dystonia, and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss current and emerging genetic therapies which may be used to treat genetic forms of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Steel
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health (Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children), London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M Reid
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health (Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children), London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Emory University School of Medicine, CA, United States
| | - Susan Fox
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manju A Kurian
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health (Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Diseases in Children), London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Niu Y, Lin P. Advances of computer-aided drug design (CADD) in the development of anti-Azheimer's-disease drugs. Drug Discov Today 2023:103665. [PMID: 37302540 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the nervous system that progressively destroys memory and thinking skills. Currently there is no treatment to prevent or cure AD; targeting the direct cause of neuronal degeneration would constitute a rational strategy and hopefully offer better options for the treatment of AD. This paper first summarizes the physiological and pathological pathogenesis of AD and then discusses the representative drug candidates for targeted therapy of AD and their binding mode with their targets. Finally, the applications of computer-aided drug design in discovering anti-AD drugs are reviewed. Teaser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Niu
- Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, 262700, China; Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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11
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Orlando IF, Shine JM, Robbins TW, Rowe JB, O'Callaghan C. Noradrenergic and cholinergic systems take centre stage in neuropsychiatric diseases of ageing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105167. [PMID: 37054802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are among the most vulnerable brain systems in neuropsychiatric diseases of ageing, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. As these systems fail, they contribute directly to many of the characteristic cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. However, their contribution to symptoms is not sufficiently understood, and pharmacological interventions targeting noradrenergic and cholinergic systems have met with mixed success. Part of the challenge is the complex neurobiology of these systems, operating across multiple timescales, and with non-linear changes across the adult lifespan and disease course. We address these challenges in a detailed review of the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems, outlining their roles in cognition and behaviour, and how they influence neuropsychiatric symptoms in disease. By bridging across levels of analysis, we highlight opportunities for improving drug therapies and for pursuing personalised medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella F Orlando
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire O'Callaghan
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Breier A, Brannan SK, Paul SM, Miller AC. Evidence of trospium's ability to mitigate cholinergic adverse events related to xanomeline: phase 1 study results. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1191-1198. [PMID: 37036495 PMCID: PMC10102054 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The M1/M4 preferring muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline demonstrated antipsychotic and procognitive effects in patients with Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia in prior studies, but further clinical development was limited by cholinergic adverse events (AEs). KarXT combines xanomeline with the peripherally restricted muscarinic receptor antagonist trospium with the goal of improving tolerability and is in clinical development for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVE Test the hypothesis that trospium can mitigate cholinergic AEs associated with xanomeline. METHODS Healthy volunteers enrolled in this phase 1 (NCT02831231), single-site, 9-day, double-blind comparison of xanomeline alone (n = 33) versus KarXT (n = 35). Rates of five prespecified cholinergic AEs (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, salivary hypersecretion) were compared between treatment arms. Vital signs, electrocardiograms (ECGs), safety laboratory values, and pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses were assessed. A self-administered visual analog scale (VAS) and clinician-administered scales were employed. RESULTS Compared with xanomeline alone, KarXT reduced composite incidences of the five a priori selected cholinergic AEs by 46% and each individual AE by ≥ 29%. There were no episodes of syncope in KarXT-treated subjects; two cases occurred in the xanomeline-alone arm. The rate of postural dizziness was 11.4% in the KarXT arm versus 27.2% with xanomeline alone. ECG, vital signs, and laboratory values were not meaningfully different between treatment arms. The VAS and clinician-administered scales tended to favor KarXT. PK analysis revealed that trospium did not affect xanomeline's PK profile. CONCLUSIONS Trospium was effective in mitigating xanomeline-related cholinergic AEs. KarXT had an improved safety profile compared with xanomeline alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Russell J, Ingram SM, Teal LB, Lindsley CW, Jones CK. M 1/M 4-Preferring Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Agonist Xanomeline Reverses Wake and Arousal Deficits in Nonpathologically Aged Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:435-457. [PMID: 36655909 PMCID: PMC9897218 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the cholinergic basal forebrain is implicated in the development of cognitive deficits and sleep/wake architecture disturbances in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Indirect-acting muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), remain the only FDA-approved treatments for the cognitive impairments observed in AD that target the cholinergic system. Novel direct-acting muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists also improve cognitive performance in young and aged preclinical species and are currently under clinical development for AD. However, little is known about the effects of direct-acting muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonists on disruptions of sleep/wake architecture and arousal observed in nonpathologically aged rodents, nonhuman primates, and clinical populations. The purpose of the present study was to provide the first assessment of the effects of the direct-acting M1/M4-preferring muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist xanomeline on sleep/wake architecture and arousal in young and nonpathologically aged mice, in comparison with the AChEI donepezil, when dosed in either the active or inactive phase of the circadian cycle. Xanomeline produced a robust reversal of both wake fragmentation and disruptions in arousal when dosed in the active phase of nonpathologically aged mice. In contrast, donepezil had no effect on either age-related wake fragmentation or arousal deficits when dosed during the active phase. When dosed in the inactive phase, both xanomeline and donepezil produced increases in wake and arousal and decreases in nonrapid eye movement sleep quality and quantity in nonpathologically aged mice. Collectively, these novel findings suggest that direct-acting muscarinic cholinergic agonists such as xanomeline may provide enhanced wakefulness and arousal in nonpathological aging, MCI, and AD patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason
K. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology,
Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, and Vanderbilt Institute of
Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shalonda M. Ingram
- Department of Pharmacology,
Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, and Vanderbilt Institute of
Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Laura B. Teal
- Department of Pharmacology,
Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, and Vanderbilt Institute of
Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology,
Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, and Vanderbilt Institute of
Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology,
Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, and Vanderbilt Institute of
Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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14
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Dean B, Bakker G, Ueda HR, Tobin AB, Brown A, Kanaan RAA. A growing understanding of the role of muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology and treatment of schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124333. [PMID: 36909280 PMCID: PMC9992992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models, postmortem and neuroimaging studies all support a role for muscarinic receptors in the molecular pathology of schizophrenia. From these data it was proposed that activation of the muscarinic M1 and/or M4 receptor would reduce the severity of the symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is now supported by results from two clinical trials which indicate that activating central muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors can reduce the severity of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. This review will provide an update on a growing body of evidence that argues the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors have critical roles in CNS functions that are dysregulated by the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This realization has been made possible, in part, by the growing ability to visualize and quantify muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors in the human CNS using molecular neuroimaging. We will discuss how these advances have provided evidence to support the notion that there is a sub-group of patients within the syndrome of schizophrenia that have a unique molecular pathology driven by a marked loss of muscarinic M1 receptors. This review is timely, as drugs targeting muscarinic receptors approach clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia and here we outline the background biology that supported development of such drugs to treat the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dean
- Synaptic Biology and Cognition Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Advanced Research Centre (ARC), School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard A A Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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15
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Bespalov A, van Gaalen M, Steckler T. Back to the Future of Neuropsychopharmacology. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:207-224. [PMID: 36928852 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Disappointments in translating preclinical findings into clinical efficacy have triggered a number of changes in neuroscience drug discovery ranging from investments diverted to other therapeutic areas to reduced reliance on efficacy claims derived from preclinical models. In this chapter, we argue that there are several existing examples that teach us on what needs to be done to improve the success rate. We advocate the reverse engineering approach that shifts the focus from preclinical efforts to "model" human disease states to pharmacodynamic activity as a common denominator in the journey to translate clinically validated phenomena to preclinical level and then back to humans. Combined with the research rigor, openness, and transparency, this reverse engineering approach is well set to bring new effective and safe medications to patients in need.
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16
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for psychotic disorders: bench-side to clinic. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1098-1112. [PMID: 36273943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern interest in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activators for schizophrenia began in the 1990s when xanomeline, an M1/M4-preferring mAChR agonist developed for cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), had unexpected antipsychotic activity. However, strategies to address tolerability concerns associated with activation of peripheral mAChRs were not available at that time. The discovery of specific targeted ligands and combination treatments to reduce peripheral mAChR engagement have advanced the potential of mAChR activators as effective treatments for psychotic disorders. This review provides perspectives on the background of the identification of mAChRs as potential antipsychotics, advances in the preclinical understanding of mAChRs as targets, and the current state of mAChR activators under active clinical development for schizophrenia.
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17
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Chen L, Hu B, Wang H, Li W, Wang S, Luan J, Liu H, Wang J, Cheng M. Selectivity mechanism of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism through in silico investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26269-26287. [PMID: 36281693 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Structures of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors illustrate the strikingly high degree of homology of the residues among isoforms, thus leading to difficulty in achieving subtype selectivity when targeting these receptors and causing undesired side effects when treating the corresponding diseases. Considering the urgent need for more selective and potency therapies, this study is aimed at revealing the selectivity mechanism against M4/5 via in silico strategies, revealing crucial molecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds and pi-cation interaction formed between the key residues TYR416, ASN417, and TRP435 of M4, respectively, hydrophobic pocket formed by the key residues, especially CYS484 of M5. Besides, the water around TYR416M4 and ASN459M5, which can be replaced by substituent groups which can form the hydrogen bond interaction network by simulated bridging water and the water around ASP112M4, whose replacement maybe not contribute to the increase in binding affinity of the compound, may affect the inhibitory selectivity among M4/5 in the aspect of the solvent. Moreover, from the point of inhibitors, compounds with a positively ionizable group could selectively bind to M4 receptors, while hydrophobic molecules may bind preferably to M5. We believe that the current study would provide a basis for the design of subsequent M4/5 selective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Baichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasi Luan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Design and New Drug Discovery of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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18
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Myslivecek J. Multitargeting nature of muscarinic orthosteric agonists and antagonists. Front Physiol 2022; 13:974160. [PMID: 36148314 PMCID: PMC9486310 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.974160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) are typical members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and exist in five subtypes from M1 to M5. Muscarinic receptor subtypes do not sufficiently differ in affinity to orthosteric antagonists or agonists; therefore, the analysis of receptor subtypes is complicated, and misinterpretations can occur. Usually, when researchers mainly specialized in CNS and peripheral functions aim to study mAChR involvement in behavior, learning, spinal locomotor networks, biological rhythms, cardiovascular physiology, bronchoconstriction, gastrointestinal tract functions, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease, they use orthosteric ligands and they do not use allosteric ligands. Moreover, they usually rely on manufacturers’ claims that could be misleading. This review aimed to call the attention of researchers not deeply focused on mAChR pharmacology to this fact. Importantly, limited selective binding is not only a property of mAChRs but is a general attribute of most neurotransmitter receptors. In this review, we want to give an overview of the most common off-targets for established mAChR ligands. In this context, an important point is a mention the tremendous knowledge gap on off-targets for novel compounds compared to very well-established ligands. Therefore, we will summarize reported affinities and give an outline of strategies to investigate the subtype’s function, thereby avoiding ambiguous results. Despite that, the multitargeting nature of drugs acting also on mAChR could be an advantage when treating such diseases as schizophrenia. Antipsychotics are a perfect example of a multitargeting advantage in treatment. A promising strategy is the use of allosteric ligands, although some of these ligands have also been shown to exhibit limited selectivity. Another new direction in the development of muscarinic selective ligands is functionally selective and biased agonists. The possible selective ligands, usually allosteric, will also be listed. To overcome the limited selectivity of orthosteric ligands, the recommended process is to carefully examine the presence of respective subtypes in specific tissues via knockout studies, carefully apply “specific” agonists/antagonists at appropriate concentrations and then calculate the probability of a specific subtype involvement in specific functions. This could help interested researchers aiming to study the central nervous system functions mediated by the muscarinic receptor.
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19
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Allosteric modulation of GPCRs: From structural insights to in silico drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Paul SM, Yohn SE, Popiolek M, Miller AC, Felder CC. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists as Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:611-627. [PMID: 35758639 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a challenging disease to treat effectively with current antipsychotic medications due to their limited efficacy across the entire spectrum of core symptoms as well as their often burdensome side-effect profiles and poor tolerability. An unmet need remains for novel, mechanistically unique, and better tolerated therapeutic agents for treating schizophrenia, especially those that treat not only positive symptoms but also the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. Almost 25 years ago, the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist xanomeline was reported to reduce psychotic symptoms and improve cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The antipsychotic and procognitive properties of xanomeline were subsequently confirmed in a small study of acutely psychotic patients with chronic schizophrenia. These unexpected clinical findings have prompted considerable efforts across academia and industry to target mAChRs as a new approach to potentially treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The authors discuss recent advances in mAChR biology and pharmacology and the current understanding of the relative roles of the various mAChR subtypes, their downstream cellular effectors, and key neural circuits mediating the reduction in the core symptoms of schizophrenia in patients treated with xanomeline. They also provide an update on the status of novel mAChR agonists currently in development for potential treatment of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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21
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Cikowski J, Holt C, Arthur B, Smith M, Gonzalez S, Lindsley CW, Niswender CM, Gogliotti RG. Optimized Administration of the M 4 PAM VU0467154 Demonstrates Broad Efficacy, but Limited Effective Concentrations in Mecp2+/- Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1891-1901. [PMID: 35671352 PMCID: PMC9266622 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of cholinergic circuits and diminished cholinergic tone have been associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome (RTT). Specifically, deletion of Mecp2 in cholinergic neurons evokes the same social and cognitive phenotypes in mice seen with global Mecp2 knockout, and decreased choline acetyltransferase activity and vesamicol binding have been reported in RTT autopsy samples. Further, we recently identified significant decreases in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 4 (M4) expression in both the motor cortex and cerebellum of RTT patient autopsies and established proof of concept that an acute dose of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0467154 (VU154) rescued phenotypes in Mecp2+/- mice. Here, we expand the assessment of M4 PAMs in RTT to address clinically relevant questions of tolerance, scope of benefit, dose response, chronic treatment, and mechanism. We show that VU154 has efficacy on anxiety, social preference, cognitive, and respiratory phenotypes in Mecp2+/- mice; however, the therapeutic range is narrow, with benefits seen at 3 mg/kg concentrations, but not 1 or 10 mg/kg. Further, sociability was diminished in VU154-treated Mecp2+/- mice, suggestive of a potential adverse effect. Compound efficacy on social, cognitive, and respiratory phenotypes was conserved with a 44-day treatment paradigm, with the caveat that breath rate was moderately decreased with chronic treatment in Mecp2+/+ and Mecp2+/- mice. VU154 effects on respiratory function correlated with an increase in Gsk3β inhibition in the brainstem. These results identify the core symptom domains where efficacy and adverse effects may present with M4 administration in RTT model mice and advocate for the continued evaluation as potential RTT therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Cikowski
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States,Edward
Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, United States
| | - Calista Holt
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States,Edward
Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, United States
| | - Bright Arthur
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mackenzie Smith
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States,Edward
Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, United States
| | - Sonia Gonzalez
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States,Edward
Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Vanderbilt
Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rocco G. Gogliotti
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, United States,Edward
Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141, United States,Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,Warren
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States,. Phone: 708-216-9021. Fax: 708-216-8318
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22
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Tahk MJ, Torp J, Ali MAS, Fishman D, Parts L, Grätz L, Müller C, Keller M, Veiksina S, Laasfeld T, Rinken A. Live-cell microscopy or fluorescence anisotropy with budded baculoviruses-which way to go with measuring ligand binding to M 4 muscarinic receptors? Open Biol 2022; 12:220019. [PMID: 35674179 PMCID: PMC9175271 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been associated with alcohol and cocaine abuse, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia which makes it an interesting drug target. For many GPCRs, the high-affinity fluorescence ligands have expanded the options for high-throughput screening of drug candidates and serve as useful tools in fundamental receptor research. Here, we explored two TAMRA-labelled fluorescence ligands, UR-MK342 and UR-CG072, for development of assays for studying ligand-binding properties to M4 receptor. Using budded baculovirus particles as M4 receptor preparation and fluorescence anisotropy method, we measured the affinities and binding kinetics of both fluorescence ligands. Using the fluorescence ligands as reporter probes, the binding affinities of unlabelled ligands could be determined. Based on these results, we took a step towards a more natural system and developed a method using live CHO-K1-hM4R cells and automated fluorescence microscopy suitable for the routine determination of unlabelled ligand affinities. For quantitative image analysis, we developed random forest and deep learning-based pipelines for cell segmentation. The pipelines were integrated into the user-friendly open-source Aparecium software. Both image analysis methods were suitable for measuring fluorescence ligand saturation binding and kinetics as well as for screening binding affinities of unlabelled ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris-Johanna Tahk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Torp
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohammed A. S. Ali
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dmytro Fishman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leopold Parts
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Lukas Grätz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Santa Veiksina
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Laasfeld
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva Street 20, 51009 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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23
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Targeting the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210004. [PMID: 35571495 PMCID: PMC9069568 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and despite extensive research, only a few drugs are available for management of the disease. One strategy has been to up-regulate cholinergic neurotransmission to improve cognitive function, but this approach has dose-limiting adverse effects. To avoid these adverse effects, new drugs that target specific receptor subtypes of the cholinergic system are needed, and the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-mAChR) has been shown to be a good target for this approach. By using several strategies, M1-mAChR ligands have been developed and trialled in preclinical animal models and in human studies, with varying degrees of success. This article reviews the different approaches to targeting the M1-mAChR in AD and discusses the advantages and limitations of these strategies. The factors to consider in targeting the M1-mAChR in AD are also discussed.
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24
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 4,4’-Difluorobenzhydrol Carbamates as Selective M1 Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020248. [PMID: 35215360 PMCID: PMC8879200 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their important role in mediating a broad range of physiological functions, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been a promising target for therapeutic and diagnostic applications alike; however, the list of truly subtype-selective ligands is scarce. Within this work, we have identified a series of twelve 4,4’-difluorobenzhydrol carbamates through a rigorous docking campaign leveraging commercially available amine databases. After synthesis, these compounds have been evaluated for their physico–chemical property profiles, including characteristics such as HPLC-logD, tPSA, logBB, and logPS. For all the synthesized carbamates, these characteristics indicate the potential for BBB permeation. In competitive radioligand binding experiments using Chinese hamster ovary cell membranes expressing the individual human mAChR subtype hM1-hM5, the most promising compound 2 displayed a high binding affinitiy towards hM1R (1.2 nM) while exhibiting modest-to-excellent selectivity versus the hM2-5R (4–189-fold). All 12 compounds were shown to act in an antagonistic fashion towards hM1R using a dose-dependent calcium mobilization assay. The structural eligibility for radiolabeling and their pharmacological and physico–chemical property profiles render compounds 2, 5, and 7 promising candidates for future position emission tomography (PET) tracer development.
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25
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Drug Design Targeting the Muscarinic Receptors and the Implications in Central Nervous System Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020398. [PMID: 35203607 PMCID: PMC8962391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that cholinergic system function impairment plays a significant role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. During the past three decades, muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) have been implicated in various pathologies and have been prominent targets of drug-design efforts. However, due to the high sequence homology of the orthosteric binding site, many drug candidates resulted in limited clinical success. Although several advances in treating peripheral pathologies have been achieved, targeting CNS pathologies remains challenging for researchers. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in recent years to develop functionally selective orthosteric and allosteric ligands targeting the mAChRs with limited side effect profiles. This review highlights past efforts and focuses on recent advances in drug design targeting these receptors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), schizophrenia (SZ), and depression.
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26
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Li W, Wang Y, Lohith TG, Zeng Z, Tong L, Mazzola R, Riffel K, Miller P, Purcell M, Holahan M, Haley H, Gantert L, Hesk D, Ren S, Morrow J, Uslaner J, Struyk A, Wai JMC, Rudd MT, Tellers DM, McAvoy T, Bormans G, Koole M, Van Laere K, Serdons K, de Hoon J, Declercq R, De Lepeleire I, Pascual MB, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Yu M, Arbones V, Masdeu JC, Cheng A, Hussain A, Bueters T, Anderson MS, Hostetler ED, Basile AS. The PET tracer [ 11C]MK-6884 quantifies M4 muscarinic receptor in rhesus monkeys and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabg3684. [PMID: 35020407 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Li
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Zhizhen Zeng
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Kerry Riffel
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Mona Purcell
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Hyking Haley
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Liza Gantert
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David Hesk
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Sumei Ren
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - John Morrow
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - Arie Struyk
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Serdons
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Declercq
- Translational Pharmacology Europe, MSD (Europe) Inc., 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inge De Lepeleire
- Translational Pharmacology Europe, MSD (Europe) Inc., 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria B Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meixiang Yu
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victoria Arbones
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amy Cheng
- MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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27
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Felder CC. Meet the Editorial Board Member. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9199544 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220105121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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28
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OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2250-2275. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Yu M, Zhang Q, Yan S, You D, Shi L, Zhang L, Wang L, Wu H, Cao X. Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata inhibits Alzheimer's disease by regulating the complex regulation network with the core of GRIN1 and MAPK1. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:311-320. [PMID: 33784489 PMCID: PMC8018400 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1900879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Current medicine for Alzheimer's disease (AD) cannot effectively reverse or block nerve injury. Traditional Chinese Medicine practice and research imply Aconiti lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) may meet this goal. OBJECTIVE Analysing the anti-AD effect of Fuzi and its potential molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS AD model cells were treated with Fuzi in 0-300 mg/mL for 24 h in 37 °C. The cell viability (CV) and length of cell projections (LCP) for each group were observed, analysed, and standardised using control as a baseline (CVs and LCPs). The Fuzi and AD relevant genes were identified basing on databases, and the molecular mechanism of Fuzi anti-AD was predicted by network analysis. RESULTS Experiment results showed that Fuzi in 0.4 mg/mL boosted LCP (LCPs = 1.2533, p ≤ 0.05), and in 1.6-100 mg/mL increased CV (CVs from 1.1673 to 1.3321, p ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis found 17 Fuzi target genes (relevant scores ≥ 20), showing strong AD relevant signals (RMS_p ≤ 0.05, related scores ≥ 5), enriched in the pathways regulating axon growth, synaptic plasticity, cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and death (p ≤ 0.05). Especially, GRIN1 and MAPK1 interacted with APP protein and located in the key point of the "Alzheimer's disease" pathway. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Fuzi may have therapeutic and prevention potential in AD, and GRIN1 and MAPK1 may be the core of the pathways of the Fuzi anti-AD process. Fuzi should be studied more extensively, especially for the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huixiang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Bioengineering Centre, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Dingyun You
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanlan Shi
- Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lihuan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongxiang Wu
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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30
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Brown AJH, Bradley SJ, Marshall FH, Brown GA, Bennett KA, Brown J, Cansfield JE, Cross DM, de Graaf C, Hudson BD, Dwomoh L, Dias JM, Errey JC, Hurrell E, Liptrot J, Mattedi G, Molloy C, Nathan PJ, Okrasa K, Osborne G, Patel JC, Pickworth M, Robertson N, Shahabi S, Bundgaard C, Phillips K, Broad LM, Goonawardena AV, Morairty SR, Browning M, Perini F, Dawson GR, Deakin JFW, Smith RT, Sexton PM, Warneck J, Vinson M, Tasker T, Tehan BG, Teobald B, Christopoulos A, Langmead CJ, Jazayeri A, Cooke RM, Rucktooa P, Congreve MS, Weir M, Tobin AB. From structure to clinic: Design of a muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with potential to treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cell 2021; 184:5886-5901.e22. [PMID: 34822784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Alzheimer's disease seek to correct for defective cholinergic transmission by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, these however have limited clinical efficacy. An alternative approach is to directly activate cholinergic receptors responsible for learning and memory. The M1-muscarinic acetylcholine (M1) receptor is the target of choice but has been hampered by adverse effects. Here we aimed to design the drug properties needed for a well-tolerated M1-agonist with the potential to alleviate cognitive loss by taking a stepwise translational approach from atomic structure, cell/tissue-based assays, evaluation in preclinical species, clinical safety testing, and finally establishing activity in memory centers in humans. Through this approach, we rationally designed the optimal properties, including selectivity and partial agonism, into HTL9936-a potential candidate for the treatment of memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. More broadly, this demonstrates a strategy for targeting difficult GPCR targets from structure to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J H Brown
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Sophie J Bradley
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Giles A Brown
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jason Brown
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Julie E Cansfield
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - David M Cross
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; Cross Pharma Consulting Ltd, 20-22 Wenlock Road, London, N17GU, UK
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - João M Dias
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - James C Errey
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Edward Hurrell
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jan Liptrot
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Giulio Mattedi
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; Brain Mapping Unit, University of Cambridge, Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building, Cambridge, CB20SZ, UK
| | - Krzysztof Okrasa
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Greg Osborne
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Jayesh C Patel
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Mark Pickworth
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Nathan Robertson
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Shahram Shahabi
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK; H. Lundbeck A/S, Neuroscience Research, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Keith Phillips
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly & Co, Neuroscience Discovery, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey, GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Anushka V Goonawardena
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Stephen R Morairty
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michael Browning
- University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX12JD, UK; P1vital, Manor house, Howbery Buisness Park, Wallingford, OX108BA, UK
| | - Francesca Perini
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience - Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX12JD, UK
| | - John F W Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, M139PT UK
| | - Robert T Smith
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Warneck
- Protogenia Consulting Ltd, PO-Box 289, Ely, CB79DR, UK
| | - Mary Vinson
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Tim Tasker
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Barry Teobald
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK; Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Robert M Cooke
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Prakash Rucktooa
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Miles S Congreve
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK
| | - Malcolm Weir
- Sosei-Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6DG, UK.
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Athnaiel O, Job GA, Ocampo R, Teneqexhi P, Messer WS, Ragozzino ME. Effects of the Partial M1 Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Agonist CDD-0102A on Stereotyped Motor Behaviors and Reversal Learning in the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:64-74. [PMID: 34791301 PMCID: PMC8756088 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a set of neurodevelopmental disorders marked by a lack of social interaction, restrictive interests, and repetitive behaviors. There is a paucity of pharmacological treatments to reduce core ASD symptoms. Various lines of evidence indicate that reduced brain muscarinic cholinergic receptor activity may contribute to an ASD phenotype. METHODS The present experiments examined whether the partial M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, 5-(3-ethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine hydrochloride (CDD-0102A), alleviates behavioral flexibility deficits and/or stereotyped motor behaviors in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Behavioral flexibility was tested using a reversal learning test. Stereotyped motor behaviors were measured by eliciting digging behavior after removal of nesting material in a home cage and by measuring repetitive grooming. RESULTS CDD-0102A (0.2 and 0.6 mg/kg but not 1.2 mg/kg) injected prior to reversal learning attenuated a deficit in BTBR mice but did not affect performance in B6 mice. Acute CDD-0102A treatment (1.2 and 3 mg/kg) reduced self-grooming in BTBR mice and reduced digging behavior in B6 and BTBR mice. The M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist VU0255035 (3 mg/kg) blocked the effect of CDD-0102A on grooming behavior. Chronic treatment with CDD-0102A (1.2 mg/kg) attenuated self-grooming and digging behavior in BTBR mice. Direct CDD-0102A infusions (1 µg) into the dorsal striatum reduced elevated digging behavior in BTBR mice. In contrast, CDD-0102A injections in the frontal cortex were not effective. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that treatment with a partial M1 muscarinic receptor agonist may reduce repetitive behaviors and restricted interests in autism in part by stimulating striatal M1 muscarinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onella Athnaiel
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Greeshma A Job
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roberto Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pamela Teneqexhi
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William S Messer
- Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael E Ragozzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence: Dr Michael E. Ragozzino, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA ()
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32
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Neef J, Palacios DS. Progress in mechanistically novel treatments for schizophrenia. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1459-1475. [PMID: 34671731 PMCID: PMC8459322 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia derive their activity mainly by directly modulating the D2 receptor. This mode of action can alleviate the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but do not address the negative or cognitive symptoms of the disease and carry a heavy side effect burden that leads to high levels of patient non-compliance. Novel mechanisms to treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia with improved tolerability, as well as medicines to treat negative and cognitive symptoms are urgently required. Recent efforts to identify small molecules for schizophrenia with non-D2 mechanisms will be highlighted, with a focus on those that have reached clinical development. Finally, the potential for disease modifying treatments for schizophrenia will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Neef
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc 22 Windsor St Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Daniel S Palacios
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc 22 Windsor St Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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33
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Effects of a novel M4 muscarinic positive allosteric modulator on behavior and cognitive deficits relevant to Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia in rhesus monkey. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108754. [PMID: 34389398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a profoundly debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized most notably by progressive cognitive decline, but also agitation and behavioral disturbances that are extremely disruptive to patient and caregiver. Current pharmacological treatments for these symptoms have limited efficacy and significant side effects. We have recently reported the discovery of Compound 24, an M4 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) that is potent, highly selective, and devoid of cholinergic-like side effects in rats. In order to further evaluate the translatability of the effects of compound 24 in primates, here we describe the effect of Compound 24 on three behavioral and cognition assays in rhesus monkeys, the stimulant induced motor activity (SIMA) assay, the object retrieval detour task (ORD), and the visuo-spatial paired-associates learning (vsPAL) task. As far as we know, this is the first such characterization of an M4 PAM in non-human primate. Compound 24 and the clinical standard olanzapine attenuated amphetamine induced hyperactivity to a similar degree. In addition, Compound 24 demonstrated procognitive effects in scopolamine-impaired ORD and vsPAL, and these effects were of similar magnitude to donepezil. These findings suggest that M4 PAMs may be beneficial to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, which are marked by behavioral disturbances as well as deficits in cognitive function.
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34
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Blass BE. Pyrrolo-pyridazine Derivatives as Muscarinic M 1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:677-678. [PMID: 34055205 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E. Blass
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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35
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The M1/M4 preferring muscarinic agonist xanomeline modulates functional connectivity and NMDAR antagonist-induced changes in the mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1194-1206. [PMID: 33342996 PMCID: PMC8115158 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic drugs acting at M1/M4 muscarinic receptors hold promise for the treatment of symptoms associated with brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, or psychosis, such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. However, the brain-wide functional substrates engaged by muscarinic agonists remain poorly understood. Here we used a combination of pharmacological fMRI (phMRI), resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI), and resting-state quantitative EEG (qEEG) to investigate the effects of a behaviorally active dose of the M1/M4-preferring muscarinic agonist xanomeline on brain functional activity in the rodent brain. We investigated both the effects of xanomeline per se and its modulatory effects on signals elicited by the NMDA-receptor antagonists phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. We found that xanomeline induces robust and widespread BOLD signal phMRI amplitude increases and decreased high-frequency qEEG spectral activity. rsfMRI mapping in the mouse revealed that xanomeline robustly decreased neocortical and striatal connectivity but induces focal increases in functional connectivity within the nucleus accumbens and basal forebrain. Notably, xanomeline pre-administration robustly attenuated both the cortico-limbic phMRI response and the fronto-hippocampal hyper-connectivity induced by PCP, enhanced PCP-modulated functional connectivity locally within the nucleus accumbens and basal forebrain, and reversed the gamma and high-frequency qEEG power increases induced by ketamine. Collectively, these results show that xanomeline robustly induces both cholinergic-like neocortical activation and desynchronization of functional networks in the mammalian brain. These effects could serve as a translatable biomarker for future clinical investigations of muscarinic agents, and bear mechanistic relevance for the putative therapeutic effect of these class of compounds in brain disorders.
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36
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Muscarinic M1, but not M4, receptor antagonism impairs divided attention in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 205:173184. [PMID: 33836220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Divided attention may be more important than ever to comprehend, given ubiquitous distractors in modern living. In humans, concern has been expressed about the negative impact of distraction in education, the home, and the workplace. While acetylcholine supports divided attention, in part via muscarinic receptors, little is known about the specific muscarinic subtypes that may contribute. We designed a novel, high-response rate test of auditory sustained attention, in which rats complete variable-ratio runs on one of two levers, rather than emitting a single response. By doing this, we can present a secondary visual distractor task during some trials, for which a correct nosepoke response is reinforced with a more palatable food pellet. The nonspecific muscarinic antagonist scopolamine impaired performance, and slowed and reduced lever press activity. We then explored antagonists that preferentially block the M1 and M4 subtypes, because these receptors are potential therapeutic targets for cognitive enhancers. Telenzepine, an M1-preferring antagonist, impaired divided attention performance, but not performance of the attention task without distraction. Telenzepine also had fewer nonspecific effects than scopolamine. In contrast, the M4-preferring antagonist tropicamide had no effects. Analysis of overall behavior also indicated that accuracy in the main attention task decreased as a function of engagement with the distractor task. These results implicate the M1 receptor in divided attention.
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37
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Bakker C, Tasker T, Liptrot J, Hart EP, Klaassen ES, Prins S, van der Doef TF, Brown GA, Brown A, Congreve M, Weir M, Marshall FH, Cross DM, Groeneveld GJ, Nathan PJ. First-in-man study to investigate safety, pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamics of HTL0018318, a novel M 1 -receptor partial agonist for the treatment of dementias. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:2945-2955. [PMID: 33351971 PMCID: PMC8359307 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS HTL0018318 is a selective M1 receptor partial agonist currently under development for the symptomatic treatment of cognitive and behavioural symptoms in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. We investigated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamics (PD) of HTL0018318 following single ascending doses. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 40 healthy younger adult and 57 healthy elderly subjects, investigated oral doses of 1-35 mg HTL0018318. Pharmacodynamic assessments were performed using a battery of neurocognitive tasks and electrophysiological measurements. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of HTL0018318 and food effects on pharmacokinetics of HTL0018318 were investigated in an open label and partial cross-over design in 14 healthy subjects. RESULTS Pharmacokinetics of HTL0018318 were well-characterized showing dose proportional increases in exposure from 1-35 mg. Single doses of HTL0018318 were associated with mild dose-related adverse events of low incidence in both younger adult and elderly subjects. The most frequently reported cholinergic AEs included hyperhidrosis and increases in blood pressure up to 10.3 mmHg in younger adults (95% CI [4.2-16.3], 35-mg dose) and up to 11.9 mmHg in elderly subjects (95% CI [4.9-18.9], 15-mg dose). There were no statistically significant effects on cognitive function but the study was not powered to detect small to moderate effect sizes of clinical relevance. CONCLUSION HTL0018318 showed well-characterized pharmacokinetics and following single doses were generally well tolerated in the dose range studied. These provide encouraging data in support of the development for HTL0018318 for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ellen P Hart
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CDHR), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Samantha Prins
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CDHR), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research (CDHR), Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK.,School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
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38
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Bekdash RA. The Cholinergic System, the Adrenergic System and the Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031273. [PMID: 33525357 PMCID: PMC7865740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a major public health problem worldwide with a wide spectrum of symptoms and physiological effects. It has been long reported that the dysregulation of the cholinergic system and the adrenergic system are linked to the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Cholinergic neurons are widely distributed in brain regions that play a role in cognitive functions and normal cholinergic signaling related to learning and memory is dependent on acetylcholine. The Locus Coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) is the main noradrenergic nucleus that projects and supplies norepinephrine to different brain regions. Norepinephrine has been shown to be neuroprotective against neurodegeneration and plays a role in behavior and cognition. Cholinergic and adrenergic signaling are dysregulated in Alzheimer’s disease. The degeneration of cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain and the degeneration of LC-NE neurons were reported in Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this review is to describe current literature on the role of the cholinergic system and the adrenergic system (LC-NE) in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola A Bekdash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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39
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Bortolami M, Rocco D, Messore A, Di Santo R, Costi R, Madia VN, Scipione L, Pandolfi F. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease - a patent review (2016-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:399-420. [PMID: 33428491 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1874344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction - AD, the most common form of dementia, has a multifactorial etiology, and the current therapy (AChEIs and memantine) is unable to interrupt its progress and fatal outcome. This is reflected in the research programs that are oriented toward the development of new therapeutics able to operate on multiple targets involved in the disease progression.Areas covered - The patents from 2016 to present regarding the use of AChEIs in AD, concerns the development of new AChEIs, multitarget or multifunctional ligands, or the associations of currently used AChEIs with other compounds acting on different targets involved in the AD.Expert opinion - The development of new multitarget AChEIs promises to identify compounds with great therapeutic potential but requires more time and effort in order to obtain drugs with the optimal pharmacodynamic profile. Otherwise, the research on new combinations of existing drugs, with known pharmacodynamic and ADME profile, could shorten the time and reduce the costs to develop a new therapeutic treatment for AD. From the analyzed data, it seems more likely that a response to the urgent need to develop effective treatments for AD therapy could come more quickly from studies on drug combinations than from the development of new AChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortolami
- Department of Scienze Di Base E Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Rocco
- Department of Scienze Di Base E Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Department of Chimica E Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- Department of Chimica E Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Department of Chimica E Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Department of Chimica E Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Department of Chimica E Tecnologia Del Farmaco, Dipartimento Di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Pandolfi
- Department of Scienze Di Base E Applicate per l'Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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40
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Mei L, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Liu H, Zhang D, Liu P, Shu H. Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptors in Ventral Hippocampus Modulate Stress-Induced Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:598811. [PMID: 33384583 PMCID: PMC7769836 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.598811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress exposure increases the risk of developing various neuropsychiatric illnesses. The ventral hippocampus (vHPC) is central to affective and cognitive processing and displays a high density of acetylcholine (ACh) muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). However, the precise role of vHPC mAChRs in anxiety remains to be fully investigated. In this study, we found that chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced social avoidance and anxiety-like behaviors in mice and increased mAChR expression in the vHPC. CRS increased the vHPC ACh release in behaving mice. Moreover, CRS altered the synaptic activities and enhanced neuronal activity of the vHPC neurons. Using pharmacological and viral approaches, we showed that infusing the antagonist of mAChRs or decreasing their expression in the vHPC attenuated the anxiety-like behavior and rescued the social avoidance behaviors in mice probably due to suppression of vHPC neuronal activity and its excitatory synaptic transmission. Our results suggest that the changes of neuronal activity and synaptic transmission in the vHPC mediated by mAChRs may play an important role in stress-induced anxiety-like behavior, providing new insights into the pathological mechanism and potential pharmacological target for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dengwen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Tanaka H, Negoro K, Koike T, Tsukamoto I, Yokoyama K, Maeda J, Inagaki Y, Shimoshige Y, Ino K, Ishizu K, Takahashi T. Discovery and structure-activity relationships study of positive allosteric modulators of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors: Hypothesis driven drug development for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112989. [PMID: 32315882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The finding that the drug KarXT, a formulation of xanomeline and tropsium which targets muscarinic receptors, has given a positive result in reducing the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in a phase II trial suggests targeting muscarinic receptors is a new approach to treating the disorder. This review will detail the synergistic interplay between studies to understand the role of muscarinic receptors in the aetiology of schizophrenia and drug development and how this has supported the hypothesis that activating the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors is critical to the efficacy of KarXT, in schizophrenia. The discovery of an intermediate phenotype within schizophrenia which is characterised by the presence of a marked loss of cortical muscarinic M1 receptors will be reviewed. Highlighted will be progress in understanding the biochemistry of that intermediate phenotype and evidence to suggest that those with the intermediate phenotype may resist treatment with agonist to the orthosteric site on the muscarinic M1 and M4 receptor. Finally, the possibility of using drugs targeting the allosteric binding sites on muscarinic receptors to treat schizophrenia will be discussed. This timely review will therefore highlight how research can influence hypothesis driven drug discovery that should produce new treatments for schizophrenia.
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43
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Riljak V, Janisova K, Myslivecek J. Lack of M 4 muscarinic receptors in the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet alters the biological rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1615-1629. [PMID: 32409918 PMCID: PMC7286859 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The deletion of M4 muscarinic receptors (MRs) changes biological rhythm parameters in females. Here, we searched for the mechanisms responsible for these changes. We performed biological rhythm analysis in two experiments: in experiment 1, the mice [C57Bl/6NTac (WT) and M4 MR -/- mice (KO)] were first exposed to a standard LD regime (12/12-h light/dark cycle) for 8 days and then subsequently exposed to constant darkness (for 24 h/day, DD regime) for another 16 days. In experiment 2, the mice (after the standard LD regime) were exposed to the DD regime and to one light pulse (zeitgeber time 14) on day 9. We also detected M1 MRs in brain areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm regulation. In experiment 1, the biological rhythm activity curves differed: the period (τ, duration of diurnal cycle) was shorter in the DD regime. Moreover, the day mean, mesor (midline value), night mean and their difference were higher in KO animals. The time in which the maximal slope occurred was lower in the DD regime than in the LD regime in both WT and KO but was lower in KO than in WT mice. In experiment 2, there were no differences in biological rhythm parameters between WT and KO mice. The densities of M1 MRs in the majority of areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm were low. A significant amount of M1 MR was found in the striatum. These results suggest that although core clock output is changed by M4 MR deletion, the structures involved in biological rhythm regulation in WT and KO animals are likely the same, and the most important areas are the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riljak
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Janisova
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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44
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Benjamins JA. Sigma-1 receptor agonists as potential protective therapies in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 342:577188. [PMID: 32179326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone upregulated during ER stress, and regulates calcium homeostasis. Agonists of σ-1R are neuroprotective. ANAVEX2-73, a new σ-1R agonist, is undergoing several clinical trials. We show that ANAVEX2-73 protects oligodendroglia (OL) and oligodendroglial precursors (OPC) from apoptosis, excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and quinolinic acid (QA), associated with inflammation. ANAVEX2-73 stimulates OPC proliferation, but does not alter early maturation to OL. We previously reported that dextromethorphan (DM), another σ-1R agonist with a different structure, had similar effects. We now show that both DM and ANAVEX2-73 protect neurons from the four cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lisak
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Liljana Nedelkoska
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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45
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Biased M1-muscarinic-receptor-mutant mice inform the design of next-generation drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:240-249. [PMID: 32080630 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors, the current frontline symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), are associated with low efficacy and adverse effects. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 mAChRs) represent a potential alternate therapeutic target; however, drug discovery programs focused on this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) have failed, largely due to cholinergic adverse responses. Employing novel chemogenetic and phosphorylation-deficient, G protein-biased, mouse models, paired with a toolbox of probe molecules, we establish previously unappreciated pharmacologically targetable M1 mAChR neurological processes, including anxiety-like behaviors and hyper-locomotion. By mapping the upstream signaling pathways regulating these responses, we determine the importance of receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling in driving clinically relevant outcomes and in controlling adverse effects including 'epileptic-like' seizures. We conclude that M1 mAChR ligands that promote receptor phosphorylation-dependent signaling would protect against cholinergic adverse effects in addition to driving beneficial responses such as learning and memory and anxiolytic behavior relevant for the treatment of AD.
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46
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Soave M, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ, Stoddart LA. Fluorescent ligands: Bringing light to emerging GPCR paradigms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:978-991. [PMID: 31877233 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several novel aspects of GPCR pharmacology have been described, which are thought to play a role in determining the in vivo efficacy of a compound. Fluorescent ligands have been used to study many of these, which have also required the development of new experimental approaches. Fluorescent ligands offer the potential to use the same fluorescent probe to perform a broad range of experiments, from single-molecule microscopy to in vivo BRET. This review provides an overview of the in vitro use of fluorescent ligands in further understanding emerging pharmacological paradigms within the GPCR field, including ligand-binding kinetics, allosterism and intracellular signalling, along with the use of fluorescent ligands to study physiologically relevant therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Soave
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Cell Signalling and Pharmacology Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
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47
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Bertrand D, Wallace TL. A Review of the Cholinergic System and Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Brain Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 45:1-28. [PMID: 32451956 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since its identification over a hundred years ago, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) has proven to play an essential role in supporting many diverse functions. Some well-characterized functions include: chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction; autonomic function in the peripheral nervous system; and, sustained attention, sleep/wake regulation, and learning and memory within the central nervous system. Within the brain, major cholinergic projection pathways from the basal forebrain and the brainstem support these centrally mediated processes, and dysregulation of the cholinergic system is implicated in cognitive decline associated with aging and dementias including Alzheimer's disease. ACh exerts its effects by binding to two different membrane-bound receptor classes: (1) G‑protein coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), and (2) ligand-gated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). These receptor systems are described in detail within this chapter along with discussion on the successes and failures of synthetic ligands designed to selectively target receptor subtypes for treating brain disorders. New molecular approaches and advances in our understanding of the target biology combined with opportunities to re-purpose existing cholinergic drugs for new indications continue to highlight the exciting opportunities for modulating this system for therapeutic purposes.
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48
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PKC and Ras are Involved in M1 Muscarinic Receptor-Mediated Modulation of AMPA Receptor GluA1 Subunit. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:547-554. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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49
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Mantanona CP, Alsiö J, Elson JL, Fisher BM, Dalley JW, Bussey T, Pienaar IS. Altered motor, anxiety-related and attentional task performance at baseline associate with multiple gene copies of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and related protein overexpression in ChAT::Cre+ rats. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3095-3116. [PMID: 31506825 PMCID: PMC6875150 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic rodents expressing Cre recombinase cell specifically are used for exploring mechanisms regulating behavior, including those mediated by cholinergic signaling. However, it was recently reported that transgenic mice overexpressing a bacterial artificial chromosome containing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, for synthesizing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, present with multiple vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) gene copies, resulting in altered cholinergic tone and accompanying behavioral abnormalities. Since ChAT::Cre+ rats, used increasingly for understanding the biological basis of CNS disorders, utilize the mouse ChAT promotor to control Cre recombinase expression, we assessed for similar genotypical and phenotypical differences in such rats compared to wild-type siblings. The rats were assessed for mouse VAChT copy number, VAChT protein expression levels and for sustained attention, response control and anxiety. Rats were also subjected to a contextual fear conditioning paradigm using an unconditional fear-inducing stimulus (electrical foot shocks), with blood samples taken at baseline, the fear acquisition phase and retention testing, for measuring blood plasma markers of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal gland (HPA)-axis activity. ChAT::Cre+ rats expressed multiple mouse VAChT gene copies, resulting in significantly higher VAChT protein expression, revealed anxiolytic behavior, hyperlocomotion and deficits in tasks requiring sustained attention. The HPA-axis was intact, with unaltered circulatory levels of acute stress-induced corticosterone, leptin and glucose. Our findings, therefore, reveal that in ChAT::Cre+ rats, VAChT overexpression associates with significant alterations of certain cognitive, motor and affective functions. Although highly useful as an experimental tool, it is essential to consider the potential effects of altered cholinergic transmission on baseline behavior in ChAT::Cre rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Mantanona
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johan Alsiö
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanna L Elson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Beth M Fisher
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Bussey
- Department of Psychology, The Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ilse S Pienaar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9PH, UK.
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50
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Reynolds DS. A short perspective on the long road to effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3636-3648. [PMID: 30657599 PMCID: PMC6715596 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, there are approximately 47 million people living with dementia, and about two thirds of those have Alzheimer's disease (AD). Age is the single biggest risk factor for the vast majority of sporadic AD cases, and because the world's population is aging, the number of people living with AD is set to rise dramatically over the coming decades. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments for AD, and the few symptomatic agents available have limited impact on the disease. Perhaps surprisingly, there is relatively little activity in the AD research and development field compared with other diseases with a high mortality burden, such as cancer. There is enormous economic incentive to discover and develop the first disease-modifying treatment, but previous failure has significantly reduced further industrial investment in this field. The short review looks at the historical path trodden to develop treatments and reflects on the journey down the road to truly effective treatments for people living with AD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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