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Jacquens A, Csaba Z, Soleimanzad H, Bokobza C, Delmotte PR, Userovici C, Boussemart P, Chhor V, Bouvier D, van de Looij Y, Faivre V, Diao S, Lemoine S, Blugeon C, Schwendimann L, Young-Ten P, Naffaa V, Laprevote O, Tanter M, Dournaud P, Van Steenwinckel J, Degos V, Gressens P. Deleterious effect of sustained neuroinflammation in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:99-116. [PMID: 38705494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite improved management of traumatic brain injury (TBI), it still leads to lifelong sequelae and disability, particularly in children. Chronic neuroinflammation (the so-called tertiary phase), in particular, microglia/macrophage and astrocyte reactivity, is among the main mechanisms suspected of playing a role in the generation of lesions associated with TBI. The role of acute neuroinflammation is now well understood, but its persistent effect and impact on the brain, particularly during development, are not. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of pediatric TBI on the brain in a mouse model. METHODS Pediatric TBI was induced in mice on postnatal day (P) 7 by weight-drop trauma. The time course of neuroinflammation and myelination was examined in the TBI mice. They were also assessed by magnetic resonance, functional ultrasound, and behavioral tests at P45. RESULTS TBI induced robust neuroinflammation, characterized by acute microglia/macrophage and astrocyte reactivity. The long-term consequences of pediatric TBI studied on P45 involved localized scarring astrogliosis, persistent microgliosis associated with a specific transcriptomic signature, and a long-lasting myelination defect consisting of the loss of myelinated axons, a decreased level of myelin binding protein, and severe thinning of the corpus callosum. These results were confirmed by reduced fractional anisotropy, measured by diffusion tensor imaging, and altered inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity, measured by functional ultrasound imaging. In addition, adolescent mice with pediatric TBI showed persistent social interaction deficits and signs of anxiety and depressive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS We show that pediatric TBI induces tertiary neuroinflammatory processes associated with white matter lesions and altered behavior. These results support our model as a model for preclinical studies for tertiary lesions following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Haleh Soleimanzad
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cindy Bokobza
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Vibol Chhor
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Damien Bouvier
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Yohan van de Looij
- Université de Genève, Service Développement et Croissance, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, 1211 Genève, Suisse; Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Section Technologie d'Imagerie Animale, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Suisse
| | - Valérie Faivre
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Siaho Diao
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lemoine
- Genomics Core Facility, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomics Core Facility, Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Vanessa Naffaa
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprevote
- Université de Paris, CNRS, CiTCoM, 75006 Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Service de Biochimie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Degos
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France; Sorbonne University, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France
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Greene L, Reidy J, Morton N, Atherton A, Barker LA. Dynamic Emotion Recognition and Social Inference Ability in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Eye-Tracking Comparison Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:816. [PMID: 37887466 PMCID: PMC10604615 DOI: 10.3390/bs13100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion recognition and social inference impairments are well-documented features of post-traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet the mechanisms underpinning these are not fully understood. We examined dynamic emotion recognition, social inference abilities, and eye fixation patterns between adults with and without TBI. Eighteen individuals with TBI and 18 matched non-TBI participants were recruited and underwent all three components of The Assessment of Social Inference Test (TASIT). The TBI group were less accurate in identifying emotions compared to the non-TBI group. Individuals with TBI also scored lower when distinguishing sincere and sarcastic conversations, but scored similarly to those without TBI during lie vignettes. Finally, those with TBI also had difficulty understanding the actor's intentions, feelings, and beliefs compared to participants without TBI. No group differences were found for eye fixation patterns, and there were no associations between fixations and behavioural accuracy scores. This conflicts with previous studies, and might be related to an important distinction between static and dynamic stimuli. Visual strategies appeared goal- and stimulus-driven, with attention being distributed to the most diagnostic area of the face for each emotion. These findings suggest that low-level visual deficits may not be modulating emotion recognition and social inference disturbances post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Greene
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK; (J.R.); (L.A.B.)
| | - John Reidy
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK; (J.R.); (L.A.B.)
| | - Nick Morton
- Neuro Rehabilitation Outreach Team, Rotherham, Doncaster and South Humber NHS Trust, Doncaster DN4 8QN, UK;
| | - Alistair Atherton
- Consultant Clinical Neuropsychologist, Atherton Neuropsychology Consultancy Ltd. Parkhead Consultancy, 356 Ecclesall Road, Sheffield S11 9PU, UK;
| | - Lynne A. Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK; (J.R.); (L.A.B.)
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Greene L, Barker LA, Reidy J, Morton N, Atherton A. Emotion recognition and eye tracking of static and dynamic facial affect: Acomparison of individuals with and without traumatic brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2022; 44:461-477. [PMID: 36205649 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2128066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Diminished social functioning is often seen after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mechanisms contributing to these deficits are poorly understood but thought to relate to impaired ability to recognize facial expressions. Static stimuli are often used to investigate ability post-TBI, and there is less evidence using more real-life dynamic stimuli. In addition, most studies rely on behavioral responses alone. The present study investigated the performance of a TBI group and matched non-TBI group on static and dynamic tasks using eye-tracking technology alongside behavioral measures. This is the first study to use eye tracking methodology alongside behavioral measures in emotion recognition tasks in people with brain injury. Eighteen individuals with heterogeneous TBI and 18 matched non-TBI participants were recruited. Stimuli representing six core emotions (Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happy, Sad, and Surprise faces) were selected from the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES). Participants were instructed to identify the emotion displayed correctly whilst eye movement metrics were recorded. RESULTS Results of analyses showed that TBI patients had First Fixation to nose for all emotion stimuli, shorter Fixation Duration and lower Fixation Count to eyes, were generally slower to classify stimuli, and less accurate than non-TBI group for the static task. Those with TBI were also less accurate at identifying Angry, Disgust, and Fear stimulus faces compared to the non-TBI group during the dynamic unfolding of an emotion. CONCLUSION In the present study, those with TBI had atypical eye scan patterns during emotion identification in the static emotion recognition task compared to the non-TBI group and were associated with lower identification accuracy on behavioral measures in both static and dynamic tasks. Findings suggest potential disruption to oculomotor systems vital for first stage perceptual processing. Arguably, these impairments may contribute to diminished social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greene
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology,Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - L A Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology,Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Reidy
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology,Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - N Morton
- Neuro Rehabilitation Outreach Team, Rotherham, Doncaster and South Humber NHS Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | - A Atherton
- Atherton Neuropsychological Consultancy Ltd, Yorkshire, UK
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Denniss RJ, Barker LA, Day CJ. Improvement in Cognition Following Double-Blind Randomized Micronutrient Interventions in the General Population. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:115. [PMID: 31191268 PMCID: PMC6547837 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of poor nutrition on physiological health is well understood (Costarelli et al., 2013). Less is known about the effects of diet on brain function and cognition in the general population (Ames, 2010; Parletta et al., 2013; White et al., 2017) and we are still in the early stages of understanding the role of specific nutrients to normal and pathological neuronal functioning. In the present study, the putative effect of a multivitamin/mineral or vitamin D supplement on cognitive function over an 8-week period was compared with volunteers taking vitamin C. Healthy adults (N = 60) were recruited, age range 21-59 years ( x ¯ = 39.07 years, SD = 11.46), with participants randomly allocated to conditions in a double-blind protocol. Participants also completed a 14-day food diary to gather information on micronutrient intake. The cognitive test battery included measures from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III; Wechsler et al., 2008), Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (WMS-IV; Wechsler, 2009) and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS; Delis et al., 2001), along with the Doors and People (Baddeley et al., 1994) and a serial reaction time task. Analyses showed better performance on some tasks in all groups following the intervention period, notably on measures of verbal and visual memory and visuomotor processing speed. The Multivitamin group showed significant improvements on tasks of visual strategy generation (along with the Vitamin C group), motor planning, explicit and implicit learning, and working memory. This evidence suggests that sub-optimal micronutrient intake may have a negative effect on cognition across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Denniss
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Hattouti J, Gil S, Almecija Y, Laval V. Inferential language processes across adolescence: A test with novel idioms. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:213-221. [PMID: 30847949 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Idiom comprehension relies on the ability to draw inferences from different cues in a communication situation. Adopting a developmental perspective, we investigated how this ability changes across adolescence. To this end, we designed a computerized system that allowed us to simulate a communication situation through short videos placing participants at the center of the interaction. Four groups of participants (11, 13, 15, and adult students) performed an idiomatic expression comprehension task, in which idiom familiarity was controlled. We manipulated the idioms' transparency (vs. opacity) and presentation (supportive narrative context inducing an idiomatic interpretation of the expression vs. nonsupportive narrative context). Analyses revealed an improvement in idiom comprehension in terms of contextual inferences but they failed to reveal any significant difference in terms of semantic inferences. This study yields fresh arguments in support of the notion that inferential ability based on context continues to develop beyond childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Hattouti
- Université de Poitiers, France.,CNRS (CeRCA UMR7295), France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers, France.,CNRS (CeRCA UMR7295), France
| | - Yves Almecija
- Université de Poitiers, France.,CNRS (CeRCA UMR7295), France
| | - Virginie Laval
- Université de Poitiers, France.,CNRS (CeRCA UMR7295), France
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Chicchi Giglioli IA, de Juan Ripoll C, Parra E, Alcañiz Raya M. EXPANSE: A novel narrative serious game for the behavioral assessment of cognitive abilities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206925. [PMID: 30412614 PMCID: PMC6226175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
EFs are a set of processes that supports many cognitive domains as goal setting, monitoring, planning, and cognitive-behavioural flexible control. Currently, many standardized paper-and-pencil tests or scales are used to assess EFs. These tests are easy to administer, score, and interpret but present some limitations in terms of generalizability of behaviours in real life. More recently, Information and Communication Technology has provided a higher ecological validity in the EFs assessment. In order to increase the ecological validity, we have developed a serious game (SG), named EXPANSE, which aim was to compare the participants’ game performance (latency times, and correct answers) with the results obtained in the traditional tasks and scales. 354 healthy subjects participated to the study and the findings showed significant correlations among standard tasks and the serious game. The exploratory nature of the present study, on one hand, highlighted that SG could be an additional behavioral tool to assess EFs and, on the other, we need further investigations, including clinical populations, for better defining the game sensitivity toward EF components. Finally, the results show that serious games are a promising technology for the evaluation of real cognitive behavior along with traditional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alice Chicchi Giglioli
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (I3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n., València, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Carla de Juan Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (I3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n., València, Spain
| | - Elena Parra
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (I3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n., València, Spain
| | - Mariano Alcañiz Raya
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (I3B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n., València, Spain
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An ecological approach to the behavioral assessment of executive functions in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:283-288. [PMID: 29091830 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of ecological tests to assess executive functions (EFs) in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) has not examined extensively. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the performance of patients with AN and healthy controls (HCs) on standard versus ecologically valid tests on EFs. Sixty-two females aged between 16 and 42 who were diagnosed with AN and 70 matched HCs completed 2 neuropsychological test batteries: standard tests (WCST, TMT, Stroop, ToL, fluency test) and the Behavioral Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS). On the standard tests, patients with AN produced more perseverative response and were slower than HCs in the TMT; in contrast, they scored as well as HCs on tasks that assessed categorization, interference in color naming, planning and semantic fluency. Conversely, there were differences in the ecological tests with patients with AN systematically slower in the resolution of complex tasks. Results demonstrated the power of ecological tests in capturing selective impairments in multifaceted and unstructured tests. Patients with AN experienced systematic deceleration in the resolution of ecological tasks. Also, the increased time needed to solve the tasks, was not reflected in overall improvement in performance. This evidence is further discussed with respect to central coherence.
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Martínez-Pernía D, Núñez-Huasaf J, Del Blanco Á, Ruiz-Tagle A, Velásquez J, Gomez M, Robert Blesius C, Ibañez A, Fernández-Manjón B, Slachevsky A. Using game authoring platforms to develop screen-based simulated functional assessments in persons with executive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. J Biomed Inform 2017; 74:71-84. [PMID: 28842292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of functional status is a critical component of clinical neuropsychological evaluations used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with cognitive brain disorders. There are, however, no widely adopted neuropsychological tests that are both ecologically valid and easily administered in daily clinical practice. This discrepancy is a roadblock to the widespread adoption of functional assessments. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using a serious game authoring platform (eAdventure) for creating screen-based simulated functional assessments. We created a naturalistic functional task that consisted of preparing a cup of tea (SBS-COT) and applied the assessment in a convenience sample of eight dyads of therapists/patients with mild executive dysfunction after traumatic brain injury. We had three main aims. First, we performed a comprehensive review of executive function assessment in activities of daily living. Second, we were interested in measuring the feasibility of this technology with respect to staffing, economic and technical requirements. Third, a serious game was administered to patients to study the feasibility of this technology in the clinical context (pre-screening test). In addition, quantitative (Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaires) and qualitative (semistructured interviews) evaluations were applied to obtain user input. Our results suggest that the staffing, economic and technical requirements of the SBS-COT are feasible. The outcomes of the pre-screening test provide evidence that this technology is useful in the functional assessment of patients with executive dysfunction. In relation to subjective data, the TAM questionnaire showed good user acceptability from a professional perspective. Interview analyses with professionals and patients showed positive experiences related to the use of the SBS-COT. Our work indicates that the use of these types of authoring platforms could have positive long-term implications for neuropsychological research, opening the door to more reproducible, cooperative and efficient research by allowing the facilitated production, reuse and sharing of neuropsychological assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-Pernía
- Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), University of Chile, 8330014, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile; Experiential Neurorehabilitation Research Department, Fundación Polibea, Spain
| | - Javier Núñez-Huasaf
- Los Muermos Primary Care Center and Reloncaví Health Service (SSDR), Los Muermos, Chile
| | - Ángel Del Blanco
- Departamento de Ingeniería del Software e Inteligencia Artificial, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | - Amparo Ruiz-Tagle
- Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), University of Chile, 8330014, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Velásquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariela Gomez
- Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), University of Chile, 8330014, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carl Robert Blesius
- Laboratory of Computer Science, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Agustin Ibañez
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia; Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council (ACR), Sydney, Australia
| | - Baltasar Fernández-Manjón
- Departamento de Ingeniería del Software e Inteligencia Artificial, Facultad de Informática, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Center for Advanced Research in Education (CIAE), University of Chile, 8330014, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Physiopathology Department, ICBM, Department of Neuroscience and East Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Avenida Salvador 486, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Cognitive Neurology and Dementia, Neurology Department, Hospital del Salvador, Av. Salvador 386, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Sue Baron
- a Pediatrics and Neurology , University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , VA , USA.,b The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA.,c Independent Private Practice , Potomac , MD , USA
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Self-Awareness After Brain Injury: Relation with Emotion Recognition and Effects of Treatment. BRAIN IMPAIR 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/brimp.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Self-awareness is often impaired after acquired brain injury (ABI) and this hampers rehabilitation, in general: unrealistic reports by patients about their functioning and poor motivation and compliance with treatment. We evaluated a self-awareness treatment that was part of a treatment protocol on executive dysfunction (Spikman, Boelen, Lamberts, Brouwer, & Fasotti, 2010). A total of 63 patients were included, aged 17–70, suffering non-progressive ABI, and minimum time post-onset of 3 months. Self-awareness was measured by comparing the patient's Dysexecutive Questionnaire (Wilson, Alderman, Burgess, Emslie, & Evans, 1996) score with that of an independent other. As emotion recognition is associated with self-awareness and influences the effect of rehabilitation treatment, we assessed this function using the Facial Expressions of Emotion-Stimuli and Tests (Young, Perrett, Calder, Sprengelmeyer, & Ekman, 2002). Results showed that patients in the experimental treatment group (n= 29) had better self-awareness after training than control patients (n= 34). Moreover, our results confirmed that the level of self-awareness before treatment was related to emotion recognition. Hence, self-awareness can improve after neuropsychological treatment fostering self-monitoring. Since neuropsychological treatment involves social learning, impairments in social cognition should be taken into account before starting and during treatment.
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Le développement de la compréhension des expressions idiomatiques : une revue de littérature. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503316000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MacDonald S. Assessment of higher level cognitive-communication functions in adolescents with ABI: Standardization of the student version of the functional assessment of verbal reasoning and executive strategies (S-FAVRES). Brain Inj 2015; 30:295-310. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1091947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Taylor SJ, Barker LA, Heavey L, McHale S. The longitudinal development of social and executive functions in late adolescence and early adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:252. [PMID: 26441579 PMCID: PMC4569858 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our earlier work suggests that, executive functions and social cognition show protracted development into late adolescence and early adulthood (Taylor et al., 2013). However, it remains unknown whether these functions develop linearly or non-linearly corresponding to dynamic changes to white matter density at these age ranges. Executive functions are particularly in demand during the transition to independence and autonomy associated with this age range (Ahmed and Miller, 2011). Previous research examining executive function (Romine and Reynolds, 2005) and social cognition (Dumontheil et al., 2010a) in late adolescence has utilized a cross sectional design. The current study employed a longitudinal design with 58 participants aged 17, 18, and 19 years completing social cognition and executive function tasks, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1999), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983) at Time 1 with follow up testing 12–16 months later. Inhibition, rule detection, strategy generation and planning executive functions and emotion recognition with dynamic stimuli showed longitudinal development between time points. Self-report empathy and emotion recognition functions using visual static and auditory stimuli were stable by age 17 whereas concept formation declined between time points. The protracted development of some functions may reflect continued brain maturation into late adolescence and early adulthood including synaptic pruning (Sowell et al., 2001) and changes to functional connectivity (Stevens et al., 2007) and/or environmental change. Clinical implications, such as assessing the effectiveness of rehabilitation following Head Injury, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - Lynne A Barker
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - Lisa Heavey
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - Sue McHale
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
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Doherty TA, Barker LA, Denniss R, Jalil A, Beer MD. The cooking task: making a meal of executive functions. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 25717294 PMCID: PMC4324235 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current standardized neuropsychological tests may fail to accurately capture real-world executive deficits. We developed a computer-based Cooking Task (CT) assessment of executive functions and trialed the measure with a normative group before use with a head-injured population. Forty-six participants completed the computerized CT and subtests from standardized neuropsychological tasks, including the Tower and Sorting Tests of executive function from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and the Cambridge prospective memory test (CAMPROMPT), in order to examine whether standardized executive function tasks, predicted performance on measurement indices from the CT. Findings showed that verbal comprehension, rule detection and prospective memory contributed to measures of prospective planning accuracy and strategy implementation of the CT. Results also showed that functions necessary for cooking efficacy differ as an effect of task demands (difficulty levels). Performance on rule detection, strategy implementation and flexible thinking executive function measures contributed to accuracy on the CT. These findings raise questions about the functions captured by present standardized tasks particularly at varying levels of difficulty and during dual-task performance. Our preliminary findings also indicate that CT measures can effectively distinguish between executive function and Full Scale IQ abilities. Results of the present study indicate that the CT shows promise as an ecologically valid measure of executive function for future use with a head-injured population and indexes selective executive function’s captured by standardized tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Doherty
- Brain Behaviour and Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - L A Barker
- Brain Behaviour and Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - R Denniss
- Brain Behaviour and Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - A Jalil
- Communication and Computing Research Centre (CCRC), Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - M D Beer
- Communication and Computing Research Centre (CCRC), Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
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Cipresso P, Albani G, Serino S, Pedroli E, Pallavicini F, Mauro A, Riva G. Virtual multiple errands test (VMET): a virtual reality-based tool to detect early executive functions deficit in Parkinson's disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:405. [PMID: 25538578 PMCID: PMC4257151 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several recent studies have pointed out that early impairment of executive functions (EFs) in Parkinson's Disease (PD) may be a crucial marker to detect patients at risk for developing dementia. The main objective of this study was to compare the performances of PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) with PD patients with normal cognition (PD-NC) and a control group (CG) using a traditional assessment of EFs and the Virtual Multiple Errands Test (VMET), a virtual reality (VR)-based tool. In order to understand which subcomponents of EFs are early impaired, this experimental study aimed to investigate specifically which instrument best discriminates among these three groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included three groups of 15 individuals each (for a total of 45 participants): 15 PD-NC; 15 PD-MCI, and 15 cognitively healthy individuals (CG). To assess the global neuropsychological functioning and the EFs, several tests (including the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, and Tower of London test) were administered to the participants. The VMET was used for a more ecologically valid neuropsychological evaluation of EFs. RESULTS Findings revealed significant differences in the VMET scores between the PD-NC patients vs. the controls. In particular, patients made more errors in the tasks of the VMET, and showed a poorer ability to use effective strategies to complete the tasks. This VMET result seems to be more sensitive in the early detection of executive deficits because these two groups did not differ in the traditional assessment of EFs (neuropsychological battery). CONCLUSION This study offers initial evidence that a more ecologically valid evaluation of EFs is more likely to lead to detection of subtle executive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Albani
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoOggebbio, Italy
| | - Silvia Serino
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Federica Pallavicini
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoOggebbio, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilano, Italy
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McGuire BE, Morrison TG, Barker LA, Morton N, McBrinn J, Caldwell S, Wilson CF, McCann J, Carton S, Delargy M, Walsh J. Impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury: inter-rater reliability and factor structure of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) in patients, significant others and clinicians. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:352. [PMID: 25346668 PMCID: PMC4193327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study sought to address two questions: (1) what is the inter-rater reliability of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) when completed by patients, their significant others, and clinicians; and (2) does the factor structure of the DEX vary for these three groups? Methods: We obtained DEX ratings for 113 patients with an acquired brain injury from two brain injury services in the UK and two services in Ireland. We gathered data from two groups of raters—“significant others” (DEX-SO) such as partners and close family members and “clinicians” (DEX-C), who were psychologists or rehabilitation physicians working closely with the patient and who were able to provide an opinion about the patient’s level of everyday executive functioning. Intra-class correlation coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated between each of the three groups (self, significant other, clinician). Principal axis factor (PAF) analyses were also conducted for each of the three groups. Results: The factor analysis revealed a consistent one-factor model for each of the three groups of raters. However, the inter-rater reliability analyses showed a low level of agreement between the self-ratings and the ratings of the two groups of independent raters. We also found low agreement between the significant others and the clinicians. Conclusion: Although there was a consistent finding of a single factor solution for each of the three groups, the low level of agreement between significant others and clinicians raises a question about the reliability of the DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E McGuire
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Todd G Morrison
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynne A Barker
- Department of Psychology, Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicholas Morton
- Neurorehabilitation Services, Doncaster Rotherham and South Humber NHS Foundation Trust Doncaster, UK
| | - Judith McBrinn
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Sheena Caldwell
- Regional Acquired Brain Injury Unit, Musgrave Park Hospital Belfast, UK
| | - Colin F Wilson
- Regional Acquired Brain Injury Unit, Musgrave Park Hospital Belfast, UK
| | - John McCann
- Regional Acquired Brain Injury Unit, Musgrave Park Hospital Belfast, UK
| | | | - Mark Delargy
- National Rehabilitation Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Walsh
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
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Drabble J, Bowles DP, Barker LA. Investigating the role of executive attentional control to self-harm in a non-clinical cohort with borderline personality features. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:274. [PMID: 25191235 PMCID: PMC4138775 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-injurious behavior (or self-harm) is a frequently reported maladaptive behavior in the general population and a key feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Poor affect regulation is strongly linked to a propensity to self-harm, is a core component of BPD, and is linked with reduced attentional control abilities. The idea that attentional control difficulties may provide a link between BPD, negative affect and self-harm has yet to be established, however. The present study explored the putative relationship between levels of BPD features, three aspects of attentional/executive control, affect, and self-harm history in a sample of 340 non-clinical participants recruited online from self-harm forums and social networking sites. Analyses showed that self-reported levels of BPD features and attentional focusing predicted self-harm incidence, and high attentional focusing increased the likelihood of a prior self-harm history in those with high BPD features. Ability to shift attention was associated with a reduced likelihood of self-harm, suggesting that good attentional switching ability may provide a protective buffer against self-harm behavior for some individuals. These attentional control differences mediated the association between negative affect and self-harm, but the relationship between BPD and self-harm appears independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Drabble
- Brain, Behavior and Cognition Group, Faculty of Development and Society, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - David P Bowles
- Brain, Behavior and Cognition Group, Faculty of Development and Society, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lynne Ann Barker
- Brain, Behavior and Cognition Group, Faculty of Development and Society, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Ladd SL, Toscano WB, Cowings PS, Gabrieli JDE. Cardiovascular change during encoding predicts the nonconscious mere exposure effect. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 127:157-82. [PMID: 24934008 DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.127.2.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
These studies examined memory encoding to determine whether the mere exposure effect could be categorized as a form of conceptual or perceptual implicit priming and, if it was not conceptual or perceptual, whether cardiovascular psychophysiology could reveal its nature. Experiment 1 examined the effects of study phase level of processing on recognition, the mere exposure effect, and word identification implicit priming. Deep relative to shallow processing improved recognition but did not influence the mere exposure effect for nonwords or word identification implicit priming for words. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the effect of study-test changes in font and orientation, respectively, on the mere exposure effect and word identification implicit priming. Different study-test font and orientation reduced word identification implicit priming but had no influence on the mere exposure effect. Experiments 4 and 5 developed and used, respectively, a cardiovascular psychophysiological implicit priming paradigm to examine whether stimulus-specific cardiovascular reactivity at study predicted the mere exposure effect at test. Blood volume pulse change at study was significantly greater for nonwords that were later preferred than for nonwords that were not preferred at test. There was no difference in blood volume pulse change for words at study that were later either identified or not identified at test. Fluency effects, at encoding or retrieval, are an unlikely explanation for these behavioral and cardiovascular findings. The relation of blood volume pulse to affect suggests that an affective process that is not conceptual or perceptual contributes to the mere exposure effect.
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Semple BD, Blomgren K, Gimlin K, Ferriero DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Brain development in rodents and humans: Identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:1-16. [PMID: 23583307 PMCID: PMC3737272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1353] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are leading causes of long-term mortality and disability in infants and children. Although several preclinical models using rodents of different ages have been developed, species differences in the timing of key brain maturation events can render comparisons of vulnerability and regenerative capacities difficult to interpret. Traditional models of developmental brain injury have utilized rodents at postnatal day 7-10 as being roughly equivalent to a term human infant, based historically on the measurement of post-mortem brain weights during the 1970s. Here we will examine fundamental brain development processes that occur in both rodents and humans, to delineate a comparable time course of postnatal brain development across species. We consider the timing of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, oligodendrocyte maturation and age-dependent behaviors that coincide with developmentally regulated molecular and biochemical changes. In general, while the time scale is considerably different, the sequence of key events in brain maturation is largely consistent between humans and rodents. Further, there are distinct parallels in regional vulnerability as well as functional consequences in response to brain injuries. With a focus on developmental hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury, this review offers guidelines for researchers when considering the most appropriate rodent age for the developmental stage or process of interest to approximate human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Q2:07, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kayleen Gimlin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Donna M. Ferriero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda J. Noble-Haeusslein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-722, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Barker LA. Defining the Parameters of Incidental Learning on a Serial Reaction Time (SRT) Task: Do Conscious Rules Apply? Brain Sci 2012; 2:769-89. [PMID: 24961269 PMCID: PMC4061816 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate about the contribution of explicit processes to incidental learning, particularly attention, working memory and control mechanisms. Studies generally measure explicit process contributions to incidental learning by comparing dual- to single-task sequence learning on some variant of a Serial Reaction Time (SRT), usually adopting an auditory tone counting task as the secondary task/memory load. Few studies have used secondary working memory stimuli with the SRT task, those that have typically presented secondary stimuli, before, after or between primary task stimuli. Arguably, this design is problematic because participants may potentially “switch” attention between sequential stimulus sources limiting the potential of both tasks to simultaneously index shared cognitive resources. In the present study secondary Visual and Verbal, memory tasks were temporally synchronous and spatially embedded with the primary SRT task for Visual and Verbal dual-task conditions and temporally synchronous but spatially displaced for Visual-Spatial and Verbal-Spatial Above/Below conditions, to investigate modality specific contributions of visual, verbal and spatial memory to incidental and explicit sequence learning. Incidental learning scores were not different as an effect of condition but explicit scores were. Explicit scores significantly and incrementally diminished from the Single-task through Visual-Spatial Below conditions; percentage accuracy scores on secondary tasks followed a significant corresponding pattern suggesting an explicit learning/secondary memory task trade-off as memory demands of tasks increased across condition. Incidental learning boundary conditions are unlikely to substantially comprise working memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Barker
- Brain, Behaviour and Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Crescent Campus, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
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Semple BD, Canchola SA, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Deficits in social behavior emerge during development after pediatric traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2672-83. [PMID: 22888909 PMCID: PMC3510450 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pediatric brain may be particularly vulnerable to social deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to the protracted nature of psychosocial development through adolescence. However, the majority of pre-clinical studies fail to assess social outcomes in experimental pediatric TBI. The current study evaluated social behavior in mice subjected to TBI at post-natal day (p)21. Social behaviors were assessed by a partition test, resident-intruder, three-chamber, and tube dominance tasks during adolescence (p35-42) and again during early adulthood (p60-70), during encounters with unfamiliar, naïve stimulus mice. Despite normal olfactory function and normal social behaviors during adolescence, brain-injured mice showed impaired social investigation by adulthood, evidenced by reduced ano-genital sniffing and reduced following of stimulus mice in the resident-intruder task, as well as a loss of preference for sociability in the three-chamber task. TBI mice also lacked a preference for social novelty, suggestive of a deficit in social recognition or memory. By adulthood, brain-injured mice exerted more frequent dominance in the tube task compared to sham-operated controls, a finding suggestive of aggressive tendencies. Together these findings reveal reduced social interaction and a tendency towards increased aggression, which evolves across development to adulthood. This emergence of aberrant social behavior, which parallels the development of other cognitive deficits in this model and behaviors seen in brain-injured children, is consistent with the hypothesis that the full extent of deficits is not realized until the associated skills reach maturity. Thus, efficacy of therapeutics for pediatric TBI should take into account the time-dependent emergence of abnormal behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA.
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Gruber SA, Sagar KA, Dahlgren MK, Racine M, Lukas SE. Age of onset of marijuana use and executive function. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2011; 26:496-506. [PMID: 22103843 DOI: 10.1037/a0026269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana (MJ) remains the most widely abused illicit substance in the United States, and in recent years, a decline in perceived risk of MJ use has been accompanied by a simultaneous increase in rates of use among adolescents. In this study, the authors hypothesized that chronic MJ smokers would perform cognitive tasks, specifically those that require executive function, more poorly than control subjects and that individuals who started smoking MJ regularly prior to age 16 (early onset) would have more difficulty than those who started after age 16 (late onset). Thirty-four chronic, heavy MJ smokers separated into early and late onset groups, and 28 non-MJ smoking controls completed a battery of neurocognitive measures. As hypothesized, MJ smokers performed more poorly than controls on several measures of executive function. Age of onset analyses revealed that these between-group differences were largely attributed to the early onset group, who were also shown to smoke twice as often and nearly 3 times as much MJ per week relative to the late onset smokers. Age of onset, frequency, and magnitude of MJ use were all shown to impact cognitive performance. Findings suggest that earlier MJ onset is related to poorer cognitive function and increased frequency and magnitude of MJ use relative to later MJ onset. Exposure to MJ during a period of neurodevelopmental vulnerability, such as adolescence, may result in altered brain development and enduring neuropsychological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci A Gruber
- Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Barker LA, Morton N, Morrison TG, McGuire BE. Inter-rater reliability of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX): Comparative data from non-clinician respondents—all raters are not equal. Brain Inj 2011; 25:997-1004. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.597046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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The contribution of injury severity, executive and implicit functions to awareness of deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI). J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010; 16:1089-98. [PMID: 20735889 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617710000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in self-awareness are commonly seen after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and adversely affect rehabilitative efforts, independence and quality of life (Ponsford, 2004). Awareness models predict that executive and implicit functions are important cognitive components of awareness though the putative relationship between implicit and awareness processes has not been subject to empirical investigation (Crosson et al., 1989; Ownsworth, Clare, & Morris, 2006; Toglia & Kirk, 2000). Severity of injury, also thought to be a crucial determinant of awareness outcome post-insult, is under-explored in awareness studies (Sherer, Boake, Levin, Silver, Ringholz, & Walter, 1998). The present study measured the contribution of injury severity, IQ, mood state, executive and implicit functions to awareness in head-injured patients assigned to moderate/severe head-injured groups using several awareness, executive, and implicit measures. Severe injuries resulted in greater impairments across most awareness, executive and implicit measures compared with moderate injuries, although deficits were still seen in the moderate group. Hierarchical regression results showed that severity of injury, IQ, mood state, executive and implicit functions made significant unique contributions to selective aspects of awareness. Future models of awareness should account for both implicit and executive contributions to awareness and the possibility that both are vulnerable to disruption after neuropathology.
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