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Smith AM, Marin A, DeCaro RE, Feinn R, Wack A, Hughes GI, Rivard N, Umashankar A, Turk KW, Budson AE. Algorithmic Spaced Retrieval Enhances Long-Term Memory in Alzheimer Disease: Case-Control Pilot Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e51943. [PMID: 39028554 PMCID: PMC11297374 DOI: 10.2196/51943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spaced retrieval is a learning technique that involves engaging in repeated memory testing after increasingly lengthy intervals of time. Spaced retrieval has been shown to improve long-term memory in Alzheimer disease (AD), but it has historically been difficult to implement in the everyday lives of individuals with AD. OBJECTIVE This research aims to determine, in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, the efficacy and feasibility of a mobile app that combines spaced retrieval with a machine learning algorithm to enhance memory retention. Specifically, the app prompts users to answer questions during brief daily sessions, and a machine learning algorithm tracks each user's rate of forgetting to determine the optimal spacing schedule to prevent anticipated forgetting. METHODS In this pilot study, 61 participants (young adults: n=21, 34%; healthy older adults: n=20, 33%; people with MCI due to AD: n=20, 33%) used the app for 4 weeks to learn new facts and relearn forgotten name-face associations. Participation during the 4-week period was characterized by using the app once per day to answer 15 questions about the facts and names. After the 4-week learning phase, participants completed 2 recognition memory tests approximately 1 week apart, which tested memory for information they had studied using the app as well as information they had not studied. RESULTS After using the mobile app for 1 month, every person with MCI due to AD demonstrated improvements in memory for new facts that they had studied via the app compared to baseline (P<.001). All but one person with MCI due to AD (19/20, 95%) showed improvements of more than 10 percentage points, comparable to the improvements shown by young adults and healthy older adults. Memory for name-face associations was similarly improved for all participant groups after using the app but to a lesser degree. Furthermore, for both new facts and name-face associations, we found no memory decay for any participant group after they took a break of approximately 1 week from using the app at the end of the study. Regarding usability, of the 20 people with MCI due to AD, 16 (80%) self-adhered to the app's automated practice schedule, and half of them (n=10, 50%) expressed an interest in continuing to use it. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate early evidence that spaced retrieval mobile apps are both feasible for people with early-stage AD to use in their everyday lives and effective for supporting memory retention of recently learned facts and name-face associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Smith
- Blank Slate Technologies, LLC, Arlington, VA, United States
| | - Anna Marin
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Renee E DeCaro
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Feinn
- Frank H Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, United States
| | - Audrey Wack
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gregory I Hughes
- The US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States
- The Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | | | - Akshay Umashankar
- Univerity of Texas at Austin College of Education, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Katherine W Turk
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew E Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Hou M, Hill PF, Aktas ANZ, Ekstrom AD, Rugg MD. Neural correlates of retrieval success and precision: an fMRI study. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.598309. [PMID: 38915680 PMCID: PMC11195065 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.598309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Prior studies examining the neural mechanisms underlying retrieval success and precision have yielded inconsistent results. Here, their neural correlates were examined using a memory task that assessed precision for spatial location. A sample of healthy young adults underwent fMRI scanning during a single study-test cycle. At study, participants viewed a series of object images, each placed at a randomly selected location on an imaginary circle. At test, studied images were intermixed with new images and presented to the participants. The requirement was to move a cursor to the location of the studied image, guessing if necessary. Participants then signaled whether the presented image as having been studied. Memory precision was quantified as the angle between the studied location and the location selected by the participant. A precision effect was evident in the left angular gyrus, where BOLD activity covaried across trials with location accuracy. Multi-voxel pattern analysis also revealed a significant item-level reinstatement effect for high-precision trials. There was no evidence of a retrieval success effect in the angular gyrus. BOLD activity in the hippocampus was insensitive to both success and precision. These findings are partially consistent with prior evidence that success and precision are dissociable features of memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
| | - Paul F. Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Ayse N. Z. Aktas
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
| | - Arne D. Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, USA
- Evelyn McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona, USA
| | - Michael D. Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
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3
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Featherston KG, Hale S, Myerson J. Individual and Age Differences in Item and Context Memory. Exp Aging Res 2024; 50:376-399. [PMID: 37009776 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2023.2196503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether individuals who are good at recognizing previously presented items are also good at recognizing the context in which items were presented. We focused specifically on whether the relation between item recognition and context recognition abilities differs in younger and older adults. It has been hypothesized that context memory declines more rapidly in older adults due to an age-related deficit in associative binding or recollection. To test this hypothesis, younger and older adults were asked to remember lists of names and objects, as well as the context (i.e. their size, location, and color) that accompanied those items. Following presentation of each list, recognition tests for items and context were administered. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models analyzing both item and context scores together provided no evidence of separate factors for item and context memory. Instead, the best-fitting model separated performance by item-type, regardless of context, and no differences were found in the structure of these abilities in younger and older adults. These findings are consistent with the limited previous latent variable research on context memory in aging suggesting that there is no context recognition memory ability separable from item memory in younger nor older adults. Instead, individual differences in recognition memory abilities may be specific to the domain of the studied stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Featherston
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Sandra Hale
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Joel Myerson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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4
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Steinkrauss AC, Slotnick SD. Is implicit memory associated with the hippocampus? Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:56-70. [PMID: 38368598 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2315816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
According to the traditional memory-systems view, the hippocampus is critical during explicit (conscious) long-term memory, whereas other brain regions support implicit (nonconscious) memory. In the last two decades, some fMRI studies have reported hippocampal activity during implicit memory tasks. The aim of the present discussion paper was to identify whether any implicit memory fMRI studies have provided convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with nonconscious processes without being confounded by conscious processes. Experimental protocol and analysis parameters included the stimulus type(s), task(s), measures of subjective awareness, explicit memory accuracy, the relevant fMRI contrast(s) or analysis, and confound(s). A systematic review was conducted to identify implicit memory studies that reported fMRI activity in the hippocampus. After applying exclusion criteria, 13 articles remained for analysis. We found that there were no implicit memory fMRI studies where subjective awareness was absent, explicit memory performance was at chance, and there were no confounds that could have driven the observed hippocampal activity. The confounds included explicit memory (including false memory), imbalanced attentional states between conditions (yielding activation of the default-mode network), imbalanced stimuli between conditions, and differential novelty. As such, not a single fMRI study provided convincing evidence that implicit memory was associated with the hippocampus. Neuropsychological evidence was also considered, and implicit memory deficits were caused by factors known to disrupt brain regions beyond the hippocampus, such that the behavioral effects could not be attributed to this region. The present results indicate that implicit memory is not associated with the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Steinkrauss
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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5
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Sep MSC, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Geuze E, Joels M. Pre-trauma memory contextualization as predictor for PTSD-like behavior in male rats. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:84-94. [PMID: 38262164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
While many people experience potentially threatening events during their life, only a minority develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The identification of individuals at risk among those exposed to trauma is crucial for PTSD prevention in the future. Since re-experiencing trauma elements outside of the original trauma-context is a core feature of PTSD, we investigate if the ability to bind memories to their original encoding context (i.e. memory contextualization) predicts PTSD vulnerability. We hypothesize that pre-trauma neutral memory contextualization (under stress) negatively relates to PTSD-like behavior, in a prospective design using the cut-off behavioral criteria rat model for PTSD. 72 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided in two experimental groups to assess the predictive value of 1) memory contextualization without acute stress (NS-group) and 2) memory contextualization during the recovery phase of the acute stress-response (S-group) for susceptibility to PTSD-like behavior. A powerful extension to regression analysis -path analysis-was used to test this specific hypothesis, together with secondary research questions. Following traumatic predator scent stress, 19.4% of the rats displayed PTSD-like behavior. Results showed a negative relation between pre-trauma memory contextualization and PTSD-like behavior, but only in the NS-group. Pre-trauma memory contextualization was positively related to fear association in the trauma environment, again only in the NS group. If the predictive value of pre-trauma contextualization of neutral information under non-stressful conditions for PTSD susceptibility is replicated in prospective studies in humans, this factor would supplement already known vulnerability factors for PTSD and improve the identification of individuals at risk among the trauma exposed, especially those at high trauma risk such as soldiers deployed on a mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou S C Sep
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; GGZ inGeest Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Joels
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Gambi C, Lelonkiewicz JR, Crepaldi D. Do Children (and Adults) Benefit From a Prediction Error Boost in One-Shot Word Learning? J Cogn 2024; 7:13. [PMID: 38223230 PMCID: PMC10785960 DOI: 10.5334/joc.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Influential theories and computational models suggest error-based learning plays an important role in language acquisition: Children learn new words by generating predictions about upcoming utterances and revising those predictions when they are erroneous. Critically, revising stronger (rather than weaker) predictions should further enhance learning. Although previously demonstrated in adults, such prediction error boost has not been conclusively shown in children. To close this gap, we tested 107 participants between the ages of 5 and 10. We found little evidence that word learning in this age group benefits from a prediction error boost. Moreover, we also failed to replicate previous evidence for such an effect in adults. Based on a detailed task analysis, we suggest the variation in adult findings may be partly explained by differences in encoding strategies and that, relatedly, the protracted development of the episodic memory system might explain why children do not experience robust benefits from having stronger (rather than weaker) predictions disconfirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Davide Crepaldi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Italy
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7
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de Chastelaine M, Horne ED, Hou M, Rugg MD. Relationships between age, fMRI correlates of familiarity and familiarity-based memory performance under single and dual task conditions. Neuropsychologia 2023; 189:108670. [PMID: 37633516 PMCID: PMC10591814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Using fMRI, we investigated the effects of age and divided attention on the neural correlates of familiarity and their relationship with memory performance. At study, word pairs were visually presented to young and older participants under the requirement to make a relational judgment on each pair. Participants were then scanned while undertaking an associative recognition test under single and dual (auditory tone detection) task conditions. The test items comprised studied, rearranged (words from different studied pairs) and new word pairs. fMRI familiarity effects were operationalized as greater activity elicited by studied pairs incorrectly identified as 'rearranged' than by correctly rejected new pairs. The reverse contrast was employed to identify 'novelty' effects. Behavioral familiarity estimates were equivalent across age groups and task conditions. Robust fMRI familiarity effects were identified in several regions, including medial and superior lateral parietal cortex, dorsal medial and left lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral caudate. fMRI novelty effects were identified in the anterior medial temporal lobe. Both familiarity and novelty effects were largely age-invariant and did not vary, or varied minimally, according to task condition. In addition, the familiarity effects correlated positively with a behavioral estimate of familiarity strength irrespective of age. These findings extend a previous report from our laboratory, and converge with prior behavioral reports, in demonstrating that the factors of age and divided attention have little impact on behavioral and neural estimates of familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Erin D Horne
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Raud L, Sneve MH, Vidal-Piñeiro D, Sørensen Ø, Folvik L, Ness HT, Mowinckel AM, Grydeland H, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM. Hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity during memory encoding and retrieval. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120309. [PMID: 37544416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory encoding and retrieval are critical sub-processes of episodic memory. While the hippocampus is involved in both, less is known about its connectivity with the neocortex during memory processing in humans. This is partially due to variations in demands in common memory tasks, which inevitably recruit cognitive processes other than episodic memory. Conjunctive analysis of data from different tasks with the same core elements of encoding and retrieval can reduce the intrusion of patterns related to subsidiary perceptual and cognitive processing. Leveraging data from two large-scale functional resonance imaging studies with different episodic memory tasks (514 and 237 participants), we identified hippocampal-cortical networks active during memory tasks. Whole-brain functional connectivity maps were similar during resting state, encoding, and retrieval. Anterior and posterior hippocampus had distinct connectivity profiles, which were also stable across resting state and memory tasks. When contrasting encoding and retrieval connectivity, conjunctive encoding-related connectivity was sparse. During retrieval hippocampal connectivity was increased with areas known to be active during recollection, including medial prefrontal, inferior parietal, and parahippocampal cortices. This indicates that the stable functional connectivity of the hippocampus along its longitudinal axis is superposed by increased functional connectivity with the recollection network during retrieval, while auxiliary encoding connectivity likely reflects contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Raud
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Markus H Sneve
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Sørensen
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Folvik
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hedda T Ness
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Athanasia M Mowinckel
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Grydeland
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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9
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de Chastelaine M, Horne ED, Hou M, Rugg MD. Relationships between age, fMRI correlates of familiarity and familiarity-based memory performance under single and dual task conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542526. [PMID: 37398000 PMCID: PMC10312430 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Using fMRI, we investigated the effects of age and divided attention on the neural correlates of familiarity and their relationship with memory performance. At study, word pairs were visually presented to young and older participants under the requirement to make a relational judgment on each pair. Participants were then scanned while undertaking an associative recognition test under single and dual (auditory tone detection) task conditions. The test items comprised studied, rearranged (words from different studied pairs) and new word pairs. fMRI familiarity effects were operationalized as greater activity elicited by studied pairs incorrectly identified as 'rearranged' than by correctly rejected new pairs. The reverse contrast was employed to identify 'novelty' effects. Behavioral familiarity estimates were equivalent across age groups and task conditions. Robust fMRI familiarity effects were identified in several regions, including medial and superior lateral parietal cortex, dorsal medial and left lateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral caudate. fMRI novelty effects were identified in the anterior medial temporal lobe. Both familiarity and novelty effects were age-invariant and did not vary according to task condition. In addition, the familiarity effects correlated positively with a behavioral estimate of familiarity strength irrespective of age. These findings extend a previous report from our laboratory, and converge with prior behavioral reports, in demonstrating that the factors of age and divided attention have minimal impact on behavioral and neural estimates of familiarity.
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10
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Halpern DJ, Tubridy S, Davachi L, Gureckis TM. Identifying causal subsequent memory effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2120288120. [PMID: 36952384 PMCID: PMC10068819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120288120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40 y of accumulated research has detailed associations between neuroimaging signals measured during a memory encoding task and later memory performance, across a variety of brain regions, measurement tools, statistical approaches, and behavioral tasks. But the interpretation of these subsequent memory effects (SMEs) remains unclear: if the identified signals reflect cognitive and neural mechanisms of memory encoding, then the underlying neural activity must be causally related to future memory. However, almost all previous SME analyses do not control for potential confounders of this causal interpretation, such as serial position and item effects. We collect a large fMRI dataset and use an experimental design and analysis approach that allows us to statistically adjust for nearly all known exogenous confounding variables. We find that, using standard approaches without adjustment, we replicate several univariate and multivariate subsequent memory effects and are able to predict memory performance across people. However, we are unable to identify any signal that reliably predicts subsequent memory after adjusting for confounding variables, bringing into doubt the causal status of these effects. We apply the same approach to subjects' judgments of learning collected following an encoding period and show that these behavioral measures of mnemonic status do predict memory after adjustments, suggesting that it is possible to measure signals near the time of encoding that reflect causal mechanisms but that existing neuroimaging measures, at least in our data, may not have the precision and specificity to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Halpern
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY10003
| | - Shannon Tubridy
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY10003
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY10027
| | - Todd M. Gureckis
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY10003
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11
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Kim H. Neural correlates of paired associate recollection: A neuroimaging meta-analysis. Brain Res 2023; 1801:148200. [PMID: 36513138 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging data on paired associate recollection have expanded over the years, raising the need for an integrative understanding of the literature. The present study performed a quantitative meta-analysis of the data to fulfill that need. The meta-analysis focused on the three most widely used types of activation contrast: Hit > Miss, Intact > Rearranged, and Memory > Perception. The major results were as follows. First, the Hit > Miss contrast mainly involved regions in the default mode network (DMN)/medial temporal lobe (MTL), likely reflecting a greater amount of retrieved information during the Hit than Miss trials. Second, the Intact > Rearranged contrast mainly involved regions in the DMN/MTL, supporting the view that rejecting recombination foils is based on familiarity with the component parts in the absence of recollection. Third, the Memory > Perception contrast primarily involved regions in the frontoparietal control network, likely reflecting the greater demands on controlled processing during Memory than Perception conditions. Fourth, the subcortical clusters included the amygdala, caudate nucleus/putamen, and mediodorsal thalamus regions, suggesting that these regions are components of the neural circuits supporting associative recollection. Finally, comparisons with previous meta-analyses suggested that associative recollection involves the DMN regions more strongly than source recollection but less strongly than subjective recollection. In conclusion, this study contributes uniquely to the growing literature on paired associate recollection by clarifying the convergent findings and differences among studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkeun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38453, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Liu ES, Hou M, Koen JD, Rugg MD. Effects of age on the neural correlates of encoding source and item information: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2022; 177:108415. [PMID: 36343706 PMCID: PMC9729408 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects of age on encoding-related neural activity predictive of accurate item and source memory judgments were examined with fMRI, with an a priori focus of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and hippocampus. During a scanned study phase, young and older adults viewed a series of pictures of objects and made one of two judgments on each object. At test, which occurred outside of the scanner, an 'old/new' judgment on each test item was followed, for those items endorsed old, by a source judgment querying the study task. Neural activity predictive of accurate subsequent item and source memory judgments was identified in bilateral IFG, several other cortical regions and bilateral hippocampus. Cortical effects were graded in the young group (source > item > miss) but predicted item memory only in the older group. Hippocampal effects exclusively predicted source memory, and the magnitude of these effects did not reliably differ between the age groups. In the older group only, IFG and hippocampal encoding effects were positively correlated across participants with memory performance. Similar findings were evident in the extra-IFG regions demonstrating encoding effects. With the exception of the age-dependent relationship identified for hippocampal encoding effects, the present findings are broadly consistent with those from prior aging studies that employed verbal memoranda and tests of associative recognition. Thus, they extend these prior findings to include non-verbal materials and a different operationalization of episodic recollection. Additionally, the present findings suggest that the sensitivity in older adults of IFG encoding effects to subsequent memory performance reflects a more general tendency for cortical encoding effects to predict memory performance in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Song Liu
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
| | - Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, USA.
| | - Joshua D Koen
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, USA; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, UK
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13
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The anterior thalamic nuclei: core components of a tripartite episodic memory system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:505-516. [PMID: 35478245 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Standard models of episodic memory focus on hippocampal-parahippocampal interactions, with the neocortex supplying sensory information and providing a final repository of mnemonic representations. However, recent advances have shown that other regions make distinct and equally critical contributions to memory. In particular, there is growing evidence that the anterior thalamic nuclei have a number of key cognitive functions that support episodic memory. In this article, we describe these findings and argue for a core, tripartite memory system, comprising a 'temporal lobe' stream (centred on the hippocampus) and a 'medial diencephalic' stream (centred on the anterior thalamic nuclei) that together act on shared cortical areas. We demonstrate how these distributed brain regions form complementary and necessary partnerships in episodic memory formation.
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14
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Tibon R, Geerligs L, Campbell K. Bridging the big (data) gap: levels of control in small- and large-scale cognitive neuroscience research. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:507-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Wynn SC, Nyhus E. Brain activity patterns underlying memory confidence. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1774-1797. [PMID: 35304774 PMCID: PMC9314063 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to examine the brain activity patterns that are related to subjectively perceived memory confidence. We focus on the main brain regions involved in episodic memory: the medial temporal lobe (MTL), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and relate activity in their subregions to memory confidence. How this brain activity in both the encoding and retrieval phase is related to (subsequent) memory confidence ratings will be discussed. Specifically, encoding related activity in MTL regions and ventrolateral PFC mainly shows a positive linear increase with subsequent memory confidence, while dorsolateral and ventromedial PFC activity show mixed patterns. In addition, encoding-related PPC activity seems to only have indirect effects on memory confidence ratings. Activity during retrieval in both the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex increases with memory confidence, especially during high-confident recognition. Retrieval-related activity in the PFC and PPC show mixed relationships with memory confidence, likely related to post-retrieval monitoring and attentional processes, respectively. In this review, these MTL, PFC, and PPC activity patterns are examined in detail and related to their functional roles in memory processes. This insight into brain activity that underlies memory confidence is important for our understanding of brain-behaviour relations and memory-guided decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syanah C Wynn
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
| | - Erika Nyhus
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States
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16
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Samrani G, Persson J. Automatic and effortful control of interference in working memory can be distinguished by unique behavioral and functional brain representations. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119098. [PMID: 35301129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-irrelevant information in working memory (WM) may enter the focus of attention (FOA) during a task and cause proactive interference (PI). In the current study we used fMRI to test several hypotheses concerning the boundary conditions of PI in WM using a modified verbal 2-back task. Temporal distance between item and lure presentation was manipulated to evaluate potential differences among hypothesized states of FOA, short-term memory and long-term memory. PI was present for the most proximal 3-back lures but dissipated with lure distance along with increased activation in brain regions critical for memory recollection, such as right prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and hippocampus. Reduced PI and less IFG activation were also observed after repeated item presentation, supporting the notion that a rehearsed encoding of item-context information reduces the need for interference control. Moreover, a trial-by-trial approach revealed activity in ACC, insula, IFG, and parietal cortex with increasing lure trial interference regardless of distance. The current results are first evidence for an observable transition of cognitive control, to include MTL regions involved in recalling task-relevant information from outside the FOA when resolving PI in WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Samrani
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Umeå Center of Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Persson
- Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Life-Span Developmental Research (LEADER), Department of Law, Psychology, and Social Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden
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17
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Thakral PP, Yu SS, Rugg MD. Sensitivity of the hippocampus to objective but not subjective episodic memory judgments. Cogn Neurosci 2022; 13:165-170. [PMID: 35148666 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2022.2033713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We assessed whether neural activity in the hippocampus dissociates according to whether memory test items elicit a subjective sense of recollection or accurate retrieval of contextual information. We reanalyzed a previously acquired dataset from a study in which participants made both objective (source memory for spatial context) and subjective (Remember-Know) judgments for each test item. Results indicated that the hippocampus was exclusively sensitive to the amount of contextual information retrieved, such that accurate source memory judgments were associated with greater activity than inaccurate judgments, regardless of Remember/Know status. The findings add to the evidence that the hippocampus is insensitive to the subjective experience of recollection, but supports retrieval of contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston P Thakral
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Sarah S Yu
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Tx, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Tx, USA.,School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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18
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Sugimoto H, Otake-Matsuura M. A pilot voxel-based morphometry study of older adults after the PICMOR intervention program. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35045810 PMCID: PMC8772081 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related decline in cognitive function, such as executive function, is associated with structural changes in the neural substrates, such as volume reductions in the lateral prefrontal cortex. To prevent or delay age-related changes in cognitive function, cognitive intervention methods that employ social activity, including conversations, have been proposed in some intervention studies. Interestingly, previous studies have consistently reported that verbal fluency ability can be trained by conversation-based interventions in healthy older adults. However, little is known about the neural substrates that underlie the beneficial effect of conversation-based interventions on cognitive function. In this pilot study, we aimed to provide candidate brain regions that are responsible for the enhancement of cognitive function, by analyzing structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data that were additionally obtained from participants in our previous intervention study. Methods A voxel-based morphometric analysis was applied to the structural MRI data. In the analysis, the regional brain volume was compared between the intervention group, who participated in a group conversation-based intervention program named Photo-Integrated Conversation Moderated by Robots (PICMOR), and the control group, who joined in a control program based on unstructured free conversations. Furthermore, regions whose volume was positively correlated with an increase in verbal fluency task scores throughout the intervention period were explored. Results Results showed that the volume of several regions, including the superior frontal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus/hippocampus, posterior middle temporal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus, was greater in the intervention group than in the control group. In contrast, no regions showed greater volume in the control group than in the intervention group. The region whose volume showed a positive correlation with the increased task scores was identified in the inferior parietal lobule. Conclusions Although definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from this study due to a lack of MRI data from the pre-intervention period, it achieved the exploratory purpose by successfully identifying candidate brain regions that reflect the beneficial effect of conversation-based interventions on cognitive function, including the lateral prefrontal cortex, which plays an important role in executive functions. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered on 7 May 2019 (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry number: UMIN000036667). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02669-x.
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19
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Ventura-Bort C, Wirkner J, Wendt J, Hamm AO, Weymar M. Establishment of Emotional Memories Is Mediated by Vagal Nerve Activation: Evidence from Noninvasive taVNS. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7636-7648. [PMID: 34281991 PMCID: PMC8425981 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2329-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional memories are better remembered than neutral ones, but the mechanisms leading to this memory bias are not well understood in humans yet. Based on animal research, it is suggested that the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is based on central noradrenergic release, which is triggered by afferent vagal nerve activation. To test the causal link between vagus nerve activation and emotional memory in humans, we applied continuous noninvasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) during exposure to emotional arousing and neutral scenes and tested subsequent, long-term recognition memory after 1 week. We found that taVNS, compared with sham, increased recollection-based memory performance for emotional, but not neutral, material. These findings were complemented by larger recollection-related brain potentials (parietal ERP Old/New effect) during retrieval of emotional scenes encoded under taVNS, compared with sham. Furthermore, brain potentials recorded during encoding also revealed that taVNS facilitated early attentional discrimination between emotional and neutral scenes. Extending animal research, our behavioral and neural findings confirm a modulatory influence of the vagus nerve in emotional memory formation in humans.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Emotionally relevant information elicits stronger and more enduring memories than nonrelevant information. Animal research has shown that this memory-enhancing effect of emotion is related to the noradrenergic activation in the brain, which is triggered by afferent fibers of the vagus nerve (VN). In the current study, we show that noninvasive transcutaneous auricular VN stimulation enhances recollection-based memory formation specifically for emotionally relevant information as indicated by behavioral and electrophysiological indices. These human findings give novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the establishment of emotional episodic memories by confirming the causal link between the VN and memory formation which may help understand the neural mechanisms underlying disorders associated with altered memory functions and develop treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ventura-Bort
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janine Wirkner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17489, Germany
| | - Julia Wendt
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Alfons O Hamm
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, 17487, Germany
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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20
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Hou M, Wang TH, Rugg MD. The effects of age on neural correlates of recognition memory: An fMRI study. Brain Cogn 2021; 153:105785. [PMID: 34419811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies examining the effects of age on the neural correlates of recognition memory have yielded mixed results. In the present study, we employed a modified remember-know paradigm to compare the fMRI correlates of recollection and familiarity in samples of healthy young and older adults. After studying a series of words, participants underwent fMRI scanning during a test phase in which they responded "remember" to a test word if any qualitative information could be recollected about the study event. When recollection failed, participants signaled how confident they were that the test item had been studied. Young and older adults demonstrated statistically equivalent estimates of recollection and familiarity strength, while recognition memory accuracy was significantly lower in the older adults. Robust, age-invariant fMRI effects were evident in two sets of a priori defined brain regions consistently reported in prior studies to be sensitive to recollection and familiarity respectively. In addition, the magnitudes of 'familiarity-attenuation effects' in perirhinal cortex demonstrated age-invariant correlations with estimates of familiarity strength and memory accuracy, replicating prior findings. Together, the present findings add to the evidence that the neural correlates of recognition memory are largely stable across much of the healthy human adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Tracy H Wang
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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21
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Encoding and inhibition of arbitrary episodic context with abstract concepts. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:546-563. [PMID: 34409567 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Context is critical for conceptual processing, but the mechanism underpinning its encoding and reinstantiation during abstract concept processing is unclear. Context may be especially important for abstract concepts-we investigated whether episodic context is recruited differently when processing abstract compared with concrete concepts. Experiments 1 and 2 presented abstract and concrete words in arbitrary contexts at encoding (Experiment 1: red/green colored frames; Experiment 2: male/female voices). Recognition memory for these contexts was worse for abstract concepts. Again using frame color and voice as arbitrary contexts, respectively, Experiments 3 and 4 presented words from encoding in the same or different context at test to determine whether there was a greater recognition memory benefit for abstract versus concrete concepts when the context was unchanged between encoding and test. Instead, abstract concepts were less likely to be remembered when context was retained. This suggests that at least some types of episodic context-when arbitrary-are attended less, and may even be inhibited, when processing abstract concepts. In Experiment 5, we utilized a context-spatial location-which (as we show) tends to be relevant during real-world processing of abstract concepts. We presented words in different locations, preserving or changing location at test. Location retention conferred a recognition memory advantage for abstract concepts. Thus, episodic context may be encoded with abstract concepts when context is relevant to real-world processing. The systematic contexts necessary for understanding abstract concepts may lead to arbitrary context inhibition, but greater attention to contexts that tend to be more relevant during real-world processing.
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22
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Imaging recollection, familiarity, and novelty in the frontoparietal control and default mode networks and the anterior-posterior medial temporal lobe: An integrated view and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:491-508. [PMID: 33857579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A network-level model of recollection-based recognition (R), familiarity-based recognition (F), and novelty recognition (N) was constructed, and its validity was evaluated through meta-analyses to produce an integrated view of neuroimaging data. The model predicted the following: (a) the overall magnitude of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) activity (which supports retrieval and decision effort) is in the order of F > R > N; (b) that of the posterior medial temporal network (MTL) activity (which plays a direct role in retrieval) is in the order of R > N > F; (c) that of the anterior MTL activity (which supports novelty-encoding) is in the order of N > R > F; (d) that of the default mode network (DMN) activity (which supports the subjective experience of remembering) is in the order of R > N > F. The meta-analyses results were consistent with these predictions. Subsystem analysis indicated a functional dissociation between the cingulo-opercular vs. frontoparietal components of the FPCN and between the core vs. medial temporal components of the DMN.
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23
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Abstract
The ability to prioritize learning some information over others when that information is considered important or valuable is known as value-directed remembering. In these experiments, we investigate how value influences different aspects of memory, including item memory (memory for the to-be-learned materials) and context memory (memory for peripheral details that occurred when studying items) to get a better understanding of how people prioritize learning information. In this investigation, participants encoded words associated with a range of values (binned into higher, medium, and lower value in Experiment 1, and into higher and lower value in Experiment 2) for a subsequent memory test that measured item memory (Is this item old or new?) as well as both objective context memory (memory for an objectively verifiable contextual detail: In which voice was this item spoken?) and subjective context memory (How many visual, auditory, and extraneous thoughts/feelings can you remember associated with this item?). Results indicated that value influenced item memory but had no effect on objective context memory in both Experiments. In Experiment 2, results showed better subjective context memory for multiple episodic details for higher-value relative to lower-value materials. Overall, these findings suggest that value has a strong influence over some aspects of memory, but not others. This work gives a richer understanding of how people prioritize learning more important over less important information.
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24
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Costanzo F, Alfieri P, Caciolo C, Bergonzini P, Perrino F, Zampino G, Leoni C, Menghini D, Digilio MC, Tartaglia M, Vicari S, Carlesimo GA. Recognition Memory in Noonan Syndrome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:169. [PMID: 33572736 PMCID: PMC7910957 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and the clinically related NS with multiple lentiginous (NMLS) are genetic conditions characterized by upregulated RAS mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS-MAPK) signaling, which is known to impact hippocampus-dependent memory formation and consolidation. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed characterization of the recognition memory of children and adolescents with NS/NMLS. We compared 18 children and adolescents affected by NS and NMLS with 22 typically developing (TD) children, matched for chronological age and non-verbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ), in two different experimental paradigms, to assess familiarity and recollection: a Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP) and a Task Dissociation Procedure (TDP). Differences in verbal skills between groups, as well as chronological age, were considered in the analysis. Participants with NS and NSML showed reduced recollection in the PDP and impaired associative recognition in the TDP, compared to controls. These results indicate poor recollection in the recognition memory of participants with NS and NSML, which cannot be explained by intellectual disability or language deficits. These results provide evidence of the role of mutations impacting RAS-MAPK signaling in the disruption of hippocampal memory formation and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Costanzo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Cristina Caciolo
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Paola Bergonzini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Francesca Perrino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.Z.); (C.L.)
- Rehabilitation Center UILMD Lazio Onlus, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health, Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (G.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Deny Menghini
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.D.); (M.T.)
- Medical Genetics, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (M.C.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (P.A.); (C.C.); (P.B.); (D.M.); (S.V.)
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
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25
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Liu ES, Koen JD, Rugg MD. Effects of Age on Prestimulus Neural Activity Predictive of Successful Memory Encoding: An fMRI Study. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:917-932. [PMID: 32959047 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prestimulus subsequent memory effects (SMEs)-differences in neural activity preceding the onset of study items that are predictive of later memory performance-have consistently been reported in young adults. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment investigated potential age-related differences in prestimulus SMEs. During study, healthy young and older participants made one of two semantic judgments on images, with the judgment signaled by a preceding cue. In test phase, participants first made an item recognition judgment and, for each item judged old, a source memory judgment. Age-invariant prestimulus SMEs were observed in left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and right subgenual cortex. In each case, the effects reflected lower blood oxygen level dependent signal for later recognized items, regardless of source accuracy, than for unrecognized items. A similar age-invariant pattern was observed in left orbitofrontal cortex, but this effect was specific to items attracting a correct source response compared to unrecognized items. In contrast, the left angular gyrus and fusiform cortex demonstrated negative prestimulus SMEs that were exclusive to young participants. The findings indicate that age differences in prestimulus SMEs are regionally specific and suggest that prestimulus SMEs reflect multiple cognitive processes, only some of which are vulnerable to advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Song Liu
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Joshua D Koen
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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26
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Baumann O, McFadyen J, Humphreys MS. Behavioral and Neural Effects of Familiarization on Object-Background Associations. Front Psychol 2020; 11:591231. [PMID: 33365002 PMCID: PMC7750435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative memory is the ability to link together components of stimuli. Previous evidence suggests that prior familiarization with study items affects the nature of the association between stimuli. More specifically, novel stimuli are learned in a more context-dependent fashion than stimuli that have been encountered previously without the current context. In the current study, we first acquired behavioral data from 62 human participants to conceptually replicate this effect. Participants were instructed to memorize multiple object-scene pairs (study phase) and were then tested on their recognition memory for the objects (test phase). Importantly, 1 day prior, participants had been familiarized with half of the object stimuli. During the test phase, the objects were either matched to the same scene as during study (intact pair) or swapped with a different object’s scene (rearranged pair). Our results conceptually replicated the context-dependency effect by showing that breaking up a studied object-context pairing is more detrimental to object recognition performance for non-familiarized objects than for familiarized objects. Second, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine whether medial temporal lobe encoding-related activity patterns are reflective of this familiarity-related context effect. Data acquired from 25 human participants indicated a larger effect of familiarization on encoding-related hippocampal activity for objects presented within a scene context compared to objects presented alone. Our results showed that both retrieval-related accuracy patterns and hippocampal activation patterns were in line with a familiarization-mediated context-dependency effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Baumann
- School of Psychology & Interdisciplinary Centre for the Artificial Mind, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica McFadyen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Humphreys
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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27
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Kim H. An integrative model of network activity during episodic memory retrieval and a meta-analysis of fMRI studies on source memory retrieval. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Evidence for Immediate Enhancement of Hippocampal Memory Encoding by Network-Targeted Theta-Burst Stimulation during Concurrent fMRI. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7155-7168. [PMID: 32817326 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0486-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus supports episodic memory via interaction with a distributed brain network. Previous experiments using network-targeted noninvasive brain stimulation have identified episodic memory enhancements and modulation of activity within the hippocampal network. However, mechanistic insights were limited because these effects were measured long after stimulation and therefore could have reflected various neuroplastic aftereffects with extended time courses. In this experiment with human subjects of both sexes, we tested for immediate stimulation impact on encoding-related activity of the hippocampus and immediately adjacent medial-temporal cortex by delivering theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) concurrent with fMRI, as an immediate impact of stimulation would suggest an influence on neural activity. We reasoned that TBS would be particularly effective for influencing the hippocampus because rhythmic neural activity in the theta band is associated with hippocampal memory processing. First, we demonstrated that it is possible to obtain robust fMRI correlates of task-related activity during concurrent TBS. We then identified immediate effects of TBS on encoding of visual scenes. Brief volleys of TBS targeting the hippocampal network increased activity of the targeted (left) hippocampus during scene encoding and increased subsequent recollection. Stimulation did not influence activity during an intermixed numerical task with no memory demand. Control conditions using beta band and out-of-network stimulation also did not influence hippocampal activity or recollection. TBS targeting the hippocampal network therefore immediately impacted hippocampal memory processing. This suggests direct, beneficial influence of stimulation on hippocampal neural activity related to memory and supports the role of theta-band activity in human episodic memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Can noninvasive stimulation directly impact function of indirect, deep-brain targets, such as the hippocampus? We tested this by targeting an accessible region of the hippocampal network via transcranial magnetic stimulation during concurrent fMRI. We reasoned that theta-burst stimulation would be particularly effective for impacting hippocampal function, as this stimulation rhythm should resonate with the endogenous theta-nested-gamma activity prominent in hippocampus. Indeed, theta-burst stimulation targeting the hippocampal network immediately impacted hippocampal activity during encoding, improving memory formation as indicated by enhanced later recollection. Rhythm- and location-control stimulation conditions had no such effects. These findings suggest a direct influence of noninvasive stimulation on hippocampal neural activity and highlight that the theta-burst rhythm is relatively privileged in its ability to influence hippocampal memory function.
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Neural substrates of long-term item and source memory for emotional associates: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 147:107561. [PMID: 32712148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Since Tulving's influential work on the distinction between familiarity and recollection-based retrieval, numerous studies have found evidence for differential contribution of these retrieval mechanisms on emotional episodic memory. Particularly, retrieval advantage for emotional, compared to neutral, information has been related to recollection-, but not familiarity-mediated processes. Neuroimaging studies suggest that this recollection-based retrieval for emotional information is related to stronger engagement of regions in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). In the present study, we investigated neural correlates related to long-term memory of neutral information that has been associated with emotional and neutral contexts, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During encoding, different neutral objects integrated with emotional or neutral scenes were presented. One week later, the encoded objects were intermixed with new ones and participants had to indicate whether the objects were previously seen or not, using the Remember/Know procedure (item memory). Furthermore, memory for the correct scene background category was also tested (contextual source memory). First, replicating previous findings, we observed a preference for recollection-dependent memory retrieval versus familiarity-dependent memory retrieval for those neutral objects encoded in emotional compared to neutral contexts. Second, consistent with these behavioral effects, objects encoded with emotional, compared to neutral, scenes produced larger memory-related activity in recollection-sensitive brain regions, including PPC and PFC regions. Third, correctly retrieved emotional compared to neutral contextual information was associated with increased activity in these brain areas. Together, these results suggest that memory for information encoded in emotional contexts is remarkably robust over time and mediated by recollection-based processes.
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Wen T, Mitchell DJ, Duncan J. The Functional Convergence and Heterogeneity of Social, Episodic, and Self-Referential Thought in the Default Mode Network. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5915-5929. [PMID: 32572493 PMCID: PMC7116230 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The default mode network (DMN) is engaged in a variety of cognitive settings, including social, semantic, temporal, spatial, and self-related tasks.
Andrews-Hanna et al. (2010;
Andrews-Hanna 2012) proposed that the DMN consists of three distinct functional–anatomical subsystems—a dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) subsystem that supports social cognition; a medial temporal lobe (MTL) subsystem that contributes to memory-based scene construction; and a set of midline core hubs that are especially involved in processing self-referential information. We examined activity in the DMN subsystems during six different tasks: 1) theory of mind, 2) moral dilemmas, 3) autobiographical memory, 4) spatial navigation, 5) self/other adjective judgment, and 6) a rest condition. At a broad level, we observed similar whole-brain activity maps for the six contrasts, and some response to every contrast in each of the three subsystems. In more detail, both univariate analysis and multivariate activity patterns showed partial functional separation, especially between dMPFC and MTL subsystems, though with less support for common activity across the midline core. Integrating social, spatial, self-related, and other aspects of a cognitive situation or episode, multiple components of the DMN may work closely together to provide the broad context for current mental activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Wen
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - John Duncan
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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Hou M, de Chastelaine M, Jayakumar M, Donley BE, Rugg MD. Recollection-related hippocampal fMRI effects predict longitudinal memory change in healthy older adults. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107537. [PMID: 32569610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prior fMRI studies have reported relationships between memory-related activity in the hippocampus and in-scanner memory performance, but whether such activity is predictive of longitudinal memory change remains unclear. Here, we administered a neuropsychological test battery to a sample of cognitively healthy older adults on three occasions, the second and third sessions occurring one month and three years after the first session. Structural and functional MRI data were acquired between the first two sessions. The fMRI data were derived from an associative recognition procedure and allowed estimation of hippocampal effects associated with both successful associative encoding and successful associative recognition (recollection). Baseline memory performance and memory change were evaluated using memory component scores derived from a principal components analysis of the neuropsychological test scores. Across participants, right hippocampal encoding effects correlated significantly with baseline memory performance after controlling for chronological age. Additionally, both left and right hippocampal associative recognition effects correlated negatively with longitudinal memory decline after controlling for age, and the relationship with the left hippocampal effect remained after also controlling for left hippocampal volume. Thus, in cognitively healthy older adults, the magnitude of hippocampal recollection effects appears to be a robust predictor of future memory change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Hou
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
| | - Marianne de Chastelaine
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Manasi Jayakumar
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Brian E Donley
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- Center for Vital Longevity and School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA; School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Neural fatigue influences memory encoding in the human hippocampus. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107471. [PMID: 32333936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we examine the variability underlying successful memory encoding. Successful encoding of successive study items may fatigue encoding resources, thus decreasing the ability to encode subsequent items (Tulving and Rosenbaum, 2006); alternatively, successful encoding may be persistent, leading to more successful encoding (Kahana, Aggarwal, and Phan, 2018). Analyzing intracranial electroencephalographic activity while subjects studied lists of words for subsequent free recall, we examined high-frequency activity (HFA) in hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as HFA was greater for subsequently recalled than non-recalled items in these regions. We compared non-recalled items with good encoding history (i.e. one of the two preceding items was recalled) with non-recalled items with poor encoding history (i.e. neither prior item was recalled). In the hippocampus, good encoding history led to reduced HFA, whereas in the DLPFC, good encoding history led to enhanced HFA. Hippocampal findings appear consistent with the neural fatigue hypothesis, whereas the DLPFC results appear consistent with persistent encoding states.
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Johnson EG, Prabhakar J, Mooney LN, Ghetti S. Neuroimaging the sleeping brain: Insight on memory functioning in infants and toddlers. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 58:101427. [PMID: 32085988 PMCID: PMC7089830 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Episodic memory, or the ability to remember past events with specific detail, is central to the human experience and is related to learning and adaptive functioning in a variety of domains. In typically developing children, episodic memory emerges during infancy and improves during early childhood and beyond. Developmental processes within the hippocampus are hypothesized to be primarily responsible for both the early emergence and persistence of episodic memory in late infancy and early childhood. However, these hypotheses are based on non-human models. In-vivo investigations in early human development of hippocampal processes have been significantly limited by methodological challenges in acquiring neuroimaging data, particularly task-related functional neuroimaging data, from infants and toddlers. Recent studies in adults have shown neural activity in the brain regions supporting episodic memory during slow-wave sleep using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and fMRI has been increasingly utilized in infancy and early childhood to address other research questions. We review initial evidence and present preliminary data showing the promise of this approach for examining hippocampal contribution to how infants and toddlers remember individual events, and their association with information about the context in which the event occurred. Overall, our review, integrated with the presentation of some preliminary data provides insight on leveraging sleep to gain new perspectives on early memory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Gray Johnson
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States; Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Janani Prabhakar
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Lindsey N Mooney
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States; Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, United States
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Familiarity impairments after anterior temporal-lobe resection with hippocampal sparing: Lessons learned from case NB. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107339. [PMID: 31930957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We review evidence from an extensive single case study in an individual (NB) who underwent a rare left-sided anterior temporal-lobe resection with sparing of the hippocampus. Our study aimed to determine whether memory functions of perirhinal cortex, which was largely removed in the resection, can be impaired against a background of preserved hippocampus-dependent memory processing. This research was guided by the proposal that item-based familiarity assessment relies on contributions of perirhinal cortex, and that the hippocampus plays a unique role in the relational binding of items to episodic contexts, which is critical for recollection. Seven sets of findings have emerged from our research on NB (synthesized from five primary research articles), and from follow-up work in other patients: (i) Familiarity impairments can be selective and be revealed with multiple methods; (ii) selective familiarity and selective recollection impairments can be double dissociated; (iii) selective familiarity impairments show material specificity; (iv) selective familiarity impairments extend to assessment of cumulative lifetime experience; (v) selective familiarity impairments are sensitive to degree of feature overlap between object concepts; (vi) selective familiarity impairments are associated with preserved task-related fMRI signals in the hippocampus; (vii) selective familiarity impairments can be observed in other lesion cases. Despite our main focus on the dual-process framework, we also discuss implications for the functional organization of the medial temporal lobes in broader terms. We argue that our findings shed light on this organization even if the functional specialization of different medial temporal structures is ultimately not fully captured with reference to the cognitive distinction between familiarity and recollection.
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Davis CP, Altmann GTM, Yee E. Situational systematicity: A role for schema in understanding the differences between abstract and concrete concepts. Cogn Neuropsychol 2020; 37:142-153. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2019.1710124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles P. Davis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Brain Imaging Research Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Gerry T. M. Altmann
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
| | - Eiling Yee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
- Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT, USA
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Sudo FK, de Souza AS, Drummond C, Assuncao N, Teldeschi A, Oliveira N, Rodrigues F, Santiago-Bravo G, Calil V, Lima G, Erthal P, Bernardes G, Monteiro M, Tovar-Moll F, Mattos P. Inter-method and anatomical correlates of episodic memory tests in the Alzheimer's Disease spectrum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223731. [PMID: 31600312 PMCID: PMC6786578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Episodic memory impairments have been described as initial clinical findings in the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) spectrum, which could be associated with the presence of early hippocampal dysfunction. However, correlates between performances in neuropsychological tests and hippocampal volumes in AD were inconclusive in the literature. Divergent methods to assess episodic memory have been depicted as a major source of heterogeneity across studies. Methods We examined correlates among performances in three different delayed-recall tasks (Rey-Auditory Verbal-Learning Test–RAVLT, Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale) and fully-automated volumetric measurements of the hippocampus (estimated using Neuroquant®) of 83 older subjects (47 controls, 27 Mild Cognitive Impairment individuals and 9 participants with Dementia due to AD). Results Inter-method correlations of episodic memory performances were at most moderate. Scores in the RAVLT predicted up to 48% of variance in HOC (Hippocampal Occupancy Score) among subjects in the AD spectrum. Discussion Tests using different stimuli (verbal or visual) and presenting distinct designs (word list, story or figure learning) may assess divergent aspects in episodic memory, with heterogeneous anatomical correlates. Conclusions Different episodic memory tests might not assess the same construct and should not be used interchangeably. Scores in RAVLT may correlate with the presence of neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Kenji Sudo
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Claudia Drummond
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Speech and Hearing Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Naima Assuncao
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Morphological Sciences Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alina Teldeschi
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natalia Oliveira
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rodrigues
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Speech and Hearing Pathology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Calil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lima
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pilar Erthal
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Bernardes
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marina Monteiro
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Mattos
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Raynal E, Schnider A, Manuel AL. Early signal from the hippocampus for memory encoding. Hippocampus 2019; 30:114-120. [PMID: 31298449 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mediotemporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, is involved in all stages of episodic memory including memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. However, the exact timing of the hippocampus' involvement immediately after stimulus encounter remains unclear. In this study, we used high-density 156-channel electroencephalography to study the processing of entirely new stimuli, which had to be encoded, in comparison to highly overlearned stimuli. Sixteen healthy subjects performed a continuous recognition task with meaningful pictures repeated up to four consecutive times. Waveform and topographic cluster analyses of event-related potentials revealed that new items, in comparison to repetitions, were processed significantly differently at 220-300 ms. Source estimation localized activation for processing new stimuli in the right MTL. Our study demonstrates the occurrence of a transient signal from the MTL in response to new information already at 200-300 ms poststimulus onset, which presumably reflects encoding as an initial step toward memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Raynal
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Armin Schnider
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital and University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Goldfarb EV. Enhancing memory with stress: Progress, challenges, and opportunities. Brain Cogn 2019; 133:94-105. [PMID: 30553573 PMCID: PMC9972486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress can strongly influence what we learn and remember, including by making memories stronger. Experiments probing stress effects on hippocampus-dependent memory in rodents have revealed modulatory factors and physiological mechanisms by which acute stress can enhance long-term memory. However, extending these findings and mechanisms to understand when stress will enhance declarative memory in humans faces important challenges. This review synthesizes human and rodent studies of stress and memory, examining translational gaps related to measurements of declarative memory and stress responses in humans. Human studies diverge from rodent research by assessing declarative memories that may not depend on the hippocampus and by measuring peripheral rather than central stress responses. This highlights opportunities for future research across species, including assessing stress effects on hippocampal-dependent memory processes in humans and relating peripheral stress responses to stress effects on the function of memory-related brain regions in rodents. Together, these investigations will facilitate the translation of stress effects on memory function from rodents to humans and inform interventions that can harness the positive effects of stress on long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Goldfarb
- Yale Stress Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, United States.
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Ashford JW, Tarpin-Bernard F, Ashford CB, Ashford MT. A Computerized Continuous-Recognition Task for Measurement of Episodic Memory. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 69:385-399. [PMID: 30958384 PMCID: PMC6597981 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on clinical observations of severe episodic memory (EM) impairment in dementia of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a brief, computerized EM test was developed for AD patient evaluation. A continuous recognition task (CRT) was chosen because of its extensive use in EM research. Initial experience with this computerized CRT (CCRT) showed patients were very engaged in the test, but AD patients had marked failure in recognizing repeated images. Subsequently, the test was administered to audiences, and then a two-minute online version was implemented (http://www.memtrax.com). The online CCRT shows 50 images, 25 unique and 25 repeats, which subjects respectively either try to remember or indicate recognition as quickly as possible. The pictures contain 5 sets of 5 images of scenes or objects (e.g., mountains, clothing, vehicles, etc.). A French company (HAPPYneuron, SAS) provided the test for 2 years, with these results. Of 18,477 individuals, who indicated sex and age 21–99 years and took the test for the first time, 18,007 individuals performed better than chance. In this group, age explained 1.5% of the variance in incorrect responses and 3.5% of recognition time variance, indicating considerable population variability. However, when averaging for specific year of age, age explained 58% of percent incorrect variance and 78% of recognition time variance, showing substantial population variability but a major age effect. There were no apparent sex effects. Further studies are indicated to determine the value of this CCRT as an AD screening test and validity as a measure of EM impairment in other clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Selmeczy D, Fandakova Y, Grimm KJ, Bunge SA, Ghetti S. Longitudinal trajectories of hippocampal and prefrontal contributions to episodic retrieval: Effects of age and puberty. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100599. [PMID: 30553718 PMCID: PMC6969281 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated longitudinal change in hippocampal and prefrontal contribution to episodic retrieval. Functional neuroimaging data were collected during an item-context association memory task for children between the ages of 8 and 14 with individuals scanned 1-3 times over the course of 0.75-3.7 years (Timepoint 1 N = 90; Timepoint 2 N = 83, Timepoint 3 N = 75). We investigated developmental changes in functional activation associated with episodic retrieval (correct item-context > incorrect item-context contrast) and asked whether pubertal changes contributed to developmental changes in pattern of activation. Non-linear developmental trajectories were observed. In the hippocampus, activation decreased with age during childhood and then increased into early adolescence. In the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, activation was largely absent initially, but quickly accelerated over time. Independent of age, changes in pubertal status additionally predicted increases in item-context activation in initially older children, and decreases in initially younger children across both regions and two indicators of puberty: the Pubertal Development Scale and salivary testosterone. These findings suggest that changes in both age and pubertal status uniquely contribute to memory-related activation, and the timing of pubertal onset may play an important role in the neural mechanisms supporting memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Selmeczy
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Silvia A Bunge
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Smith AM, Hughes GI, Davis FC, Thomas AK. Acute stress enhances general-knowledge semantic memory. Horm Behav 2019; 109:38-43. [PMID: 30742829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute psychological stress consistently impairs episodic memory, which consists of memory for events that are associated with a specific context. However, researchers have not yet established how stress influences semantic memory, which consists of general knowledge that is devoid of context. In the present study, participants either underwent stress induction or a control task prior to taking a trivia test that was designed to measure semantic memory. In contrast to the wealth of prior research on episodic memory, we found that stress enhanced semantic-memory retrieval. Supporting this finding, higher cortisol reactivity to stress was associated with better performance on the trivia test. Together with the results from previous studies of episodic memory, our findings suggest that stress differentially influences memory retrieval, depending on the degree to which the retrieval of a given memory relies on medial-temporal, neocortical, and striatal brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Smith
- The Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 3000, Medford, MA 02155, United States of America.
| | - Gregory I Hughes
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States of America
| | - F Caroline Davis
- The Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 3000, Medford, MA 02155, United States of America; U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA 01760, United States of America
| | - Ayanna K Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, United States of America
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Smith AM, Race E, Davis FC, Thomas AK. Retrieval practice improves item memory but not source memory in the context of stress. Brain Cogn 2018; 133:24-32. [PMID: 30579631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smith, Floerke, and Thomas (2016) demonstrated that learning by repeated testing, or retrieval practice, reduced stress-related memory impairment when compared to learning by repeatedly studying material. In the present experiment, we tested whether, relative to study practice, retrieval practice would improve post-stress memory by increasing access to both item and source information. Participants learned two wordlists, which were temporally segregated to facilitate distinction between the two lists. Participants returned one week later for stress induction and two memory tests. Each test featured a recognition test that was given to assess item memory accessibility, and a list-discrimination task that was given to assess source memory. Relative to study practice, successful retrieval practice during learning reduced false alarms but did not improve source memory on the post-stress test. Results are discussed as they relate to current theories surrounding stress effects and retrieval practice effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Smith
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 3000, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Race
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - F Caroline Davis
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 3000, Medford, MA 02155, United States; U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center (NSRDEC), General Greene Avenue, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Ayanna K Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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Mayes AR, Montaldi D, Roper A, Migo EM, Gholipour T, Kafkas A. Amount, not strength of recollection, drives hippocampal activity: A problem for apparent word familiarity-related hippocampal activation. Hippocampus 2018; 29:46-59. [PMID: 30411437 PMCID: PMC6492455 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of the hippocampus in recollection and familiarity remains debated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we explored whether hippocampal activity is modulated by increasing recollection confidence, increasing amount of recalled information, or both. We also investigated whether any hippocampal differences between recollection and familiarity relate to processing differences or amount of information in memory. Across two fMRI tasks, we separately compared brain responses to levels of confidence for cued word recall and word familiarity, respectively. Contrary to previous beliefs, increasing confidence/accuracy of cued recall of studied words did not increase hippocampal activity, when unconfounded by amount recollected. In contrast, additional recollection (i.e., recollecting more information than the word alone) increased hippocampal activity, although its accuracy matched that of word recall alone. Unlike cued word recall, increasing word familiarity accuracy did increase hippocampal activity linearly, although at an uncorrected level. This finding occurred although cued word recall and familiarity memory seemed matched with respect to information in memory. The detailed characteristics of these effects do not prove that word familiarity is exceptional in having hippocampal neural correlates. They suggest instead that participants fail to identify some aspects of recollection, misreporting it as familiarity, a problem with word‐like items that have strong and recallable semantic associates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mayes
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Montaldi
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Roper
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Migo
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Taha Gholipour
- Epilepsy Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Alex Kafkas
- Memory Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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44
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Price MH, Johnson JD. Failure to reactivate salient episodic information during indirect and direct tests of memory retrieval. Brain Res 2018; 1699:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Time-resolved neural reinstatement and pattern separation during memory decisions in human hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7418-E7427. [PMID: 30006465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717088115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mnemonic decision-making has long been hypothesized to rely on hippocampal dynamics that bias memory processing toward the formation of new memories or the retrieval of old ones. Successful memory encoding may be best optimized by pattern separation, whereby two highly similar experiences can be represented by underlying neural populations in an orthogonal manner. By contrast, successful memory retrieval is thought to be supported by a recovery of the same neural pattern laid down during encoding. Here we examined how hippocampal pattern completion and separation emerge over time during memory decisions. We measured electrocorticography activity in the human hippocampus and posterior occipitotemporal cortex (OTC) while participants performed continuous recognition of items that were new, repeated (old), or highly similar to a prior item (similar). During retrieval decisions of old items, both regions exhibited significant reinstatement of multivariate high-frequency activity (HFA) associated with encoding. Further, the extent of reinstatement of encoding patterns during retrieval was correlated with the strength (HFA power) of hippocampal encoding. Evidence for encoding pattern reinstatement was also seen in OTC on trials requiring fine-grained discrimination of similar items. By contrast, hippocampal activity showed evidence for pattern separation during these trials. Together, these results underscore the critical role of the hippocampus in supporting both reinstatement of overlapping information and separation of similar events.
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46
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Fehr T, Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ, Erhard P, Herrmann M. Neural correlates of free recall of "famous events" in a "hypermnestic" individual as compared to an age- and education-matched reference group. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 29914377 PMCID: PMC6006772 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory performance of an individual (within the age range: 50-55 years old) showing superior memory abilities (protagonist PR) was compared to an age- and education-matched reference group in a historical facts ("famous events") retrieval task. RESULTS Contrasting task versus baseline performance both PR and the reference group showed fMRI activation patterns in parietal and occipital brain regions. The reference group additionally demonstrated activation patterns in cingulate gyrus, whereas PR showed additional widespread activation patterns comprising frontal and cerebellar brain regions. The direct comparison between PR and the reference group revealed larger fMRI contrasts for PR in right frontal, superior temporal and cerebellar brain regions. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that PR generally recruits brain regions as normal memory performers do, but in a more elaborate way, and furthermore, that he applied a memory-strategy that potentially includes executively driven multi-modal transcoding of information and recruitment of implicit memory resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fehr
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany. .,University of Bremen, Hochschulring 18, 28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Center for Advanced Imaging, Universities of Bremen and Magdeburg, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Angelica Staniloiu
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (HWK), Delmenhorst, Germany
| | - Hans J Markowitsch
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.,Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (HWK), Delmenhorst, Germany
| | - Peter Erhard
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Center for Advanced Imaging, Universities of Bremen and Magdeburg, Bremen, Germany.,AG in vivo MR, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Manfred Herrmann
- Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Hochschulring 18, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Center for Advanced Imaging, Universities of Bremen and Magdeburg, Bremen, Germany
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Turk KW, Elshaar AA, Deason RG, Heyworth NC, Nagle C, Frustace B, Flannery S, Zumwalt A, Budson AE. Late Positive Component Event-related Potential Amplitude Predicts Long-term Classroom-based Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:1323-1329. [PMID: 29791297 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to predict whether newly learned information will be retrievable in the future. A biomarker of long-lasting learning, capable of predicting an individual's future ability to retrieve a particular memory, could positively influence teaching and educational methods. ERPs were investigated as a potential biomarker of long-lasting learning. Prior ERP studies have supported a dual-process model of recognition memory that categorizes recollection and familiarity as distinct memorial processes with distinct ERP correlates. The late positive component is thought to underlie conscious recollection and the frontal N400 signal is thought to reflect familiarity [Yonelinas, A. P. Components of episodic memory: The contribution of recollection and familiarity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 356, 1363-1374, 2001]. Here we show that the magnitude of the late positive component, soon after initial learning, is predictive of subsequent recollection of anatomical terms among medical students 6 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Turk
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Ala'a A Elshaar
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Corrine Nagle
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Bruno Frustace
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Sean Flannery
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Andrew E Budson
- VA Boston Healthcare System.,Boston University School of Medicine
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Weymar M, Bradley MM, Sege CT, Lang PJ. Neural activation and memory for natural scenes: Explicit and spontaneous retrieval. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13197. [PMID: 29732578 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus repetition elicits either enhancement or suppression in neural activity, and a recent fMRI meta-analysis of repetition effects for visual stimuli (Kim, 2017) reported cross-stimulus repetition enhancement in medial and lateral parietal cortex, as well as regions of prefrontal, temporal, and posterior cingulate cortex. Repetition enhancement was assessed here for repeated and novel scenes presented in the context of either an explicit episodic recognition task or an implicit judgment task, in order to study the role of spontaneous retrieval of episodic memories. Regardless of whether episodic memory was explicitly probed or not, repetition enhancement was found in medial posterior parietal (precuneus/cuneus), lateral parietal cortex (angular gyrus), as well as in medial prefrontal cortex (frontopolar), which did not differ by task. Enhancement effects in the posterior cingulate cortex were significantly larger during explicit compared to implicit task, primarily due to a lack of functional activity for new scenes. Taken together, the data are consistent with an interpretation that medial and (ventral) lateral parietal cortex are associated with spontaneous episodic retrieval, whereas posterior cingulate cortical regions may reflect task or decision processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Weymar
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - Margaret M Bradley
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher T Sege
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter J Lang
- Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida, USA
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49
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Borg C, Faillenot I, Peyron R, Laurent B. Retrieving autobiographical experience of painful events in a phantom limb: brain concomitants in a case report. Neurocase 2018; 24:41-48. [PMID: 29388508 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2018.1429636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a patient who had an important experience with painful events, allowing the investigation of brain concomitants to painful (P) memories in fMRI. The patient had to recall P events that were contrasted with non-painful (NP) memories. Painful memories of the right lower limb activated the left paracentral lobule,fronto-insular operculum and superior parietal cortex. Additionally, whilst the recall of non-painful events activated the hippocampus, the recall of painful events did not enhance the hippocampal signal to significant levels. These suggest that brain activations differ for the autobiographical recall of painful and non-painful memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Borg
- a Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit , CHU Nord Saint-Etienne , Saint-Priest-en-Jarez , France.,b Psychology Department , University of Lyon , Lyon , France.,c Study of Cognitive Mechanisms Laboratory , University of Lyon , Bron , France
| | - Isabelle Faillenot
- a Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit , CHU Nord Saint-Etienne , Saint-Priest-en-Jarez , France.,d CNRL, INSERM U1028; UCB Lyon1 , University Jean Monnet , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Roland Peyron
- d CNRL, INSERM U1028; UCB Lyon1 , University Jean Monnet , Saint-Etienne , France.,e Pain Center , CHU Nord Saint-Etienne , Saint Priest-en-Jarez , France
| | - Bernard Laurent
- a Neurology/Neuropsychology CMRR Unit , CHU Nord Saint-Etienne , Saint-Priest-en-Jarez , France.,d CNRL, INSERM U1028; UCB Lyon1 , University Jean Monnet , Saint-Etienne , France.,e Pain Center , CHU Nord Saint-Etienne , Saint Priest-en-Jarez , France
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50
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Geib BR, Stanley ML, Wing EA, Laurienti PJ, Cabeza R. Hippocampal Contributions to the Large-Scale Episodic Memory Network Predict Vivid Visual Memories. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:680-693. [PMID: 26523034 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach in memory research is to isolate the function(s) of individual brain regions, such as the hippocampus, without addressing how those regions interact with the larger network. To investigate the properties of the hippocampus embedded within large-scale networks, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and graph theory to characterize complex hippocampal interactions during the active retrieval of vivid versus dim visual memories. The study yielded 4 main findings. First, the right hippocampus displayed greater communication efficiency with the network (shorter path length) and became a more convergent structure for information integration (higher centrality measures) for vivid than dim memories. Second, vivid minus dim differences in our graph theory measures of interest were greater in magnitude for the right hippocampus than for any other region in the 90-region network. Moreover, the right hippocampus significantly reorganized its set of direct connections from dim to vivid memory retrieval. Finally, beyond the hippocampus, communication throughout the whole-brain network was more efficient (shorter global path length) for vivid than dim memories. In sum, our findings illustrate how multivariate network analyses can be used to investigate the roles of specific regions within the large-scale network, while also accounting for global network changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Geib
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Matthew L Stanley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Erik A Wing
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Paul J Laurienti
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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