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Howard CM, Huang S, Hovhannisyan M, Cabeza R, Davis SW. Differential Mnemonic Contributions of Cortical Representations during Encoding and Retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:2137-2165. [PMID: 39023370 PMCID: PMC11383535 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Several recent fMRI studies of episodic and working memory representations converge on the finding that visual information is most strongly represented in occipito-temporal cortex during the encoding phase but in parietal regions during the retrieval phase. It has been suggested that this location shift reflects a change in the content of representations, from predominantly visual during encoding to primarily semantic during retrieval. Yet, direct evidence on the nature of encoding and retrieval representations is lacking. It is also unclear how the representations mediating the encoding-retrieval shift contribute to memory performance. To investigate these two issues, in the current fMRI study, participants encoded pictures (e.g., picture of a cardinal) and later performed a word recognition test (e.g., word "cardinal"). Representational similarity analyses examined how visual (e.g., red color) and semantic representations (e.g., what cardinals eat) support successful encoding and retrieval. These analyses revealed two novel findings. First, successful memory was associated with representational changes in cortical location (from occipito-temporal at encoding to parietal at retrieval) but not with changes in representational content (visual vs. semantic). Thus, the representational encoding-retrieval shift cannot be easily attributed to a change in the nature of representations. Second, in parietal regions, stronger representations predicted encoding failure but retrieval success. This encoding-retrieval "flip" in representations mimics the one previously reported in univariate activation studies. In summary, by answering important questions regarding the content and contributions to the performance of the representations mediating the encoding-retrieval shift, our findings clarify the neural mechanisms of this intriguing phenomenon.
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Sabo M, Wascher E, Schneider D. The neural basis of attentional selection in goal-directed memory retrieval. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20937. [PMID: 39251722 PMCID: PMC11385572 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed memory reactivation involves retrieving the most relevant information for the current behavioral goal. Previous research has linked this process to activations in the fronto-parietal network, but the underlying neurocognitive mechanism remains poorly understood. The current electroencephalogram (EEG) study explores attentional selection as a possible mechanism supporting goal-directed retrieval. We designed a long-term memory experiment containing three phases. First, participants learned associations between objects and two screen locations. In a following phase, we changed the relevance of some locations (selective cue condition) to simulate goal-directed retrieval. We also introduced a control condition, in which the original associations remained unchanged (neutral cue condition). Behavior performance measured during the final retrieval phase revealed faster and more confident responses in the selective vs. neutral condition. At the EEG level, we found significant differences in decoding accuracy, with above-chance effects in the selective cue condition but not in the neutral cue condition. Additionally, we observed a stronger posterior contralateral negativity and lateralized alpha power in the selective cue condition. Overall, these results suggest that attentional selection enhances task-relevant information accessibility, emphasizing its role in goal-directed memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Sabo
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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Martin E, Chowdury A, Kopchick J, Thomas P, Khatib D, Rajan U, Zajac-Benitez C, Haddad L, Amirsadri A, Robison AJ, Thakkar KN, Stanley JA, Diwadkar VA. The mesolimbic system and the loss of higher order network features in schizophrenia when learning without reward. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337882. [PMID: 39355381 PMCID: PMC11443173 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Schizophrenia is characterized by a loss of network features between cognition and reward sub-circuits (notably involving the mesolimbic system), and this loss may explain deficits in learning and cognition. Learning in schizophrenia has typically been studied with tasks that include reward related contingencies, but recent theoretical models have argued that a loss of network features should be seen even when learning without reward. We tested this model using a learning paradigm that required participants to learn without reward or feedback. We used a novel method for capturing higher order network features, to demonstrate that the mesolimbic system is heavily implicated in the loss of network features in schizophrenia, even when learning without reward. Methods fMRI data (Siemens Verio 3T) were acquired in a group of schizophrenia patients and controls (n=78; 46 SCZ, 18 ≤ Age ≤ 50) while participants engaged in associative learning without reward-related contingencies. The task was divided into task-active conditions for encoding (of associations) and cued-retrieval (where the cue was to be used to retrieve the associated memoranda). No feedback was provided during retrieval. From the fMRI time series data, network features were defined as follows: First, for each condition of the task, we estimated 2nd order undirected functional connectivity for each participant (uFC, based on zero lag correlations between all pairs of regions). These conventional 2nd order features represent the task/condition evoked synchronization of activity between pairs of brain regions. Next, in each of the patient and control groups, the statistical relationship between all possible pairs of 2nd order features were computed. These higher order features represent the consistency between all possible pairs of 2nd order features in that group and embed within them the contributions of individual regions to such group structure. Results From the identified inter-group differences (SCZ ≠ HC) in higher order features, we quantified the respective contributions of individual brain regions. Two principal effects emerged: 1) SCZ were characterized by a massive loss of higher order features during multiple task conditions (encoding and retrieval of associations). 2) Nodes in the mesolimbic system were over-represented in the loss of higher order features in SCZ, and notably so during retrieval. Discussion Our analytical goals were linked to a recent circuit-based integrative model which argued that synergy between learning and reward circuits is lost in schizophrenia. The model's notable prediction was that such a loss would be observed even when patients learned without reward. Our results provide substantial support for these predictions where we observed a loss of network features between the brain's sub-circuits for a) learning (including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) and b) reward processing (specifically constituents of the mesolimbic system that included the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens. Our findings motivate a renewed appraisal of the relationship between reward and cognition in schizophrenia and we discuss their relevance for putative behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Martin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John Kopchick
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Patricia Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dalal Khatib
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Usha Rajan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Caroline Zajac-Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Luay Haddad
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alireza Amirsadri
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alfred J. Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Katherine N. Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Smith DE, Long NM. Top-Down Task Goals Induce the Retrieval State. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0452242024. [PMID: 38926086 PMCID: PMC11293448 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0452-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Engaging the retrieval state (Tulving, 1983) impacts processing and behavior (Long and Kuhl, 2019, 2021; Smith et al., 2022), but the extent to which top-down factors-explicit instructions and goals-versus bottom-up factors-stimulus properties such as repetition and similarity-jointly or independently induce the retrieval state is unclear. Identifying the impact of bottom-up and top-down factors on retrieval state engagement is critical for understanding how control of task-relevant versus task-irrelevant brain states influence cognition. We conducted between-subjects recognition memory tasks on male and female human participants in which we varied test phase goals. We recorded scalp electroencephalography and used an independently validated mnemonic state classifier (Long, 2023) to measure retrieval state engagement as a function of top-down task goals (recognize old vs detect new items) and bottom-up stimulus repetition (hits vs correct rejections (CRs)). We find that whereas the retrieval state is engaged for hits regardless of top-down goals, the retrieval state is only engaged during CRs when the top-down goal is to recognize old items. Furthermore, retrieval state engagement is greater for low compared to high confidence hits when the task goal is to recognize old items. Together, these results suggest that top-down demands to recognize old items induce the retrieval state independent from bottom-up factors, potentially reflecting the recruitment of internal attention to enable access of a stored representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyn E Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Coulter ME, Gillespie AK, Chu J, Denovellis EL, Nguyen TTK, Liu DF, Wadhwani K, Sharma B, Wang K, Deng X, Eden UT, Kemere C, Frank LM. Closed-loop modulation of remote hippocampal representations with neurofeedback. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.593085. [PMID: 38766135 PMCID: PMC11100667 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.593085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Humans can remember specific events without acting on them and can influence which memories are retrieved based on internal goals. However, current animal models of memory typically present sensory cues to trigger retrieval and assess retrieval based on action 1-5 . As a result, it is difficult to determine whether measured patterns of neural activity relate to the cue(s), the retrieved memory, or the behavior. We therefore asked whether we could develop a paradigm to isolate retrieval-related neural activity in animals without retrieval cues or the requirement of a behavioral report. To do this, we focused on hippocampal "place cells." These cells primarily emit spiking patterns that represent the animal's current location (local representations), but they can also generate representations of previously visited locations distant from the animal's current location (remote representations) 6-13 . It is not known whether animals can deliberately engage specific remote representations, and if so, whether this engagement would occur during specific brain states. So, we used a closed-loop neurofeedback system to reward expression of remote representations that corresponded to uncued, experimenter-selected locations, and found that rats could increase the prevalence of these specific remote representations over time; thus, demonstrating memory retrieval modulated by internal goals in an animal model. These representations occurred predominately during periods of immobility but outside of hippocampal sharp-wave ripple (SWR) 13-15 events. This paradigm enables future direct studies of memory retrieval mechanisms in the healthy brain and in models of neurological disorders.
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6
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Wang YC, Adcock RA, Egner T. Toward an integrative account of internal and external determinants of event segmentation. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:484-506. [PMID: 37698807 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Our daily experiences unfold continuously, but we remember them as a series of discrete events through a process called event segmentation. Prominent theories of event segmentation suggest that event boundaries in memory are triggered by significant shifts in the external environment, such as a change in one's physical surroundings. In this review, we argue for a fundamental extension of this research field to also encompass internal state changes as playing a key role in structuring event memory. Accordingly, we propose an expanded taxonomy of event boundary-triggering processes, and review behavioral and neuroscience research on internal state changes in three core domains: affective states, goal states, and motivational states. Finally, we evaluate how well current theoretical frameworks can accommodate the unique and interactive contributions of internal states to event memory. We conclude that a theoretical perspective on event memory that integrates both external environment and internal state changes allows for a more complete understanding of how the brain structures experiences, with important implications for future research in cognitive and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Candice Wang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Levine Science Research Center Box 90999, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - R Alison Adcock
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Levine Science Research Center Box 90999, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tobias Egner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Levine Science Research Center Box 90999, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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7
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Siefert EM, He M, Festa EK, Heindel WC. Pupil size tracks cue-trace interactions during episodic memory retrieval. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14409. [PMID: 37571917 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to remember past events requires not only storing enduring engrams or memory traces of these events, but also successfully reactivating these latent traces in response to appropriate cues at the time of retrieval-a process that has been termed ecphory. However, relatively little is known about the processes that facilitate the dynamic interactions between retrieval cues and stored memory traces that are critical for successful recognition and recollection. Recently, an intriguing link between pupil dilation and recognition memory has been identified, with studied items eliciting greater pupil dilation than unstudied items during retrieval. However, the processes contributing to this "pupillary old/new effect" remain unresolved, with current explanations suggesting that it reflects the strength of the underlying memory trace. Here, we explore the novel hypothesis that the pupillary old/new effect does not index memory strength alone, but rather reflects the facilitation of cue-trace interactions during episodic memory retrieval that may be supported by activity within the pupil-linked locus coeruleus-noradrenergic (LC-NA) arousal system. First, we show that the magnitude of pupil dilation is influenced by the degree of overlap between cue and trace information. Second, we find that the magnitude of pupil dilation reflects the amount of study contextual information reinstated during retrieval. These findings provide a novel framework for understanding the pupillary old/new effect, and identify a potential role for the LC-NA system in recognition memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Siefert
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Neurosurgery, Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingjian He
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena K Festa
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - William C Heindel
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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8
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Pastötter B, Frings C. Prestimulus alpha power signals attention to retrieval. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:4328-4340. [PMID: 37936521 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The human brain is in distinct processing modes at different times. Specifically, a distinction can be made between encoding and retrieval modes, which refer to the brain's state when it is storing new information or searching for old information, respectively. Recent research proposed the idea of a "ready-to-encode" mode, which describes a prestimulus effect in brain activity that signals (external) attention to encoding and predicts subsequent memory performance. Whether there is also a corresponding "ready-to-retrieve" mode in human brain activity is currently unclear. In this study, we examined whether prestimulus oscillations can be linked to (internal) attention to retrieval. We show that task cues to prepare for retrieval (or testing) in comparison with restudy of previously studied vocabulary word pairs led to a significant decrease of prestimulus alpha power just before the onset of word stimuli. Beamformer analysis localized this effect in the right secondary visual cortex (Brodmann area 18). Correlation analysis showed that the task cue-induced, prestimulus alpha power effect is positively related to stimulus-induced alpha/beta power, which in turn predicted participants' memory performance. The results are consistent with the idea that prestimulus alpha power signals internal attention to retrieval, which promotes the elaborative processing of episodic memories. Future research on brain-computer interfaces may find the findings interesting regarding the potential of using online measures of fluctuating alpha oscillations to trigger the presentation and sequencing of restudy and testing trials, ultimately enhancing instructional learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Pastötter
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (ICAN), University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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9
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Servais A, Hurter C, Barbeau EJ. Attentional switch to memory: An early and critical phase of the cognitive cascade allowing autobiographical memory retrieval. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1707-1721. [PMID: 37118526 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Remembering and mentally reliving yesterday's lunch is a typical example of episodic autobiographical memory retrieval. In the present review, we reappraised the complex cascade of cognitive processes involved in memory retrieval, by highlighting one particular phase that has received little interest so far: attentional switch to memory (ASM). As attention cannot be simultaneously directed toward external stimuli and internal memories, there has to be an attentional switch from the external to the internal world in order to initiate memory retrieval. We formulated hypotheses and developed hypothetical models of both the cognitive and brain processes that accompany ASM. We suggest that gaze aversion could serve as an objective temporal marker of the point at which people switch their attention to memory, and highlight several fields (neuropsychology, neuroscience, social cognition, comparative psychology) in which ASM markers could be essential. Our review thus provides a new framework for understanding the early stages of autobiographical memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Servais
- CerCo, CNRS UMR5549-Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Pavillon Baudot, 31052, Toulouse, France.
- ENAC, 7, avenue Edouard Belin, 31055, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Emmanuel J Barbeau
- CerCo, CNRS UMR5549-Université de Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Pavillon Baudot, 31052, Toulouse, France
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10
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Poskanzer C, Aly M. Switching between External and Internal Attention in Hippocampal Networks. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6538-6552. [PMID: 37607818 PMCID: PMC10513067 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0029-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday experience requires processing external signals from the world around us and internal information retrieved from memory. To do both, the brain must fluctuate between states that are optimized for external versus internal attention. Here, we focus on the hippocampus as a region that may serve at the interface between these forms of attention and ask how it switches between prioritizing sensory signals from the external world versus internal signals related to memories and thoughts. Pharmacological, computational, and animal studies have identified input from the cholinergic basal forebrain as important for biasing the hippocampus toward processing external information, whereas complementary research suggests the dorsal attention network (DAN) may aid in allocating attentional resources toward accessing internal information. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the basal forebrain and DAN drive the hippocampus toward external and internal attention, respectively. We used data from 29 human participants (17 female) who completed two attention tasks during fMRI. One task (memory-guided) required proportionally more internal attention, and proportionally less external attention, than the other (explicitly instructed). We discovered that background functional connectivity between the basal forebrain and hippocampus was stronger during the explicitly instructed versus memory-guided task. In contrast, DAN-hippocampus background connectivity was stronger during the memory-guided versus explicitly instructed task. Finally, the strength of DAN-hippocampus background connectivity was correlated with performance on the memory-guided but not explicitly instructed task. Together, these results provide evidence that the basal forebrain and DAN may modulate the hippocampus to switch between external and internal attention.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How does the brain balance the need to pay attention to internal thoughts and external sensations? We focused on the human hippocampus, a region that may serve at the interface between internal and external attention, and asked how its functional connectivity varies based on attentional states. The hippocampus was more strongly coupled with the cholinergic basal forebrain when attentional states were guided by the external world rather than retrieved memories. This pattern flipped for functional connectivity between the hippocampus and dorsal attention network, which was higher for attention tasks that were guided by memory rather than external cues. Together, these findings show that distinct networks in the brain may modulate the hippocampus to switch between external and internal attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Poskanzer
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Mariam Aly
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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11
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Long NM. The intersection of the retrieval state and internal attention. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3861. [PMID: 37386043 PMCID: PMC10310828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale brain states or distributed patterns of brain activity modulate downstream processing and behavior. Sustained attention and memory retrieval states impact subsequent memory, yet how these states relate to one another is unclear. I hypothesize that internal attention is a central process of the retrieval state. The alternative is that the retrieval state specifically reflects a controlled, episodic retrieval mode, engaged only when intentionally accessing events situated within a spatiotemporal context. To test my hypothesis, I developed a mnemonic state classifier independently trained to measure retrieval state evidence and applied this classifier to a spatial attention task. I find that retrieval state evidence increases during delay and response intervals when participants are maintaining spatial information. Critically, retrieval state evidence is positively related to the amount of maintained spatial location information and predicts target detection reaction times. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that internal attention is a central process of the retrieval state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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12
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Miranda M, Giachero M, Weisstaub NV, Morici JF. Editorial: Updates on memory modulation in health and disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1205371. [PMID: 37214642 PMCID: PMC10193039 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1205371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miranda
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcelo Giachero
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia V. Weisstaub
- Laboratorio de Memoria y Cognición Molecular, Instituto de Neurociencia Cognitiva y Traslacional, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación INECO-Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Morici
- Institut du Fer a Moulin, UMR-S 1270, INSERM and Sorbonne Univerité, Paris, France
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Bloom PA, Bartlett E, Kathios N, Algharazi S, Siegelman M, Shen F, Beresford L, DiMaggio-Potter ME, Singh A, Bennett S, Natarajan N, Lee H, Sajid S, Joyce E, Fischman R, Hutchinson S, Pan S, Tottenham N, Aly M. Effects of familiar music exposure on deliberate retrieval of remote episodic and semantic memories in healthy aging adults. Memory 2023; 31:428-456. [PMID: 36651851 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2166078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Familiar music facilitates memory retrieval in adults with dementia. However, mechanisms behind this effect, and its generality, are unclear because of a lack of parallel work in healthy aging. Exposure to familiar music enhances spontaneous recall of memories directly cued by the music, but it is unknown whether such effects extend to deliberate recall more generally - e.g., to memories not directly linked to the music being played. It is also unclear whether familiar music boosts recall of specific episodes versus more generalised semantic memories, or whether effects are driven by domain-general mechanisms (e.g., improved mood). In a registered report study, we examined effects of familiar music on deliberate recall in healthy adults ages 65-80 years (N = 75) by presenting familiar music from earlier in life, unfamiliar music, and non-musical audio clips across three sessions. After each clip, we assessed free recall of remote memories for pre-selected events. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found no effects of music exposure on recall of prompted events, though familiar music evoked spontaneous memories most often. These results suggest that effects of familiar music on recall may be limited to memories specifically evoked in response to the music (Preprint and registered report protocol at https://osf.io/kjnwd/).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ella Bartlett
- Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fan Shen
- Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Bennett
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin Joyce
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sophie Pan
- Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Krishnan S, Heer C, Cherian C, Sheffield MEJ. Reward expectation extinction restructures and degrades CA1 spatial maps through loss of a dopaminergic reward proximity signal. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6662. [PMID: 36333323 PMCID: PMC9636178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells support reward-related spatial memories by forming a cognitive map that over-represents reward locations. The strength of these memories is modulated by the extent of reward expectation during encoding. However, the circuit mechanisms underlying this modulation are unclear. Here we find that when reward expectation is extinguished in mice, they remain engaged with their environment, yet place cell over-representation of rewards vanishes, place field remapping throughout the environment increases, and place field trial-to-trial reliability decreases. Interestingly, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopaminergic axons in CA1 exhibit a ramping reward-proximity signal that depends on reward expectation and inhibiting VTA dopaminergic neurons largely replicates the effects of extinguishing reward expectation. We conclude that changing reward expectation restructures CA1 cognitive maps and determines map reliability by modulating the dopaminergic VTA-CA1 reward-proximity signal. Thus, internal states of high reward expectation enhance encoding of spatial memories by reinforcing hippocampal cognitive maps associated with reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Krishnan
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chad Heer
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Chery Cherian
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark E J Sheffield
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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15
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Madore KP, Wagner AD. Readiness to remember: predicting variability in episodic memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:707-723. [PMID: 35786366 PMCID: PMC9622362 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Learning and remembering are fundamental to our lives, so what causes us to forget? Answers often highlight preparatory processes that precede learning, as well as mnemonic processes during the act of encoding or retrieval. Importantly, evidence now indicates that preparatory processes that precede retrieval attempts also have powerful influences on memory success or failure. Here, we review recent work from neuroimaging, electroencephalography, pupillometry, and behavioral science to propose an integrative framework of retrieval-period dynamics that explains variance in remembering in the moment and across individuals as a function of interactions among preparatory attention, goal coding, and mnemonic processes. Extending this approach, we consider how a 'readiness to remember' (R2R) framework explains variance in high-level functions of memory and mnemonic disruptions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Madore
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Lee H, Chen J. Predicting memory from the network structure of naturalistic events. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4235. [PMID: 35869083 PMCID: PMC9307577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When we remember events, we often do not only recall individual events, but also the connections between them. However, extant research has focused on how humans segment and remember discrete events from continuous input, with far less attention given to how the structure of connections between events impacts memory. Here we conduct a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which participants watch and recall a series of realistic audiovisual narratives. By transforming narratives into networks of events, we demonstrate that more central events-those with stronger semantic or causal connections to other events-are better remembered. During encoding, central events evoke larger hippocampal event boundary responses associated with memory formation. During recall, high centrality is associated with stronger activation in cortical areas involved in episodic recollection, and more similar neural representations across individuals. Together, these results suggest that when humans encode and retrieve complex real-world experiences, the reliability and accessibility of memory representations is shaped by their location within a network of events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmi Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA.
| | - Janice Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
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17
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Nicholas J, Daw ND, Shohamy D. Uncertainty alters the balance between incremental learning and episodic memory. eLife 2022; 11:81679. [PMID: 36458809 PMCID: PMC9810331 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in decision-making is how humans arbitrate between competing learning and memory systems to maximize reward. We address this question by probing the balance between the effects, on choice, of incremental trial-and-error learning versus episodic memories of individual events. Although a rich literature has studied incremental learning in isolation, the role of episodic memory in decision-making has only recently drawn focus, and little research disentangles their separate contributions. We hypothesized that the brain arbitrates rationally between these two systems, relying on each in circumstances to which it is most suited, as indicated by uncertainty. We tested this hypothesis by directly contrasting contributions of episodic and incremental influence to decisions, while manipulating the relative uncertainty of incremental learning using a well-established manipulation of reward volatility. Across two large, independent samples of young adults, participants traded these influences off rationally, depending more on episodic information when incremental summaries were more uncertain. These results support the proposal that the brain optimizes the balance between different forms of learning and memory according to their relative uncertainties and elucidate the circumstances under which episodic memory informs decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nicholas
- Department of Psychology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nathaniel D Daw
- Department of Psychology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States,The Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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18
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Prediction errors disrupt hippocampal representations and update episodic memories. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2117625118. [PMID: 34911768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117625118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain supports adaptive behavior by generating predictions, learning from errors, and updating memories to incorporate new information. Prediction error, or surprise, triggers learning when reality contradicts expectations. Prior studies have shown that the hippocampus signals prediction errors, but the hypothesized link to memory updating has not been demonstrated. In a human functional MRI study, we elicited mnemonic prediction errors by interrupting familiar narrative videos immediately before the expected endings. We found that prediction errors reversed the relationship between univariate hippocampal activation and memory: greater hippocampal activation predicted memory preservation after expected endings, but memory updating after surprising endings. In contrast to previous studies, we show that univariate activation was insufficient for understanding hippocampal prediction error signals. We explain this surprising finding by tracking both the evolution of hippocampal activation patterns and the connectivity between the hippocampus and neuromodulatory regions. We found that hippocampal activation patterns stabilized as each narrative episode unfolded, suggesting sustained episodic representations. Prediction errors disrupted these sustained representations and the degree of disruption predicted memory updating. The relationship between hippocampal activation and subsequent memory depended on concurrent basal forebrain activation, supporting the idea that cholinergic modulation regulates attention and memory. We conclude that prediction errors create conditions that favor memory updating, prompting the hippocampus to abandon ongoing predictions and make memories malleable.
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19
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Nomura H. [Histamine signaling restores retrieval of forgotten memories]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2021; 156:292-296. [PMID: 34470934 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Histamine is a biological amine that functions as a neurotransmitter in the brain to regulate arousal, appetite, and cognitive functions. Many pharmacological studies using histamine receptor agonists and antagonists have found that histamine promotes memory consolidation and retrieval. More recently, we have revealed that the activation of the brain histaminergic system by H3R antagonists/inverse agonists restores retrieval of forgotten long-term memory in mice and humans. The recovery of memory retrieval may involve histamine-induced excitatory effects. Histamine may increase neuronal excitability throughout the neural circuit, including both neurons that are and are not recruited into the memory trace, similar to noise added to the neural circuits for memory retrieval. Stochastic resonance can explain how adding noise to the circuit enhances memory retrieval. Memory is processed not only by consolidation and retrieval, but also by various processes such as maintenance, reconsolidation, extinction, and reinstatement. Further studies that separately analyze the memory processes are needed to elucidate the whole picture of the effects of histamine on learning and memory. Regarding the human histaminergic system, alterations in histamine signaling have been reported in several neuropsychiatric disorders, and these changes have been suggested to be involved in cognitive dysfunction in patients with the neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, the drugs that modulate histamine signaling, including H3R antagonists/inverse agonists, may be effective in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomura
- Department of Cognitive Function and Pathology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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20
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Nomura H, Shimizume R, Ikegaya Y. Histamine: A Key Neuromodulator of Memory Consolidation and Retrieval. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:329-353. [PMID: 34435342 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In pharmacological studies conducted on animals over the last four decades, histamine was determined to be a strong modulator of learning and memory. Activation of histamine signaling enhances memory consolidation and retrieval. Even long after learning and forgetting, it can still restore the retrieval of forgotten memories. These findings based on animal studies led to human clinical trials with histamine H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists, which revealed their positive effects on learning and memory. Therefore, histamine signaling is a promising therapeutic target for improving cognitive impairments in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. While the memory-modulatory effects of histamine receptor agonists and antagonists have been confirmed by several research groups, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This review summarizes how the activation and inhibition of histamine signaling influence memory processes, introduces the cellular and circuit mechanisms, and discusses the relationship between the human histaminergic system and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomura
- Department of Cognitive Function and Pathology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Rintaro Shimizume
- Department of Cognitive Function and Pathology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Tarder-Stoll H, Gasser C, Yu W, Dimsdale-Zucker HR. Challenges in Understanding the Role of Reactivation in Modifying Hippocampal Representations. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4750-4753. [PMID: 34078645 PMCID: PMC8260168 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0334-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Gasser
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Wangjing Yu
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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22
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Cortical Representations of Visual Stimuli Shift Locations with Changes in Memory States. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1119-1126.e5. [PMID: 33577747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory retrieval is thought to rely on reactivation of the same content-sensitive neural activity patterns initially expressed during memory encoding.1-6 Yet there are emerging examples of content representations expressed in different brain regions during encoding versus retrieval.7-14 Although these differences have been observed by comparing encoding and retrieval tasks that differ in terms of perceptual experience and cognitive demands, there are many real-world contexts-e.g., meeting a new colleague who reminds you of an old acquaintance-where the memory system might be intrinsically biased either toward encoding (the new colleague) or retrieval (the old acquaintance).1516 Here, we test whether intrinsic memory states, independent of task demands, determine the cortical location of content representations. In a human fMRI study, subjects (n = 33) viewed object images and were instructed to either encode the current object or retrieve a similar object from memory. Using pattern classifiers, we show that biases toward encoding versus retrieval were reflected in large-scale attentional networks.17-19 Critically, memory states decoded from these networks-even when entirely independent from task instructions-predicted shifts of object representations from visual cortex (encoding) to ventral parietal cortex (retrieval). Finally, visual versus ventral parietal cortices exhibited differential connectivity with the hippocampus during memory encoding versus retrieval, consistent with the idea that the hippocampus mediates cortical shifts in content representations. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that intrinsic biases toward memory encoding versus retrieval determine the specific cortical locations that express content information.
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23
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Ghetti S, Fandakova Y. Neural Development of Memory and Metamemory in Childhood and Adolescence: Toward an Integrative Model of the Development of Episodic Recollection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-devpsych-060320-085634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memory and metamemory processes are essential to retrieve detailed memories and appreciate the phenomenological experience of recollection. Developmental cognitive neuroscience has made strides in revealing the neural changes associated with improvements in memory and metamemory during childhood and adolescence. We argue that hippocampal changes, in concert with surrounding cortical regions, support developmental improvements in the precision, complexity, and flexibility of memory representations. In contrast, changes in frontoparietal regions promote efficient encoding and retrieval strategies. A smaller body of literature on the neural substrates of metamemory development suggests that error monitoring processes implemented in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex trigger, and perhaps support the development of, metacognitive evaluationsin the prefrontal cortex, while developmental changes in the parietal cortex support changes in the phenomenological experience of episodic retrieval. Our conclusions highlight the necessity of integrating these lines of research into a comprehensive model on the neurocognitive development of episodic recollection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ghetti
- Department of Psychology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | - Yana Fandakova
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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24
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O'Callaghan C, Walpola IC, Shine JM. Neuromodulation of the mind-wandering brain state: the interaction between neuromodulatory tone, sharp wave-ripples and spontaneous thought. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190699. [PMID: 33308063 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind-wandering has become a captivating topic for cognitive neuroscientists. By now, it is reasonably well described in terms of its phenomenology and the large-scale neural networks that support it. However, we know very little about what neurobiological mechanisms trigger a mind-wandering episode and sustain the mind-wandering brain state. Here, we focus on the role of ascending neuromodulatory systems (i.e. acetylcholine, noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine) in shaping mind-wandering. We advance the hypothesis that the hippocampal sharp wave-ripple (SWR) is a compelling candidate for a brain state that can trigger mind-wandering episodes. This hippocampal rhythm, which occurs spontaneously in quiescent behavioural states, is capable of propagating widespread activity in the default network and is functionally associated with recollective, associative, imagination and simulation processes. The occurrence of the SWR is heavily dependent on hippocampal neuromodulatory tone. We describe how the interplay of neuromodulators may promote the hippocampal SWR and trigger mind-wandering episodes. We then identify the global neuromodulatory signatures that shape the evolution of the mind-wandering brain state. Under our proposed framework, mind-wandering emerges due to the interplay between neuromodulatory systems that influence the transitions between brain states, which either facilitate, or impede, a wandering mind. This article is part of the theme issue 'Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire O'Callaghan
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ishan C Walpola
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Sekeres MJ, Moscovitch M, Winocur G, Pishdadian S, Nichol D, Grady CL. Reminders activate the prefrontal-medial temporal cortex and attenuate forgetting of event memory. Hippocampus 2020; 31:28-45. [PMID: 32965760 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Replicas of an aspect of an experienced event can serve as effective reminders, yet little is known about the neural basis of such reminding effects. Here we examined the neural activity underlying the memory-enhancing effect of reminders 1 week after encoding of naturalistic film clip events. We used fMRI to determine differences in network activity associated with recently reactivated memories relative to comparably aged, non-reactivated memories. Reminders were effective in facilitating overall retrieval of memory for film clips, in an all-or-none fashion. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were activated during both reminders and retrieval. Peak activation in ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) preceded peak activation in the right hippocampus during the reminders. For film clips that were successfully retrieved after 7 days, pre-retrieval reminders did not enhance the quality of the retrieved memory or the number of details retrieved, nor did they more strongly engage regions of the recollection network than did successful retrieval of a non-reminded film clip. These results suggest that reminders prior to retrieval are an effective means of boosting retrieval of otherwise inaccessible episodic events, and that the inability to recall certain events after a delay of a week largely reflects a retrieval deficit, rather than a storage deficit for this information. The results extend other evidence that vPFC drives activation of the hippocampus to facilitate memory retrieval and scene construction, and show that this facilitation also occurs when reminder cues precede successful retrieval attempts. The time course of vPFC-hippocampal activity during the reminder suggests that reminders may first engage schematic information meditated by vPFC followed by a recollection process mediated by the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Sekeres
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Pishdadian
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Nichol
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Grady
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Günseli E, Aly M. Preparation for upcoming attentional states in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. eLife 2020; 9:e53191. [PMID: 32255423 PMCID: PMC7237206 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed attention is usually studied by providing individuals with explicit instructions on what they should attend to. But in daily life, we often use past experiences to guide our attentional states. Given the importance of memory for predicting upcoming events, we hypothesized that memory-guided attention is supported by neural preparation for anticipated attentional states. We examined preparatory coding in the human hippocampus and mPFC, two regions that are important for memory-guided behaviors, in two tasks: one where attention was guided by memory and another in which attention was explicitly instructed. Hippocampus and mPFC exhibited higher activity for memory-guided vs. explicitly instructed attention. Furthermore, representations in both regions contained information about upcoming attentional states. In the hippocampus, this preparation was stronger for memory-guided attention, and occurred alongside stronger coupling with visual cortex during attentional guidance. These results highlight the mechanisms by which memories are used to prepare for upcoming attentional goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Günseli
- Department of Psychology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Psychology, Sabanci UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mariam Aly
- Department of Psychology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Affiliate Member, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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27
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Decker AL, Duncan K. Acetylcholine and the complex interdependence of memory and attention. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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28
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Brain network analysis of cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition strategies: Evidence from EEG and ERP. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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