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Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101000. [PMID: 38081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to produce free choline and the critically important lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Since the initial discovery of PLD activities in plants and bacteria, PLDs have been identified in a diverse range of organisms spanning the taxa. While widespread interest in these proteins grew following the discovery of mammalian isoforms, research into the PLDs of non-mammalian organisms has revealed a fascinating array of functions ranging from roles in microbial pathogenesis, to the stress responses of plants and the developmental patterning of flies. Furthermore, studies in non-mammalian model systems have aided our understanding of the entire PLD superfamily, with translational relevance to human biology and health. Increasingly, the promise for utilization of non-mammalian PLDs in biotechnology is also being recognized, with widespread potential applications ranging from roles in lipid synthesis, to their exploitation for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109, USA
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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2
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de Melo IS, Sabino-Silva R, Costa MA, Vaz ER, Anselmo-E-Silva CI, de Paula Soares Mendonça T, Oliveira KB, de Souza FMA, Dos Santos YMO, Pacheco ALD, Freitas-Santos J, Caixeta DC, Goulart LR, de Castro OW. N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine Plays a Neuroprotective and Anticonvulsant Role in Status Epilepticus Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4231-4244. [PMID: 37742326 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is described as continuous and self-sustaining seizures, which triggers hippocampal neurodegeneration, inflammation, and gliosis. N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) has been associated with inflammatory process. N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) peptide plays an anti-inflammatory role, mediated by the activation of G-protein-coupled FPR. Here, we evaluated the influence of fMLP peptides on the behavior of limbic seizures, memory consolidation, and hippocampal neurodegeneration process. Male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) received microinjections of pilocarpine in hippocampus (H-PILO, 1.2 mg/μL, 1 μL) followed by fMLP (1 mg/mL, 1 μL) or vehicle (VEH, saline 0.9%, 1 μL). During the 90 min of SE, epileptic seizures were analyzed according to the Racine's Scale. After 24 h of SE, memory impairment was assessed by the inhibitory avoidance test and the neurodegeneration process was evaluated in hippocampal areas. There was no change in latency and number of wet dog shake (WDS) after administration of fMLP. However, our results showed that the intrahippocampal infusion of fMLP reduced the severity of seizures, as well as the number of limbic seizures. In addition, fMLP infusion protected memory dysfunction followed by SE. Finally, the intrahippocampal administration of fMLP attenuated the process of neurodegeneration in both hippocampi. Taken together, our data suggest a new insight into the functional role of fMLP peptides, with important implications for their potential use as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of brain disorders, such as epilepsy. Schematic drawing on the neuroprotective and anticonvulsant role of fMLP during status epilepticus. Initially, a cannula was implanted in hippocampus and pilocarpine/saline was administered into the hippocampus followed by fMLP/saline (A-C). fMLP reduced seizure severity and neuronal death in the hippocampus, as well as protecting against memory deficit (D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Santana de Melo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlandia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Maisa Araújo Costa
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Emília Rezende Vaz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kellysson Bruno Oliveira
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maria Araújo de Souza
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Yngrid Mickaelli Oliveira Dos Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Larissa Dias Pacheco
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Jucilene Freitas-Santos
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Douglas Carvalho Caixeta
- Department of Physiology, Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanotheranostics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Av. Pará, 1720, Uberlandia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Av. Lourival de Melo Mota, Km 14, Campus A. C. Simões, Cidade Universitária, Maceió, AL, CEP 57072-970, Brazil.
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3
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Weaver DF. Druggable targets for the immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1645-1661. [PMID: 37731705 PMCID: PMC10507808 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading threats to the health and socioeconomic well-being of humankind. Though research to develop disease modifying therapies for AD has traditionally focussed on the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, this approach has failed to yield a definitively curative agent. Accordingly, the search for additional or alternative approaches is a medicinal chemistry priority. Dysfunction of the brain's neuroimmune-neuroinflammation axis has emerged as a leading contender. Neuroimmunity however is mechanistically complex, rendering the recognition of candidate receptors a challenging task. Herein, a review of the role of neuroimmunity in the biomolecular pathogenesis of AD is presented with the identification of a 'druggable dozen' targets; in turn, each identified target represents one or more discrete receptors centred on a common biochemical mechanism. The druggable dozen is composed of both cellular and molecular messenger targets, with a 'targetable ten' microglial targets as well as two cytokine-based targets. For each target, the underlying molecular basis, with a consideration of strengths and weaknesses, is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 60 Leonard Avenue Toronto ON M5T 0S8 Canada
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4
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Wickstead ES, Solito E, McArthur S. Promiscuous Receptors and Neuroinflammation: The Formyl Peptide Class. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122009. [PMID: 36556373 PMCID: PMC9786789 DOI: 10.3390/life12122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors, abbreviated as FPRs in humans, are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) mainly found in mammalian leukocytes. However, they are also expressed in cell types crucial for homeostatic brain regulation, including microglia and blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Thus, the roles of these immune-associated receptors are extensive, from governing cellular adhesion and directed migration through chemotaxis, to granule release and superoxide formation, to phagocytosis and efferocytosis. In this review, we will describe the similarities and differences between the two principal pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory FPRs, FPR1 and FPR2, and the evidence for their importance in the development of neuroinflammatory disease, alongside their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Wickstead
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence: (E.S.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
- Department of Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
- Correspondence: (E.S.W.); (S.M.)
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5
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Amyloid beta and its naturally occurring N-terminal variants are potent activators of human and mouse formyl peptide receptor 1. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102642. [PMID: 36309087 PMCID: PMC9694488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) may contribute to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease through interactions with neuropathological Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Previous studies reported activation of FPR2 by Aβ1-42, but further investigation of other FPRs and Aβ variants is needed. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the interactions of mouse and human FPRs with different physiologically relevant Aβ-peptides using transiently transfected cells in combination with calcium imaging. We observed that, in addition to hFPR2, all other hFPRs also responded to Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, and the naturally occurring variants Aβ11-40 and Aβ17-40. Notably, Aβ11-40 and Aβ17-40 are very potent activators of mouse and human FPR1, acting at nanomolar concentrations. Buffer composition and aggregation state are extremely crucial factors that critically affect the interaction of Aβ with different FPR subtypes. To investigate the physiological relevance of these findings, we examined the effects of Aβ11-40 and Aβ17-40 on the human glial cell line U87. Both peptides induced a strong calcium flux at concentrations that are very similar to those obtained in experiments for hFPR1 in HEK cells. Further immunocytochemistry, qPCR, and pharmacological experiments verified that these responses were primarily mediated through hFPR1. Chemotaxis experiments revealed that Aβ11-40 but not Aβ17-40 evoked cell migration, which argues for a functional selectivity of different Aβ peptides. Together, these findings provide the first evidence that not only hFPR2 but also hFPR1 and hFPR3 may contribute to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease through an interaction with different Aβ variants.
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6
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Microglia and microglial-based receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Ullah R, Park TJ, Huang X, Kim MO. Abnormal amyloid beta metabolism in systemic abnormalities and Alzheimer's pathology: Insights and therapeutic approaches from periphery. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101451. [PMID: 34450351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated, multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that is incurable. Despite recent success in treatments that partially improve symptomatic relief, they have failed in most clinical trials. Re-holding AD for accurate diagnosis and treatment is widely known as a challenging task. Lack of knowledge of basic molecular pathogenesis might be a possible reason for ineffective AD treatment. Historically, a majority of therapy-based studies have investigated the role of amyloid-β (Aβ peptide) in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas less is known about Aβ peptide in the periphery in AD. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of Aβ peptide metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) in the brain and periphery. We show that the abnormal metabolism of Aβ peptide is significantly linked with central-brain and peripheral abnormalities; the interaction between peripheral Aβ peptide metabolism and peripheral abnormalities affects central-brain Aβ peptide metabolism, suggesting the existence of significant communication between these two pathways of Aβ peptide metabolism. This close interaction between the central brain and periphery in abnormal Aβ peptide metabolism plays a key role in the development and progression of AD. In conclusion, we need to obtain a full understanding of the dynamic roles of Aβ peptide at the molecular level in both the brain and periphery in relation to the pathology of AD. This will not only provide new information regarding the complex disease pathology, but also offer potential new clues to improve therapeutic strategies and diagnostic biomarkers for the successful treatment of AD.
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8
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Busch L, Vieten S, Brödel S, Endres K, Bufe B. Emerging contributions of formyl peptide receptors to neurodegenerative diseases. Biol Chem 2021; 403:27-41. [PMID: 34505459 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a central element of many neurodegenerative diseases. Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) can trigger several receptor-dependent signal transduction pathways that play a key role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. They are chemotactic receptors that help to regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in most mammals. FPRs are primarily expressed in the immune and nervous systems where they interact with a complex pattern of pathogen-derived and host-endogenous molecules. Mounting evidence points towards a contribution of FPRs - via neuropathological ligands such as Amyloid beta, and neuroprotective ligands such as Humanin, Lipoxin A4, and Annexin A1 - to multiple pathological aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize the interplay of FPRs with neuropathological and neuroprotective ligands. Next, we depict their capability to trigger a number of ligand-dependent cell signaling pathways and their potential to interact with additional intracellular cofactors. Moreover, we highlight first studies, demonstrating that a pharmacological inhibition of FPRs helps to ameliorate neuroinflammation, which may pave the way towards novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Busch
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Vieten
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Susan Brödel
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Bufe
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482 Zweibrücken, Germany
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9
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Rüger M, Kipp E, Schubert N, Schröder N, Pufe T, Stope MB, Kipp M, Blume C, Tauber SC, Brandenburg LO. The formyl peptide receptor agonist Ac2-26 alleviates neuroinflammation in a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:325. [PMID: 33121515 PMCID: PMC7596991 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial meningitis is still a cause of severe neurological disability. The brain is protected from penetrating pathogens by the blood-brain barrier and the innate immune system. The invading pathogens are recognized by pattern recognition receptors including the G-protein-coupled formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), which are expressed by immune cells of the central nervous system. FPRs show a broad spectrum of ligands, including pro- and anti-inflammatory ones. Here, we investigated the effects of the annexin A1 mimetic peptide Ac2-26 in a mouse model of pneumococcal meningitis. Methods Wildtype (WT) and Fpr1- and Fpr2-deficient mice were intrathecally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 (type 2). Subsequently, the different mice groups were treated by intraperitoneal injections of Ac2-26 (1 mg/kg body weight) 2, 8, and 24 h post-infection. The extent of inflammation was analyzed in various brain regions by means of immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) 30 h post-infection. Results Ac2-26-treated WT mice showed less severe neutrophil infiltration, paralleled by a reduced induction of pro-inflammatory glial cell responses in the hippocampal formation and cortex. While meningitis was ameliorated in Ac2-26-treated Fpr1-deficient mice, this protective effect was not observed in Fpr2-deficient mice. Irrespective of Ac2-26 treatment, inflammation was more severe in Fpr2-deficient compared to Fpr1-deficient mice. Conclusions In summary, this study demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties of Ac2-26 in a model of bacterial meningitis, which are mediated via FPR2, but not FPR1. Ac2-26 and other FPR2 modulators might be promising targets for the development of novel therapies for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Rüger
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eugenia Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadine Schubert
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Gelsheimer Strasse 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Blume
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), Rostock University Medical Center, Gelsheimer Strasse 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
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10
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Modifiers in Drosophila Reveal the Phospholipase D Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Genetics 2020; 215:747-766. [PMID: 32345615 PMCID: PMC7337071 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder lacking effective treatments. ALS pathology is linked to mutations in several different genes indicating... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder lacking effective treatments. ALS pathology is linked to mutations in >20 different genes indicating a complex underlying genetic architecture that is effectively unknown. Here, in an attempt to identify genes and pathways for potential therapeutic intervention and explore the genetic circuitry underlying Drosophila models of ALS, we carry out two independent genome-wide screens for modifiers of degenerative phenotypes associated with the expression of transgenic constructs carrying familial ALS-causing alleles of FUS (hFUSR521C) and TDP-43 (hTDP-43M337V). We uncover a complex array of genes affecting either or both of the two strains, and investigate their activities in additional ALS models. Our studies indicate the pathway that governs phospholipase D activity as a major modifier of ALS-related phenotypes, a notion supported by data we generated in mice and others collected in humans.
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11
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Schröder N, Schaffrath A, Welter JA, Putzka T, Griep A, Ziegler P, Brandt E, Samer S, Heneka MT, Kaddatz H, Zhan J, Kipp E, Pufe T, Tauber SC, Kipp M, Brandenburg LO. Inhibition of formyl peptide receptors improves the outcome in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:131. [PMID: 32331524 PMCID: PMC7181500 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the increase of Aβ1-42 burden and its accumulation to senile plaques, leading the reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration. The modulation of glia cell function represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, but is currently limited by an incomplete understanding of its relevance for AD. The chemotactic G-protein coupled formyl peptide receptor (FPR), which is known to modulate Aβ1-42 uptake and signal transduction, might be one candidate molecule regulating glia function in AD. Here, we investigate whether the modulation of FPR exerts beneficial effects in an AD preclinical model. Methods To address this question, APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD mice were treated for 20 weeks with either the pro-inflammatory FPR agonist fMLF, the FPR1/2 antagonist Boc2 or the anti-inflammatory FPR2 agonist Ac2-26. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated using a Morris water maze test. Immunohistological staining, gene expression studies, and flow cytometry analyses were performed to study neuronal loss, gliosis, and Aß-load in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively. Results FPR antagonism by Boc2-treatment significantly improved spatial memory performance, reduced neuronal pathology, induced the expression of homeostatic growth factors, and ameliorated microglia, but not astrocyte, reactivity. Furthermore, the elevated levels of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus were reduced by Boc2-treatment, presumably by an induction of amyloid degradation. Conclusions We suggest that the modulation of FPR signaling cascades might be considered as a promising therapeutic approach for alleviating the cognitive deficits associated with early AD. Additional studies are now needed to address the downstream effectors as well as the safety profile of Boc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Schaffrath
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josua A Welter
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Putzka
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Griep
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa Brandt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Samer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eugenia Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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McDermott MI, Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA. Mammalian phospholipase D: Function, and therapeutics. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 78:101018. [PMID: 31830503 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite being discovered over 60 years ago, the precise role of phospholipase D (PLD) is still being elucidated. PLD enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of glycerophospholipids producing phosphatidic acid and the free headgroup. PLD family members are found in organisms ranging from viruses, and bacteria to plants, and mammals. They display a range of substrate specificities, are regulated by a diverse range of molecules, and have been implicated in a broad range of cellular processes including receptor signaling, cytoskeletal regulation and membrane trafficking. Recent technological advances including: the development of PLD knockout mice, isoform-specific antibodies, and specific inhibitors are finally permitting a thorough analysis of the in vivo role of mammalian PLDs. These studies are facilitating increased recognition of PLD's role in disease states including cancers and Alzheimer's disease, offering potential as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I McDermott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America.
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States of America
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Preservation of Post-Infarction Cardiac Structure and Function via Long-Term Oral Formyl Peptide Receptor Agonist Treatment. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:905-920. [PMID: 31909300 PMCID: PMC6939031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction leads to recruitment of monocyte/macrophages to the injured myocardium to drive infarct healing. Activation of formyl peptide receptors (FPR1 and FPR2) present on macrophages contributes to key cellular activities that can potentiate wound healing. Myocardial infarction was induced in rodents to study the effects of long-term treatment with Compound 43, a small molecule agonist of FPR1 and FPR2. Main findings: Compound 43 stimulated proresolution macrophage activities, improved left ventricle and infarct structure, and preserved cardiac function post-myocardial infarction. The results suggest that stimulation of proresolution activities of FPRs can favorably alter post-myocardial infarction pathophysiology that leads to heart failure.
Dysregulated inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI) promotes left ventricular (LV) remodeling and loss of function. Targeting inflammation resolution by activating formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) may limit adverse remodeling and progression towards heart failure. This study characterized the cellular and signaling properties of Compound 43 (Cmpd43), a dual FPR1/FPR2 agonist, and examined whether Cmpd43 treatment improves LV and infarct remodeling in rodent MI models. Cmpd43 stimulated FPR1/2-mediated signaling, enhanced proresolution cellular function, and modulated cytokines. Cmpd43 increased LV function and reduced chamber remodeling while increasing proresolution macrophage markers. The findings demonstrate that FPR agonism improves cardiac structure and function post-MI.
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Key Words
- Cmpd43, Compound 43
- Compound 43
- FPR, formyl peptide receptor
- HF, heart failure
- IL, interleukin
- IR, ischemia–reperfusion
- KO, knockout
- LAD, left anterior descending
- LV, left ventricular
- MI, myocardial infarction
- PV, pressure–volume
- SAA, serum amyloid A
- WT, wild-type
- agonist
- formyl peptide receptor
- heart failure
- myocardial infarction
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14
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Wang Z, Zhao Y, Xu N, Zhang S, Wang S, Mao Y, Zhu Y, Li B, Jiang Y, Tan Y, Xie W, Yang BB, Zhang Y. NEAT1 regulates neuroglial cell mediating Aβ clearance via the epigenetic regulation of endocytosis-related genes expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3005-3018. [PMID: 31006037 PMCID: PMC6647258 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of intracellular β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is important pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the exact underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we reported that Nuclear Paraspeckle Assembly Transcript 1 (NEAT1), a long n on-coding RNA, exhibits repressed expression in the early stage of AD and its down-regulation declines neuroglial cell mediating Aβ clearance via inhibiting expression of endocytosis-related genes. We find that NEAT1 is associated with P300/CBP complex and its inhibition affects H3K27 acetylation (H3K27Ac) and H3K27 crotonylation (H3K27Cro) located nearby to the transcription start site of many genes, including endocytosis-related genes. Interestingly, NEAT1 inhibition down-regulates H3K27Ac but up-regulates H3K27Cro through repression of acetyl-CoA generation. NEAT1 also mediates the binding between STAT3 and H3K27Ac but not H3K27Cro. Therefore, the decrease of H3K27Ac and/or the increase of H3K27Cro declines expression of multiple related genes. Collectively, this study first reveals the different roles of H3K27Ac and H3K27Cro in regulation of gene expression and provides the insight of the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of NEAT1 in gene expression and AD pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism
- Acetylation/drug effects
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism
- Amyloid beta-Peptides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Caveolin 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Caveolin 2/genetics
- Caveolin 2/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Histones/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neuroglia/cytology
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Long Noncoding/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/metabolism
- p300-CBP Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yiwan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yunhao Mao
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuanchang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Burton B Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yaou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory in Health Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Ries M, Loiola R, Shah UN, Gentleman SM, Solito E, Sastre M. The anti-inflammatory Annexin A1 induces the clearance and degradation of the amyloid-β peptide. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:234. [PMID: 27590054 PMCID: PMC5010757 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The toxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide present in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is thought to be mediated via the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, which can lead to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. In addition, we have previously shown that inflammation can affect Aβ generation. More recently, we have reported that in vitro administration of the anti-inflammatory mediator Annexin A1 (ANXA1) following an inflammatory challenge suppressed microglial activation and this effect was mediated through formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1/FPR2) signalling. The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of ANXA1 in the generation and clearance of Aβ. Methods We first compared ANXA1 protein expression in the brains of AD patients and healthy controls as well as in the 5XFAD model of AD. To determine the role of ANXA1 in the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the degradation of Aβ, N2a neuroblastoma cells were treated with human recombinant ANXA1 or transfected with ANXA1 siRNA. We also investigated the effect of ANXA1 on Aβ phagocytosis and microglial activation in BV2 cells treated with synthetic Aβ. Results Our data show that ANXA1 is increased in the brains of AD patients and animal models of AD at early stages. ANXA1 was able to reduce the levels of Aβ by increasing its enzymatic degradation by neprilysin in N2a cells and to stimulate Aβ phagocytosis by microglia. These effects were mediated through FPRL1 receptors. In addition, ANXA1 inhibited the Aβ-stimulated secretion of inflammatory mediators by microglia. Conclusions These data suggest that ANXA1 plays a pivotal role in Aβ clearance and supports the use of ANXA1 as potential pharmacological tool for AD therapeutics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0692-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ries
- Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rodrigo Loiola
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Urvi N Shah
- Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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16
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Ries M, Sastre M. Mechanisms of Aβ Clearance and Degradation by Glial Cells. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:160. [PMID: 27458370 PMCID: PMC4932097 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells have a variety of functions in the brain, ranging from immune defense against external and endogenous hazardous stimuli, regulation of synaptic formation, calcium homeostasis, and metabolic support for neurons. Their dysregulation can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One of the most important functions of glial cells in AD is the regulation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the brain. Microglia and astrocytes have been reported to play a central role as moderators of Aβ clearance and degradation. The mechanisms of Aβ degradation by glial cells include the production of proteases, including neprilysin, the insulin degrading enzyme, and the endothelin-converting enzymes, able to hydrolyse Aβ at different cleavage sites. Besides these enzymes, other proteases have been described to have some role in Aβ elimination, such as plasminogen activators, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and matrix metalloproteinases. Other relevant mediators that are released by glial cells are extracellular chaperones, involved in the clearance of Aβ alone or in association with receptors/transporters that facilitate their exit to the blood circulation. These include apolipoproteins, α2macroglobulin, and α1-antichymotrypsin. Finally, astrocytes and microglia have an essential role in phagocytosing Aβ, in many cases via a number of receptors that are expressed on their surface. In this review, we examine all of these mechanisms, providing an update on the latest research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ries
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, UK
| | - Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, UK
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17
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Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration in cognition, function and behavior terminating in incapacity and death, is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disease with a substantial heritable component. During the past 5 years, the technological developments in next-generation high-throughput genome technologies have led to the identification of more than 20 novel susceptibility loci for AD, and have implicated specific pathways in the disease, in particular intracellular trafficking/endocytosis, inflammation and immune response and lipid metabolism. These observations have significantly advanced our understanding of underlying pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This review article summarizes these recent advances in AD genomics and discusses the value of identified susceptibility loci for diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
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18
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Stepniewski TM, Filipek S. Non-peptide ligand binding to the formyl peptide receptor FPR2—A comparison to peptide ligand binding modes. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4072-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Satoh JI, Kino Y, Yamamoto Y, Kawana N, Ishida T, Saito Y, Arima K. PLD3 is accumulated on neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease brains. Alzheimers Res Ther 2014; 6:70. [PMID: 25478031 PMCID: PMC4255636 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-014-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, a whole-exome sequencing (WES) study showed that a rare variant rs145999145 composed of p.Val232Met located in exon 7 of the phospholipase D3 (PLD3) gene confers a doubled risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Knockdown of PLD3 elevates the levels of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ), suggesting that PLD3 acts as a negative regulator of Aβ precursor protein (APP) processing. However, the precise cellular location and distribution of PLD3 in AD brains remain largely unknown. METHODS By quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), western blot, immunohistochemistry, and bioinformatics analysis, we studied PLD3 expression patterns and levels in a series of AD and control brains, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and non-neurological cases. RESULTS The levels of PLD3 mRNA and protein expression were reduced modestly in AD brains, compared with those in non-AD brains. In all brains, PLD3 was expressed constitutively in cortical neurons, hippocampal pyramidal and granular neurons but not in glial cells. Notably, PLD3 immunoreactivity was accumulated on neuritic plaques in AD brains. We identified the human granulin (GRN) gene encoding progranulin (PRGN) as one of most significant genes coexpressed with PLD3 by bioinformatics database search. PLD3 was actually coexpressed and interacted with PGRN both in cultured cells in vitro and in AD brains in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We identified an intense accumulation of PLD3 on neuritic plaques coexpressed with PGRN in AD brains, suggesting that PLD3 plays a key role in the pathological processes of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Satoh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kino
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuki Kawana
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology, Meiji, Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose 204-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, NCGM, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira 187-8502, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunimasa Arima
- Department of Psychiatry, Komoro Kogen Hospital, Kou 4598, Komoro 384-8540, Nagano, Japan
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Brandenburg LO, Pufe T, Koch T. Role of phospholipase d in g-protein coupled receptor function. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:302-18. [PMID: 24995811 PMCID: PMC4194036 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged agonist exposure of many G-protein coupled receptors induces a rapid receptor phosphorylation and uncoupling from G-proteins. Resensitization of these desensitized receptors requires endocytosis and subsequent dephosphorylation. Numerous studies show the involvement of phospholipid-specific phosphodiesterase phospholipase D (PLD) in the receptor endocytosis and recycling of many G-protein coupled receptors e.g., opioid, formyl or dopamine receptors. The PLD hydrolyzes the headgroup of a phospholipid, generally phosphatidylcholine (PC), to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline and is assumed to play an important function in cell regulation and receptor trafficking. Protein kinases and GTP binding proteins of the ADP-ribosylation and Rho families regulate the two mammalian PLD isoforms 1 and 2. Mammalian and yeast PLD are also potently stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. The PA product is an intracellular lipid messenger. PLD and PA activities are implicated in a wide range of physiological processes and diseases including inflammation, diabetes, oncogenesis or neurodegeneration. This review discusses the characterization, structure, and regulation of PLD in the context of membrane located G-protein coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Koch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Doens D, Fernández PL. Microglia receptors and their implications in the response to amyloid β for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:48. [PMID: 24625061 PMCID: PMC3975152 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health problem with substantial economic and social impacts around the world. The hallmarks of AD pathogenesis include deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. For many years, research has been focused on Aβ accumulation in senile plaques, as these aggregations were perceived as the main cause of the neurodegeneration found in AD. However, increasing evidence suggests that inflammation also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia cells are the resident macrophages of the brain and act as the first line of defense in the central nervous system. In AD, microglia play a dual role in disease progression, being essential for clearing Aβ deposits and releasing cytotoxic mediators. Aβ activates microglia through a variety of innate immune receptors expressed on these cells. The mechanisms through which amyloid deposits provoke an inflammatory response are not fully understood, but it is believed that these receptors cooperate in the recognition, internalization, and clearance of Aβ and in cell activation. In this review, we discuss the role of several receptors expressed on microglia in Aβ recognition, uptake, and signaling, and their implications for AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Doens
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Edificio 219, Clayton, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Patricia L Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Edificio 219, Clayton, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá
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Wyss-Coray T, Rogers J. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease-a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006346. [PMID: 22315714 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and neuropathological studies of brains from individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) provide clear evidence for an activation of inflammatory pathways, and long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs is linked with reduced risk to develop the disease. As cause and effect relationships between inflammation and AD are being worked out, there is a realization that some components of this complex molecular and cellular machinery are most likely promoting pathological processes leading to AD, whereas other components serve to do the opposite. The challenge will be to find ways of fine tuning inflammation to delay, prevent, or treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5235, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Distinct signaling cascades elicited by different formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7193-230. [PMID: 23549262 PMCID: PMC3645683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a remarkably versatile transmembrane protein belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. FPR2 is activated by an array of ligands, which include structurally unrelated lipids and peptide/proteins agonists, resulting in different intracellular responses in a ligand-specific fashion. In addition to the anti-inflammatory lipid, lipoxin A4, several other endogenous agonists also bind FPR2, including serum amyloid A, glucocorticoid-induced annexin 1, urokinase and its receptor, suggesting that the activation of FPR2 may result in potent pro- or anti-inflammatory responses. Other endogenous ligands, also present in biological samples, include resolvins, amyloidogenic proteins, such as beta amyloid (Aβ)-42 and prion protein (Prp)106–126, the neuroprotective peptide, humanin, antibacterial peptides, annexin 1-derived peptides, chemokine variants, the neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-27, and mitochondrial peptides. Upon activation, intracellular domains of FPR2 mediate signaling to G-proteins, which trigger several agonist-dependent signal transduction pathways, including activation of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, p38MAPK, as well as the phosphorylation of cytosolic tyrosine kinases, tyrosine kinase receptor transactivation, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of regulatory transcriptional factors, release of calcium and production of oxidants. FPR2 is an attractive therapeutic target, because of its involvement in a range of normal physiological processes and pathological diseases. Here, we review and discuss the most significant findings on the intracellular pathways and on the cross-communication between FPR2 and tyrosine kinase receptors triggered by different FPR2 agonists.
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Zhang J, Jia X, Qing H, Xie HY. A simple method of labeling amyloid β with quantum dots and ingestion of the labeled amyloid β by astrocytes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:035101. [PMID: 23262662 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/3/035101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Steady labeling of amyloid beta (Aβ) is crucial for studying the ingestion and degradation of Aβ by astrocytes and unraveling a relevant regulation mechanism. Quantum dots (QDs) are an optimum labeling reagent for this because of their strong and steady fluorescence properties. In this paper, Aβ was labeled with QDs by a simple mixed incubation strategy, with a QD labeled Aβ complex (QDs-Aβ) being obtained. In the complex, QDs efficiently restrained the formation of β-folding and fibrils of Aβ, while the graininess, dispersivity and fluorescence properties of the QDs hardly changed. The fluorescence microscopy imaging results showed that the astrocytes could ingest the QDs-Aβ. The QDs and Aβ did not separate from each other during the ingestion process, and the Aβ could be degraded subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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Slowik A, Merres J, Elfgen A, Jansen S, Mohr F, Wruck CJ, Pufe T, Brandenburg LO. Involvement of formyl peptide receptors in receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)--and amyloid beta 1-42-induced signal transduction in glial cells. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:55. [PMID: 23164356 PMCID: PMC3519738 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that the chemotactic G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) formyl-peptide-receptor-like-1 (FPRL1) and the receptor-for-advanced-glycation-end-products (RAGE) play an important role in the inflammatory response involved in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, the expression and co-localisation of mouse formyl peptide receptor (mFPR) 1 and 2 as well as RAGE in an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model using immunofluorescence and real-time RT-PCR were analysed. The involvement of rat or human FPR1/FPRL1 (corresponds to mFPR1/2) and RAGE in amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ1-42)-induced signalling were investigated by extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Furthermore, the cAMP level in primary rat glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and transfected HEK 293 cells was measured. Formyl peptide receptors and RAGE were inhibited by a small synthetic antagonist WRW4 and an inactive receptor variant delta-RAGE, lacking the intracytoplasmatic domains. Results We demonstrated a strong increase of mFPR1/2 and RAGE expression in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice co-localised to the glial cells. In addition, the Aβ1-42-induced signal transduction is dependant on FPRL1, but also on FPR1. For the first time, we have shown a functional interaction between FPRL1/FPR1 and RAGE in RAGE ligands S100B- or AGE-mediated signalling by ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cAMP level measurement. In addition a possible physical interaction between FPRL1 as well as FPR1 and RAGE was shown with co-immunoprecipitation and fluorescence microscopy. Conclusions The results suggest that both formyl peptide receptors play an essential role in Aβ1-42-induced signal transduction in glial cells. The interaction with RAGE could explain the broad ligand spectrum of formyl peptide receptors and their important role for inflammation and the host defence against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Slowik
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Monesterolo N, Amaiden M, Campetelli A, Santander V, Arce C, Pié J, Casale C. Regulation of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase activity by acetylated tubulin: Influence of the lipid environment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:601-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Yang W, Wu Q, Yuan C, Gao J, Xiao M, Gu M, Ding J, Hu G. Aquaporin-4 mediates astrocyte response to β-amyloid. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:406-14. [PMID: 22365952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays an important role in astrocyte plasticity in response to a variety of injuries or stimuli. However, the potential role of AQP4 in astrocyte response to β-amyloid (Aβ) has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate this issue. Compared to media control, the lower concentrations of Aβ(1-42) (0.1-1 μM) increased AQP4 expression in cultured mouse cortical astrocytes, while the higher concentrations of Aβ(1-42) (10 μM) decreased AQP4 expression. AQP4 gene knockout reduced Aβ(1-42)-induced astrocyte activation and apoptosis, which was associated with a reduction in the uptake of Aβ via decreased upregulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-1. Moreover, time-course and levels of Aβ(1-42)-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation were altered in AQP4 null astrocytes compared with wild-type controls. Our data reveal a novel role of AQP4 in the uptake of Aβ by astrocytes, indicating that AQP4 is a molecular target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, PR China
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Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), a superfamily of signalling enzymes that most commonly generate the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid, is found in diverse organisms from bacteria to humans and functions in multiple cellular pathways. Since the early 1980s when mammalian PLD activities were first described, most of the important insights concerning PLD function have been gained from studies on cellular models. Reports on physiological and pathophysiological roles for members of the mammalian PLD superfamily are now starting to emerge from genetic models. In this review, we summarize recent findings on PLD functions in these model systems, highlighting newly appreciated connections of the superfamily to cancer, neuronal pathophysiology, cardiovascular topics, spermatogenesis and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Peng
- Department of Pharmacology & Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
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Kolesnikov YS, Nokhrina KP, Kretynin SV, Volotovski ID, Martinec J, Romanov GA, Kravets VS. Molecular structure of phospholipase D and regulatory mechanisms of its activity in plant and animal cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:1-14. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fimognari C, Turrini E, Ferruzzi L, Lenzi M, Hrelia P. Natural isothiocyanates: genotoxic potential versus chemoprevention. Mutat Res 2011; 750:107-131. [PMID: 22178957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates, occurring in many dietary cruciferous vegetables, show interesting chemopreventive activities against several chronic-degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, diabetes. The electrophilic carbon residue in the isothiocyanate moiety reacts with biological nucleophiles and modification of proteins is recognized as a key mechanism underlying the biological activity of isothiocyanates. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 system, which orchestrates the expression of a wide array of antioxidant genes, plays a role in the protective effect of isothiocyanates against almost all the pathological conditions reported above. Recent emerging findings suggest a further common mechanism. Chronic inflammation plays a central role in many human diseases and isothiocyanates inhibit the activity of many inflammation components, suppress cyclooxygenase 2, and irreversibly inactivate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Due to their electrophilic reactivity, some isothiocyanates are able to form adducts with DNA and induce gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. DNA damage has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic-degenerative diseases of epidemiological relevance. Thus, the genotoxicity of the isothiocyanates should be carefully considered. In addition, the dose-response relationship for genotoxic compounds does not suggest evidence of a threshold. Thus, chemicals that are genotoxic pose a greater potential risk to humans than non-genotoxic compounds. Dietary consumption levels of isothiocyanates appear to be several orders of magnitude lower than the doses used in the genotoxicity studies and thus it is highly unlikely that such toxicities would occur in humans. However, the beneficial properties of isothiocyanates stimulated an increase of dietary supplements and functional foods with highly enriched isothiocyanate concentrations on the market. Whether such concentrations may exert a potential health risk cannot be excluded with certainty and an accurate evaluation of the toxicological profile of isothiocyanates should be prompted before any major increase in their consumption be recommended or their clinical use suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferruzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Mohamed A, Posse de Chaves E. Aβ internalization by neurons and glia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:127984. [PMID: 21350608 PMCID: PMC3042623 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) exists extracellularly and inside neurons. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain has been questioned for a long time. However, there is now sufficient strong evidence indicating that accumulation of Aβ inside neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Intraneuronal Aβ originates from intracellular cleavage of APP and from Aβ internalization from the extracellular milieu. We discuss here the different molecular mechanisms that are responsible for Aβ internalization in neurons and the links between Aβ internalization and neuronal dysfunction and death. A brief description of Aβ uptake by glia is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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Thathiah A, De Strooper B. The role of G protein-coupled receptors in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12:73-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Phospholipase d2 ablation ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-linked synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits. J Neurosci 2011; 30:16419-28. [PMID: 21147981 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3317-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates aberrant lipid signaling in Alzheimer's disease (AD). While phospholipases A2 and C have been recently shown to mediate key actions of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) through a dysregulation of arachidonic acid and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate metabolism, respectively, the role of phospholipase D (PLD) has so far remained elusive. PLD produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a bioactive lipid involved in multiple aspects of cell physiology, including signaling and membrane trafficking processes. Here we show that oligomeric Aβ enhances PLD activity in cultured neurons and that this stimulatory effect does not occur upon ablation of PLD2 via gene targeting. Aβ fails to suppress long-term potentiation in PLD2-deficient hippocampal slices, suggesting that PLD2 is required for the synaptotoxic action of this peptide. In vivo PLD activity, as assessed by detection of phosphatidylethanol levels using mass spectrometry (MS) following ethanol injection, is also increased in the brain of a transgenic mouse model of AD (SwAPP). Furthermore, Pld2 ablation rescues memory deficits and confers synaptic protection in SwAPP mice despite a significant Aβ load. MS-based lipid analysis of Pld2 mutant brains in the presence or absence of the SwAPP transgene unmasks striking crosstalks between different PA species. This lipid analysis shows an exquisite acyl chain specificity and plasticity in the perturbation of PA metabolism. Collectively, our results point to specific molecular species of PA as key modulators of AD pathogenesis and identify PLD2 as a novel potential target for therapeutics.
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Cattaneo F, Guerra G, Ammendola R. Expression and signaling of formyl-peptide receptors in the brain. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:2018-26. [PMID: 21042851 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The human formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) and its variants FPRL1 and FPRL2 belong to the G-protein coupled seven transmembrane receptor (GPCR) family sensitive to pertussis toxin. FPR and FPRL1 were first detected in phagocytic leukocytes, and FPRL2 was found in monocytes and in dendritic cells. The three receptors were subsequently identified in other cell types or tissues, including neuronal cells and brain, where FPR and FPRL1 play a key role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation, protection against and cell death, as well as in neuroendocrine functions. Binding of different agonists to FPRs triggers several signaling pathways, activates NFkB and STAT3 transcriptional factors and induces the accumulation of the CDK inhibitors p21(waf1/cip1), p16(INK4) and p27(kip1). Signaling molecules, such as ERKs, JNK, PKC, p38MAPK, PLC and PLD are involved in these intracellular cascades. In this article we briefly review FPRs expression and signaling in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Brandenburg LO, Jansen S, Wruck CJ, Lucius R, Pufe T. Antimicrobial peptide rCRAMP induced glial cell activation through P2Y receptor signalling pathways. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:1905-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Oliveira TG, Di Paolo G. Phospholipase D in brain function and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:799-805. [PMID: 20399893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although lipids are major constituents of brain, their role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Much attention has been given to cholesterol, but growing evidence suggests that other lipids, such as phospholipids, might play an important role in this disorder. In this review, we will summarize the evidence linking phospholipase D, a phosphatidic acid-synthesizing enzyme, to multiple aspects of normal brain function and to Alzheimer's disease. The role of phospholipase D in signaling mechanisms downstream of beta-amyloid as well as in the trafficking and processing of amyloid precursor protein will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Brandenburg LO, Konrad M, Wruck CJ, Koch T, Lucius R, Pufe T. Functional and physical interactions between formyl-peptide-receptors and scavenger receptor MARCO and their involvement in amyloid beta 1-42-induced signal transduction in glial cells. J Neurochem 2010; 113:749-60. [PMID: 20141570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the chemotactic G protein-coupled receptor formyl-peptide-receptor-like-1 (FPRL1) or the scavenger receptor MARCO (macrophage receptor with collagenous structure) plays an essential role in the inflammatory response of host defense mechanisms and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. We therefore analyzed the involvement of FPRL1 and MARCO in amyloid beta1-42 (Abeta1-42)-induced signalling by extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and cAMP level measurement in glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and in transfected HEK293 cells. Receptors were inhibited by small interference RNA and the consequences in Abeta1-42- and MARCO agonist fucoidan-induced signal transduction were determined. Receptor deactivation by antagonists or small interference RNA verified the importance of FPRL1 for Abeta1-42-mediated signal transduction by ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cAMP level measurement in glial cells. Furthermore, for the first time, we have demonstrated a functional interaction between FPRL1 and scavenger receptors in fucoidan-mediated signalling by ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cAMP level measurement. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation data and fluorescence microscopy measurements revealed a physical interaction between FPR, FPRL1 and MARCO. These results suggest that FPRL1 plays a pivotal role for Abeta1-42-induced signal transduction in glial cells and the interaction with MARCO could explain the broad ligand spectrum of formyl peptide receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Brandenburg LO, Kipp M, Lucius R, Pufe T, Wruck CJ. Sulforaphane suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in primary rat microglia. Inflamm Res 2009; 59:443-50. [PMID: 19924513 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The aim of this study was to investigate the signal transduction pathways involved in sulforaphane (SF) mediated inhibition of the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, we investigated the effects of SF and LPS on the activity of Nrf2. MATERIAL Primary rat microglia and the murine microglia cell line BV2 were used. TREATMENT Cells were treated with LPS with or without SF. METHODS Cell viability was measured via WST-assay. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to analyze cytokine mRNA levels. The nitric oxide (NO) release was measured in LPS-stimulated microglia. The induction of various signal transduction pathways and Nrf2 was determined by Western blotting. NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation was measured by dual luciferase assay. RESULTS We showed that SF attenuates the LPS-induced increase of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha expression in microglia. In addition, SF significantly decreases the NO in a concentration-dependent manner. SF inhibits LPS-stimulated ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation and thereby inhibits the LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB- and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Moreover, SF and LPS together are able to induce Nrf2 activation. CONCLUSIONS We showed that SF, and also LPS by itself, are able to activate the cell's defence against oxidative and electrophilic stress. We conclude that SF could be a candidate agent for anti-inflammatory treatment of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Lee CS, Kim KL, Jang JH, Choi YS, Suh PG, Ryu SH. The roles of phospholipase D in EGFR signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:862-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brandenburg LO, Seyferth S, Wruck CJ, Koch T, Rosenstiel P, Lucius R, Pufe T. Involvement of Phospholipase D 1 and 2 in the subcellular localization and activity of formyl-peptide-receptors in the human colonic cell line HT29. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 26:371-83. [PMID: 19707939 DOI: 10.1080/09687680903188340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of the alimentary tract play a central role in the mucosal host defence against pathogens and in the recognition of agonists that interact with mucosal surfaces. In particular, the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family and their three human subtypes: FPR, formyl-peptide-receptor-like-1 (FPRL1) and FPRL2, are involved in the host defence against pathogens that mediate epithelial responses thus upregulating inflammation. To elucidate the mechanisms by which FPR function, we examined the influence of phospholipase D (PLD) 1 and 2 on the activity and signal transduction of human enterocytes cell line HT29. PLD is a key enzyme involved in secretion, endocytosis and receptor signalling. We inhibited PLD1 and 2 by small interference RNA (siRNA) and determined the activity of formyl peptide receptors using Western blotting and cAMP level measurements. We then analyzed the distribution of formyl peptide receptors FPR, FPRL1 and FPRL2 compared to a control. In this study, we demonstrated that the depletion of PLD1 and 2 resulted in a marked reduction of formyl peptide receptor activity due to inhibited extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphorylation and cAMP level reduction. In addition, we observed an intracellular accumulation of FPR, FPRL1 and FPRL2 as a result of receptor recycling inhibition using fluorescence microscopy. The constitutive internalization rate was unaffected. Our results support the importance of PLD1 and 2 in formyl peptide receptor function and the role of endocytosis, receptor recycling and reactivation for receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, Aachen, Germany.
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