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Spiliotis K, Butenko K, Starke J, van Rienen U, Köhling R. Towards an optimised deep brain stimulation using a large-scale computational network and realistic volume conductor model. J Neural Eng 2024; 20:066045. [PMID: 37988747 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad0e7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Constructing a theoretical framework to improve deep brain stimulation (DBS) based on the neuronal spatiotemporal patterns of the stimulation-affected areas constitutes a primary target.Approach. We develop a large-scale biophysical network, paired with a realistic volume conductor model, to estimate theoretically efficacious stimulation protocols. Based on previously published anatomically defined structural connectivity, a biophysical basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical neuronal network is constructed using Hodgkin-Huxley dynamics. We define a new biomarker describing the thalamic spatiotemporal activity as a ratio of spiking vs. burst firing. The per cent activation of the different pathways is adapted in the simulation to minimise the differences of the biomarker with respect to its value under healthy conditions.Main results.This neuronal network reproduces spatiotemporal patterns that emerge in Parkinson's disease. Simulations of the fibre per cent activation for the defined biomarker propose desensitisation of pallido-thalamic synaptic efficacy, induced by high-frequency signals, as one possible crucial mechanism for DBS action. Based on this activation, we define both an optimal electrode position and stimulation protocol using pathway activation modelling.Significance. A key advantage of this research is that it combines different approaches, i.e. the spatiotemporal pattern with the electric field and axonal response modelling, to compute the optimal DBS protocol. By correlating the inherent network dynamics with the activation of white matter fibres, we obtain new insights into the DBS therapeutic action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin Butenko
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Unit, Department for Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Starke
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Ji YW, Xu XY, Yin C, Zhou C, Xiao C. Protocol to study projection-specific circuits in the basal ganglia of adult mice using viral vector tracing, optogenetics, and patch-clamp technique. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102551. [PMID: 37660296 PMCID: PMC10491855 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of synaptic strength and plasticity provides functional insights of complicated neural circuits. Here, we describe steps for cell- and projection-specific optogenetic manipulation of divergent basal ganglia circuits using anterograde and retrograde viral vectors. We quantitatively analyze synaptic function of these circuits utilizing a patch-clamp technique. This protocol is applicable to probe potential circuit targets for treatment of brain diseases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ji et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Ji
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Cui Yin
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| | - Cheng Xiao
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
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3
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Fan JP, Zhang X, Han Y, Ji Y, Gu WX, Wu HC, Zhou C, Xiao C. Subthalamic neurons interact with nigral dopaminergic neurons to regulate movement in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13917. [PMID: 36598331 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to address the role of the interaction between subthalamic (STN) neurons and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons in movement control. METHODS Fiber photometry and optogenetic/chemogenetic techniques were utilized to monitor and manipulate neuronal activity, respectively. Locomotion in mice was recorded in an open field arena and on a head-fixed apparatus. A hemiparkinsonian mouse model was established by unilateral injection of 6-OHDA in the medial forebrain bundle. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were applied to record electrophysiological signals in STN neurons and SNc DA neurons. c-Fos-immunostaining was used to label activated neurons. A rabies virus-based retrograde tracing system was used to visualize STN neurons projecting to SNc DA neurons. RESULTS The activity of STN neurons was enhanced upon locomotion in an open field arena and on a head-fixed apparatus, and the enhancement was significantly attenuated in parkinsonian mice. Optogenetic stimulation of STN neurons enhanced locomotion, increased activity of SNc DA neurons, meanwhile, reduced latency to movement initiation. Combining optogenetics with patch-clamp recordings, we confirmed that STN neurons innervated SNc DA neurons through glutamatergic monosynaptic connections. Moreover, STN neurons projecting to SNc DA neurons were evenly distributed in the STN. Either 6-OHDA-lesion or chemogenetic inhibition of SNc DA neurons attenuated the enhancement of locomotion by STN stimulation. CONCLUSION SNc DA neurons not only affect the response of STN neurons to movement, but also contribute to the enhancement of movement by STN stimulation. This study demonstrates the role of STN-SNc interaction in movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Peng Fan
- School of basic medical sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yu Han
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Ji
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Xin Gu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, affiliated to Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Chuan Wu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Drum Tower Hospital, affiliated to Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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4
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Ji YW, Zhang X, Fan JP, Gu WX, Shen ZL, Wu HC, Cui G, Zhou C, Xiao C. Differential remodeling of subthalamic projections to basal ganglia output nuclei and locomotor deficits in 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonian mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112178. [PMID: 36857188 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) controls basal ganglia outputs via the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). However, the synaptic properties of these projections and their roles in motor control remain unclear. We show that the STN-SNr and STN-GPi projections differ markedly in magnitude and activity-dependent plasticity despite the existence of collateral STN neurons projecting to both the SNr and GPi. Stimulation of either STN projection reduces locomotion; in contrast, inhibition of either the STN-SNr projection or collateral STN neurons facilitates locomotion. In 6-OHDA-hemiparkinsonian mice, the STN-SNr projection is dramatically attenuated, but the STN-GPi projection is robustly enhanced; apomorphine inhibition of the STN-GPi projection through D2 receptors is significantly augmented and improves locomotion. Optogenetic inhibition of either the STN-SNr or STN-GPi projection improves parkinsonian bradykinesia. These results suggest that the STN-GPi and STN-SNr projections are differentially involved in motor control in physiological and parkinsonian conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Ji
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Jiang-Peng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory in Brain Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Wei-Xin Gu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Zi-Lin Shen
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Chuan Wu
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China.
| | - Chunyi Zhou
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
| | - Cheng Xiao
- School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, School of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China.
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5
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Todd KL, Lipski J, Freestone PS. The Subthalamic Nucleus Exclusively Evokes Dopamine Release in the Tail of the Striatum. J Neurochem 2022; 162:417-429. [PMID: 35869680 PMCID: PMC9541146 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A distinct population of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNL) has a unique projection to the most caudolateral (tail) region of the striatum. Here, using two electrochemical techniques to measure basal dopamine and electrically evoked dopamine release in anesthetized rats, we characterized this pathway, and compared it with the ‘classic’ nigrostriatal pathway from neighboring substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neurons to the dorsolateral striatum. We found that the tail striatum constitutes a distinct dopamine domain compared with the dorsolateral striatum, with consistently lower basal and evoked dopamine, and diverse dopamine release kinetics. Importantly, electrical stimulation of the SNL and SNc evoked dopamine release in entirely separate striatal regions; the tail and dorsolateral striatum, respectively. Furthermore, we showed that stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) evoked dopamine release exclusively in the tail striatum, likely via the SNL, consistent with previous anatomical evidence of STN afferents to SNL dopamine neurons. Our work identifies the STN as an important modulator of dopamine release in a novel dopamine pathway to the tail striatum, largely independent of the classic nigrostriatal pathway, which necessitates a revision of the basal ganglia circuitry with the STN positioned as a central integrator of striatal information.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Todd
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Janusz Lipski
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Peter S. Freestone
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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6
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Spiliotis K, Starke J, Franz D, Richter A, Köhling R. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorder treatment: exploring frequency-dependent efficacy in a computational network model. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2022; 116:93-116. [PMID: 34894291 PMCID: PMC8866393 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale computational model of the basal ganglia network and thalamus is proposed to describe movement disorders and treatment effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS). The model of this complex network considers three areas of the basal ganglia region: the subthalamic nucleus (STN) as target area of DBS, the globus pallidus, both pars externa and pars interna (GPe-GPi), and the thalamus. Parkinsonian conditions are simulated by assuming reduced dopaminergic input and corresponding pronounced inhibitory or disinhibited projections to GPe and GPi. Macroscopic quantities are derived which correlate closely to thalamic responses and hence motor programme fidelity. It can be demonstrated that depending on different levels of striatal projections to the GPe and GPi, the dynamics of these macroscopic quantities (synchronisation index, mean synaptic activity and response efficacy) switch from normal to Parkinsonian conditions. Simulating DBS of the STN affects the dynamics of the entire network, increasing the thalamic activity to levels close to normal, while differing from both normal and Parkinsonian dynamics. Using the mentioned macroscopic quantities, the model proposes optimal DBS frequency ranges above 130 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Starke
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Denise Franz
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Huang CS, Wang GH, Chuang HH, Chuang AY, Yeh JY, Lai YC, Yang YC. Conveyance of cortical pacing for parkinsonian tremor-like hyperkinetic behavior by subthalamic dysrhythmia. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109007. [PMID: 33882305 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic symptoms. While increased subthalamic burst discharges have a direct causal relationship with the hypokinetic manifestations (e.g., rigidity and bradykinesia), the origin of the hyperkinetic symptoms (e.g., resting tremor and propulsive gait) has remained obscure. Neuronal burst discharges are presumed to be autonomous or less responsive to synaptic input, thereby interrupting the information flow. We, however, demonstrate that subthalamic burst discharges are dependent on cortical glutamatergic synaptic input, which is enhanced by A-type K+ channel inhibition. Excessive top-down-triggered subthalamic burst discharges then drive highly correlative activities bottom-up in the motor cortices and skeletal muscles. This leads to hyperkinetic behaviors such as tremors, which are effectively ameliorated by inhibition of cortico-subthalamic AMPAergic synaptic transmission. We conclude that subthalamic burst discharges play an imperative role in cortico-subcortical information relay, and they critically contribute to the pathogenesis of both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic parkinsonian symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Syuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hsun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Yeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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8
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Grillner S, Robertson B, Kotaleski JH. Basal Ganglia—A Motion Perspective. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1241-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Robles-Gómez AA, Vega AV, Florán B, Barral J. Differential calcium channel-mediated dopaminergic modulation in the subthalamonigral synapse. Synapse 2020; 74:e22149. [PMID: 31975491 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) modulates basal ganglia (BG) activity for initiation and execution of goal-directed movements and habits. While most studies are aimed to striatal function, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic regulation in other nuclei of the BG are not well understood. Therefore, we set to analyze the dopaminergic modulation occurring in subthalamo-nigral synapse, in both pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr) neurons, because these synapses are important for the integration of information previously processed in striatum and globus pallidus. In this study, electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence of dopaminergic modulation on glutamate release through calcium channels is presented. Using paired pulse ratio (PPR) measurements and selective blockers of these ionic channels, together with agonists and antagonists of DA D2 -like receptors, we found that blockade of the CaV 3 family occludes the presynaptic inhibition produced by the activation of DA receptors pharmacologically profiled as D3 -type in the STh-SNc synapses. On the contrast, the blockade of CaV 2 channels, but not CaV 3, occlude with the effect of the D3 agonist, PD 128907, in the STh-SNr synapse. The functional role of this differential distribution of calcium channels that modulate the release of glutamate in the SN implies a fine adjustment of firing for both classes of neurons. Dopaminergic neurons of the SNc establish a DA tone within the SN based on the excitatory/inhibitory inputs; such tone may contribute to processing information from subthalamic nucleus and could also be involved in pathological DA depletion that drives hyperexcitation of SNr neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana V Vega
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Florán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Barral
- Neurociencias, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
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10
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Rodríguez-Sánchez M, Escartín-Pérez RE, Leyva-Gómez G, Avalos-Fuentes JA, Paz-Bermúdez FJ, Loya-López SI, Aceves J, Erlij D, Cortés H, Florán B. Blockade of Intranigral and Systemic D3 Receptors Stimulates Motor Activity in the Rat Promoting a Reciprocal Interaction among Glutamate, Dopamine, and GABA. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E511. [PMID: 31547016 PMCID: PMC6843834 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo activation of dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) depresses motor activity. D3Rs are widely expressed in subthalamic, striatal, and dendritic dopaminergic inputs into the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). In vitro studies showed that nigral D3Rs modulate their neurotransmitter release; thus, it could be that these changes in neurotransmitter levels modify the discharge of nigro-thalamic neurons and, therefore, motor behavior. To determine how the in vitro responses correspond to the in vivo responses, we examined the effect of intra-nigral and systemic blockade of D3Rs in the interstitial content of glutamate, dopamine, and GABA within the SNr using microdialysis coupled to motor activity determinations in freely moving rats. Intranigral unilateral blockade of D3R with GR 103,691 increased glutamate, dopamine, and GABA. Increments correlated with increased ambulatory distance, non-ambulatory activity, and induced contralateral turning. Concomitant blockade of D3R with D1R by perfusion of SCH 23390 reduced the increase of glutamate; prevented the increment of GABA, but not of dopamine; and abolished behavioral effects. Glutamate stimulates dopamine release by NMDA receptors, while blockade with kynurenic acid prevented the increase in dopamine and, in turn, of GABA and glutamate. Finally, systemic administration of D3R selective antagonist U 99194A increased glutamate, dopamine, and GABA in SNr and stimulated motor activity. Blockade of intra-nigral D1R with SCH 23390 prior to systemic U 99194A diminished increases in neurotransmitter levels and locomotor activity. These data highlight the pivotal role of presynaptic nigral D3 and D1R in the control of motor activity and help to explain part of the effects of the in vivo administration of D3R agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Rodrigo Erick Escartín-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Eating, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala, Ciudad de México 54090, Mexico.
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - José Arturo Avalos-Fuentes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Javier Paz-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Santiago Iván Loya-López
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Aceves
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - David Erlij
- Department of Physiology SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico.
| | - Benjamín Florán
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
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11
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Cellular and Synaptic Dysfunctions in Parkinson's Disease: Stepping out of the Striatum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091005. [PMID: 31470672 PMCID: PMC6769933 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural learning, cognition, and emotions. This network is also the region primarily affected by the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons localized in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). This degeneration causes cellular and synaptic dysfunctions in the BG network, which are responsible for the appearance of the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine (DA) modulation and the consequences of its loss on the striatal microcircuit have been extensively studied, and because of the discrete nature of DA innervation of other BG nuclei, its action outside the striatum has been considered negligible. However, there is a growing body of evidence supporting functional extrastriatal DA modulation of both cellular excitability and synaptic transmission. In this review, the functional relevance of DA modulation outside the striatum in both normal and pathological conditions will be discussed.
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12
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Connectivity and Dynamics Underlying Synaptic Control of the Subthalamic Nucleus. J Neurosci 2019; 39:2470-2481. [PMID: 30700533 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1642-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive motor control critically depends on the interconnected nuclei of the basal ganglia in the CNS. A pivotal element of the basal ganglia is the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which serves as a therapeutic target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. The functional connectivity of the STN at the microcircuit level, however, still requires rigorous investigation. Here we combine multiple simultaneous whole-cell recordings with extracellular stimulation and post hoc neuroanatomical analysis to investigate intrinsic and afferent connectivity and synaptic properties of the STN in acute brain slices obtained from rats of both sexes. Our data reveal an absence of intrinsic connectivity and an afferent innervation with low divergence, suggesting that STN neurons operate as independent processing elements driven by upstream structures. Hence, synchrony in the STN, a hallmark of motor processing, exclusively depends on the interactions and dynamics of GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents. Importantly, these inputs are subject to differential short-term depression when stimulated at high, DBS-like frequencies, shifting the balance of excitation and inhibition toward inhibition. Thus, we present a mechanism for fast yet transient decoupling of the STN from synchronizing afferent control. Together, our study provides new insights into the microcircuit organization of the STN by identifying its neurons as parallel processing units and thus sets new constraints for future computational models of the basal ganglia. The observed differential short-term plasticity of afferent inputs further offers a basis to better understand and optimize DBS algorithms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a pivotal element of the basal ganglia and serves as target for deep brain stimulation, but information on the functional connectivity of its neurons is limited. To investigate the STN microcircuitry, we combined multiple simultaneous patch-clamp recordings and neuroanatomical analysis. Our results provide new insights into the synaptic organization of the STN identifying its neurons as parallel processing units and thus set new constraints for future computational models of the basal ganglia. We further find that synaptic dynamics of afferent inputs result in a rapid yet transient decoupling of the STN when stimulated at high frequencies. These results offer a better understanding of deep brain stimulation mechanisms, promoting the development of optimized algorithms.
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Gouty-Colomer LA, Michel FJ, Baude A, Lopez-Pauchet C, Dufour A, Cossart R, Hammond C. Mouse subthalamic nucleus neurons with local axon collaterals. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:275-284. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie-Anne Gouty-Colomer
- INSERM U901; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901; Marseille France
- INMED; Marseille France
| | - François J Michel
- INSERM U901; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901; Marseille France
- INMED; Marseille France
| | - Agnès Baude
- INSERM U901; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901; Marseille France
- INMED; Marseille France
| | - Catherine Lopez-Pauchet
- INSERM U901; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901; Marseille France
- INMED; Marseille France
| | | | - Rosa Cossart
- INSERM U901; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901; Marseille France
- INMED; Marseille France
| | - Constance Hammond
- INSERM U901; Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University, UMR 901; Marseille France
- INMED; Marseille France
- B&A Therapeutics, INMED; Marseille France
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Bahuguna J, Tetzlaff T, Kumar A, Hellgren Kotaleski J, Morrison A. Homologous Basal Ganglia Network Models in Physiological and Parkinsonian Conditions. Front Comput Neurosci 2017; 11:79. [PMID: 28878643 PMCID: PMC5572265 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2017.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical model of basal ganglia has been refined in recent years with discoveries of subpopulations within a nucleus and previously unknown projections. One such discovery is the presence of subpopulations of arkypallidal and prototypical neurons in external globus pallidus, which was previously considered to be a primarily homogeneous nucleus. Developing a computational model of these multiple interconnected nuclei is challenging, because the strengths of the connections are largely unknown. We therefore use a genetic algorithm to search for the unknown connectivity parameters in a firing rate model. We apply a binary cost function derived from empirical firing rate and phase relationship data for the physiological and Parkinsonian conditions. Our approach generates ensembles of over 1,000 configurations, or homologies, for each condition, with broad distributions for many of the parameter values and overlap between the two conditions. However, the resulting effective weights of connections from or to prototypical and arkypallidal neurons are consistent with the experimental data. We investigate the significance of the weight variability by manipulating the parameters individually and cumulatively, and conclude that the correlation observed between the parameters is necessary for generating the dynamics of the two conditions. We then investigate the response of the networks to a transient cortical stimulus, and demonstrate that networks classified as physiological effectively suppress activity in the internal globus pallidus, and are not susceptible to oscillations, whereas parkinsonian networks show the opposite tendency. Thus, we conclude that the rates and phase relationships observed in the globus pallidus are predictive of experimentally observed higher level dynamical features of the physiological and parkinsonian basal ganglia, and that the multiplicity of solutions generated by our method may well be indicative of a natural diversity in basal ganglia networks. We propose that our approach of generating and analyzing an ensemble of multiple solutions to an underdetermined network model provides greater confidence in its predictions than those derived from a unique solution, and that projecting such homologous networks on a lower dimensional space of sensibly chosen dynamical features gives a better chance than a purely structural analysis at understanding complex pathologies such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Bahuguna
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6), Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), JARA Brain Institute I, Jülich Research CenterJülich, Germany
| | - Tom Tetzlaff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6), Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), JARA Brain Institute I, Jülich Research CenterJülich, Germany
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Computational Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Communication, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Biology, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Computational Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Communication, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm, Sweden
| | - Abigail Morrison
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6), Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), JARA Brain Institute I, Jülich Research CenterJülich, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,Institute for Cognitive Neurosciences, Ruhr UniversityBochum, Germany
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Blenkinsop A, Anderson S, Gurney K. Frequency and function in the basal ganglia: the origins of beta and gamma band activity. J Physiol 2017; 595:4525-4548. [PMID: 28334424 DOI: 10.1113/jp273760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neuronal oscillations in the basal ganglia have been observed to correlate with behaviours, although the causal mechanisms and functional significance of these oscillations remain unknown. We present a novel computational model of the healthy basal ganglia, constrained by single unit recordings from non-human primates. When the model is run using inputs that might be expected during performance of a motor task, the network shows emergent phenomena: it functions as a selection mechanism and shows spectral properties that match those seen in vivo. Beta frequency oscillations are shown to require pallido-striatal feedback, and occur with behaviourally relevant cortical input. Gamma oscillations arise in the subthalamic-globus pallidus feedback loop, and occur during movement. The model provides a coherent framework for the study of spectral, temporal and functional analyses of the basal ganglia and lays the foundation for an integrated approach to study basal ganglia pathologies such as Parkinson's disease in silico. ABSTRACT Neural oscillations in the basal ganglia (BG) are well studied yet remain poorly understood. Behavioural correlates of spectral activity are well described, yet a quantitative hypothesis linking time domain dynamics and spectral properties to BG function has been lacking. We show, for the first time, that a unified description is possible by interpreting previously ignored structure in data describing globus pallidus interna responses to cortical stimulation. These data were used to expose a pair of distinctive neuronal responses to the stimulation. This observation formed the basis for a new mathematical model of the BG, quantitatively fitted to the data, which describes the dynamics in the data, and is validated against other stimulus protocol experiments. A key new result is that when the model is run using inputs hypothesised to occur during the performance of a motor task, beta and gamma frequency oscillations emerge naturally during static-force and movement, respectively, consistent with experimental local field potentials. This new model predicts that the pallido-striatum connection has a key role in the generation of beta band activity, and that the gamma band activity associated with motor task performance has its origins in the pallido-subthalamic feedback loop. The network's functionality as a selection mechanism also occurs as an emergent property, and closer fits to the data gave better selection properties. The model provides a coherent framework for the study of spectral, temporal and functional analyses of the BG and therefore lays the foundation for an integrated approach to study BG pathologies such as Parkinson's disease in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Anderson
- Automatic Control & Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Kevin Gurney
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TP, UK
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Untangling Basal Ganglia Network Dynamics and Function: Role of Dopamine Depletion and Inhibition Investigated in a Spiking Network Model. eNeuro 2017; 3:eN-NWR-0156-16. [PMID: 28101525 PMCID: PMC5228592 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0156-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are a crucial brain system for behavioral selection, and their function is disturbed in Parkinson's disease (PD), where neurons exhibit inappropriate synchronization and oscillations. We present a spiking neural model of basal ganglia including plausible details on synaptic dynamics, connectivity patterns, neuron behavior, and dopamine effects. Recordings of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and Type A (TA; arkypallidal) and Type I (TI; prototypical) neurons in globus pallidus externa were used to validate the model. Simulation experiments predict that both local inhibition in striatum and the existence of an indirect pathway are important for basal ganglia to function properly over a large range of cortical drives. The dopamine depletion-induced increase of AMPA efficacy in corticostriatal synapses to medium spiny neurons (MSNs) with dopamine receptor D2 synapses (CTX-MSN D2) and the reduction of MSN lateral connectivity (MSN-MSN) were found to contribute significantly to the enhanced synchrony and oscillations seen in PD. Additionally, reversing the dopamine depletion-induced changes to CTX-MSN D1, CTX-MSN D2, TA-MSN, and MSN-MSN couplings could improve or restore basal ganglia action selection ability. In summary, we found multiple changes of parameters for synaptic efficacy and neural excitability that could improve action selection ability and at the same time reduce oscillations. Identification of such targets could potentially generate ideas for treatments of PD and increase our understanding of the relation between network dynamics and network function.
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Bukalo O, Pinard CR, Silverstein S, Brehm C, Hartley ND, Whittle N, Colacicco G, Busch E, Patel S, Singewald N, Holmes A. Prefrontal inputs to the amygdala instruct fear extinction memory formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500251. [PMID: 26504902 PMCID: PMC4618669 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent anxiety after a psychological trauma is a hallmark of many anxiety disorders. However, the neural circuits mediating the extinction of traumatic fear memories remain incompletely understood. We show that selective, in vivo stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)-amygdala pathway facilitated extinction memory formation, but not retrieval. Conversely, silencing the vmPFC-amygdala pathway impaired extinction formation and reduced extinction-induced amygdala activity. Our data demonstrate a critical instructional role for the vmPFC-amygdala circuit in the formation of extinction memories. These findings advance our understanding of the neural basis of persistent fear, with implications for posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Bukalo
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20853, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Courtney R. Pinard
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20853, USA
| | - Shana Silverstein
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20853, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christina Brehm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82/III, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nolan D. Hartley
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nigel Whittle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82/III, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giovanni Colacicco
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20853, USA
| | - Erica Busch
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20853, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82/III, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20853, USA
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Bour LJ, Lourens MAJ, Verhagen R, de Bie RMA, van den Munckhof P, Schuurman PR, Contarino MF. Directional Recording of Subthalamic Spectral Power Densities in Parkinson's Disease and the Effect of Steering Deep Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:730-41. [PMID: 25753176 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new 32-contacts deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead, capable of directionally steering stimulation, was tested intraoperatively. OBJECTIVE The aim of this pilot study was to perform recordings from the multidirectional contacts and to investigate the effect of directional current steering on the local field potentials (LFPs). METHODS In eight patients with Parkinson's disease, after standard microelectrode recording and clinical testing, the new lead was temporarily implanted. The 32-channel LFP recordings were measured simultaneously at different depths and directions before and after directional stimulation. RESULTS The spatial distribution of LFPs power spectral densities across the contact array at baseline marked the borders of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) with a significant increase in beta power and with a mean accuracy of approximately 0.6 mm in four patients.The power in the 18.5-30 Hz frequency band varied across different directions in all patients. In the three cases that showed improvement of rigidity, this was higher when current was steered toward the direction with the highest LFP power in the beta band. Subthalamic LFPs in six patients showed a differential frequency-dependent suppression/enhancement of the oscillatory activity in the 10-45 Hz frequency band after four different 'steering' modes as compared to ring mode, suggesting a higher specificity. CONCLUSIONS Through a new 32-contact DBS lead it is possible to record simultaneous subthalamic LFPs at different depths and directions, providing confirmation of adequate lead placement and multidirectional spatial-temporal information potentially related to pathological subthalamic electrical activity and to the effect of stimulation. Although further research is needed, this may improve the efficiency of steering stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Bour
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M A J Lourens
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Verhagen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R M A de Bie
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P van den Munckhof
- Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P R Schuurman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M F Contarino
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, the Hague, the Netherlands.
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19
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Yoon HH, Park JH, Kim YH, Min J, Hwang E, Lee CJ, Suh JKF, Hwang O, Jeon SR. Optogenetic inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus improves forelimb akinesia in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Neurosurgery 2014; 74:533-40; discussion 540-1. [PMID: 24463495 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inhibition of neuronal activity by electrical deep brain stimulation is one of the mechanisms explaining the therapeutic effects in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) but cannot specifically activate or inactivate different types of neurons. Recently, a new technology based on optogenetics has been developed to modulate the activity of specific neurons. However, the therapeutic effects of optical inactivation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) have not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE To perform various behavioral tests to evaluate changes in motor functions in a PD rat model after optogene expression and, unlike previous studies, to assess the therapeutic effects of direct optogenetic inactivation in the STN. METHODS 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonian rats received injections of hSynapsin1-NpHR-YFP adeno-associated virus or an equivalent volume of phosphate-buffered saline. Three weeks after injection of adeno-associated virus or phosphate-buffered saline, the optic fiber was implanted into the ipsilateral STN. A stepping test, a cylinder test, and an apomorphine-induced rotation test were performed in 3 sequential steps: during light-off state, during light stimulation, and again during light-off state. RESULTS Stepping tests revealed that optical inhibition of the STN significantly improved 6-hydroxydopamine-induced forelimb akinesia. PD motor signs, as assessed by cylinder and apomorphine tests, were not affected by optical inhibition. Immunofluorescence revealed that halorhodopsin was highly expressed and colocalized with vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the STN. CONCLUSION Optogenetic inhibition in the STN may be effective in improving contralateral forelimb akinesia but not in changing forelimb preference or reducing dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity. These findings are useful as a basis for future studies on optogenetics in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ho Yoon
- ‡Department of Neurological Surgery and **Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; §Department of Neurological Surgery, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea; ¶Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; ‖Center for Neural Science and WCI Center for Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea; #Center for Bionics of Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Schweizer N, Pupe S, Arvidsson E, Nordenankar K, Smith-Anttila CJA, Mahmoudi S, Andrén A, Dumas S, Rajagopalan A, Lévesque D, Leão RN, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Limiting glutamate transmission in a Vglut2-expressing subpopulation of the subthalamic nucleus is sufficient to cause hyperlocomotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7837-42. [PMID: 24821804 PMCID: PMC4040590 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323499111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a key area of the basal ganglia circuitry regulating movement. We identified a subpopulation of neurons within this structure that coexpresses Vglut2 and Pitx2, and by conditional targeting of this subpopulation we reduced Vglut2 expression levels in the STN by 40%, leaving Pitx2 expression intact. This reduction diminished, yet did not eliminate, glutamatergic transmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus, two major targets of the STN. The knockout mice displayed hyperlocomotion and decreased latency in the initiation of movement while preserving normal gait and balance. Spatial cognition, social function, and level of impulsive choice also remained undisturbed. Furthermore, these mice showed reduced dopamine transporter binding and slower dopamine clearance in vivo, suggesting that Vglut2-expressing cells in the STN regulate dopaminergic transmission. Our results demonstrate that altering the contribution of a limited population within the STN is sufficient to achieve results similar to STN lesions and high-frequency stimulation, but with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schweizer
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stéfano Pupe
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 2155-59056-450 Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Emma Arvidsson
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Nordenankar
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Casey J A Smith-Anttila
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Souha Mahmoudi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; and
| | - Anna Andrén
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Aparna Rajagopalan
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; and
| | - Richardson N Leão
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 2155-59056-450 Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Units of Functional Neurobiology andDevelopmental Genetics, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Koshimizu Y, Fujiyama F, Nakamura KC, Furuta T, Kaneko T. Quantitative analysis of axon bouton distribution of subthalamic nucleus neurons in the rat by single neuron visualization with a viral vector. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2125-46. [PMID: 23595816 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia plays a key role in motor control, and STN efferents are known to mainly target the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), entopeduncular nucleus (Ep), and substantia nigra (SN) with some axon collaterals to the other regions. However, it remains to be clarified how each STN neuron projects axon fibers and collaterals to those target nuclei of the STN. Here we visualized the whole axonal arborization of single STN neurons in the rat brain by using a viral vector expressing membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein, and examined the distribution of axon boutons in those target nuclei. The vast majority (8-9) of 10 reconstructed STN neurons projected to the GPe, SN, caudate-putamen (CPu), and Ep, which received, on average ± SD, 457 ± 425, 400 ± 347, 126 ± 143, and 106 ± 100 axon boutons per STN neuron, respectively. Furthermore, the density of axon boutons in the GPe was highest among these nuclei. Although these target nuclei were divided into calbindin-rich and -poor portions, STN projection showed no exclusive preference for those portions. Since STN neurons mainly projected not only to the GPe, SN, and Ep but also to the CPu, the subthalamostriatal projection might serve as a positive feedback path for the striato-GPe-subthalamic disinhibitory pathway, or work as another route of cortical inputs to the striatum through the corticosubthalamostriatal disynaptic excitatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Koshimizu
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Vizcarra-Chacón BJ, Arias-García MA, Pérez-Ramírez MB, Flores-Barrera E, Tapia D, Drucker-Colin R, Bargas J, Galarraga E. Contribution of different classes of glutamate receptors in the corticostriatal polysynaptic responses from striatal direct and indirect projection neurons. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:60. [PMID: 23782743 PMCID: PMC3691831 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work showed differences in the polysynaptic activation of GABAergic synapses during corticostriatal suprathreshold responses in direct and indirect striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs). Here, we now show differences and similarities in the polysynaptic activation of cortical glutamatergic synapses on the same responses. Corticostriatal contacts have been extensively studied. However, several questions remain unanswered, e.g.: what are the differences and similarities in the responses to glutamate in dSPNs and iSPNs? Does glutamatergic synaptic activation exhibits a distribution of latencies over time in vitro? That would be a strong suggestion of polysynaptic cortical convergence. What is the role of kainate receptors in corticostriatal transmission? Current-clamp recordings were used to answer these questions. One hypothesis was: if prolonged synaptic activation distributed along time was present, then it would be mainly generated from the cortex, and not from the striatum. Results By isolating responses from AMPA-receptors out of the complex suprathreshold response of SPNs, it is shown that a single cortical stimulus induces early and late synaptic activation lasting hundreds of milliseconds. Prolonged responses depended on cortical stimulation because they could not be elicited using intrastriatal stimulation, even if GABAergic transmission was blocked. Thus, the results are not explained by differences in evoked inhibition. Moreover, inhibitory participation was larger after cortical than after intrastriatal stimulation. A strong activation of interneurons was obtained from the cortex, demonstrating that polysynaptic activation includes the striatum. Prolonged kainate (KA) receptor responses were also elicited from the cortex. Responses of dSPNs and iSPNs did not depend on the cortical area stimulated. In contrast to AMPA-receptors, responses from NMDA- and KA-receptors do not exhibit early and late responses, but generate slow responses that contribute to plateau depolarizations. Conclusions As it has been established in previous physiological studies in vivo, synaptic invasion over different latencies, spanning hundreds of milliseconds after a single stimulus strongly indicates convergent polysynaptic activation. Interconnected cortical neurons converging on the same SPNs may explain prolonged corticostriatal responses. Glutamate receptors participation in these responses is described as well as differences and similarities between dSPNs and iSPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca J Vizcarra-Chacón
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, México
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Capozzo A, Mattei C, Vitale F, Scarnati E. The temporal context of certainty–uncertainty modulates the subthalamic nucleus-mediated anticipatory responding. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The GABAergic projection neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are key basal ganglia output neurons. The activity of these neurons is critically influenced by the glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The SNr also receives an intense serotonin (5-HT) innervation, raising the possibility that 5-HT may regulate the STN→SNr glutamatergic transmission and the consequent STN-triggered spike firing in SNr neurons. Here we show that 5-HT reduced STN stimulation-evoked long-lasting polysynaptic complex EPSCs in SNr GABA neurons. This inhibitory 5-HT effect was mimicked by the 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP93129 and blocked by the 5-HT1B antagonist NAS-181. 5-HT1A receptor ligands were ineffective. Additionally, 5-HT and CP93129 reduced the frequency but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs, suggesting a reduced vesicular release. 5-HT and CP93129 also decreased the amplitude but increased the paired pulse ratio of the monosynaptic EPSCs in SNr GABA neurons, indicating a presynaptic 5-HT1B receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamate release. Furthermore, 5-HT and CP93129 inhibited STN-triggered burst firing in SNr GABA neurons, and CP93129's inhibitory effect was strongest when puffed to STN→SNr axon terminals in SNr, indicating a primary role of the 5-HT1B receptors in these axon terminals. Finally, the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist NAS-181 increased the STN-triggered complex EPSCs and burst firing in SNr GABA neurons, demonstrating the effects of endogenous 5-HT. These results suggest that nigral 5-HT, via presynaptic 5-HT1B receptor activation, gates the excitatory STN→SNr projection, reduces burst firing in SNr GABA neurons, and thus may play a critical role in movement control.
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TRPM2 channels are required for NMDA-induced burst firing and contribute to H(2)O(2)-dependent modulation in substantia nigra pars reticulata GABAergic neurons. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1157-68. [PMID: 23325252 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2832-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) GABAergic neurons are projection neurons that convey output from the basal ganglia to target structures. These neurons exhibit spontaneous regular firing, but also exhibit burst firing in the presence of NMDA or when excitatory glutamatergic input to the SNr is activated. Notably, an increase in burst firing is also seen in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, elucidating conductances that mediate spontaneous activity and changes of firing pattern in these neurons is essential for understanding how the basal ganglia control movement. Using ex vivo slices of guinea pig midbrain, we show that SNr GABAergic neurons express transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels that underlie NMDA-induced burst firing. Furthermore, we show that spontaneous firing rate and burst activity are modulated by the reactive oxygen species H(2)O(2) acting via TRPM2 channels. Thus, our results indicate that activation of TRPM2 channels is necessary for burst firing in SNr GABAergic neurons and their responsiveness to modulatory H(2)O(2). These findings have implications not only for normal regulation, but also for Parkinson's disease, which involves excitotoxicity and oxidative stress.
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Kang G, Lowery MM. Interaction of Oscillations, and Their Suppression via Deep Brain Stimulation, in a Model of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Network. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2013; 21:244-53. [PMID: 23476006 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2013.2241791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyeom Kang
- School of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Subthalamic lesion or levodopa treatment rescues giant GABAergic currents of PINK1-deficient striatum. J Neurosci 2013; 32:18047-53. [PMID: 23238720 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2474-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular electrophysiological signatures of Parkinson's disease described in the pharmacological 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) animal models of Parkinson's disease include spontaneous repetitive giant GABAergic currents in a subpopulation of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and spontaneous rhythmic bursts of spikes generated by subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons. We investigated whether similar signatures are present in Pink1(-/-) mice, a genetic rodent model of the PARK6 variant of Parkinson's disease. Although 9- to 24-month-old Pink1(-/-) mice show reduced striatal dopamine content and release, and impaired spontaneous locomotion, the relevance of this model to Parkinson's disease has been questioned because mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons do not degenerate during the mouse lifespan. We show that 75% of the MSNs of 5- to 7-month-old Pink1(-/-) mice exhibit giant GABAergic currents, occurring either singly or in bursts (at 40 Hz), rather than the low-frequency (2 Hz), low-amplitude, tonic GABAergic drive common to wild-type MSNs of the same age. STN neurons from 5- to 7-month-old Pink1(-/-) mice spontaneously generated bursts of spikes instead of the control tonic drive. Chronic kainic acid lesion of the STN or chronic levodopa treatment reliably suppressed the giant GABAergic currents of MSNs after 1 month and replaced them with the control tonic activity. The similarity between the in vitro resting states of Pink1 MSNs and those of fully dopamine (DA)-depleted MSNs of 6-OHDA-treated mice, together with the beneficial effect of levodopa treatment, strongly suggest that dysfunction of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in Pink1(-/-) mice is more severe than expected. The beneficial effect of the STN lesion also suggests that pathological STN activity strongly influences striatal networks in Pink1(-/-) mice.
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Bosch C, Mailly P, Degos B, Deniau JM, Venance L. Preservation of the hyperdirect pathway of basal ganglia in a rodent brain slice. Neuroscience 2012; 215:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shen KZ, Johnson SW. Regulation of polysynaptic subthalamonigral transmission by D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptors in rat brain slices. J Physiol 2012; 590:2273-84. [PMID: 22371474 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine depletion in experimental models of Parkinson's disease promotes burst firing of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and substantia nigra zona reticulata (SNR). A synaptically generated form of burst firing has been shown to arise from complex excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that are evoked in SNR neurons by STN stimulation. The present experiments were designed to characterize actions of dopamine on complex EPSCs in slices of rat brain. Using patch pipettes to record whole-cell currents under voltage clamp, dopamine (30 μm) caused a reversible 64% reduction in complex EPSC charge. This effect was partially mimicked by D(2), D(3) and D(4) receptor agonists, and the action of dopamine could be nearly completely blocked by the combined effects of the D(2/3) antagonist sulpiride and the D(4) antagonist L-745,870. Local application of dopamine to the STN caused a larger inhibition of the complex EPSC (55% reduction) than did dopamine application to the SNR (15% reduction). Simple, monophasic EPSCs, which were evoked in SNR neurons by stimulating the SNR close to the recording pipette, were inhibited to a smaller extent compared to complex EPSCs. Bursts of action potentials evoked in SNR neurons by STN stimulation were inhibited by dopamine to a greater extent than was spontaneous firing. These results show that dopamine D(2)-like receptors inhibit complex EPSCs and burst discharges in the SNR by acting within the STN to suppress transmission in the subthalamonigral pathway. Dopamine receptor-mediated inhibition of polysynaptic connections in the STN might be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zhong Shen
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) receptor activation suppresses stimulus-evoked burst firing in rat substantia nigra reticulata neurons. Neuroreport 2012; 23:40-4. [PMID: 22127013 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834e4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous whole-cell patch-pipette studies showed that focal electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) evokes a long-lasting complex excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) and synaptically evoked bursts of action potentials in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) neurons. Although synaptically evoked bursting may play a role in normal physiology, excessive burst firing correlates with symptoms of Parkinson's disease. We used patch-pipette recordings in rat brain slices to study the effects of baclofen on complex EPSCs and STN-induced burst firing in SNR neurons. Baclofen (1 µM) caused a reversible, 73% reduction in complex EPSCs, and this effect was blocked by the γ-aminobutyric acid(B) antagonist CGP35348 (100 µM). Using the loose-patch method to record extracellular potentials, a lower concentration of baclofen (100 nM) inhibited STN-evoked bursts, while leaving spontaneous firing of action potentials less affected. We suggest that strategies that selectively inhibit burst firing in the SNR might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Ledonne A, Mango D, Bernardi G, Berretta N, Mercuri NB. A continuous high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus determines a suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission in nigral dopaminergic neurons recorded in vitro. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:292-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhou FM, Lee CR. Intrinsic and integrative properties of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Neuroscience 2011; 198:69-94. [PMID: 21839148 PMCID: PMC3221915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The GABA projection neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are output neurons for the basal ganglia and thus critical for movement control. Their most striking neurophysiological feature is sustained, spontaneous high frequency spike firing. A fundamental question is: what are the key ion channels supporting the remarkable firing capability in these neurons? Recent studies indicate that these neurons express tonically active type 3 transient receptor potential (TRPC3) channels that conduct a Na-dependent inward current even at hyperpolarized membrane potentials. When the membrane potential reaches -60 mV, a voltage-gated persistent sodium current (I(NaP)) starts to activate, further depolarizing the membrane potential. At or slightly below -50 mV, the large transient voltage-activated sodium current (I(NaT)) starts to activate and eventually triggers the rapid rising phase of action potentials. SNr GABA neurons have a higher density of I(NaT), contributing to the faster rise and larger amplitude of action potentials, compared with the slow-spiking dopamine neurons. I(NaT) also recovers from inactivation more quickly in SNr GABA neurons than in nigral dopamine neurons. In SNr GABA neurons, the rising phase of the action potential triggers the activation of high-threshold, inactivation-resistant Kv3-like channels that can rapidly repolarize the membrane. These intrinsic ion channels provide SNr GABA neurons with the ability to fire spontaneous and sustained high frequency spikes. Additionally, robust GABA inputs from direct pathway medium spiny neurons in the striatum and GABA neurons in the globus pallidus may inhibit and silence SNr GABA neurons, whereas glutamate synaptic input from the subthalamic nucleus may induce burst firing in SNr GABA neurons. Thus, afferent GABA and glutamate synaptic inputs sculpt the tonic high frequency firing of SNr GABA neurons and the consequent inhibition of their targets into an integrated motor control signal that is further fine-tuned by neuromodulators including dopamine, serotonin, endocannabinoids, and H₂O₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-M Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Ammari R, Bioulac B, Garcia L, Hammond C. The Subthalamic Nucleus becomes a Generator of Bursts in the Dopamine-Depleted State. Its High Frequency Stimulation Dramatically Weakens Transmission to the Globus Pallidus. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:43. [PMID: 21716635 PMCID: PMC3115486 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive burst firing in the dopamine-depleted basal ganglia correlates with severe motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease that are attenuated by high frequency electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Here we test the hypothesis that pathological bursts in dopamine-deprived basal ganglia are generated within the STN and transmitted to globus pallidus neurons. To answer this question we recorded excitatory synaptic currents and potentials from subthalamic and pallidal neurons in the basal ganglia slice (BGS) from dopamine-depleted mice while continuously blocking GABAA receptors. In control mice, a single electrical stimulus delivered to the internal capsule or the rostral pole of the STN evoked a short duration, small amplitude, monosynaptic EPSC in subthalamic neurons. In contrast, in the dopamine-depleted BGS, this monosynaptic EPSC was amplified and followed by a burst of polysynaptic EPSCs that eventually reverberated three to seven times, providing a long lasting response that gave rise to bursts of EPSCs and spikes in GP neurons. Repetitive (10–120 Hz) stimulation delivered to the STN in the dopamine-depleted BGS attenuated STN-evoked bursts of EPSCs in pallidal neurons after several minutes of stimulation but only high frequency (90–120 Hz) stimulation replaced them with small amplitude EPSCs at 20 Hz. We propose that the polysynaptic pathway within the STN amplifies subthalamic responses to incoming excitation in the dopamine-depleted basal ganglia, thereby transforming the STN into a burst generator and entraining pallidal neurons in pathogenic bursting activities. High frequency stimulation of the STN prevents the transmission of this pathological activity to globus pallidus and imposes a new glutamatergic synaptic noise on pallidal neurons.
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Release of Endogenous Amino Acids from the Striatum from Developing and Adult Mice in Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1444-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zheng F, Lammert K, Nixdorf-Bergweiler BE, Steigerwald F, Volkmann J, Alzheimer C. Axonal failure during high frequency stimulation of rat subthalamic nucleus. J Physiol 2011; 589:2781-93. [PMID: 21486784 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.205807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been established as an effective surgical therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) and gains increasing acceptance for otherwise intractable neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression or obsessive–compulsive disorders. In PD, DBS targets predominantly the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and relieves motor deficits only at high frequency (>100 Hz). In contrast to the well-documented clinical efficacy of DBS, its underlying principle remains enigmatic spawning a broad and, in part, contradictory spectrum of suggested synaptic and non-synaptic mechanisms within and outside STN. Here we focused on a crucial, but largely neglected issue in this controversy, namely the axonal propagation of DBS within and away from STN. In rat brain slices preserving STN projections to substantia nigra (SN) and entopeduncular nucleus (EP, the rodent equivalent of internal globus pallidus), STN-DBS disrupted synaptic excitation onto target neurons through an unexpected failure of axonal signalling. The rapid onset and, upon termination of DBS, recovery of this effect was highly reminiscent of the time course of DBS in the clinical setting. We propose that DBS-induced suppression of axonal projections from and to STN serves to shield basal ganglia circuitry from pathological activity arising in or amplified by this nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Scarnati E, Florio T, Capozzo A, Confalone G, Mazzone P. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: implications for a role in modulating spinal cord motoneuron excitability. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:1409-21. [PMID: 21161714 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) improves parkinsonian motor signs. The mechanisms that mediate these effects and the modifications that occur in the PPTg in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully known and are the object of current debate. The aim of this paper was to critically review available data with respect to (1) the presence of PPTg neurons linked to reticulospinal projections, (2) the involvement of these neurons in modulating spinal reflexes, and (3) the participation of fibers close to or within the PPTg region in such modulation. The PPTg neurons are distributed in a large pontotegmental region, stimulation of which can evoke activity in hindlimb, shoulder and neck muscles, and potentiate motor responses evoked by stimulation of dorsal roots. This influence seems to be carried out by fast-conducting descending fibers, which likely run in the medial reticulospinal pathway. It is yet unclear which neurotransmitters are involved and on which elements of the gray matter of the spinal cord PPTg fibers synapse. The modulation of spinal cord activity which can be achieved by stimulating the PPTg region seems to be mediated not only by PPTg neurons, but also by tecto-reticular fibers which run in the pontotegmental area, and which likely are activated during PPTg-DBS. The importance of these fibers is discussed taking into account the degeneration of PPTg neurons in PD and the benefits in gait and postural control that PPTg-DBS exerts in PD. The potential usefulness of PPTg-DBS in other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal loss in the brainstem is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Scarnati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies (STB), University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio Coppito 2, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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