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Wu X, Li C, Ke C, Huang C, Pan B, Wan C. The activation of AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4 signaling pathway through early exercise improves mitochondrial function and mitigates ischemic brain damage. Neuroreport 2024; 35:648-656. [PMID: 38813901 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining cellular energy supply and serve as a source of energy for repairing nerve damage following a stroke. Given that exercise has the potential to enhance energy metabolism, investigating the impact of exercise on mitochondrial function provides a plausible mechanism for stroke treatment. In our study, we established the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in Sprague-Dawley rats and implemented early exercise intervention. Neurological severity scores, beam-walking test score, and weight were used to evaluate neurological function. The volume of cerebral infarction was measured by MRI. Nerve cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Mitochondrial morphology and structure were detected by mitochondrial electron microscopy. Mitochondrial function was assessed using membrane potential and ATP measurements. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4. Through the above experiments, we found that early exercise improved neurological function in rats after MCAO, reduced cerebral infarction volume and neuronal apoptosis, promoted the recovery of mitochondrial morphology and function. We further examined the protein expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4 signaling pathway and confirmed that early exercise was able to increase its expression. Therefore, we suggest that early exercise initiated the AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4 signaling pathway, restoring mitochondrial function and augmenting energy supply. This, in turn, effectively improved both nerve and body function in rats following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Changkai Ke
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Chuan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Bingchen Pan
- Institute of Medical technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Wan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
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2
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Cai M, Wan J, Cai K, Li S, Du X, Song H, Sun W, Hu J. The mitochondrial quality control system: a new target for exercise therapeutic intervention in the treatment of brain insulin resistance-induced neurodegeneration in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:749-763. [PMID: 38379083 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health concern because of its strong association with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as diabetes, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Unfortunately, brain insulin resistance in obesity is likely to lead to neuroplasticity deficits. Since the evidence shows that insulin resistance in brain regions abundant in insulin receptors significantly alters mitochondrial efficiency and function, strategies targeting the mitochondrial quality control system may be of therapeutic and practical value in obesity-induced cognitive decline. Exercise is considered as a powerful stimulant of mitochondria that improves insulin sensitivity and enhances neuroplasticity. It has great potential as a non-pharmacological intervention against the onset and progression of obesity associated neurodegeneration. Here, we integrate the current knowledge of the mechanisms of neurodegenration in obesity and focus on brain insulin resistance to explain the relationship between the impairment of neuronal plasticity and mitochondrial dysfunction. This knowledge was synthesised to explore the exercise paradigm as a feasible intervention for obese neurodegenration in terms of improving brain insulin signals and regulating the mitochondrial quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Jinshan District Central Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201599, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Keren Cai
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Shuyao Li
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Xinlin Du
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, 201299, China.
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3
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Chen M, Liu J, Wu W, Guo T, Yuan J, Wu Z, Zheng Z, Zhao Z, Lin Q, Liu N, Chen H. SIRT1 restores mitochondrial structure and function in rats by activating SIRT3 after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:31. [PMID: 38767771 PMCID: PMC11106166 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury, which can be ameliorated by Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3). Under stress conditions, the SIRT3-promoted mitochondrial functional recovery depends on both its activity and expression. However, the approach to enhance SIRT3 activity after CI/R injury remains unelucidated. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intracranially injected with either adeno-associated viral Sirtuin-1 (AAV-SIRT1) or AAV-sh_SIRT1 before undergoing transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Primary cortical neurons were cultured and transfected with lentiviral SIRT1 (LV-SIRT1) and LV-sh_SIRT1 respectively before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Afterwards, rats and neurons were respectively treated with a selective SIRT3 inhibitor, 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP). The expression, function, and related mechanism of SIRT1 were investigated by Western Blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, etc. After CI/R injury, SIRT1 expression decreased in vivo and in vitro. The simulation and immune-analyses reported strong interaction between SIRT1 and SIRT3 in the cerebral mitochondria before and after CI/R. SIRT1 overexpression enhanced SIRT3 activity by increasing the deacetylation of SIRT3, which ameliorated CI/R-induced cerebral infarction, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurological and motor dysfunction, and mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, and retained mitochondrial integrity and mitochondrial morphology. Meanwhile, SIRT1 overexpression alleviated OGD/R-induced neuronal death and mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits. These effects were reversed by AAV-sh_SIRT1 and the neuroprotective effects of SIRT1 were partially offset by 3-TYP. These results suggest that SIRT1 restores the structure and function of mitochondria by activating SIRT3, offering neuroprotection against CI/R injury, which signifies a potential approach for the clinical management of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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4
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Rakshe PS, Dutta BJ, Chib S, Maurya N, Singh S. Unveiling the interplay of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis in brain health: Promising targets against aging and NDDs. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102255. [PMID: 38490497 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) within an aging global population presents a pressing challenge. The multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these disorders, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, remain complex and elusive. Among these, the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway emerges as a pivotal network implicated in neuroprotection against these destructive processes. This review sheds light on the potential therapeutic implications of targeting this axis, specifically emphasizing the promising role of flavonoids in mitigating NDD-related complications. Expanding beyond conventional pharmacological approaches, the exploration of non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise and calorie restriction (CR), coupled with the investigation of natural compounds, offers a beacon of hope. By strategically elucidating the intricate connections within these pathways, this review aims to pave the ways for novel multi-target agents and interventions, fostering a renewed optimism in the quest to combat and manage the debilitating impacts of NDDs on global health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Shankar Rakshe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Bhaskar Jyoti Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Shivani Chib
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Badal - Bathinda Rd, Ghudda, Punjab, India
| | - Niyogita Maurya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiv Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Zandaha Road, Hajipur, Bihar, India.
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5
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Liu Q, Wang X, Hu Y, Zhao JN, Huang CH, Li T, Zhang BG, He Y, Wu YQ, Zhang ZJ, Wang GP, Liu GP. Acetylated tau exacerbates learning and memory impairment by disturbing with mitochondrial homeostasis. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102697. [PMID: 37037158 PMCID: PMC10114242 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased tau acetylation at K274 and K281 has been observed in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and animal models, and mitochondrial dysfunction are noticeable and early features of AD. However, the effect of acetylated tau on mitochondria has been unclear until now. Here, we constructed three type of tau forms, acetylated tau mutant by mutating its K274/K281 into Glutamine (TauKQ) to mimic disease-associated lysine acetylation, the non-acetylation tau mutant by mutating its K274/K281 into Arginine (TauKR) and the wild-type human full-length tau (TauWT). By overexpression of these tau forms in vivo and in vitro, we found that, TauKQ induced more severe cognitive deficits with neuronal loss, dendritic plasticity damage and mitochondrial dysfunctions than TauWT. Unlike TauWT induced mitochondria fusion, TauKQ not only induced mitochondria fission by decreasing mitofusion proteins, but also inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis via reduction of PGC-1a/Nrf1/Tfam levels. TauKR had no significant difference in the cognitive and mitochondrial abnormalities compared with TauWT. Treatment with BGP-15 rescued impaired learning and memory by attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal loss and dendritic complexity damage, which caused by TauKQ. Our data suggested that, acetylation at K274/281 was an important post translational modification site for tau neurotoxicity, and BGP-15 is a potential therapeutic drug for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun-Ning Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chun-Hui Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bing-Ge Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ye He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan-Qing Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Zai-Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China/Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Alehossein P, Taheri M, Tayefeh Ghahremani P, Dakhlallah D, Brown CM, Ishrat T, Nasoohi S. Transplantation of Exercise-Induced Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Therapeutic Approach in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:211-237. [PMID: 35596116 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence affirms physical exercise is effective in preventive and rehabilitation approaches for ischemic stroke. This sustainable efficacy is independent of cardiovascular risk factors and associates substantial reprogramming in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). The intricate journey of pluripotent exercise-induced EVs from parental cells to the whole-body and infiltration to cerebrovascular entity offers several mechanisms to reduce stroke incidence and injury or accelerate the subsequent recovery. This review delineates the potential roles of EVs as prospective effectors of exercise. The candidate miRNA and peptide cargo of exercise-induced EVs with both atheroprotective and neuroprotective characteristics are discussed, along with their presumed targets and pathway interactions. The existing literature provides solid ground to hypothesize that the rich vesicles link exercise to stroke prevention and rehabilitation. However, there are several open questions about the exercise stressors which may optimally regulate EVs kinetic and boost brain mitochondrial adaptations. This review represents a novel perspective on achieving brain fitness against stroke through transplantation of multi-potential EVs generated by multi-parental cells, which is exceptionally reachable in an exercising body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Alehossein
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Taheri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Tayefeh Ghahremani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University of Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Candice M Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanaz Nasoohi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Daneshjoo Blvd., Chamran Hwy., PO: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Anitha A, Thanseem I, Iype M, Thomas SV. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders: Cause or effect? Mitochondrion 2023; 69:18-32. [PMID: 36621534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a crucial role in brain development and neurogenesis, both in embryonic and adult brains. Since the brain is the highest energy consuming organ, it is highly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction. This has been implicated in a range of brain disorders including, neurodevelopmental conditions, psychiatric illnesses, and neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and nuclear DNA encoding mitochondrial proteins, have been associated with several cognitive disorders. However, it is not yet clear whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of these conditions or a secondary effect. Our review article deals with this topic, and brings out recent advances in mitochondria-oriented therapies. Mitochondrial dysfunction could be involved in the pathogenesis of a subset of disorders involving cognitive impairment. In these patients, mitochondrial dysfunction could be the cause of the condition, rather than the consequence. There are vast areas in this topic that remains to be explored and elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Dept. of Neurogenetics, Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Shoranur, Palakkad 679 523, Kerala, India.
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Dept. of Neurogenetics, Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Shoranur, Palakkad 679 523, Kerala, India
| | - Mary Iype
- Dept. of Pediatric Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, India; Dept. of Neurology, ICCONS, Thiruvananthapuram 695 033, Kerala, India
| | - Sanjeev V Thomas
- Dept. of Neurology, ICCONS, Thiruvananthapuram 695 033, Kerala, India
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8
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Peripheral Regulation of Central Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression through the Vagus Nerve. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043543. [PMID: 36834953 PMCID: PMC9964523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an extensively studied neurotrophin es sential for both developing the brain and maintaining adult brain function. In the adult hippocampus, BDNF is critical for maintaining adult neurogenesis. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is involved not only in memory formation and learning ability, but also mood regulation and stress responses. Accordingly, decreased levels of BDNF, accompanied by low levels of adult neurogenesis, occurs in brains of older adults with impaired cognitive function and in those of patients with major depression disorder. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms that maintain hippocampal BDNF levels is biologically and clinically important. It has been revealed that signalling from peripheral tissues contribute to the regulation of BDNF expression in the brain across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, recent studies indicated evidence that neuronal pathways can also be a mechanism by which peripheral tissues signal to the brain for the regulation of BDNF expression. In this review, we give an overview of the current status in the regulation of central BDNF expression by peripheral signalling, with a special interest in the regulation of hippocampal BDNF levels by signals via the vagus nerve. Finally, we discuss the relationship between signalling from peripheral tissues and age-associated control of central BDNF expression.
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9
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Shaito A, Al-Mansoob M, Ahmad SM, Haider MZ, Eid AH, Posadino AM, Pintus G, Giordo R. Resveratrol-Mediated Regulation of Mitochondria Biogenesis-associated Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Insights and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1184-1201. [PMID: 36237161 PMCID: PMC10286596 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666221012122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders include different neurological conditions that affect nerve cells, causing the progressive loss of their functions and ultimately leading to loss of mobility, coordination, and mental functioning. The molecular mechanisms underpinning neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis are still unclear. Nonetheless, there is experimental evidence to demonstrate that the perturbation of mitochondrial function and dynamics play an essential role. In this context, mitochondrial biogenesis, the growth, and division of preexisting mitochondria, by controlling mitochondria number, plays a vital role in maintaining proper mitochondrial mass and function, thus ensuring efficient synaptic activity and brain function. Mitochondrial biogenesis is tightly associated with the control of cell division and variations in energy demand in response to extracellular stimuli; therefore, it may represent a promising therapeutic target for developing new curative approaches to prevent or counteract neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, several inducers of mitochondrial biogenesis have been proposed as pharmacological targets for treating diverse central nervous system conditions. The naturally occurring polyphenol resveratrol has been shown to promote mitochondrial biogenesis in various tissues, including the nervous tissue, and an ever-growing number of studies highlight its neurotherapeutic potential. Besides preventing cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, resveratrol has been shown to be able to enhance mitochondria biogenesis by acting on its main effectors, including PGC-1α, SIRT1, AMPK, ERRs, TERT, TFAM, NRF-1 and NRF-2. This review aims to present and discuss the current findings concerning the impact of resveratrol on the machinery and main effectors modulating mitochondrial biogenesis in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Maryam Al-Mansoob
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Salma M.S. Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | | | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, University City Rd, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roberta Giordo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, 505055, United Arab Emirates
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10
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O’Reilly CL, Miller BF, Lewis TL. Exercise and mitochondrial remodeling to prevent age-related neurodegeneration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:181-189. [PMID: 36519568 PMCID: PMC9829476 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy brain activity requires precise ion and energy management creating a strong reliance on mitochondrial function. Age-related neurodegeneration leads to a decline in mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress, with associated declines in mitochondrial mass, respiration capacity, and respiration efficiency. The interdependent processes of mitochondrial protein turnover and mitochondrial dynamics, known together as mitochondrial remodeling, play essential roles in mitochondrial health and therefore brain function. This mini-review describes the role of mitochondria in neurodegeneration and brain health, current practices for assessing both aspects of mitochondrial remodeling, and how exercise mitigates the adverse effects of aging in the brain. Exercise training elicits functional adaptations to improve brain health, and current literature strongly suggests that mitochondrial remodeling plays a vital role in these positive adaptations. Despite substantial implications that the two aspects of mitochondrial remodeling are interdependent, very few investigations have simultaneously measured mitochondrial dynamics and protein synthesis. An improved understanding of the partnership between mitochondrial protein turnover and mitochondrial dynamics will provide a better understanding of their role in both brain health and disease, as well as how they induce protection following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L. O’Reilly
- 1Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Benjamin F. Miller
- 1Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,2Oklahoma City Veterans Association, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Tommy L. Lewis
- 1Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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11
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NADPH and Mitochondrial Quality Control as Targets for a Circadian-Based Fasting and Exercise Therapy for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152416. [PMID: 35954260 PMCID: PMC9367803 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The improper selection of mitochondria for mitophagy increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lowers ATP levels. The downstream effects include oxidative damage, failure to maintain proteostasis and ion gradients, and decreased NAD+ and NADPH levels, resulting in insufficient energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. A ketosis-based metabolic therapy that increases the levels of (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) may reverse the dysfunctional MQC by partially replacing glucose as an energy source, by stimulating mitophagy, and by decreasing inflammation. Fasting can potentially raise cytoplasmic NADPH levels by increasing the mitochondrial export and cytoplasmic metabolism of ketone body-derived citrate that increases flux through isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1). NADPH is an essential cofactor for nitric oxide synthase, and the nitric oxide synthesized can diffuse into the mitochondrial matrix and react with electron transport chain-synthesized superoxide to form peroxynitrite. Excessive superoxide and peroxynitrite production can cause the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) to depolarize the mitochondria and activate PINK1-dependent mitophagy. Both fasting and exercise increase ketogenesis and increase the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio, both of which are beneficial for neuronal metabolism. In addition, both fasting and exercise engage the adaptive cellular stress response signaling pathways that protect neurons against the oxidative and proteotoxic stress implicated in PD. Here, we discuss how intermittent fasting from the evening meal through to the next-day lunch together with morning exercise, when circadian NAD+/NADH is most oxidized, circadian NADP+/NADPH is most reduced, and circadian mitophagy gene expression is high, may slow the progression of PD.
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12
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Rezaee Z, Marandi SM, Alaei H. Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise in Brain Disorders: a Focus on the Function of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-a Narrative Review. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1115-1124. [PMID: 35655062 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural aging process as well as many age-related diseases is associated with impaired metabolic adaptation and declined ability to cope with stress. As major causes of disability and morbidity during the aging process, brain disorders, including psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, are likely to increase across the globe in the future decades. This narrative review investigates the link among exercise and brain disorders, aging, and inflammatory biomarkers, along with the function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For this study, related manuscript from all databases, Google scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were assessed. Also, in the search process, the keywords of exercise, neurodegeneration, neurotrophin, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging were used. Mitochondrial abnormality increases neuronal abnormality and brain disease during the aging process. Stress and inflammatory factors caused by lifestyle and aging also increase brain disorders. Evidences suggest that exercise, as a noninvasive treatment strategy, has antioxidant effects and can reduce neuronal lesions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression following the exercise can reduce brain symptoms; however, careful consideration should be given to a number of factors affecting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rezaee
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan, Azadi Sq, HezarJerib Ave, P.O. Box, Isfahan, 81799-54359, Iran.
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Department of Sport Physiology, University of Isfahan, Azadi Sq, HezarJerib Ave, P.O. Box, Isfahan, 81799-54359, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Isfahan Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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13
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Martini APR, Hoeper E, Pedroso TA, Carvalho AVS, Odorcyk FK, Fabres RB, Pereira NDSC, Netto CA. Effects of acrobatic training on spatial memory and astrocytic scar in CA1 subfield of hippocampus after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 430:113935. [PMID: 35605797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion leads to neuronal loss in the hippocampus and spatial memory impairments. Physical exercise is known to prevent cognitive deficits in animal models; and there is evidence of sex differences in behavioral neuroprotective approaches. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of acrobatic training in male and female rats submitted to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Males and females rats underwent 2VO (two-vessel occlusion) surgery and were randomly allocated into 4 groups of males and 4 groups of females, as follows: 2VO acrobatic, 2VO sedentary, Sham acrobatic and Sham sedentary. The acrobatic training started 45 days after surgery and lasted 4 weeks; animals were then submitted to object recognition and water maze testing. Brain samples were collected for histological and morphological assessment and flow cytometry. 2VO causes cognitive impairments and acrobatic training prevented spatial memory deficits assessed in the water maze, mainly for females. Morphological analysis showed that 2VO animals had less NeuN labeling and acrobatic training prevented it. Increased number of GFAP positive cells was observerd in females; moreover, males had more branched astrocytes and acrobatic training prevented the branching after 2VO. Flow cytometry showed higher mitochondrial potential in trained animals and more reactive oxygen species production in males. Acrobatic training promoted neuronal survival and improved mitochondrial function in both sexes, and influenced the glial scar in a sex-dependent manner, associated to greater cognitive benefit to females after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Rodrigues Martini
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduarda Hoeper
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation in Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thales Avila Pedroso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduation in Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andrey Vinicios Soares Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natividade de Sá Couto Pereira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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He L, Chu Y, Yang J, He J, Hua Y, Chen Y, Benavides G, Rowe GC, Zhou L, Ballinger S, Darley-Usmar V, Young ME, Prabhu SD, Sethu P, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Xie M. Activation of Autophagic Flux Maintains Mitochondrial Homeostasis during Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2022; 11:2111. [PMID: 35805195 PMCID: PMC9265292 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury after extended ischemia accounts for approximately 50% of myocardial infarct size, and there is no standard therapy. HDAC inhibition reduces infarct size and enhances cardiomyocyte autophagy and PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis when administered at the time of reperfusion. Furthermore, a specific autophagy-inducing peptide, Tat-Beclin 1 (TB), reduces infarct size when administered at the time of reperfusion. However, since SAHA affects multiple pathways in addition to inducing autophagy, whether autophagic flux induced by TB maintains mitochondrial homeostasis during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is unknown. We tested whether the augmentation of autophagic flux by TB has cardioprotection by preserving mitochondrial homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo. Wild-type mice were randomized into two groups: Tat-Scrambled (TS) peptide as the control and TB as the experimental group. Mice were subjected to I/R surgery (45 min coronary ligation, 24 h reperfusion). Autophagic flux, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mitochondrial morphology, and mitochondrial dynamic genes were assayed. Cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were treated with a simulated I/R injury to verify cardiomyocyte specificity. The essential autophagy gene, ATG7, conditional cardiomyocyte-specific knockout (ATG7 cKO) mice, and isolated adult mouse ventricular myocytes (AMVMs) were used to evaluate the dependency of autophagy in adult cardiomyocytes. In NRVMs subjected to I/R, TB increased autophagic flux, mtDNA content, mitochondrial function, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mtDNA damage. Similarly, in the infarct border zone of the mouse heart, TB induced autophagy, increased mitochondrial size and mtDNA content, and promoted the expression of PGC1α and mitochondrial dynamic genes. Conversely, loss of ATG7 in AMVMs and in the myocardium of ATG7 cKO mice abolished the beneficial effects of TB on mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, autophagic flux is a sufficient and essential process to mitigate myocardial reperfusion injury by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and partly by inducing PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated with South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Yuxin Chu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Jin He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Yutao Hua
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Yunxi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Gloria Benavides
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (G.B.); (S.B.); (V.D.-U.)
| | - Glenn C. Rowe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Scott Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (G.B.); (S.B.); (V.D.-U.)
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (G.B.); (S.B.); (V.D.-U.)
| | - Martin E. Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Sumanth D. Prabhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Palaniappan Sethu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Yingling Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated with South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.H.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.); (J.H.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (G.C.R.); (L.Z.); (M.E.Y.); (S.D.P.); (P.S.)
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15
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Potential Effects of Nrf2 in Exercise Intervention of Neurotoxicity Caused by Methamphetamine Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4445734. [PMID: 35480870 PMCID: PMC9038420 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4445734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine can cause oxidative stress-centered lipid peroxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitatory neurotoxicity, and neuroinflammation and ultimately lead to nerve cell apoptosis, abnormal glial cell activation, and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Protecting nerve cells from oxidative destroy is a hopeful strategy for treating METH use disorder. Nrf2 is a major transcriptional regulator that activates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective gene expression through endogenous pathways that maintains cell REDOX homeostasis and is conducive to the survival of neurons. The Nrf2-mediated endogenous antioxidant pathway can also prevent neurodegenerative effects and functional defects caused by METH oxidative stress. Moderate exercise activates this endogenous antioxidant system, which involves in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Based on evidence from existing literature, we argue that appropriate exercise can play an endogenous antioxidant regulatory role in the Nrf2 signaling pathway to reduce a number of issues caused by METH-induced oxidative stress. However, more experimental evidence is needed to support this idea. In addition, further exploration is necessary about the different effects of various parameters of exercise intervention (such as exercise mode, time, and intensity) on the Nrf2 signaling pathway intervention. Whether there are synergistic effects between exercise and plant-derived Nrf2 activators is worth further investigation.
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16
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Fang X, Wu H, Wei J, Miao R, Zhang Y, Tian J. Research progress on the pharmacological effects of berberine targeting mitochondria. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:982145. [PMID: 36034426 PMCID: PMC9410360 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.982145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine is a natural active ingredient extracted from the rhizome of Rhizoma Coptidis, which interacts with multiple intracellular targets and exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities. Previous studies have preliminarily confirmed that the regulation of mitochondrial activity is related to various pharmacological actions of berberine, such as regulating blood sugar and lipid and inhibiting tumor progression. However, the mechanism of berberine's regulation of mitochondrial activity remains to be further studied. This paper summarizes the molecular mechanism of the mitochondrial quality control system and briefly reviews the targets of berberine in regulating mitochondrial activity. It is proposed that berberine mainly regulates glycolipid metabolism by regulating mitochondrial respiratory chain function, promotes tumor cell apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and protects cardiac function by promoting mitophagy to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction. It reveals the mechanism of berberine's pharmacological effects from the perspective of mitochondria and provides a scientific basis for the application of berberine in the clinical treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Fang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Wu
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahua Wei
- Graduate College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Runyu Miao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Tian
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiaxing Tian,
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17
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Park J, Kim J, Mikami T. Exercise-Induced Lactate Release Mediates Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Hippocampus of Mice via Monocarboxylate Transporters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:736905. [PMID: 34603087 PMCID: PMC8481603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.736905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator 1α (PGC-1α). However, it remains unclear whether a single bout of exercise would increase mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain. Therefore, we first investigated whether mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus is affected by a single bout of exercise in mice. A single bout of high-intensity exercise, but not low- or moderate-intensity, increased hippocampal PGC-1α mRNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number at 12 and 48h. These results depended on exercise intensity, and blood lactate levels observed immediately after exercise. As lactate induces mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain, we examined the effects of acute lactate administration on blood and hippocampal extracellular lactate concentration by in vivo microdialysis. Intraperitoneal (I.P.) lactate injection increased hippocampal extracellular lactate concentration to the same as blood lactate level, promoting PGC-1α mRNA expression in the hippocampus. However, this was suppressed by administering UK5099, a lactate transporter inhibitor, before lactate injection. I.P. UK5099 administration did not affect running performance and blood lactate concentration immediately after exercise but attenuated exercise-induced hippocampal PGC-1α mRNA and mtDNA copy number. In addition, hippocampal monocarboxylate transporters (MCT)1, MCT2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression, except MCT4, also increased after high-intensity exercise, which was abolished by UK5099 administration. Further, injection of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor) into the hippocampus before high-intensity exercise suppressed glycogen consumption during exercise, but hippocampal lactate, PGC-1α, MCT1, and MCT2 mRNA concentrations were not altered after exercise. These results indicate that the increased blood lactate released from skeletal muscle may induce hippocampal mitochondrial biogenesis and BDNF expression by inducing MCT expression in mice, especially during short-term high-intensity exercise. Thus, a single bout of exercise above the lactate threshold could provide an effective strategy for increasing mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuk Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jimmy Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Mikami
- Department of Health and Sports Science, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Stephan JS, Sleiman SF. Exercise Factors Released by the Liver, Muscle, and Bones Have Promising Therapeutic Potential for Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:600365. [PMID: 34108925 PMCID: PMC8181424 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.600365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Stroke not only affects the patients, but also their families who serve as the primary caregivers. Discovering novel therapeutic targets for stroke is crucial both from a quality of life perspective as well as from a health economic perspective. Exercise is known to promote neuroprotection in the context of stroke. Indeed, exercise induces the release of blood-borne factors that promote positive effects on the brain. Identifying the factors that mediate the positive effects of exercise after ischemic stroke is crucial for the quest for novel therapies. This approach will yield endogenous molecules that normally cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and that can mimic the effects of exercise. In this minireview, we will discuss the roles of exercise factors released by the liver such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (DBHB), by the muscle such as lactate and irisin and by the bones such as osteocalcin. We will also address their therapeutic potential in the context of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Stephan
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Sama F Sleiman
- Biology Program, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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19
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Li L, Voloboueva L, Griffiths BB, Xu L, Giffard RG, Stary CM. MicroRNA-338 inhibition protects against focal cerebral ischemia and preserves mitochondrial function in vitro in astrocytes and neurons via COX4I1. Mitochondrion 2021; 59:105-112. [PMID: 33933660 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Brain-enriched microRNA-338 (miR-338) is known to play a central role in brain mitochondrial function, however the role of miR-338 in stroke injury remains unknown. This study investigated the role of miR-338 in injury from transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice, and in cell survival and mitochondrial function after in vitro ischemia in astrocyte and neuronal cultures. Pre-treatment of mice with intracerebroventricular injection of miR-338 antagomir 24 h prior to 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) significantly reduced infarct size and improved neurological score at both 24 h and 7d after injury. Levels of the miR-338 target cytochrome-c oxidase subunit 4I1 (COX4I1), which plays an essential role in maintaining brain mitochondrial ATP production, were increased in miR-338 antagomir-treated mice. Mouse primary astrocyte cell cultures subjected to glucose deprivation exhibited increased cell survival when pre-treated with miR-338 inhibitor, and greater cell death with miR-338 mimic. Decreased miR-338 levels were associated with increased ATP production, augmented cytochrome c oxidative (CcO) activity and preservation of COX4I1. In vitro protection with miR-338 inhibitor was blocked by concurrent knockdown of COX4I1 with small interfering RNA. Parallel studies in mouse neuronal N2a cultures resulted in preserved ATP content and CcO activity with miR-338 inhibition, indicating a shared miR-338-dependent response to ischemic stress between brain cell types. These results suggest that miR-338 inhibition and/or COX4I1-targeted therapies may be novel clinical strategies to protect against stroke injury via preservation of mitochondrial function in multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Dept of Anesthesiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ludmila Voloboueva
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian B Griffiths
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lijun Xu
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rona G Giffard
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Creed M Stary
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Perioperative & Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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20
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Alkan Ozdemir S, Ozdemir N, Aksan O, Kınalı B, Bilici Güler G, Erbil G, Ozer E, Ozer E. Effect of humic acid on oxidative stress and neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: part 1. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:4580-4589. [PMID: 36062519 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1856809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Senem Alkan Ozdemir
- Izmir Health Science University Division of Neonatology, Dr. Behçet Uz Child Disease and Pediatric Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Güven Erbil
- School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erdener Ozer
- School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Ozer
- School of Medicine, Izmir Tınaztepe University, Izmir, Turkey
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21
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Zhang P, Yang L, Li G, Jin Y, Wu D, Wang QM, Huang P. Agrin Involvement in Synaptogenesis Induced by Exercise in a Rat Model of Experimental Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:1124-1137. [PMID: 33135566 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320969939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrin is a proteoglycan that aggregates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on neuromuscular junctions and takes part in synaptogenesis in the development of the central nervous system. However, its effects on neural repair and synaptogenesis after stroke are still unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of agrin on neural repair and synaptogenesis after stroke and the effects of exercise on this process in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Exercise with gradually increased intensity was initiated at 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for a maximum of 14 days. Neurological deficit scores and foot fault tests were used to assess the behavioral recovery. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic images were used to detect the expression of agrin, synaptogenesis-related proteins, and synaptic density in vivo. In vitro, the ischemic neuron model was established via oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The lentivirus overexpressed agrin and CREB inhibitor were used to investigate the mechanism by which agrin promoted synaptogenesis. RESULTS Exercise promoted behavioral recovery and this beneficial role was linked to the upregulated expression of agrin and increased synaptic density. Overexpressed agrin promoted synaptogenesis in OGD neuron, CREB inhibitor downregulated the expression of agrin and hampered synaptogenesis in cultured neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that exercise poststroke improved the recovery of behavioral function after stroke. Synaptogenesis was an important and beneficial factor, and agrin played a critical role in this process and could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke and other nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyue Zhang
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Liqiang Yang
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Guangxiang Li
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yaju Jin
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Danli Wu
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Mei Wang
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peidong Huang
- Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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22
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Pan G, Zhang H, Zhu A, Lin Y, Zhang L, Ye B, Cheng J, Shen W, Jin L, Liu C, Xie Q, Chen X. Treadmill exercise attenuates cerebral ischaemic injury in rats by protecting mitochondrial function via enhancement of caveolin-1. Life Sci 2020; 264:118634. [PMID: 33148419 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exercise training has a neuroprotective effect against ischaemic injury, but the underlying mechanism is not completely clear. This study explored the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of treadmill training and caveolin-1 regulation against mitochondrial dysfunction in cerebral ischaemic injury. MAIN METHODS After middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery, rats were subjected to treadmill training and received daidzein injections and combined therapy. A series of analyses, including neurological function scoring; body weight measurement; Nissl, haematoxylin and eosin staining; cerebral infarction volume assessment; mitochondrial morphology examination; caveolin-1, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial cytochrome C (CytC), and translocase of outer membrane 20 (TOM20) expression analysis; apoptosis index analysis; and transmission electron microscopy were conducted. KEY FINDINGS Treadmill training increased caveolin-1 expression, reduced neurobehavioral scores and cerebral infarction volumes, improved tissue morphology, reduced neuronal loss, inhibited mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) through the caveolin-1 pathway, prevented excessive Cyt-C release from mitochondria, and reduced the degrees of apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. In addition, treadmill training increased the expression of TOM20 through the caveolin-1 pathway and maintained import signal function, thereby protecting mitochondrial integrity. SIGNIFICANCE Treadmill exercise protected mitochondrial integrity and inhibited the endogenous mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The damage of cerebral ischaemia was alleviated in rats through enhancement of caveolin-1 by treadmill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyuan Pan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China; Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, No. 234, Gucui Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310012, China
| | - Huimei Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Anqi Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Yao Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Bingyun Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Jingyan Cheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Weimin Shen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Lingqin Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Chan Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325027, China.
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23
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Zhang D, Lu Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Li L. Aerobic exercise attenuates neurodegeneration and promotes functional recovery - Why it matters for neurorehabilitation & neural repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104862. [PMID: 33031857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Practice & Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
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24
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Sun S, Jiang T, Duan N, Wu M, Yan C, Li Y, Cai M, Wang Q. Activation of CB1R-Dependent PGC-1α Is Involved in the Improved Mitochondrial Biogenesis Induced by Electroacupuncture Pretreatment. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 24:104-119. [PMID: 32746712 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2020.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment induces cerebral ischemic tolerance; however, the mechanism remains poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the participation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis in the neuroprotection of EA and whether cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is involved in this mechanism. At 2 hours after EA pretreatment, adult male C57BL/6j mice were subjected to 60-minute right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Mitochondrial function, the level of mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins (nuclear transcription factor 1, NRF1; mitochondrial transcription factor A, TFAM), and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were measured. A small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PGC-1α and the CB1R antagonists AM251 and SR141716A were given to the animals before EA pretreatment, and mitochondrial function and biogenesis were examined after MCAO. EA ameliorated the mitochondrial function, upregulated the NRF1 and TFAM expression, and increased the mtDNA levels and the volume and number of mitochondria. EA pretreatment increased the expression of PGC-1α, whereas the PGC-1α siRNA and CB1R antagonists reversed the improved neuroprotection and increased mitochondrial biogenesis induced by EA. Our results indicated that EA pretreatment protects the mitochondria and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by activating CB1R-dependent PGC-1α, which provides a novel mechanism for EA pretreatment-induced ischemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,The Medical Department of the Emergency Centre of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meiyan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoying Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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25
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Chen W, Wang L, You W, Shan T. Myokines mediate the cross talk between skeletal muscle and other organs. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2393-2412. [PMID: 32885426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myokines are muscle-derived cytokines and chemokines that act extensively on organs and exert beneficial metabolic functions in the whole-body through specific signal networks. Myokines as mediators provide the conceptual basis for a whole new paradigm useful for understanding how skeletal muscle communicates with other organs. In this review, we summarize and discuss classes of myokines and their physiological functions in mediating the regulatory roles of skeletal muscle on other organs and the regulation of the whole-body energy metabolism. We review the mechanisms involved in the interaction between skeletal muscle and nonmuscle organs through myokines. Moreover, we clarify the connection between exercise, myokines and disease development, which may contribute to the understanding of a potential mechanism by which physical inactivity affects the process of metabolic diseases via myokines. Based on the current findings, myokines are important factors that mediate the effect of skeletal muscle on other organ functions and whole-body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Curcumin, a Multifaceted Hormetic Agent, Mediates an Intricate Crosstalk between Mitochondrial Turnover, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3656419. [PMID: 32765806 PMCID: PMC7387956 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3656419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has extensive therapeutic potential because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Multiple preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo have proven curcumin to be effective against various cancers. These potent effects are driven by curcumin's ability to induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, induce autophagy, activate apoptosis, disrupt molecular signaling, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and increase the efficacy of current chemotherapeutics. Here, we focus on the hormetic behavior of curcumin. Frequently, low doses of natural chemical products activate an adaptive stress response, whereas high doses activate acute responses like autophagy and cell death. This phenomenon is often referred to as hormesis. Curcumin causes cell death and primarily initiates an autophagic step (mitophagy). At higher doses, cells undergo mitochondrial destabilization due to calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and die. Herein, we address the complex crosstalk that involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial destabilization accompanied by mitophagy, and cell death.
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27
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Shaito A, Hasan H, Habashy KJ, Fakih W, Abdelhady S, Ahmad F, Zibara K, Eid AH, El-Yazbi AF, Kobeissy FH. Western diet aggravates neuronal insult in post-traumatic brain injury: Proposed pathways for interplay. EBioMedicine 2020; 57:102829. [PMID: 32574954 PMCID: PMC7317220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health burden and a major cause of disability and mortality. An early cascade of physical and structural damaging events starts immediately post-TBI. This primary injury event initiates a series of neuropathological molecular and biochemical secondary injury sequelae, that last much longer and involve disruption of cerebral metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and can lead to neuronal damage and death. Coupled to these events, recent studies have shown that lifestyle factors, including diet, constitute additional risk affecting TBI consequences and neuropathophysiological outcomes. There exists molecular cross-talk among the pathways involved in neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, and behavioral outcomes, that are shared among western diet (WD) intake and TBI pathophysiology. As such, poor dietary intake would be expected to exacerbate the secondary damage in TBI. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiological consequences of WD that can lead to the exacerbation of TBI outcomes. We dissect the role of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal injury in this context. We show that currently available data conclude that intake of a diet saturated in fats, pre- or post-TBI, aggravates TBI, precludes recovery from brain trauma, and reduces the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Hasan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Walaa Fakih
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Abdelhady
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fatima Ahmad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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28
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Jia L, Wang J, Cao H, Zhang X, Rong W, Xu Z. Activation of PGC-1α and Mitochondrial Biogenesis Protects Against Prenatal Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury. Neuroscience 2020; 432:63-72. [PMID: 32114097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Survivals after prenatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) usually suffer long-lasting cognitive defects. Reduced blood-oxygen supplies and the following reperfusion cause mitochondrial injury. Damaged mitochondria could be replaced by mitochondrial biogenesis program and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) is the specific up-regulator. The objective of this study was to determine whether PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesis participate in the resistant responses of an immature brain to prenatal HI. We used a pregnant rat model of transient occlusion of uterine perfusion to induce intrauterine HI associated brain injury. SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation was used to investigate the HI induced reactions in vitro. PGC-1α and its downstream signaling pathway (NRF-1 and TFAM) were examined by Western blot and quantitative Real-time PCR. Mitochondrial respiratory enzyme COX-IV was investigated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Mitochondrial density and morphology was detected by transmission electron microscopy. The hippocampal injury and cognitive function were examined. We found that the intrauterine HI triggered PGC-1α-NRF-1-TFAM pathway in both protein and mRNA levels. COX-IV expression significantly increased after HI injury. Intrauterine HI induced both mitochondrial impairment and mitochondrial biogenesis. Postnatal administration of pioglitazone further promoted PGC-1α and mitochondrial biogenesis, alleviated hippocampal injury, and improved performance in the behavioral tasks after intrauterine HI. Our investigation implicated activation of PGC-1α, and mitochondrial biogenesis is a neuroprotective mechanism against brain injury caused by systemic prenatal HI. Promotion of PGC-1α by pioglitazone might be a potential treatment for protecting against hippocampal injury and cognitive defects after intrauterine HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Zifeng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, 910 Hengshan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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29
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The effect of antecedent-conditioning high-intensity interval training on BDNF regulation through PGC-1α pathway following cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2019; 1729:146618. [PMID: 31866362 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have demonstrated that exercise training can result in the diminishing of ischemic stroke-induced damages as well as BDNF misregulation. However, the underlying mechanisms of BDNF changes in response to ischemic stroke and exercise are still not entirely understood. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in hippocampus of rat model of ischemic stroke intercedes PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α)-pathway factors and BDNF regulation following induction of ischemic stroke. For this purpose, in this study, induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was accomplished following the completion of HIIT. To define the molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for HIIT-associated improvements subsequent to cerebral ischemia, we likewise evaluated PGC-1α-pathway factors that may be essential for BDNF upregulation after MCAO via immunofluorescence tracking and ELISA immunoassay. Taking our findings together, three weeks of antecedent-HIIT resulted in more expression and delivery of BDNF in brain and plasma following MCAO through PGC-1α-pathway (p < 0.05). The present investigation also found a close relationship between expressed PGC-1α-pathway factors in brain and their concentrations in plasma (p < 0.05). In conclusion, findings of the current study exhibited that induction of cerebral ischemia as well as HIIT intervention both were associated with expression of PGC-1α-pathway factors in brain and their deliverance to blood. Consequently, these alterations may be considered as a protective factor against post-stroke neurological and functional disorders in the stroke model.
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30
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Leech T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The beneficial roles of metformin on the brain with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104261. [PMID: 31170502 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the transient loss, followed by rapid return, of blood flow to the brain. This condition is often caused by strokes and heart attacks. The underlying mechanisms resulting in brain damage during cerebral I/R injury include mitochondrial dysregulation, increased oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species, blood-brain-barrier breakdown, inflammation of the brain, and increased neuronal apoptosis. Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug which has recently been shown to be capable of acting through the aforementioned pathways to improve recovery following cerebral I/R injury. However, some studies have suggested that metformin therapy may have no effect or even worsen recovery following cerebral I/R injury. The present review will compile and examine the available in vivo, in vitro, and clinical data concerning the neuroprotective effects of metformin following cerebral I/R injury. Any contradictory evidence will also be assessed and presented to determine the actual effectiveness of metformin treatment in stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Leech
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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31
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Protection of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion by Therapeutic Hypercapnia: a Mechanism Involving Improvements in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:467-477. [PMID: 30980235 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09886-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies proposed that acidic reperfusion may be a protective strategy for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion therapy with potential of clinical transformation. In this study, we investigated whether therapeutic hypercapnia could mimic acidosis postconditioning in isolated hearts with a 30-min left coronary artery ligation-reperfusion model in rats. Therapeutic hypercapnia (inhalation 20% CO2 for 10 min) is cardioprotective with a strict therapeutic time window and acidity: it reduced the infarct ratio and serum myocardial enzyme and increased the myocardial ATP content. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology damage, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore were effectively inhibited, indicating the improvements in mitochondrial function. The expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulators was upregulated simultaneously. These findings indicated therapeutic hypercapnia in animals can mimic ex vivo acidosis postconditioning to alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The effect is related to improvement in mitochondrial function and regulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway.
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32
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Lee HJ, Lee JO, Lee YW, Kim SA, Seo IH, Han JA, Kang MJ, Kim SJ, Cho YH, Park JJ, Choi JI, Park SH, Kim HS. LIF, a Novel Myokine, Protects Against Amyloid-Beta-Induced Neurotoxicity via Akt-Mediated Autophagy Signaling in Hippocampal Cells. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:402-414. [PMID: 31125414 PMCID: PMC6545540 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemia inhibitory factor, a novel myokine, is known to be associated with neural function, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. METHODS HT-22 mouse hippocampal cells, primary hippocampal cells, and Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model were used to determine the effect of leukemia inhibitory factor on neurons. Immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence method were used to analyze biological mechanism. RESULTS Leukemia inhibitory factor increased Akt phosphorylation in a phosphoinositide-3-kinase-dependent manner in hippocampal cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor also increased the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and the downstream S6K. Leukemia inhibitory factor stimulated the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription via extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Leukemia inhibitory factor increased c-fos expression through both Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Leukemia inhibitory factor blocked amyloid β-induced neural viability suppression and inhibited amyloid β-induced glucose uptake impairment through the block of amyloid β-mediated insulin receptor downregulation. Leukemia inhibitory factor blocked amyloid β-mediated induction of the autophagy marker, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3. Additionally, in primary prepared hippocampal cells, leukemia inhibitory factor stimulated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, demonstrating that leukemia inhibitory factor has physiological relevance in vivo. Suppression of the autophagy marker, light chain 3II, by leukemia inhibitory factor was observed in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that leukemia inhibitory factor protects against amyloid β-induced neurotoxicity via Akt/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated c-fos induction, and thus suggest that leukemia inhibitory factor is a potential drug for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Ae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hyeok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Han
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ho Cho
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Jean Park
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence: Hyeon Soo Kim, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea ()
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Jin Y, Sumsuzzman DM, Choi J, Kang H, Lee SR, Hong Y. Molecular and Functional Interaction of the Myokine Irisin with Physical Exercise and Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123229. [PMID: 30544500 PMCID: PMC6321132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a skeletal muscle-secreted myokine, produced in response to physical exercise, has protective functions in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems, including the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factors. In particular, irisin is capable of protecting hippocampus. Since this area is the region of the brain that is most susceptible to Alzheimer's disease (AD), such beneficial effect may inhibit or delay the emergence of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Also, the factors engaged in irisin formation appear to suppress Aβ aggregation, which is the pathological hallmark of AD. This review is based on the hypothesis that irisin produced by physical exercise helps to control AD progression. Herein, we describe the physiology of irisin and its potential role in delaying or preventing AD progression in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Dewan Md Sumsuzzman
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jeonghyun Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Hyunbon Kang
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 50834, Korea.
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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Modulation of mitochondrial phenotypes by endurance exercise contributes to neuroprotection against a MPTP-induced animal model of PD. Life Sci 2018; 209:455-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Klein CP, Hoppe JB, Saccomori AB, Dos Santos BG, Sagini JP, Crestani MS, August PM, Hözer RM, Grings M, Parmeggiani B, Leipnitz G, Navas P, Salbego CG, Matté C. Physical Exercise During Pregnancy Prevents Cognitive Impairment Induced by Amyloid-β in Adult Offspring Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2022-2038. [PMID: 29982984 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, synaptic failure, and cognitive decline. It has been a challenge to find disease course-modifying treatments. However, several studies demonstrated that regular physical activity and exercise are capable of promoting brain health by improving the cognitive function. Maternal lifestyle, including regular exercise during pregnancy, has also been shown to influence fetal development and disease susceptibility in adulthood through fetal metabolism programming. Here, we investigated the potential neuroprotective role of regular maternal swimming, before and during pregnancy, against amyloid-β neurotoxicity in the adult offspring. Behavioral and neurochemical analyses were performed 14 days after male offspring received a single, bilateral, intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs). AβOs-injected rats of the sedentary maternal group exhibited learning and memory deficits, along with reduced synaptophysin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, and alterations of mitochondrial function. Strikingly, the offspring of the sedentary maternal group had AβOs-induced behavioral alterations that were prevented by maternal exercise. This effect was accompanied by preventing the alteration of synaptophysin levels in the offspring of exercised dams. Additionally, offspring of the maternal exercise group exhibited an augmentation of functional mitochondria, as indicated by increases in mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase enzymes activities. Moreover, maternal exercise during pregnancy induced long-lasting modulation of fusion and fission proteins, Mfn1 and Drp1, respectively. Overall, our data demonstrates a potential protective effect of exercise during pregnancy against AβOs-induced neurotoxicity in the adult offspring brain, by mitigating the neurodegenerative process triggered by Alzheimer-associated AβOs through programming the brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bender Hoppe
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Brum Saccomori
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Gindri Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Sagini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pauline Maciel August
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Régis Mateus Hözer
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Belisa Parmeggiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Christianne Gazzana Salbego
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Karlsson L, González-Alvarado MN, Larrosa-Flor M, Osman A, Börjesson M, Blomgren K, Kuhn HG. Constitutive PGC-1α Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Does Not Improve Morphological Outcome in Mouse Models of Brain Irradiation or Cortical Stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 384:314-328. [PMID: 29859976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise can improve morphological outcomes after ischemic stroke and ameliorate irradiation-induced reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is considered to be one of the central factors responsible for exercise-induced benefits in skeletal muscle, including the release of neurotrophic factors into the circulation. In order to test if PGC-1α overexpression in skeletal muscle could simulate the exercise-induced effects on recovery after cranial irradiation and stroke, we used male adult transgenic mice overexpressing murine PGC-1α under the control of muscle creatinine kinase promoter and subjected them to either whole brain irradiation at a dose of 4 Gy or photothrombotic stroke to the sensory motor cortex. Muscular PGC-1α overexpression did not ameliorate irradiation-induced reduction of newborn BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus, immature neurons, or newborn mature neurons. In the stroke model, muscular overexpression of PGC-1α resulted in an increased infarct size without any changes in microglia activation or reactive astrocytosis. No difference could be detected in the number of migrating neural progenitor cells from the subventricular zone to the lesioned neocortex or in vascular density of the contralateral neocortex in comparison to wildtype animals. We conclude that forced muscular overexpression of PGC-1α does not have a beneficial effect on hippocampal neurogenesis after irradiation, but rather a detrimental effect on the infarct volume after stroke in mice. This suggests that artificial muscle activation through the PGC-1α pathway is not sufficient to mimic exercise-induced recovery after cranial irradiation and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Karlsson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Mar Larrosa-Flor
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Box 300, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, 416 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Georg Kuhn
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zhang W, Gu GJ, Zhang Q, Liu JH, Zhang B, Guo Y, Wang MY, Gong QY, Xu JR. NSCs promote hippocampal neurogenesis, metabolic changes and synaptogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1250-1263. [PMID: 28833933 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling persist as a unique form of structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles due to the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs). Transplantation of NSCs may represent a promising approach for the recovery of neural circuits. Here, we aimed to examine effects of highly neuronal differentiation of NSCs transplantation on hippocampal neurogenesis, metabolic changes and synaptic formation in APP/PS1 mice. 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice were used for behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry, western blot, transmission electron microscopy and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The results showed that N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and Glutamate (Glu) levels were increased in the Tg-NSC mice compared with the Tg-PBS and Tg-AD mice 10 weeks after NSCs transplantation. NSC-induced an increase in expression of synaptophysin and postsynaptic protein-95, and the number of neurons with normal synapses was significantly increased in Tg-NSC mice. More doublecortin-, BrdU/NeuN- and Nestin-positive neurons were observed in the hippocampal DG and SVZ of the Tg-NSC mice. This is the first demonstration that engrafted NSCs with a high differentiation rate to neurons can enhance neurogenesis in a mouse model of AD and can be detected by 1H-MRS in vivo. It is suggested that engraft of NSCs can restore memory and promote endogenous neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling, moreover, 1H-MRS can detect metabolite changes in AD mice in vivo. The observed changes in NAA/creatine (Cr) and glutamate (Glu)/Cr may be correlated with newborn neurons and new synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Renji Hospital, Medical School of Jiaotong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Jun Gu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Urumqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, No. 389, Xincun Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yun Wang
- Department of Radiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, No. 7, Weiwu Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450003, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Yong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Rong Xu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Renji Hospital, Medical School of Jiaotong University, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
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Li C, Zhang T, Yu K, Xie H, Bai Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Wang N. Neuroprotective effect of electroacupuncture and upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α during acute ischaemic stroke in rats. Acupunct Med 2017; 35:360-365. [PMID: 28536255 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acupuncture is a traditional method that has been widely used in various fields of medicine with therapeutic effect. However, evidence of effectiveness to support the application of electroacupuncture (EA) during the process of ischaemia is scarce. OBJECTIVES To investigate dynamic changes in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression as well as its association with neurological status in rats subjected to acute ischaemic stroke and EA intervention. METHODS Forty adult male rats were randomly divided into three groups that received sham surgery (Control group, n=10) or underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion and EA (MCAO+EA group, n=15) or minimal acupuncture as a control treatment (MCAO+MA group, n=15). The rats in the MCAO+EA and MCAO+MA groups received EA or acupuncture without any electrical current, respectively, during 90 min of ischaemia. Rats in the Control group received the same surgical procedure but without MCAO. EA involved electrical stimulation of needles inserted into the quadriceps at 50 Hz frequency and 3 mA current intensity. Neurological status was evaluated on postoperative day 1, and cerebral infarction volume (IV) and HIF-1α expression 24 hours later. RESULTS Neurological scores were improved and cerebral IV was decreased in the MCAO+EA group compared to the MCAO+MA group (both p<0.05). Moreover, HIF-1α expression was higher in the MCAO+EA group versus the MCAO+MA group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS EA enhanced recovery of neurological function, decreased cerebral IV and increased HIF-1α expression in ischaemic rats. Further research is needed to determine whether EA is effective for stroke treatment through the stimulation of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianhong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, WuLuMuQi Middle Road 12, Shanghai, China
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Ong SB, Kalkhoran SB, Hernández-Reséndiz S, Samangouei P, Ong SG, Hausenloy DJ. Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease - the Long and the Short of It! Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31:87-107. [PMID: 28190190 PMCID: PMC5346600 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is critically dependent on the ability of mitochondria to undergo changes in mitochondrial morphology, a process which is regulated by mitochondrial shaping proteins. Mitochondria undergo fission to generate fragmented discrete organelles, a process which is mediated by the mitochondrial fission proteins (Drp1, hFIS1, Mff and MiD49/51), and is required for cell division, and to remove damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Mitochondria undergo fusion to form elongated interconnected networks, a process which is orchestrated by the mitochondrial fusion proteins (Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1), and which enables the replenishment of damaged mitochondrial DNA. In the adult heart, mitochondria are relatively static, are constrained in their movement, and are characteristically arranged into 3 distinct subpopulations based on their locality and function (subsarcolemmal, myofibrillar, and perinuclear). Although the mitochondria are arranged differently, emerging data supports a role for the mitochondrial shaping proteins in cardiac health and disease. Interestingly, in the adult heart, it appears that the pleiotropic effects of the mitochondrial fusion proteins, Mfn2 (endoplasmic reticulum-tethering, mitophagy) and OPA1 (cristae remodeling, regulation of apoptosis, and energy production) may play more important roles than their pro-fusion effects. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins in the adult heart, and highlight their roles as novel therapeutic targets for treating cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derek John Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. .,The National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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Chen X, Zhang X, Xue L, Hao C, Liao W, Wan Q. Treatment with Enriched Environment Reduces Neuronal Apoptosis in the Periinfarct Cortex after Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:1445-1456. [DOI: 10.1159/000468368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Enriched environment (EE) has been reported to exert neuroprotective effect in animal models of ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EE treatment on neuronal apoptosis in the periinfarct cortex after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods: The cerebral I/R injury was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). A set of behavioral tests including the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), limb-placing test and foot-fault test were conducted. The infarct volume and the neuronal survival rate were evaluated by Nissl staining. The morphology and ultrastructure of ischemic neurons was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by double labeling of TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) with NeuN. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were tested by western blotting and immunohistochemical labeling. Results: EE treatment improved neurological function, reduced infarct volume, increased neuronal survival rate and alleviated the morphological and ultrastructural damage of neurons (especially mitochondria) after I/R injury. EE treatment reduced the neuronal apoptosis, increased B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) protein levels while decreased Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome c, caspase-3 expressions and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the periinfarct cortex after cerebral I/R injury. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that EE treatment inhibits neuronal apoptosis in the periinfarct cortex after focal cerebral I/R injury, which may be one of the possible mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of EE.
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Li PA, Hou X, Hao S. Mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2025-2029. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE); North Carolina Central University; Durham North Carolina
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE); North Carolina Central University; Durham North Carolina
- Department of Neurology; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan PR China
| | - Shaocai Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE); North Carolina Central University; Durham North Carolina
- Department of Neurosurgery; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Key Laboratory for Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University; Yinchuan PR China
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Luo L, Dai JR, Guo SS, Lu AM, Gao XF, Gu YR, Zhang XF, Xu HD, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Wood LJ, Qin ZH. Lysosomal Proteolysis Is Associated With Exercise-Induced Improvement of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Aged Hippocampus. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1342-1351. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science and
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, China
| | - Jia-Ru Dai
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science and
| | | | - A-Ming Lu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science and
| | | | - Yan-Rong Gu
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science and
| | | | - Hai-Dong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, China
| | - Lisa J Wood
- School of Nursing, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases (SZS0703), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, China
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The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in the Nervous System and as a Mediator for Beneficial Effects of Exercise on the Brain. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Golpich M, Amini E, Mohamed Z, Azman Ali R, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ahmadiani A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:5-22. [PMID: 27873462 PMCID: PMC6492703 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet understood. Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological-based therapies. The purpose of this review was to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise, we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC.) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCherasKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCherasKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Raymond Azman Ali
- Department of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreCherasKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | | | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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45
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Raefsky SM, Mattson MP. Adaptive responses of neuronal mitochondria to bioenergetic challenges: Roles in neuroplasticity and disease resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:203-216. [PMID: 27908782 PMCID: PMC5209274 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An important concept in neurobiology is "neurons that fire together, wire together" which means that the formation and maintenance of synapses is promoted by activation of those synapses. Very similar to the effects of the stress of exercise on muscle cells, emerging findings suggest that neurons respond to activity by activating signaling pathways (e.g., Ca2+, CREB, PGC-1α, NF-κB) that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular stress resistance. These pathways are also activated by aerobic exercise and food deprivation, two bioenergetic challenges of fundamental importance in the evolution of the brains of all mammals, including humans. The metabolic 'switch' in fuel source from liver glycogen store-derived glucose to adipose cell-derived fatty acids and their ketone metabolites during fasting and sustained exercise, appears to be a pivotal trigger of both brain-intrinsic and peripheral organ-derived signals that enhance learning and memory and underlying synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain-intrinsic extracellular signals include the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and the neurotrophic factor BDNF, and peripheral signals may include the liver-derived ketone 3-hydroxybutyrate and the muscle cell-derived protein irisin. Emerging findings suggest that fasting, exercise and an intellectually challenging lifestyle can protect neurons against the dysfunction and degeneration that they would otherwise suffer in acute brain injuries (stroke and head trauma) and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Among the prominent intracellular responses of neurons to these bioenergetic challenges are up-regulation of antioxidant defenses, autophagy/mitophagy and DNA repair. A better understanding of such fundamental hormesis-based adaptive neuronal response mechanisms is expected to result in the development and implementation of novel interventions to promote optimal brain function and healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Raefsky
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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Curcumin, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy: Exploring recent data and indicating future needs. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:813-826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Q, Wu HH, Wang Y, Gu GJ, Zhang W, Xia R. Neural stem cell transplantation decreases neuroinflammation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 136:815-825. [PMID: 26525612 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes are considered to play an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A number of studies have reported that inflammatory processes are highly correlated with cognitive deficits in AD-like mice. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been considered as a potential new therapy for the treatment of AD because of its effects in improving cognitive ability. However, NSCs have not been evaluated for their protective effects against inflammatory changes in AD. Here, we injected NSCs into amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 transgenic mice to analyse cognitive function and to measure glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) and toll-like receptors 4(TLR4) activation. We also quantified TLR-4 pathway-related agents, Aβ concentration and the levels of proinflammatory mediators. Our results showed that in NSC-injected APP/PS1 mice, activation of GFAP, Iba-1, TLR4 and TLR4 pathway-related agents (MyD88, TRIF, P38 MAPK and NF-κB P65) were significantly decreased with decreased expression of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2). These changes were associated with the amelioration of cognitive deficits, but no difference was found in Aβ concentration. Our results provide novel evidence that NSC transplantation in APP/PS1 mice significantly improved cognitive deficits and was accompanied by the attenuation of inflammatory injury via suppression of glial and TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway activation. Our data indicate that these pathways may potentially be important therapeutic targets to prevent or delay AD. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation against Alzheimer's disease (AD) inflammation. We found that NSC treatment in APP/PS1 mice significantly improved cognitive deficits and was accompanied by the attenuation of inflammatory injury via suppression of glial and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation and its downstream signalling pathways. Our findings indicate that these pathways may be potentially important therapeutic targets to prevent or delay AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Hui Wu
- Harbin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Jun Gu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Renji Hospital, Medical School of Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Xia
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:608581. [PMID: 26682073 PMCID: PMC4670869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult motor disabilities in the world and accounts for the greatest number of hospitalizations for neurological disease. Stroke treatments/therapies need to promote neuroplasticity to improve motor function. Physical exercise is considered as a major candidate for ultimately promoting neural plasticity and could be used for different purposes in human and animal experiments. First, acute exercise could be used as a diagnostic tool to understand new neural mechanisms underlying stroke physiopathology. Indeed, better knowledge of stroke mechanisms that affect movements is crucial for enhancing treatment/rehabilitation effectiveness. Secondly, it is well established that physical exercise training is advised as an effective rehabilitation tool. Indeed, it reduces inflammatory processes and apoptotic marker expression, promotes brain angiogenesis and expression of some growth factors, and improves the activation of affected muscles during exercise. Nevertheless, exercise training might also aggravate sensorimotor deficits and brain injury depending on the chosen exercise parameters. For the last few years, physical training has been combined with pharmacological treatments to accentuate and/or accelerate beneficial neural and motor effects. Finally, physical exercise might also be considered as a major nonpharmacological preventive strategy that provides neuroprotective effects reducing adverse effects of brain ischemia. Therefore, prestroke regular physical activity may also decrease the motor outcome severity of stroke.
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Ozkan A, Sen HM, Sehitoglu I, Alacam H, Guven M, Aras AB, Akman T, Silan C, Cosar M, Karaman HIO. Neuroprotective effect of humic Acid on focal cerebral ischemia injury: an experimental study in rats. Inflammation 2015; 38:32-9. [PMID: 25173888 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is still a major cause of death and permanent neurological disability. As humic acids are well-known antioxidant molecules, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of humic acid in a focal cerebral ischemia model. Twenty-four rats were divided equally into three groups. A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was performed in this study where control (group II) and humic acid (group III) were administered intraperitoneally following an ischemic experimental procedure. Group I was evaluated as sham. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) levels were analyzed biochemically on the right side of the ischemic cerebral hemisphere, while ischemic histopathological studies were completed on the left side to investigate the antioxidant status. Biochemical results showed that SOD and NRF-1 levels were significantly increased in the humic acid group (III) compared with the control group (II) while MDA levels were significantly decreased. On histopathological examination, cerebral edema, vacuolization, degeneration, and destruction of neural elements were decreased in the humic acid group (III) compared with the control group (II). Cerebral ischemia was attenuated by humic acid administration. These observations indicate that humic acid may have potential as a therapeutic agent in cerebral ischemia by preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adile Ozkan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, Kepez, Çanakkale, Turkey,
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Herbst EAF, Roussakis C, Matravadia S, Holloway GP. Chronic treadmill running does not enhance mitochondrial oxidative capacity in the cortex or striatum. Metabolism 2015; 64:1419-25. [PMID: 26307661 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the present study were to determine in healthy animals if 1) acute exercise stimulated traditional exercise signaling pathways in the cortex and striatum, and 2) if chronic exercise training increased the oxidative capacity of these brain regions. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were left sedentary, acutely exercised for 15 or 60 min to examine potential signaling cascades activated by exercise, or chronically exercise for 4 wk to examine the impact of prolonged training. The cortex and striatum were analyzed for changes in the phosphorylation of AMPK, CAMKII, ERK1/2, and P38 with acute exercise, or markers of mitochondrial protein content, mtDNA copy number, and mitochondrial respiration with chronic exercise. RESULTS In mice, acute treadmill running did not alter the phosphorylation of AMPK, CAMKII, or P38 in either the cortex or the striatum, but decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in only the cortex for the duration of the exercise bout. Following chronic exercise training, mitochondrial respiration, mtDNA copy number, and protein content of various subunits of the electron transport chain were not altered in adult mice. CONCLUSION Combined, these data suggest that exercise does not result in increased phosphorylation of traditional signaling kinases or enhanced mitochondrial oxidative capacity in either the cortex or the striatum of healthy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A F Herbst
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Christina Roussakis
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarthak Matravadia
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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