1
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Minshall BL, Skipper RA, Riddle CA, Wasylyshyn CF, Claflin DI, Quinn JJ. Sex differences in acute early life stress-enhanced fear learning in adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22511. [PMID: 38837722 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) present with a spectrum of debilitating anxiety symptoms resulting from exposure to trauma. Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with anxiety and PTSD compared to men; however, the reason for this vulnerability remains unknown. We conducted four experiments where we first demonstrated a female vulnerability to stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) with a moderate, acute early life stress (aELS) exposure (4 footshocks in a single session), compared to a more intense aELS exposure (15 footshocks in a single session) where males and females demonstrated comparable SEFL. Next, we demonstrated that this female vulnerability does not result from differences in footshock reactivity or contextual fear conditioning during the aELS exposure. Finally, using gonadectomy or sham surgeries in adult male and female rats, we showed that circulating levels of gonadal steroid hormones at the time of adult fear conditioning do not explain the female vulnerability to SEFL. Additional research is needed to determine whether this vulnerability can be explained by organizational effects of gonadal steroid hormones or differences in sex chromosome gene expression. Doing so is critical for a better understanding of increased female vulnerability to certain psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Minshall
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel A Skipper
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Collin A Riddle
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Catherine F Wasylyshyn
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Dragana I Claflin
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer J Quinn
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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2
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Knox D, Parikh V. Basal forebrain cholinergic systems as circuits through which traumatic stress disrupts emotional memory regulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105569. [PMID: 38309497 PMCID: PMC10948307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Contextual and spatial systems facilitate changes in emotional memory regulation brought on by traumatic stress. Cholinergic basal forebrain (chBF) neurons provide input to contextual/spatial systems and although chBF neurons are important for emotional memory, it is unknown how they contribute to the traumatic stress effects on emotional memory. Clusters of chBF neurons that project to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) modulate fear conditioned suppression and passive avoidance, while clusters of chBF neurons that project to the hippocampus (Hipp) and PFC (i.e. cholinergic medial septum and diagonal bands of Broca (chMS/DBB neurons) are critical for fear extinction. Interestingly, neither Hipp nor PFC projecting chMS/DBB neurons are critical for fear extinction. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a contextual/spatial memory system that receives input from chMS/DBB neurons, but whether this chMS/DBB-RSC circuit facilitates traumatic stress effects on emotional memory remain unexplored. Traumatic stress leads to neuroinflammation and the buildup of reactive oxygen species. These two molecular processes may converge to disrupt chBF circuits enhancing the impact of traumatic stress on emotional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Dirven BCJ, van Melis L, Daneva T, Dillen L, Homberg JR, Kozicz T, Henckens MJAG. Hippocampal Trauma Memory Processing Conveying Susceptibility to Traumatic Stress. Neuroscience 2024; 540:87-102. [PMID: 38220126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
While the majority of the population is ever exposed to a traumatic event during their lifetime, only a fraction develops posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Disrupted trauma memory processing has been proposed as a core factor underlying PTSD symptomatology. We used transgenic Targeted-Recombination-in-Active-Populations (TRAP) mice to investigate potential alterations in trauma-related hippocampal memory engrams associated with the development of PTSD-like symptomatology. Mice were exposed to a stress-enhanced fear learning paradigm, in which prior exposure to a stressor affects the learning of a subsequent fearful event (contextual fear conditioning using foot shocks), during which neuronal activity was labeled. One week later, mice were behaviorally phenotyped to identify mice resilient and susceptible to developing PTSD-like symptomatology. Three weeks post-learning, mice were re-exposed to the conditioning context to induce remote fear memory recall, and associated hippocampal neuronal activity was assessed. While no differences in the size of the hippocampal neuronal ensemble activated during fear learning were observed between groups, susceptible mice displayed a smaller ensemble activated upon remote fear memory recall in the ventral CA1, higher regional hippocampal parvalbuminneuronal density and a relatively lower activity of parvalbumininterneurons upon recall. Investigation of potential epigenetic regulators of the engram revealed rather generic (rather than engram-specific) differences between groups, with susceptible mice displaying lower hippocampal histone deacetylase 2 expression, and higher methylation and hydroxymethylation levels. These finding implicate variation in epigenetic regulation within the hippocampus, as well as reduced regional hippocampal activity during remote fear memory recall in interindividual differences in susceptibility to traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C J Dirven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart van Melis
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Teya Daneva
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Dillen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Clinical Genomics, and Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; University of Pecs Medical School, Department of Anatomy, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Plas SL, Tuna T, Bayer H, Juliano VAL, Sweck SO, Arellano Perez AD, Hassell JE, Maren S. Neural circuits for the adaptive regulation of fear and extinction memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1352797. [PMID: 38370858 PMCID: PMC10869525 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1352797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fear memories is critical for adaptive behaviors and dysregulation of these processes is implicated in trauma- and stress-related disorders. Treatments for these disorders include pharmacological interventions as well as exposure-based therapies, which rely upon extinction learning. Considerable attention has been directed toward elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying fear and extinction learning. In this review, we will discuss historic discoveries and emerging evidence on the neural mechanisms of the adaptive regulation of fear and extinction memories. We will focus on neural circuits regulating the acquisition and extinction of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rodent models, particularly the role of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the contextual control of extinguished fear memories. We will also consider new work revealing an important role for the thalamic nucleus reuniens in the modulation of prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in extinction learning and memory. Finally, we will explore the effects of stress on this circuit and the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Plas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tuğçe Tuna
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Hugo Bayer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vitor A. L. Juliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha O. Sweck
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Angel D. Arellano Perez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - James E. Hassell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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5
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Halcomb CJ, Philipp TR, Dhillon PS, Cox JH, Aguilar-Alvarez R, Vanderhoof SO, Jasnow AM. Sex divergent behavioral responses in platform-mediated avoidance and glucocorticoid receptor blockade. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106417. [PMID: 37925931 PMCID: PMC10872426 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Women are more likely than men to develop anxiety or stress-related disorders. A core behavioral symptom of all anxiety disorders is avoidance of fear or anxiety eliciting cues. Recent rodent models of avoidance show reliable reproduction of this behavioral phenomenon in response to learned aversive associations. Here, a modified version of platform-mediated avoidance that lacked an appetitive task was utilized to investigate the learning and extinction of avoidance in male and female C57BL6/J mice. Here, we found a robust sex difference in the acquisition and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance. Across three experiments, 63.7% of female mice acquired avoidance according to our criterion, whereas 83.8% of males acquired it successfully. Of those females that acquired avoidance, they displayed persistent avoidance after extinction compared to males. Given their role in regulating stress responses and habitual behaviors, we investigated if glucocorticoid receptors (GR) mediated avoidance learning in males and females. We found that a subcutaneous injection (25 mg/kg) of the GR antagonist, RU486 (Mifepristone), significantly reduced persistent avoidance in females but did not further reduce avoidance in males after extinction. These data suggest that GR activation during avoidance learning may contribute to persistent avoidance in females that is resistant to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly J Halcomb
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Trey R Philipp
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Parker S Dhillon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - J Hunter Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Ricardo Aguilar-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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6
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Ben-Azu B, Adebayo OG, Moke EG, Omogbiya AI, Oritsemuelebi B, Chidebe EO, Umukoro E, Nwangwa EK, Etijoro E, Umukoro E, Mamudu EJ, Chukwuma C. Geraniol attenuates behavioral and neurochemical impairments by inhibitions of HPA-axis and oxido-inflammatory perturbations in mice exposed to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:165-175. [PMID: 37913743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Geraniol is an acyclic isoprenoid monoterpenoid analogue that has been shown to elicit neuroprotective functions, primarily through its ability to stimulate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems. An increase in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress exacerbate activation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), leading to neurochemical dysfunction, which has important roles in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic disorder (PTSD), a mental health disorder characterized of post-trauma-induced intense fear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-PTSD-like effects and underlying mechanisms of geraniol against single-prolonged-stress (SPS)-induced PTSD in mice. Following concomitant exposure to SPS (triple-paradigm traumatic events) and isolation for 7 days, mice (n = 9) were treated with geraniol (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) from days 8-21. Mice were assessed for behavioral changes. Neurochemical changes, inflammatory, oxido-nitrergic markers, adrenal weight, serum glucose and corticosterone concentrations were assayed. Geraniol inhibits SPS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like features as well as behavioral despair in the depression paradigms. SPS-induced locomotor and memory impairments were also abated by geraniol treatment similarly to fluoxetine. SPS-induced adrenal hypertrophy and increased blood glucose and corticosterone concentrations, were attenuated by the geraniol treatment. Elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and malondialdehyde, nitrite, acetylcholinesterase enzyme were reduced by geraniol. Geraniol also increased glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, and catalase levels as well as dopamine, serotonin concentrations and GABAergic glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme activity in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the PTSD-mice relative to SPS control. In conclusion, geraniol attenuates behavioral impairments and neurochemical dysregulations by inhibitions of HPA-axis and oxido-inflammatory perturbations in mice exposed to PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri G Moke
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Adrian I Omogbiya
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Oritsemuelebi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Chidebe
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri Umukoro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Eze K Nwangwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Etijoro
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Umukoro
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth J Mamudu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Chineye Chukwuma
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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7
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Wu F, Zhu J, Wan Y, Subinuer Kurexi, Zhou J, Wang K, Chen T. Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Hypothalamic‒Pituitary‒Adrenal Axis Dysfunction Induced by Surgical Trauma in Mice Through the Hypothalamic Oxytocin System. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3391-3401. [PMID: 37436613 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively reduce surgical stress reactions and promote postoperative recovery, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aims to examine the effects of EA on the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal (HPA) axis and investigate its potential mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to partial hepatectomy (HT). The results showed that HT increased the concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), corticosterone (CORT), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the peripheral blood and upregulated the expression of CRH and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) proteins in the hypothalamus. EA treatment significantly inhibited the hyperactivity of the HPA axis by decreasing the concentration of CRH, CORT, and ACTH in peripheral blood and downregulating the expression of CRH and GR in the hypothalamus. Moreover, EA treatment reversed the HT-induced downregulation of oxytocin (OXT) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of the OXTR antagonist atosiban blocked the effects of EA. Thus, our findings implied that EA mitigated surgical stress-induced HPA axis dysfunction by activating the OXT/OXTR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiye Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Subinuer Kurexi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Acupuncture Anesthesia Clinical Research Institute, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Acupuncture Anesthesia Clinical Research Institute, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tongyu Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Ortiz-Nazario E, Denton-Ortiz CM, Soto-Escobar LDM, Mateo-Mayol Z, Colon-Romero M, Hernandez-Lopez A, Porter JT. Sex-dependent effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker on molecular and behavioral changes induced by single prolonged stress. Behav Brain Res 2023; 454:114639. [PMID: 37652238 PMCID: PMC10530531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that not only entails alterations in fear behavior and anxiety but also includes neuroendocrine dysfunctions involving the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the renin-angiotensin system. Recent preclinical studies demonstrate that activation of the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the paraventricular region of the hypothalamus (PVR) promotes anxiety-like behaviors and enables microglia proliferation. An increase in microglia and anxiety-like behavior also occurs in the PTSD animal model single-prolonged stress (SPS). In the present study, we tested whether AT1Rs contribute to the effects of SPS on behavior and microglia in brain structures important for HPA axis regulation and fear behavior. To test this, male and female animals were exposed to SPS and then given the oral AT1R antagonist candesartan beginning one week later. Candesartan did not alter auditory fear conditioning or extinction in SPS-exposed male or female animals. However, we found that the male animals exposed to SPS showed increased anxiety-like behavior, which was reversed by candesartan. In contrast, neither SPS nor candesartan altered anxiety-like behavior in the female animals. At the molecular level, SPS increased the cellular expression of AT1Rs in the PVR of male animals and candesartan reversed this effect, whereas AT1Rs in the PVR of females were unaltered by either SPS or candesartan. Iba1-expressing microglia increased in the PVR after SPS exposure and was reversed by candesartan in both sexes suggesting that SPS stimulates AT1Rs to increase microglia in the PVR. Collectively, these results suggest that the contribution of AT1Rs to the molecular and behavioral effects of SPS is sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Ortiz-Nazario
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | - Carla M Denton-Ortiz
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | - Lawry D M Soto-Escobar
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | - Zaira Mateo-Mayol
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | - Maria Colon-Romero
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | - Anixa Hernandez-Lopez
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
| | - James T Porter
- Dept of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Puerto Rico, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico.
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9
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Giovanniello J, Bravo-Rivera C, Rosenkranz A, Matthew Lattal K. Stress, associative learning, and decision-making. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 204:107812. [PMID: 37598745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to acute and chronic stress has significant effects on the basic mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Stress can both impair and enhance associative learning depending on type, intensity, and persistence of the stressor, the subject's sex, the context that the stress and behavior is experienced in, and the type of associative learning taking place. In some cases, stress can cause or exacerbate the maladaptive behavior that underlies numerous psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder, and others. Therefore, it is critical to understand how the varied effects of stress, which may normally facilitate adaptive behavior, can also become maladaptive and even harmful. In this review, we highlight several findings of associative learning and decision-making processes that are affected by stress in both human and non-human subjects and how they are related to one another. An emerging theme from this work is that stress biases behavior towards less flexible strategies that may reflect a cautious insensitivity to changing contingencies. We consider how this inflexibility has been observed in different associative learning procedures and suggest that a goal for the field should be to clarify how factors such as sex and previous experience influence this inflexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Bravo-Rivera
- Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR 00935, United States.
| | - Amiel Rosenkranz
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, United States.
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
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10
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Halcomb CJ, Philipp TR, Dhillon PS, Cox JH, Aguilar-Alvarez R, Vanderhoof SO, Jasnow AM. Sex divergent behavioral responses in platform-mediated avoidance and glucocorticoid receptor blockade. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559122. [PMID: 37808636 PMCID: PMC10557728 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Women are more likely than men to develop anxiety or stress-related disorders. A core behavioral symptom of all anxiety disorders is avoidance of fear or anxiety eliciting cues. Recent rodent models of avoidance show reliable reproduction of this behavioral phenomenon in response to learned aversive associations. Here, a modified version of platform-mediated avoidance that lacked an appetitive task was utilized to investigate the learning and extinction of avoidance in male and female C57BL6/J mice. Here, we found a robust sex difference in the acquisition and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance. Across three experiments, 63.7% of female mice acquired avoidance according to our criterion, whereas 83.8% of males acquired it successfully. Of those females that acquired avoidance, they displayed persistent avoidance after extinction compared to males. Given their role in regulating stress responses and habitual behaviors, we investigated if glucocorticoid receptors (GR) mediated avoidance learning in males and females. Here we found that a subcutaneous injection (25mg/kg) of the GR antagonist, RU486 (mifepristone), significantly reduced persistent avoidance in females but did not further reduce avoidance in males after extinction. These data suggest that GR activation during avoidance learning may contribute to persistent avoidance in females that is resistant to extinction.
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11
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Collins B, Biddle M, Wood DR, Boyapati S, Barth M, Jeun C, Knox D. The role of avoidance in modulating single prolonged stress effects on emotional memory in male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114579. [PMID: 37451551 PMCID: PMC10530017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is greater in women than men, but mechanisms via which this difference manifests remain under explored. The single prolonged stress (SPS) rodent model of traumatic stress has been used to identify mechanisms through which traumatic stress leads to deficits in retaining extinction (a core PTSD symptom), but has been mostly utilized in male model systems. Recent studies have observed that SPS leads to changes in persistent fear memory in female rats, though these results are variable. This variability could be driven by changes in behavioral strategy in females during extinction, but this possibility has not been sufficiently explored. To address this, we examined the impact of SPS on freezing and avoidance (a core PTSD symptom) during extinction in male and female rats. In male rats, SPS enhanced acquisition of conditioned freezing, but did not enhance freezing during extinction training or testing. SPS also decreased avoidance during extinction training, but not extinction testing. In female rats, SPS had no impact on conditioned freezing. Avoidance was not observed in control rats, but emerged in SPS/female rats during extinction testing. Furthermore, avoidance was negatively correlated with freezing in female rats (high avoidance associated with lower freezing), but this relationship was disrupted with SPS. The results suggest that introducing avoidance during extinction negates SPS effects on extinction retention in male and female rats, control/female rats engage in avoidance to regulate fear expression, and this relationship is disrupted with SPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Matthew Biddle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Donna R Wood
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sushma Boyapati
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Michelle Barth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Celine Jeun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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12
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Lo Y, Yi PL, Hsiao YT, Lee TY, Chang FC. A prolonged stress rat model recapitulates some PTSD-like changes in sleep and neuronal connectivity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:716. [PMID: 37438582 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibits psychological abnormalities during fear memory processing in rodent models. To simulate long-term impaired fear extinction in PTSD patients, we constructed a seven-day model with multiple prolonged stress (MPS) by modifying manipulation repetitions, intensity, and unpredictability of stressors. Behavioral and neural changes following MPS conveyed longitudinal PTSD-like effects in rats for 6 weeks. Extended fear memory was estimated through fear retrieval induced-freezing behavior and increased long-term serum corticosterone concentrations after MPS manipulation. Additionally, memory retrieval and behavioral anxiety tasks continued enhancing theta oscillation activity in the prefrontal cortex-basal lateral amygdala-ventral hippocampus pathway for an extended period. Moreover, MPS and remote fear retrieval stimuli disrupted sleep-wake activities to consolidate fear memory. Our prolonged fear memory, neuronal connectivity, anxiety, and sleep alteration results demonstrated integrated chronic PTSD symptoms in an MPS-induced rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lu Yi
- Department of Sport Management, College of Tourism, Leisure and Sports, Aletheia University, New Taipei City, 25103, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Tse Hsiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain & Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110225, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain & Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110225, Taiwan.
- Neurobiology & Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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13
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Derman RC, Matthew Lattal K. Acute stress persistently alters instrumental motivation without affecting appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, extinction, or contextual renewal. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 202:107771. [PMID: 37182757 PMCID: PMC10404028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments, we adapted the stress-enhanced fear learning approach to evaluate the persistent effects of acute stress on appetitive learning and motivation in adult male Long Evans rats. In Experiment 1, we found that exposure to a battery of footshocks in one context had no effect on the acquisition, extinction, or contextual renewal of an appetitive Pavlovian discrimination in different contexts. However, when rats were subsequently trained to respond on a progressive ratio instrumental schedule, rats with a history of shock showed lower response rates and progressive ratio break points. Extinction of the shock-associated context had little effect on progressive ratio responding. In Experiment 2, we replicated this instrumental responding deficit with a continuous reinforcement schedule when the Pavlovian phases did not intervene in the time between shock and instrumental testing. Our findings here demonstrate that highly stressful acute experiences produce long-lasting deficits in instrumental motivation for food in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifka C Derman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - K Matthew Lattal
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
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14
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Sanchís-Ollé M, Belda X, Gagliano H, Visa J, Nadal R, Armario A. Animal models of PTSD: Comparison of the neuroendocrine and behavioral sequelae of immobilization and a modified single prolonged stress procedure that includes immobilization. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:195-203. [PMID: 36842332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
A single exposure to some stressors results in long-lasting consequences reminiscent of those found in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but results are very often controversial. Although there is no consensus regarding the best animal models of PTSD, the single prolonged stress (SPS) model, consisting of sequential exposure within the same day to various stressors (typically restraint, forced swim, and ether), has gained acceptance. However, results, particularly those related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, are inconsistent and there is no evidence that SPS is clearly distinct from models using a single severe stressor. In the present study, we compared in male rats the behavioral and neuroendocrine (HPA) consequences of exposure to immobilization on boards (IMO) with a SPS-like model (SPSi) in which IMO and isoflurane were substituted for restraint and ether, respectively. Both procedures caused a similar impact on food intake and body weight as well as on sensitization of the HPA response to a novel environment (hole-board) on the following day. Reduction of activity/exploration in the hole-board was also similar with both stressors, although the impact of sudden noise was higher in SPSi than IMO. Neither IMO nor SPSi significantly affected contextual fear conditioning acquisition, although a similar trend for impaired fear extinction was observed compared to controls. Exposure to additional stressors in the SPSi did not interfere with homotypic adaptation of the HPA axis to IMO. Thus, only modest neuroendocrine and behavioral differences were observed between IMO and SPSi and more studies comparing putative PTSD models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sanchís-Ollé
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Visa
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Unitat Mixta Translacional, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Unitat Mixta Translacional, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola Del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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15
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Henschen D, Swift K, Taylor R, Scott E, May M, Ngouajio B, Jenkins K, Johnson Iii F, Jeong I, Silva G, Matson L, Lowery-Gionta E. Development of an Animal Model of Military-Relevant Traumatic Stress. Mil Med 2023; 188:561-571. [PMID: 35266517 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute Stress Reactions (ASRs) affect a subgroup of individuals who experience traumatic stress. In the context of military operations, such reactions are often termed Combat and Operational Stress Reactions (COSRs). COSRs not only encompass all symptoms of ASRs but also include additional symptoms related to military combat and may develop at a rate higher than the general public experiences ASRs. Despite an obvious need, there are currently no approved pharmacologic treatments or guidelines for ASR and/or COSR. Preclinical rodent stress models and behavioral assessments are used to evaluate pharmacotherapies and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Here, we combined established traumatic stress models to develop a model of traumatic stress relevant to military trauma exposure and measured behavioral outcomes that reflect outcomes observed in ASRs and COSRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male rats underwent exposure to either a combination of two or three traumatic stress exposures (e.g., predator exposure, underwater trauma (UWT), and/or inescapable shock) or control procedures. Behavioral performance on the open field, elevated plus maze, and acoustic startle response (SR) was then assessed 24- and 48-hours following stress/control procedures. RESULTS In Experiment 1, rats were exposed to a two-stressor model, where predator exposure was coupled with UWT. Minor behavioral deficits were observed in SR for stress-exposed rats as compared to controls. In Experiment 2, inescapable shock was added to predator exposure and UWT. Behavioral performance deficits were observed across all behavioral tests. In Experiment 3, procedures from Experiment 2 were repeated with the only major modification being a shortened predator exposure duration, which resulted in performance deficits in SR only. CONCLUSIONS We found that the three-stressor model of Experiment 2 resulted in the greatest overall behavioral disturbance (both in the number of variables and magnitude of stress effects). Interestingly, behavioral deficits elicited from the shorter predator exposure were distinct from those observed with longer predator exposure times. Together, these results generally suggest that combined preclinical stressors with military-relevant elements result in behavioral performance deficits reflective of post-trauma phenotypes in Soldiers. The present findings support the use of both physical and psychological stressors to model operationally relevant traumatic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Henschen
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kevin Swift
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rachel Taylor
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Emily Scott
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Matthew May
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Boris Ngouajio
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kilana Jenkins
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Fred Johnson Iii
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Isaac Jeong
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gabriella Silva
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Liana Matson
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Emily Lowery-Gionta
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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16
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The role of estrogen receptor manipulation during traumatic stress on changes in emotional memory induced by traumatic stress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1049-1061. [PMID: 36879072 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Traumatic stress leads to persistent fear, which is a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Women are more likely than men to develop PTSD after trauma exposure, which suggests women are differentially sensitive to traumatic stress. However, it is unclear how this differential sensitivity manifests. Cyclical changes in vascular estrogen release could be a contributing factor where levels of vascular estrogens (and activation of estrogen receptors) at the time of traumatic stress alter the impact of traumatic stress. METHODS To examine this, we manipulated estrogen receptors at the time of stress and observed the effect this had on fear and extinction memory (within the single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm) in female rats. In all experiments, freezing and darting were used to measure fear and extinction memory. RESULTS In Experiment 1, SPS enhanced freezing during extinction testing, and this effect was blocked by nuclear estrogen receptor antagonism prior to SPS. In Experiment 2, SPS decreased conditioned freezing during the acquisition and testing of extinction. Administration of 17β-estradiol altered freezing in control and SPS animals during the acquisition of extinction, but this treatment had no effect on freezing during the testing of extinction memory. In all experiments, darting was only observed to footshock onset during fear conditioning. CONCLUSION The results suggest multiple behaviors (or different behavioral paradigms) are needed to characterize the nature of traumatic stress effects on emotional memory in female rats and that nuclear estrogen receptor antagonism prior to SPS blocks SPS effects on emotional memory in female rats.
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17
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Birch JN, Vanderheyden WM. The Molecular Relationship between Stress and Insomnia. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101203. [PMID: 35822937 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The bi-directional relationship between sleep and stress has been actively researched as sleep disturbances and stress have become increasingly common in society. Interestingly, the brain and underlying neural circuits important for sleep regulation may respond uniquely to stress that leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and stress that does not. In stress that does not lead to PTSD, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) pathway is activated normally that results in sympathetic nervous system activation that allows the brain and body to return to baseline functioning. However, exposure to stress that leads to PTSD, causes enhanced negative feedback of this same pathway and results in long-term physiological and psychological changes. In this review, how stress regulates glucocorticoid signaling pathways in brain glial cells called astrocytes, and then mediates stress-induced insomnia are examined. Astrocytes are critical sleep regulatory cells and their connections to sleep and stress due to disturbed glucocorticoid signaling provide a novel mechanism to explain how stress leads to insomnia. This review will examine the interactions of stress neurobiology, astrocytes, sleep, and glucocorticoid signaling pathways and will examine the how stress that leads to PTSD and stress that does not impacts sleep-regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine N Birch
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, Spokane, WA, 99 202, USA
| | - William M Vanderheyden
- WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 213/Lab 230, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd, (Lab) 509-368-6809, Spokane, WA, 99 202, USA
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18
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Fulco BCW, Klann IP, Rodrigues RF, Marzari BN, Nogueira CW. Social-single prolonged stress as an ether-free candidate animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: Female and male outcomings. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 154:224-232. [PMID: 35961178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) is a valid animal model that reflects the core of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) phenotypes. Although SPS has been a pivotal tool, it can bring ethics approval difficulties due to the use of ether as a stressor. The present study evaluated if changing a chemical (ether) with a social stressor resembles the PTSD hallmark symptoms. METHODS Female and male young adult rats were distributed in Sham and Social-SPS groups. Rats in Social-SPS groups were subjected to stress, whereas those in Sham groups remained undisturbed. One set of animals performed the behavioral tests, elevated plus-maze (EPM) and Y-maze. Plasma corticosterone levels and cortical and hippocampal molecular protein contents were analyzed. Another set of animals performed the dexamethasone suppression test. RESULTS A significant decrease in the percentage of time spent and the number of entries in open arms and an increase in anxiety index in the EPM were observed in rats of the social-SPS groups. In the Social-SPS groups, rats reduced the spontaneous alternations in Y-maze. The Social-SPS exposure enhanced the HPA-axis feedback and increased glucocorticoid receptor contents in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats. A decrease in the content of synaptic integrity-related proteins, synaptophysin, and PSD-95, were found in the cortex and hippocampus of rats subjected to social-SPS. There were no statistical differences between males and females in any parameter analyzed. LIMITATIONS The absence of a task to recap criterion E 'arousal' and predictive validity experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that social-SPS recapitulated the main clusters required for a candidate animal model of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C W Fulco
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Isabella P Klann
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata F Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna N Marzari
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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19
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The infralimbic mineralocorticoid blockage prevents the stress-induced impairment of aversive memory extinction in rats. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:343. [PMID: 35999226 PMCID: PMC9399104 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals deal with adversity and return to a normal lifestyle when adversity ends. Nevertheless, in specific cases, traumas may be preceded by memory distortions in stress-related malaises, and memory extinction impairment is strictly associated with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the central stress mediator, target mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors and coordinate stress responses. Despite MRs being present in brain regions essential to cognition, emotions, and initial stress processing, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), most studies attempt to elucidate the stress-induced deleterious actions of GCs via GR. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relationship between stress, infralimbic mPFC (IL), and memory and how MR-mediated intracellular signaling influences this relationship and modulates memory extinction. We observed that acutely restraint-stressed male Wistar rats showed high corticosterone (CORT) levels, and previous intra-IL-spironolactone administration (a selective MR antagonist) decreased it 60 min after the stress started. Intra-IL-CORT118335, a novel mixed MR/GR selective modulator, increased CORT throughout stress exposure. Ten days after stress, all rats increased freezing in the memory retrieval test and acquired the aversive contextual memory. During the extinction test, intra-IL injection of spironolactone, but not CORT118335, prevented the stress-impaired memory extinction, suggesting that the IL-MR activity controls CORT concentration, and it is crucial to the establishment of late extinction impairment. Also, the concomitant GR full activation overrode MR blockage. It increased CORT levels leading to the stress-induced extinction memory impairment, reinforcing that the MR/GR balance is crucial to predicting stress-induced behavioral outcomes.
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20
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Vanderheyden WM, Lefton M, Flores CC, Owada Y, Gerstner JR. Fabp7 Is Required for Normal Sleep Suppression and Anxiety-Associated Phenotype following Single-Prolonged Stress in Mice. NEUROGLIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:73-83. [PMID: 36909794 PMCID: PMC10001429 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3020005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit sleep disturbances that include insomnia, nightmares, and enhanced daytime sleepiness. Sleep disturbances are considered a hallmark feature of PTSD; however, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating trauma-induced sleep disorders. Using a rodent model of PTSD called "Single Prolonged Stress" (SPS) we examined the requirement of the brain-type fatty acid binding protein Fabp7, an astrocyte expressed lipid-signaling molecule, in mediating trauma-induced sleep disturbances. We measured baseline sleep/wake parameters and then exposed Fabp7 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6N genetic background control animals to SPS. Sleep and wake measurements were obtained immediately following the initial trauma exposure of SPS, and again 7 days later. We found that active-phase (dark period) wakefulness was similar in KO and WT at baseline and immediately following SPS; however, it was significantly increased after 7 days. These effects were opposite in the inactive-phase (light period), where KOs exhibited increased wake in baseline and following SPS, but returned to WT levels after 7 days. To examine the effects of Fabp7 on unconditioned anxiety following trauma, we exposed KO and WT mice to the light-dark box test before and after SPS. Prior to SPS, KO and WT mice spent similar amounts of time in the lit compartment. Following SPS, KO mice spent significantly more time in the lit compartment compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate that mutations in an astrocyte-expressed gene (Fabp7) influence changes in stress-dependent sleep disturbances and associated anxiety behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Vanderheyden
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Correspondence: (W.M.V.); (J.R.G.)
| | - Micah Lefton
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-cho 2-1, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jason R. Gerstner
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
- Correspondence: (W.M.V.); (J.R.G.)
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21
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Prior short-term exercise prevents behavioral and biochemical abnormalities induced by single prolonged stress in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res 2022; 428:113864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Cotella EM, Nawreen N, Moloney RD, Martelle SE, Oshima KM, Lemen P, NiBlack JN, Julakanti RR, Fitzgerald M, Baccei ML, Herman JP. Adolescent Stress Confers Resilience to Traumatic Stress Later in Life: Role of the Prefrontal Cortex. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 3:274-282. [PMID: 37124346 PMCID: PMC10140393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent brains are sensitive to stressors. However, under certain circumstances, developmental stress can promote an adaptive phenotype, allowing individuals to cope better with adverse situations in adulthood, thereby contributing to resilience. Methods Sprague Dawley rats (50 males, 48 females) were subjected to adolescent chronic variable stress (adol CVS) for 2 weeks at postnatal day 45. At postnatal day 85, a group was subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS). After a week, animals were evaluated in an auditory-cued fear conditioning paradigm, and neuronal recruitment during reinstatement was assessed by Fos expression. Patch clamp electrophysiology (17-35 cells/group) was performed in male rats to examine physiological changes associated with resilience. Results Adol CVS blocked fear potentiation evoked by SPS. We observed that SPS impaired extinction (males) and enhanced reinstatement (both sexes) of the conditioned freezing response. Prior adol CVS prevented both effects. SPS effects were associated with a reduction of infralimbic (IL) cortex neuronal recruitment after reinstatement in males and increased engagement of the central amygdala in females, both also prevented by adol CVS, suggesting different neurocircuits involved in generating resilience between sexes. We explored the mechanism behind reduced IL recruitment in males by studying the intrinsic excitability of IL pyramidal neurons. SPS reduced excitability of IL neurons, and prior adol CVS prevented this effect. Conclusions Our data indicate that adolescent stress can impart resilience to the effects of traumatic stress on neuroplasticity and behavior. Our data provide a mechanistic link behind developmental stress-induced behavioral resilience and prefrontal (IL) cortical excitability in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin M. Cotella
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nawshaba Nawreen
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rachel D. Moloney
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susan E. Martelle
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristen M. Oshima
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paige Lemen
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jordan N. NiBlack
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Reetu R. Julakanti
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maureen Fitzgerald
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mark L. Baccei
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Address correspondence to James P. Herman, Ph.D.
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23
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Shultz B, Farkash A, Collins B, Mohammadmirzaei N, Knox D. Fear learning-induced changes in AMPAR and NMDAR expression in the fear circuit. Learn Mem 2022; 29:83-92. [PMID: 35169047 PMCID: PMC8852224 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053525.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in amygdala nuclei and the dorsal hippocampus (dHipp) are critical for fear conditioning. Enhancements in synaptic AMPAR expression in amygdala nuclei and the dHipp are critical for fear conditioning, with some studies observing changes in AMPAR expression across many neurons in these brain regions. Whether similar changes occur in other nodes of the fear circuit (e.g., ventral hippocampus [vHipp]) or changes in NMDAR expression in the fear circuit occur with fear conditioning have not been sufficiently examined. To address this we used near-infrared immunohistochemistry (IHC) to measure AMPAR and NMDAR subunit expression in several nodes of the fear circuit. Long-term changes in GluR1 and GluR2 expression in the ventral hippocampus (vHipp) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), enhanced NR2A expression in amygdala nuclei, and changes in the ratio of GluR1/NR2A and GluR2/NR2A in the dHipp was observed with fear conditioning. Most of these changes were dependent on protein synthesis during fear conditioning and were not observed immediately after fear conditioning. The results of the study suggest that global changes in AMPARs and NMDARs occur in multiple nodes within the fear circuit and raise the possibility that these changes contribute to fear memory. Further research examining how global changes in AMPAR, NMDAR, and AMPAR/NMDAR ratios within nodes of the fear circuit contribute to fear memory is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Shultz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Abigail Farkash
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Bailey Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Negin Mohammadmirzaei
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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24
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Canto-de-Souza L, Demetrovich PG, Plas S, Souza RR, Epperson J, Wahlstrom KL, Nunes-de-Souza RL, LaLumiere RT, Planeta CS, McIntyre CK. Daily Optogenetic Stimulation of the Left Infralimbic Cortex Reverses Extinction Impairments in Male Rats Exposed to Single Prolonged Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:780326. [PMID: 34987362 PMCID: PMC8721142 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.780326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. PTSD-like pathophysiology and behaviors have been observed in rodents exposed to a single prolonged stress (SPS) procedure. When animals are left alone for 7 days after SPS treatment, they show increased anxiety-like behavior and impaired extinction of conditioned fear, and reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex. Here, we tested the hypothesis that daily optogenetic stimulation of the infralimbic region (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during the 7 days after SPS would reverse SPS effects on anxiety and fear extinction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent SPS and then received daily optogenetic stimulation (20 Hz, 2 s trains, every 10 s for 15 min/day) of glutamatergic neurons of the left or right IL for seven days. After this incubation period, rats were tested in the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Twenty-four hours after the EPM test, rats underwent auditory fear conditioning (AFC), extinction training and a retention test. SPS increased anxiety-like behavior in the EPM task and produced a profound impairment in extinction of AFC. Optogenetic stimulation of the left IL, but not right, during the 7-day incubation period reversed the extinction impairment. Optogenetic stimulation did not reverse the increased anxiety-like behavior, suggesting that the extinction effects are not due to a treatment-induced reduction in anxiety. Results indicate that increased activity of the left IL after traumatic experiences can prevent development of extinction impairments. These findings suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation may be a useful tool for preventing maladaptive responses to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Canto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Peyton G Demetrovich
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Samantha Plas
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Rimenez R Souza
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Joseph Epperson
- Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Krista L Wahlstrom
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ryan T LaLumiere
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Cleopatra Silva Planeta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Christa K McIntyre
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Device Center, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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25
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Ding J, Chen X, Han F, Meijer OC. An Advanced Transcriptional Response to Corticosterone After Single Prolonged Stress in Male Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:756903. [PMID: 34867228 PMCID: PMC8636037 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.756903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders are often accompanied by dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased sensitivity of glucocorticoid negative feedback has regularly been observed. The single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm was developed to model increased negative feedback and other aspects of PTSD in rats. In this study, we used a setup that precluded the evaluation of negative feedback but rather served to test the hypothesis of the enhanced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling in higher brain areas. We injected corticosterone or vehicle 7 days after SPS and evaluated plasma corticosterone, as well as gene expression in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala. We observed a strikingly rapid change in the expression of established GR target genes (t = 30 min) only in the SPS group on exogenous corticosterone injection. Our results extend the notion of increased GR sensitivity in PTSD to include transcriptional responses in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Ding
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,PTSD Lab, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinzhao Chen
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Han
- PTSD Lab, Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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26
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Malikowska-Racia N, Salat K, Gdula-Argasinska J, Popik P. Sex, Pramipexole and Tiagabine Affect Behavioral and Hormonal Response to Traumatic Stress in a Mouse Model of PTSD. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:691598. [PMID: 34276379 PMCID: PMC8277945 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.691598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with abnormal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis (HPA). Women demonstrate a more robust HPA response and are twice as likely to develop PTSD than men. The role of sex hormones in PTSD remains unclear. We investigated whether post-trauma chronic treatment with the GABA-ergic agent tiagabine and dopamine-mimetic pramipexole affected the behavioral outcome and plasma levels of corticosterone, testosterone, or 17β-estradiol in female and male mice. These medications were investigated due to their potential capacity to restore GABA-ergic and dopaminergic deficits in PTSD. Animals were exposed to a single prolonged stress procedure (mSPS). Following 13 days treatment with tiagabine (10 mg/kg) or pramipexole (1 mg/kg) once daily, the PTSD-like phenotype was examined in the fear conditioning paradigm. Plasma hormones were measured almost immediately following the conditioned fear assessment. We report that the exposure to mSPS equally enhanced conditioned fear in both sexes. However, while males demonstrated decreased plasma corticosterone, its increase was observed in females. Trauma elevated plasma testosterone in both sexes, but it had no significant effects on 17β-estradiol. Behavioral manifestation of trauma was reduced by pramipexole in both sexes and by tiagabine in females only. While neither compound affected corticosterone in stressed animals, testosterone levels were further enhanced by tiagabine in females. This study shows sex-dependent efficacy of tiagabine but not pramipexole in a mouse model of PTSD-like symptoms and a failure of steroid hormones’ levels to predict PTSD treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska-Racia
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Salat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Gdula-Argasinska
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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27
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Ferland-Beckham C, Chaby LE, Daskalakis NP, Knox D, Liberzon I, Lim MM, McIntyre C, Perrine SA, Risbrough VB, Sabban EL, Jeromin A, Haas M. Systematic Review and Methodological Considerations for the Use of Single Prolonged Stress and Fear Extinction Retention in Rodents. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:652636. [PMID: 34054443 PMCID: PMC8162789 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.652636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event that can lead to lifelong burden that increases mortality and adverse health outcomes. Yet, no new treatments have reached the market in two decades. Thus, screening potential interventions for PTSD is of high priority. Animal models often serve as a critical translational tool to bring new therapeutics from bench to bedside. However, the lack of concordance of some human clinical trial outcomes with preclinical animal efficacy findings has led to a questioning of the methods of how animal studies are conducted and translational validity established. Thus, we conducted a systematic review to determine methodological variability in studies that applied a prominent animal model of trauma-like stress, single prolonged stress (SPS). The SPS model has been utilized to evaluate a myriad of PTSD-relevant outcomes including extinction retention. Rodents exposed to SPS express an extinction retention deficit, a phenotype identified in humans with PTSD, in which fear memory is aberrantly retained after fear memory extinction. The current systematic review examines methodological variation across all phases of the SPS paradigm, as well as strategies for behavioral coding, data processing, statistical approach, and the depiction of data. Solutions for key challenges and sources of variation within these domains are discussed. In response to methodological variation in SPS studies, an expert panel was convened to generate methodological considerations to guide researchers in the application of SPS and the evaluation of extinction retention as a test for a PTSD-like phenotype. Many of these guidelines are applicable to all rodent paradigms developed to model trauma effects or learned fear processes relevant to PTSD, and not limited to SPS. Efforts toward optimizing preclinical model application are essential for enhancing the reproducibility and translational validity of preclinical findings, and should be conducted for all preclinical psychiatric research models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E Chaby
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Miranda M Lim
- Departments of Neurology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Medicine, Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Sleep Disorders Clinic, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Christa McIntyre
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.,Research Service, John. D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, United States
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28
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Pairing of neonatal phencyclidine exposure and acute adolescent stress in male rats as a novel developmental model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113308. [PMID: 33872663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying schizophrenia is essential for the identification of biological markers and developing new therapeutic targets. The development of behaviorally faithful, predictive animal models is crucial to this endeavor. We have developed a novel two-hit paradigm designed to recapitulate in rodents the developmental process leading to appearance of human schizophrenia symptomatology. The model pairs neonatal administration of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) open-channel blocker phencyclidine (PCP 10 mg/kg) to male rats at 7, 9 and 11 days of age, with later adolescent exposure (34 days of age) to a single prolonged stress paradigm consisting of 2 h restraint, followed by 20 min of forced swimming. Four experimental groups were examined: vehicle and no stress (VEH-NS), vehicle plus stress (VEH-S), PCP and no stress (PCP-NS), and PCP plus stress (PCP-S). Only pairing of neonatal PCP with single prolonged adolescent stress caused deficits in novel object recognition memory and increased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze task, without altering locomotor activity. In a separate cohort of animals, the PCP-S group showed significant reduction in magnitude of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses following a single pair of theta-burst stimuli (TBS), while LTP was diminished in both PCP treated groups when elicited by a second pair of TBS. These results suggest that the combination of neonatal PCP and acute adolescent stress are necessary for lasting cognitive impairment and anxiety-like phenotype, and that these behavioral impairments may be due to deficits in LTP in hippocampus, and perhaps elsewhere in the brain.
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29
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Cotrone TS, Hocog CB, Ramsey JT, Sanchez MA, Sullivan HM, Scrimgeour AG. Phenotypic characterization of frontal cortex microglia in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02011. [PMID: 33434400 PMCID: PMC7994680 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder induced by psychologically traumatic events. Using a rat model, this study aimed to determine whether psychological trauma alters relative expression between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in microglia. To meet this goal, expression of genes encoding i-NOS, arginase, TNF-α, interleukin-10, CD74, and Mannose Receptor C was analyzed on multiple days following trauma exposure. METHODS Single-prolonged stress (SPS) was used to model PTSD in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Twenty-four rats (12 Controls and 12 SPS-exposed) were sacrificed on Days 1, 3, and 7 post-SPS. Twenty-four (12 Controls and 12 SPS-exposed) additional rats were exposed to classical fear conditioning on Day 7, and fear extinction on Days 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, and 17. Freezing behavior was measured to assess fear resolution. Microglial isolates were collected from the frontal cortex, and RNA was extracted. Changes in relative expression of target genes were quantified via RT-PCR. RESULTS SPS rats showed significant decreases in IL-10 and TNF-α expression and increases in the i-NOS:Arginase and TNF-α:IL-10 ratios compared to Controls on Day 1, but not on Day 3 or Day 7 for any of the dependent variables. Day 17 SPS rats showed a significant decrease in IL-10 expression and an increase in the TNF-α:IL-10 ratio, further characterized by a significant inverse relationship between IL-10 expression and fear persistence. CONCLUSION Psychological trauma impacts the immunological phenotype of microglia of the frontal cortex. Consequently, future studies should further evaluate the mechanistic role of microglia in PTSD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Cotrone
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Charina B Hocog
- Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Ramsey
- Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Marcus A Sanchez
- Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Heather M Sullivan
- Veterinary Support and Oversight Branch, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Angus G Scrimgeour
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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30
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Vanderheyden WM, Kehoe M, Vanini G, Britton SL, Koch LG. Rat models for low and high adaptive response to exercise differ for stress-related memory and anxiety. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14716. [PMID: 33619911 PMCID: PMC7900769 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise and fitness may serve as resilience factors to stress exposure. However, the extreme range in human exercise performance suggests that genetic variation for exercise capacity could be a confounding feature to understanding the connection between exercise and stress exposure. To test this idea, we use laboratory rat models selectively bred for a low and high gain in aerobic running capacity in response to training to examine whether an inherent capacity to respond to physical exercise reflects how stress changes neurobiological functioning and regulates fear-associated memory processing. Utilization of this contrasting rat model system of low and high responders has the potential to guide the interpretation of the reported association with exercise involvement and the reduction of stress-induced anxiety disorders. Our data show that aerobic fitness may be linked to the ability to regulate fear-associated memories. We also show that acquired exercise capacity may play a key role in regulating responses to an acute stressor. Exercise sensitivity plays a significant role in the activation of the plasticity-associated molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinase, changes in stress hormone activity, and anatomical modifications to the noradrenergic locus coeruleus. These data identify a unique operational mechanism that may serve as translational targets for lessening symptoms of stress and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Kehoe
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOHUSA
| | - Lauren Gerard Koch
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyThe University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life SciencesToledoOHUSA
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31
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Davis CJ, Gerstner JR, Vanderheyden WM. Single prolonged stress blocks sleep homeostasis and pre-trauma sleep deprivation does not exacerbate the severity of trauma-induced fear-associated memory impairments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243743. [PMID: 33406143 PMCID: PMC7787370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is intimately linked to cognitive performance and exposure to traumatic stress that leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) impairs both sleep and cognitive function. However, the contribution of pre-trauma sleep loss to subsequent trauma-dependent fear-associated memory impairment remains unstudied. We hypothesized that sleep deprivation (SD) prior to trauma exposure may increase the severity of a PTSD-like phenotype in rats exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS), a rodent model of PTSD. Rats were exposed to SPS alone, SD alone, or a combination of SPS+SD and measures of fear-associated memory impairments and vigilance state changes were compared to a group of control animals not exposed to SPS or SD. We found that SPS, and SPS+SD animals showed impaired fear-associated memory processing and that the addition of SD to SPS did not further exaggerate the effect of SPS alone. Additionally, the combination of SPS with SD results in a unique homeostatic sleep duration phenotype when compared to SD, SPS, or control animals. SPS exposure following SD represses homeostatic rebound and eliminates sleep-deprivation-induced increases in NREM sleep delta power. This work identifies a unique time frame where trauma exposure and sleep interact and identifies this window of time as a potential therapeutic treatment window for staving off the negative consequences of trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - William M. Vanderheyden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, WSU Health Sciences Spokane, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
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32
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Environmental enrichment prevents the late effect of acute stress-induced fear extinction deficit: the role of hippocampal AMPA-GluA1 phosphorylation. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:18. [PMID: 33414437 PMCID: PMC7791025 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of anxiety and the deficit of fear memory extinction are both phenomena related to the symptoms of a trauma-related disorder, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recently we have shown that single acute restraint stress (2 h) in rats induces a late anxiety-related behavior (observed ten days after stress), whereas, in the present work, we found that the same stress impaired fear extinction in animals conditioned ten days after stress. Fourteen days of environmental enrichment (EE) prevented the deleterious effect of stress on fear memory extinction. Additionally, we observed that EE prevented the stress-induced increase in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit phosphorylation in the hippocampus, but not in the basolateral amygdala complex and the frontal cortex, indicating a potential mechanism by which it exerts its protective effect against the stress-induced behavioral outcome.
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Hu GT, Wang Y. Advances in Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with Chinese Medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:874-880. [PMID: 34060024 PMCID: PMC8166381 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-2864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
"Timely, near, and expectation" is the main principle of battlefield rescue for military combat stress reaction (CSR). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common form of CSR and a long-term persistent mental disorder that is caused by unusual threatening or catastrophic psychological trauma. Chinese medicine (CM) has abundant resources, is simple, easy to master, with few side effects. This article summarizes the cellular and animal experimental mechanisms of CM treatment on PTSD, suggesting that traditional Chinese herbs and acupuncture can protect brain functional areas, and adjust hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Traditional Chinese herbs and acupuncture have shown good anti-stress efficacy and fewer side effects in clinical application, which may improve the CSR in the battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-tao Hu
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Army 958th Hospital, Chongqing, 400039 China
| | - Yong Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
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Knox D, Della Valle R, Mohammadmirzaei N, Shultz B, Biddle M, Farkash A, Chamness M, Moulton E. PI3K-Akt Signaling in the Basolateral Amygdala Facilitates Traumatic Stress Enhancements in Fear Memory. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:229-238. [PMID: 33151288 PMCID: PMC7968623 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder is persistent fear memory, which can be defined as fear memory that is resistant to updating, inhibition, or extinction. posttraumatic stress disorder emerges after traumatic stress exposure, but neurobiological mechanisms via which traumatic stress leads to persistent fear memory are not well defined. Akt signaling within the amygdala (Amy) is enhanced with traumatic stress, and phosphatidylinositol kinase 3 (PI3K) activation of Akt within the basolateral Amy (BLA) has been implicated as critical to fear memory formation. These findings raise the possibility that traumatic stress enhances PI3K→Akt signaling in the BLA, which leads to persistent fear memory. METHODS To test this hypothesis, rats were exposed to traumatic stress using the single prolonged stress model, and changes in Akt phosphorylation were assayed in the Amy at 0 and 30 minutes after fear conditioning (FC). In a separate experiment, we inhibited PI3K→Akt signaling in the BLA prior to FC and observed the effect this had on acquisition, expression, and extinction of FC in stressed and control rats. RESULTS Enhanced Akt phosphorylation in the Amy at both time points was observed in stressed rats, but not in control rats. PI3K→Akt inhibition in the BLA had no effect on freezing in control rats but decreased freezing during extinction training and testing in stressed rats. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that PI3K→Akt signaling in the BLA could be a mechanism via which traumatic stress leads to fear memory that is resistant to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA,Correspondence: Dayan Knox, PhD, 217 Wolf Hall, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 ()
| | - Rebecca Della Valle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Negin Mohammadmirzaei
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Brianna Shultz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Matt Biddle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Abigail Farkash
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Marisa Chamness
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Emily Moulton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Optogenetic sleep enhancement improves fear-associated memory processing following trauma exposure in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18025. [PMID: 33093538 PMCID: PMC7581760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are commonly found in trauma-exposed populations. Additionally, trauma exposure results in fear-associated memory impairments. Given the interactions of sleep with learning and memory, we hypothesized that increasing sleep duration following trauma exposure would restore overall function and improve trauma-induced fear-associated memory dysfunction. Here, we utilized single prolonged stress, a validated rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder, in combination with optogenetic activation of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone containing cells to increase sleep duration. The goal of this work was to ascertain if post-trauma sleep increases are sufficient to improve fear-associated memory function. In our laboratory, optogenetic stimulation after trauma exposure was sufficient to increase REM sleep duration during both the Light and Dark Phase, whereas NREM sleep duration was only increased during the Dark Phase of the circadian day. Interestingly though, animals that received optogenetic stimulation showed significantly improved fear-associated memory processing compared to non-stimulated controls. These results suggest that sleep therapeutics immediately following trauma exposure may be beneficial and that post-trauma sleep needs to be further examined in the context of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Chaby LE, Sadik N, Burson NA, Lloyd S, O'Donnel K, Winters J, Conti AC, Liberzon I, Perrine SA. Repeated stress exposure in mid-adolescence attenuates behavioral, noradrenergic, and epigenetic effects of trauma-like stress in early adult male rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17935. [PMID: 33087769 PMCID: PMC7578655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in adolescence can regulate vulnerability to traumatic stress in adulthood through region-specific epigenetic activity and catecholamine levels. We hypothesized that stress in adolescence would increase adult trauma vulnerability by impairing extinction-retention, a deficit in PTSD, by (1) altering class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs), which integrate effects of stress on gene expression, and (2) enhancing norepinephrine in brain regions regulating cognitive effects of trauma. We investigated the effects of adolescent-stress on adult vulnerability to severe stress using the single-prolonged stress (SPS) model in male rats. Rats were exposed to either (1) adolescent-stress (33-35 postnatal days) then SPS (58-60 postnatal days; n = 14), or (2) no adolescent-stress and SPS (58-60 postnatal days; n = 14), or (3) unstressed conditions (n = 8). We then measured extinction-retention, norepinephrine, HDAC4, and HDAC5. As expected, SPS exposure induced an extinction-retention deficit. Adolescent-stress prior to SPS eliminated this deficit, suggesting adolescent-stress conferred resiliency to adult severe stress. Adolescent-stress also conferred region-specific resilience to norepinephrine changes. HDAC4 and HDAC5 were down-regulated following SPS, and these changes were also modulated by adolescent-stress. Regulation of HDAC levels was consistent with the pattern of cognitive effects of SPS; only animals exposed to SPS without adolescent-stress exhibited reduced HDAC4 and HDAC5 in the prelimbic cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Thus, HDAC regulation caused by severe stress in adulthood interacts with stress history such that seemingly conflicting reports describing effects of adolescent stress on adult PTSD vulnerability may stem in part from dynamic HDAC changes following trauma that are shaped by adolescent stress history.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adolescent Behavior/physiology
- Adolescent Behavior/psychology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Extinction, Psychological/physiology
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Psychology, Adolescent
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Retention, Psychology/physiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/genetics
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/metabolism
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Stress, Psychological
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Chaby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nareen Sadik
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nicole A Burson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott Lloyd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kelly O'Donnel
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Jesse Winters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alana C Conti
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Research Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
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37
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Lin CC, Cheng PY, Liu YP. Effects of early life social experience on fear extinction and related glucocorticoid profiles - behavioral and neurochemical approaches in a rat model of PTSD. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112686. [PMID: 32428628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
People may agonize over an intrusive fear-inducing memory even when the traumatic event has passed, which is the principle manifestation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, many traumatized people do not present symptoms of PTSD, implying that certain hidden factors help those individuals to cope with the traumatic stress. Increasing evidence suggests that early life experience may serve as a predisposing factor in the development of PTSD. For example, early life social deprivation disrupts the glucocorticoid system, one of the biological abnormalities of PTSD. By employing isolation rearing (IR) with a subsequent single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm, we examined the hypothesis that early-life social experience may change the outcome of traumatic stress in both behavioral and neurochemical profiles. Behaviorally, the performance of rats on a Pavlovian fear conditioning test was measured to evaluate their retrieval ability of fear memory extinction. Neurochemically, plasma corticosterone levels and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), FK506-binding proteins 4 and 5 (FKBP4 and FKBP5) and early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression were measured in GR-abundant brain areas, including the hypothalamus, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Our results demonstrated an area-dependent IR effect on the SPS outcomes. IR prevented the SPS-impaired fear extinction retrieval ability and averted the SPS-elevated expression of GR, FKBP4, and Egr-1 in the hippocampus, whereas it did not change the SPS-reduced plasma corticosterone levels and SPS-enhanced GR activity in the mPFC and hypothalamus. The present study provides some new insights to support the hypothesis that early-life experience may play a role in the occurrence of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yia-Ping Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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Chen J, Ye W, Li L, Su J, Huang Y, Liu L, Wu L, Yan C. Paeoniflorin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis negative feedback in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:439-448. [PMID: 32489558 PMCID: PMC7239430 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.41214.9738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of paeoniflorin (PEF) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis feedback function of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Single-prolonged stress (SPS) was used to establish a PTSD-like rat model. The contents of plasma corticosterone (CORT), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) were measured by ELISA. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), adrenocorticotropic hormone-releasing factor I receptor (CRF1R), and adrenocorticotropic hormone-releasing factor II receptor (CRF2R) in the hippocampus and amygdala were measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results showed that on day 8 after SPS, model rats showed enhanced HPA axis negative feedback lasting to day 29. On day 29, plasma CORT levels increased in model rats, while plasma CRH levels had no significant difference on days 8, 22, and 29. The expression of GR and MR of model rats significantly increased in the hippocampus, while the expression of GR, MR, and CRF1R significantly decreased in the amygdala. After 14 days of continuous administration of PEF, the enhanced negative feedback was inhibited, and the plasma CORT level significantly reduced after 21 days of administration. Moreover, PEF could significantly decrease the expression of GR and MR in the hippocampus, and increase the expression of GR, MR, and CRF1R significantly in the amygdala. CONCLUSION PEF could regulate HPA axis dysfunction in a rat model of PTSD, which may be related to regulating expression of GR and MR in the hippocampus and amygdala and regulating expression of CRF1R in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiqiong Ye
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Su
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunling Huang
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lili Wu
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Can Yan
- The Research Centre of Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Kuijer EJ, Ferragud A, Milton AL. Retrieval-Extinction and Relapse Prevention: Rewriting Maladaptive Drug Memories? Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:23. [PMID: 32153373 PMCID: PMC7044236 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Addicted individuals are highly susceptible to relapse when exposed to drug-associated conditioned stimuli (CSs; "drug cues") even after extensive periods of abstinence. Until recently, these maladaptive emotional drug memories were believed to be permanent and resistant to change. The rediscovery of the phenomenon of memory reconsolidation-by which retrieval of the memory can, under certain conditions, destabilize the previously stable memory before it restabilizes in its new, updated form-has led to the hypothesis that it may be possible to disrupt the strong maladaptive drug-memories that trigger a relapse. Furthermore, recent work has suggested that extinction training "within the reconsolidation window" may lead to a long-term reduction in relapse without the requirement for pharmacological amnestic agents. However, this so-called "retrieval-extinction" effect has been inconsistently observed in the literature, leading some to speculate that rather than reflecting memory updating, it may be the product of facilitation of extinction. In this mini review article, we will focus on factors that might be responsible for the retrieval-extinction effects on preventing drug-seeking relapse and how inter-individual differences may influence this therapeutically promising effect. A better understanding of the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underpinning the "retrieval-extinction" paradigm, and individual differences in boundary conditions, should provide insights with the potential to optimize the translation of "retrieval-extinction" to clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise J. Kuijer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antonio Ferragud
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amy L. Milton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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40
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Effects of stress on the structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex: Insights from animal models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 150:129-153. [PMID: 32204829 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress alters both cognitive and emotional function, and increases risk for a variety of psychological disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. The prefrontal cortex is critical for executive function and emotion regulation, is a target for stress hormones, and is implicated in many stress-influenced psychological disorders. Therefore, understanding how stress-induced changes in the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex are related to stress-induced changes in behavior may elucidate some of the mechanisms contributing to stress-sensitive disorders. This review focuses on data from rodent models to describe the effects of chronic stress on behaviors mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex, the effects of chronic stress on the morphology and physiology of the medial prefrontal cortex, mechanisms that may mediate these effects, and evidence for sex differences in the effects of stress on the prefrontal cortex. Understanding how stress influences prefrontal cortex and behaviors mediated by it, as well as sex differences in this effect, will elucidate potential avenues for novel interventions for stress-sensitive disorders characterized by deficits in executive function and emotion regulation.
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41
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Zhang HH, Meng SQ, Guo XY, Zhang JL, Zhang W, Chen YY, Lu L, Yang JL, Xue YX. Traumatic Stress Produces Delayed Alterations of Synaptic Plasticity in Basolateral Amygdala. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2394. [PMID: 31708835 PMCID: PMC6824323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute traumatic event exposure is a direct cause of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Amygdala is suggested to be associated with the development of PTSD. In our previous findings, different activation patterns of GABAergic neurons and glutamatergic neurons in early or late stages after stress were found. However, the neural plastic mechanism underlying the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) in post-traumatic stress disorder remains unclear. Therefore, this study mainly aimed at investigating time-dependent morphologic and electrophysiological changes in BLA during the development of PTSD. We used single prolonged stress (SPS) procedure to establish PTSD model of rats. The rats showed no alterations in anxiety behavior as well as in dendritic spine density or synaptic transmission in BLA 1 day after SPS. However, 10 days after SPS, rats showed enhancement of anxiety behavior, and spine density and frequency of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents in BLA. Our results suggested that after traumatic stress, BLA displayed delayed increase in both spinogenesis and synaptic transmission, which seemed to facilitate the development of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Meng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy and Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Yun Chen
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking University Sixth Hospital/Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Li Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
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42
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Della Valle R, Mohammadmirzaei N, Knox D. Single prolonged stress alters neural activation in the periacqueductal gray and midline thalamic nuclei during emotional learning and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:1-9. [PMID: 31527186 PMCID: PMC6749928 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050310.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies that have examined the neurobiology of persistent fear memory in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have focused on the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Sensory systems, the periaqueductal gray (PAG), and midline thalamic nuclei have been implicated in fear and extinction memory, but whether neural activity in these substrates is sensitive to traumatic stress (at baseline or during emotional learning and memory) remains unexplored. To address this, we used the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of traumatic stress. SPS and control rats were either subjected to fear conditioning (CS-fear) or presented with CSs alone (CS-only) during fear conditioning. All rats were then subjected to extinction training and testing. A subset of rats were euthanized after each behavioral stage and c-Fos and c-Jun used to measure neural activation in all substrates. SPS lowered c-Jun levels in the dorsomedial and lateral PAG at baseline, but the elevated c-Jun expression in the PAG during emotional learning and memory. SPS also altered c-Fos expression during fear and extinction learning/memory in midline thalamic nuclei. These findings suggest changes in neural function in the PAG and midline thalamic nuclei could contribute to persistent fear memory induced by traumatic stress. Interestingly, SPS effects were also observed in animals that never learned fear or extinction (i.e., CS-only). This raises the possibility that traumatic stress could have broader effects on the psychological function that are dependent on the PAG and midline thalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Della Valle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Negin Mohammadmirzaei
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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43
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Malikowska-Racia N, Sałat K, Nowaczyk A, Fijałkowski Ł, Popik P. Dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonists attenuate PTSD-like symptoms in mice exposed to single prolonged stress. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:1-9. [PMID: 31085186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Medications that enhance dopaminergic neurotransmission can be useful in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which manifests as fearful memory retrieval, anxiety and depression. We examined the effects of subchronic (15 days) treatment with select dopaminergic medications, including bromocriptine, modafinil, dihydrexidine, rotigotine and pramipexole, in a mouse model of PTSD induced by single prolonged stress (mSPS). The potential antidepressant-like and anxiolytic effects of the medications were measured by the forced swim test (FST) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, respectively. In addition, we studied the effects of these medications on memory retrieval in an auditory fear conditioning (FC) test, on ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) induced by restraint stress, and on spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA). We report that a single exposure to a severe and complex set of stressors several days before testing increased immobility time in the FST and freezing in the FC paradigm and reduced the time spent in the open arms of the EPM. The stressed mice also displayed increased USVs, especially the short type. While none of the tested dopamine-mimetics exhibited anxiolytic-like effects, rotigotine produced antidepressant-like activity specifically in the mSPS-exposed animals. Moreover, both rotigotine and pramipexole shortened the duration of freezing in the fear conditioning test, but only in the mSPS-exposed mice. This study supports the hypothesis that the activation of dopaminergic D2/D3 receptors may be a promising pharmacotherapy for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska-Racia
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michalowskiego St., 31-126, Krakow, Poland; Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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44
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Piggott VM, Bosse KE, Lisieski MJ, Strader JA, Stanley JA, Conti AC, Ghoddoussi F, Perrine SA. Single-Prolonged Stress Impairs Prefrontal Cortex Control of Amygdala and Striatum in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:18. [PMID: 31114487 PMCID: PMC6502983 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and striatum neurocircuitry has been shown to play an important role in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) pathology in humans. Clinical studies show hypoactivity in the mPFC and hyperactivity in the amygdala and striatum of PTSD patients, which has been associated with decreased mPFC glutamate levels. The ability to refine neurobiological characteristics of PTSD in an animal model is critical in furthering our mechanistic understanding of the disease. To this end, we exposed male rats to single-prolonged stress (SPS), a validated model of PTSD, and hypothesized that traumatic stress would differentially activate mPFC subregions [prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) cortices] and increase striatal and amygdalar activity, which would be associated with decreased mPFC glutamate levels. in vivo, neural activity in the subregions of the mPFC, amygdala, and striatum was measured using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI), and glutamate and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in the mPFC and the dorsal striatum (dSTR) were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) longitudinally, in rats exposed to SPS or control conditions. As hypothesized, SPS decreased MEMRI-based neural activity in the IL, but not PL, cortex concomitantly increasing activity within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsomedial striatum (dmSTR). 1H-MRS studies in a separate cohort revealed SPS decreased glutamate levels in the mPFC and increased NAA levels in the dSTR. These results confirm previous findings that suggest SPS causes mPFC hypoactivation as well as identifies concurrent hyperactivation in dmSTR and BLA, effects which parallel the clinical neuropathology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M. Piggott
- Research & Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kelly E. Bosse
- Research & Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael J. Lisieski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - John A. Strader
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alana C. Conti
- Research & Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Farhad Ghoddoussi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Shane A. Perrine
- Research & Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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45
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Cho M, Nayak SU, Jennings T, Tallarida CS, Rawls SM. Predator odor produces anxiety-like behavioral phenotype in planarians that is counteracted by fluoxetine. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:181-184. [PMID: 30951749 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avoidant behavior is a characteristic feature post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is modeled in mammals with predator odor. Light avoidance is a hallmark behavioral reaction in planarians. We hypothesized that planarians exposed to frog extract would display enhanced light avoidance that is prevented by fluoxetine. Enhanced light avoidance (i.e., less time spent in light compartment of a dish split into light and dark sides) after a 30-min frog extract exposure (0.0001-0.01%) manifested 15 min post-exposure, persisted for at least 24 h, and was counteracted by fluoxetine (10 μM). These results suggest conservation of an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cho
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil U Nayak
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Jennings
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Tallarida
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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46
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Blacker CJ, Frye MA, Morava E, Kozicz T, Veldic M. A Review of Epigenetics of PTSD in Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020140. [PMID: 30781888 PMCID: PMC6410143 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an acquired psychiatric disorder with functionally impairing physiological and psychological symptoms following a traumatic exposure. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors act together to determine both an individual's susceptibility to PTSD and its clinical phenotype. In this literature review, we briefly review the candidate genes that have been implicated in the development and severity of the PTSD phenotype. We discuss the importance of the epigenetic regulation of these candidate genes. We review the general epigenetic mechanisms that are currently understood, with examples of each in the PTSD phenotype. Our focus then turns to studies that have examined PTSD in the context of comorbid psychiatric disorders or associated social and behavioral stressors. We examine the epigenetic variation in cases or models of PTSD with comorbid depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, and substance use disorders. We reviewed the literature that has explored epigenetic regulation in PTSD in adverse childhood experiences and suicide phenotypes. Finally, we review some of the information available from studies of the transgenerational transmission of epigenetic variation in maternal cases of PTSD. We discuss areas pertinent for future study to further elucidate the complex interactions between epigenetic modifications and this complex psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caren J Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Eva Morava
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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47
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Zhang L, Hu XZ, Li H, Li X, Yu T, Dohl J, Ursano RJ. Updates in PTSD Animal Models Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:331-344. [PMID: 31273708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic, debilitating mental disorder afflicting more than 7% of the US population and 12% of military service members. Since the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, thousands of US service members have returned home with PTSD. Despite recent progress, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology of PTSD are poorly understood. To promote research on PTSD (especially its molecular mechanisms) and to set a molecular basis for discovering novel medications for this disorder, well-validated animal models are needed. However, to develop PTSD animal models is a challenging process, due to predisposing factors such as physiological, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes that emerge after trauma. Currently, there is no well-validated animal model of PTSD, although several stress paradigms mimic the behavioral symptoms and neurological alterations seen in PTSD. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of animal models of PTSD including learned helplessness, footshock, restraint stress, inescapable tail shock, single-prolonged stress, underwater trauma, social isolation, social defeat, early-life stress, and predator-based stress. We emphasize rodent models because they reproduce some of the behavioral and biotical phenotypes seen in PTSD. We will also present data showing that homologous biological measures are increasingly incorporated in studies to assess markers of risk and therapeutic response in these models. Therefore, PTSD animal models may be refined in hopes of capitalizing on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and delivering tools in order to develop new and more efficacious treatments for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Xian-Zhang Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - He Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tianzheng Yu
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Dohl
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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48
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Wellman CL, Moench KM. Preclinical studies of stress, extinction, and prefrontal cortex: intriguing leads and pressing questions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:59-72. [PMID: 30225660 PMCID: PMC6374178 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is associated with cognitive and emotional dysfunction, and increases risk for a variety of psychological disorders, including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Prefrontal cortex is critical for executive function and emotion regulation, is a target for stress hormones, and is implicated in many stress-influenced psychological disorders. Extinction of conditioned fear provides an excellent model system for examining how stress-induced changes in corticolimbic structure and function are related to stress-induced changes in neural function and behavior, as the neural circuitry underlying this behavior is well characterized. OBJECTIVES This review examines how acute and chronic stress influences extinction and describes how stress alters the structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex, a potential neural substrate for these effects. In addition, we identify important unanswered questions about how stress-induced change in prefrontal cortex may mediate extinction deficits and avenues for future research. KEY FINDINGS A substantial body of work demonstrates deficits in extinction after either acute or chronic stress. A separate and substantial literature demonstrates stress-induced neuronal remodeling in medial prefrontal cortex, along with several key neurohormonal contributors to this remodeling, and there is substantial overlap in prefrontal mechanisms underlying extinction and the mechanisms implicated in stress-induced dysfunction of-and neuronal remodeling in-medial prefrontal cortex. However, data directly examining the contribution of changes in prefrontal structure and function to stress-induced extinction deficits is currently lacking. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how stress influences extinction and its neural substrates as well as individual differences in this effect will elucidate potential avenues for novel interventions for stress-sensitive disorders characterized by deficits in extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Wellman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University,Department of Psychological, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University,Department of Psychological, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
| | - Kelly M. Moench
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University,Department of Psychological, Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University,Department of Psychological, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University
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49
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Moulton E, Chamness M, Knox D. Characterizing changes in glucocorticoid receptor internalization in the fear circuit in an animal model of post traumatic stress disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205144. [PMID: 30532228 PMCID: PMC6286002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) shuttle from the cytoplasm (cy) to the nucleus (nu) when bound with glucocorticoids (i.e. GR internalization) and alter transcriptional activity. GR activation within the fear circuit has been implicated in fear memory and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, no study to date has characterized GR internalization within the fear circuit during fear memory formation or examined how traumatic stress impacts this process. To address this, we assayed cy and nu GR levels at baseline and after auditory fear conditioning (FC) in the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD. Cy and nu GRs within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHipp), ventral hippocampus (vHipp), and amygdala (AMY) were assayed using western blot. The distribution of GR in the cy and nu (at baseline and after FC) was varied across individual nodes of the fear circuit. At baseline, SPS enhanced cyGRs in the dHipp, but decreased cyGRs in the AMY. FC only enhanced GR internalization in the AMY and this effect was attenuated by SPS exposure. SPS also decreased cyGRs in the dHipp after FC. The results of this study suggests that GR internalization is varied across the fear circuit, which in turn suggests GR activation is selectively regulated within individual nodes of the fear circuit. The findings also suggest that changes in GR dynamics in the dHipp and AMY modulate the enhancing effect SPS has on fear memory persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moulton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Marisa Chamness
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
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50
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Chen CV, Chaby LE, Nazeer S, Liberzon I. Effects of Trauma in Adulthood and Adolescence on Fear Extinction and Extinction Retention: Advancing Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:247. [PMID: 30429779 PMCID: PMC6220349 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for and against adolescent vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is mounting, but this evidence is largely qualitative, retrospective, or complicated by variation in prior stress exposure and trauma context. Here, we examine the effects of development on trauma vulnerability using adult post-natal (PN) day 61, early adolescent (PN23) and mid adolescence (PN34) rats and two types of trauma: an established animal model of PTSD, single prolonged stress (SPS), and a novel composite model—SPS predation (SPSp) version. We demonstrate that early and mid adolescent rats are capable of fear conditioning and fear extinction, as well as extinction retention. Our results also demonstrate that both types of trauma induced a deficit in the retention of fear extinction in adulthood, a hallmark of PTSD, but not after early or mid adolescence trauma, suggesting that adolescence might convey resilience to SPS and SPSp traumas. Across all three life stages, the effects of SPS exposure and a novel predation trauma model, SPSp, had similar effects on behavior suggesting that trauma type did not affect the likelihood of developing PTSD-like symptoms, and that SPSp is a predation-based trauma model worth exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh V Chen
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lauren E Chaby
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sahana Nazeer
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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