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Tomasini MC, Loche A, Cacciaglia R, Ferraro L, Beggiato S. GET73 modulates lipopolysaccharide- and ethanol-induced increase in cytokine/chemokine levels in primary cultures of microglia of rat cerebral cortex. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:1174-1183. [PMID: 39088104 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND - Alcohol-induced pro-inflammatory activation might influence cellular and synaptic pathology, thus contributing to the behavioral phenotypes associated with alcohol use disorders. In the present study, the possible anti-inflammatory properties of N-[(4-trifluoromethyl)-benzyl]4-methoxybutyramide (GET73), a promising therapeutic agent for alcohol use disorder treatment, were evaluated in primary cultures of rat cortical microglia. METHODS - Primary cultures of cerebral cortex microglial cells were treated with 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 8 h, 37 °C) or 75 mM ethanol (EtOH; 4 days, 37 °C) alone or in the presence of GET73 (1-30 µM). At the end of the incubation period, multiparametric quantification of cytokines/chemokines was performed by using the xMAP technology and Luminex platform. Furthermore, cultured microglial cell viability following the treatment with EtOH and GET73, alone or in combination, has been measured by a colorimetric assay (i.e. MTT assay). RESULTS - GET73 (10 and 30 µM) partially or fully prevented the LPS-induced increase of IL-6, IL-1β, RANTES/CCL5 protein and MCP-1/CCL2 levels. On the contrary, GET73 failed to attenuate the TNF-α level increase induced by LPS. Furthermore, GET73 treatment (10-30 µM) significantly attenuated or prevented the EtOH-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MCP-1/CCL2 levels. Finally, at all the concentrations tested (1-30 µM), the GET73 treatment did not alter the EtOH-induced reduction of microglial cell viability. CONCLUSIONS - The current results provide the first in vitro evidence of GET73 protective properties against EtOH-induced neuroinflammation. These data add more information on the complex and multifactorial profile of action of the compound, further supporting the significance of developing GET73 as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of individuals with alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Tomasini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 4412µ, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 4412µ, Ferrara, Italy.
- LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 4412µ, Ferrara, Italy
- Psychiatric Department, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Zhang X, Si Y, Zhang L, Wen X, Yang C, Wang L, Song L. Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors in regulation of immune response in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109709. [PMID: 38901684 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play a pivotal role in the neuroendocrine-immune regulation. In this study, eight mGluRs were identified in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas, which were classified into three subfamilies based on genetic similarity. All CgmGluRs harbor variable numbers of PBP1 domains at the N-terminus. The sequence and structural features of CgmGluRs are highly similar to mGluRs in other species. A uniformly upregulated expression of CgmGluRs was observed during D-shaped larval stage compared to early D-shaped larval stage. The transcripts of CgmGluRs were detectable in various tissues of oyster. Different CgmGluR exhibited diverse expression patterns response against different PAMP stimulations, among which CgmGluR5 was significantly downregulated under these stimulations, reflecting its sensitivity and broad-spectrum responsiveness to microbes. Following LPS stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgmGluR5 and CgCALM1 in haemocytes was suppressed within 6 h and returned to normal levels by 12 h. Inhibition of CgmGluR5 activity resulted in a significant reduction in CgCALM1 expression after 12 h. Further KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that CgmGluR5 might modulate calcium ion homeostasis and metabolic pathways by regulating CgCALM1. This research delivers the systematic analysis of mGluR in the Pacific Oyster, offering insights into evolutionary characteristics and immunoregulatory function of mGluR in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yiran Si
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linfang Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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3
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Pańczyszyn-Trzewik P, Sowa-Kućma M, Misztak P, Tabecka-Lonczynska A, Stachowicz K. Time-dependent dual mode of action of COX-2 inhibition on mouse serum corticosterone levels. Steroids 2024; 207:109438. [PMID: 38723842 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition on corticosterone release, mice were divided into a group receiving NS398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor at a dose of 3 mg/kg for seven days, and a group receiving NS398 for fourteen days. After this time, the mice were sacrificed, and blood serum was collected. An ELISA protocol was used to analyze serum corticosterone levels. Short-term COX-2 inhibition increased corticosterone levels, while long-term inhibition lowered them. The exact schedule of experiments was repeated after the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Escherichia coli challenge in mice to check the influence of stress stimuli on the tested parameters. In this case, we observed increases in corticosterone levels, significant in a seven-day pattern. These results indicate that corticosterone levels are regulated through a COX-2-dependent mechanism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik
- Medical College of Rzeszów University, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Human Physiology, 35-310 Rzeszow, Kopisto Street 2a, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Medical College of Rzeszów University, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Human Physiology, 35-310 Rzeszow, Kopisto Street 2a, Poland
| | - Paulina Misztak
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Tabecka-Lonczynska
- Department of Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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4
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Stachowicz K, Pańczyszyn-Trzewik P, Sowa-Kućma M, Misztak P. Changes in working memory induced by lipopolysaccharide administration in mice are associated with metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 and contrast with changes induced by cyclooxygenase-2: Involvement of postsynaptic density protein 95 and down syndrome cell adhesion molecule. Neuropeptides 2023; 100:102347. [PMID: 37182274 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The strength and quality of the signal propagated by the glutamate synapse (Glu) depend, among other things, on the structure of the postsynaptic part and the quality of adhesion between the interacting components of the synapse. Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) are components of the proper functioning of an excitatory synapse. PSD95 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinases protein family, mainly located at the postsynaptic density of the excitatory synapse. PSD95, via direct interaction, regulates the clustering and functionality of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors at a synapse. Here, the effects of treatment with an antagonist of mGluR5 (MTEP) and NS398 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2 inhibitor) on PSD95, mTOR, and DSCAM in the hippocampus (HC) of C57B1/6 J mice using Western blots in the context of learning were examined. Moreover, the sensitivity of selected proteins to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was monitored. MTEP injected for seven days induced upregulation of PSD95 in HC of mice. The observed effect was regulated by a COX-2 inhibitor and concurrently by LPS. Accompanying alterations in DSCAM protein were found, suggesting changes in adhesion strength after modulation of glutamatergic (Glu) synapse via tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Kopisto Street 2a, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Kopisto Street 2a, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Paulina Misztak
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Balbi M, Bonanno G, Bonifacino T, Milanese M. The Physio-Pathological Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Expressed by Microglia in Health and Disease with a Focus on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5240. [PMID: 36982315 PMCID: PMC10048889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. They act as the first-line immune guardians of nervous tissue and central drivers of neuroinflammation. Any homeostatic alteration that can compromise neuron and tissue integrity could activate microglia. Once activated, microglia exhibit highly diverse phenotypes and functions related to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglia activation is associated with the release of protective or deleterious cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can in turn determine defensive or pathological outcomes. This scenario is complicated by the pathology-related specific phenotypes that microglia can assume, thus leading to the so-called disease-associated microglia phenotypes. Microglia express several receptors that regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory features, sometimes exerting opposite actions on microglial functions according to specific conditions. In this context, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are molecular structures that may contribute to the modulation of the reactive phenotype of microglia cells, and this is worthy of exploration. Here, we summarize the role of group I mGluRs in shaping microglia cells' phenotype in specific physio-pathological conditions, including some neurodegenerative disorders. A significant section of the review is specifically focused on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) since it represents an entirely unexplored topic of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Chisari M, Barraco M, Bucolo C, Ciranna L, Sortino MA. Purinergic ionotropic P2X7 and metabotropic glutamate mGlu 5 receptors crosstalk influences pro-inflammatory conditions in microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 938:175389. [PMID: 36435235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia represent the resident immune system in the brain. They mediate neuroinflammatory processes and have been described as important regulators of homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Among several players and mechanisms contributing to microglial function in inflammation, ATP and glutamate have been shown to be involved in microgliosis. In this study, we focused on receptor subtypes that respond to these neurotransmitters, purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor and metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor. We found that both receptors are functionally expressed in a murine microglia cell line, BV2 cells, and we performed patch-clamp experiments to measure purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor ion flux in control condition and after metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor activation. The selective purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor agonist, 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP, 100 μM), elicited a robust current that was prevented by the selective purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor antagonist A438079 (10 μM). When BV2 cells were acutely stimulated with the selective metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 agonist, (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG, 200 μM), purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor current was increased. This positive modulation was prevented by the selective metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor antagonist 3-((2-Methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP, 1 μM). Moreover, nitric oxide synthesis elicited by purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor activation was enhanced by metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptor co-stimulation. Taken together, our results suggest an important crosstalk between ATP and glutamate in inflammation. Pro-inflammatory effects mediated by purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor might be exacerbated by simultaneous exposure of microglia to ATP and glutamate, suggesting new pharmacological targets to modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Chisari
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Michele Barraco
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciranna
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Dept. of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Italy
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Dysfunctional Heteroreceptor Complexes as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Major Depressive and Anxiety Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111826. [PMID: 35681521 PMCID: PMC9180493 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients suffering from these disorders. Consequently, the development of novel strategies designed to treat them quickly and efficiently, without or at least having limited side effects, is considered a highly important goal. Growing evidence indicates that emerging properties are developed on recognition, trafficking, and signaling of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) upon their heteromerization with other types of GPCRs, receptor tyrosine kinases, and ionotropic receptors such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Therefore, to develop new treatments for MDD and anxiety, it will be important to identify the most vulnerable heteroreceptor complexes involved in MDD and anxiety. This review focuses on how GPCRs, especially serotonin, dopamine, galanin, and opioid heteroreceptor complexes, modulate synaptic and volume transmission in the limbic networks of the brain. We attempt to provide information showing how these emerging concepts can contribute to finding new ways to treat both MDD and anxiety disorders.
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Stachowicz K, Bobula B, Kusek M, Lenda T, Tokarski K. Evidence for the interaction of COX-2 with mGluR5 in the regulation of EAAT1 and EAAT3 protein levels in the mouse hippocampus. The influence of oxidative stress mechanisms. Brain Res 2021; 1771:147660. [PMID: 34529964 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since we found that inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with concomitant application of a metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) antagonist (MTEP) down-regulates mGluR7 in the hippocampus (HC) and changes behavior of mice, our team decided to investigate the mechanism responsible for the observed changes. The amino acid glutamate (Glu) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Glu uptake is regulated by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT). There are five transporters with documented expression in neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS). EAATs, maintain the correct transmission of the Glu signal and prevent its toxic accumulation by removing Glu from the synapse. It has been documented that the toxic level of Glu is one of the main causes of mental and cognitive abnormalities. Given the above mechanisms involved in the functioning of the Glu synapse, we hypothesized modification of Glu uptake, involving EAATs as the cause of the observed changes. This study investigated the level of selected EAATs in the HC after chronic treatment with mGluR5 antagonist MTEP, NS398, and their combination using Western blot. Concomitant MTEP treatment with NS398 or a single administration of the above causes changes in LTP and modulation of EAAT levels in mouse HC. As EAATs are cellular markers of oxidative stress mechanisms, the E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was performed. The modified Barnes maze test (MBM) revealed alterations in the mouse spatial learning abilities. This study reports an interaction between the mGluR5 and COX-2 in the HC, with EAAT1 and EAAT3 involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Bobula
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kusek
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Lenda
- Department of Neuro- and Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Department of Physiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Milanese M, Bonifacino T, Torazza C, Provenzano F, Kumar M, Ravera S, Zerbo AR, Frumento G, Balbi M, Nguyen TPN, Bertola N, Ferrando S, Viale M, Profumo A, Bonanno G. Blocking glutamate mGlu 5 receptors with the negative allosteric modulator CTEP improves disease course in SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3747-3764. [PMID: 33931856 PMCID: PMC8457068 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not fully clarified, although excessive glutamate (Glu) transmission and the downstream cytotoxic cascades are major mechanisms for motor neuron death. Two metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5 ) are overexpressed in ALS and regulate cellular disease processes. Expression and function of mGlu5 receptors are altered at early symptomatic stages in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS and knockdown of mGlu5 receptors in SOD1G93A mice improved disease progression. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We treated male and female SOD1G93A mice with 2-chloro-4-((2,5-dimethyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine (CTEP), an orally available mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulator (NAM), using doses of 2 mg·kg-1 per 48 h or 4 mg·kg-1 per 24 h from Day 90, an early symptomatic disease stage. Disease progression was studied by behavioural and histological approaches. KEY RESULTS CTEP dose-dependently ameliorated clinical features in SOD1G93A mice. The lower dose increased survival and improved motor skills in female mice, with barely positive effects in male mice. Higher doses significantly ameliorated disease symptoms and survival in both males and females, females being more responsive. CTEP also reduced motor neuron death, astrocyte and microglia activation, and abnormal glutamate release in the spinal cord, with equal effects in male and female mice. No differences were also observed in CTEP access to the brain. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results suggest that mGlu5 receptors are promising targets for the treatment of ALS and highlight mGlu5 receptor NAMs as effective pharmacological tools with translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonifacino
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Genoa, Italy
| | - Carola Torazza
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Arianna Roberta Zerbo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Frumento
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - T P Nhung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Bertola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Profumo
- IRCCS Ospedale policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 inhibits α-synuclein-induced microglia inflammation to protect from neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 33461598 PMCID: PMC7814625 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia activation induced by α-synuclein (α-syn) is one of the most important factors in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which α-syn exerts neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity remain largely elusive. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been an attractive strategy to mediate microglia activation for neuroprotection, which might be an essential regulator to modulate α-syn-induced neuroinflammation for the treatment of PD. Here, we showed that mGluR5 inhibited α-syn-induced microglia inflammation to protect from neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Methods Co-immunoprecipitation assays were utilized to detect the interaction between mGluR5 and α-syn in microglia. Griess, ELISA, real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the regulation of α-syn-induced inflammatory signaling, cytokine secretion, and lysosome-dependent degradation. Results α-syn selectively interacted with mGluR5 but not mGluR3, and α-syn N terminal deletion region was essential for binding to mGluR5 in co-transfected HEK293T cells. The interaction between these two proteins was further detected in BV2 microglia, which was inhibited by the mGluR5 specific agonist CHPG without effect by its selective antagonist MTEP. Moreover, in both BV2 cells and primary microglia, activation of mGluR5 by CHPG partially inhibited α-syn-induced inflammatory signaling and cytokine secretion and also inhibited the microglia activation to protect from neurotoxicity. We further found that α-syn overexpression decreased mGluR5 expression via a lysosomal pathway, as evidenced by the lysosomal inhibitor, NH4Cl, by blocking mGluR5 degradation, which was not evident with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Additionally, co-localization of mGluR5 with α-syn was detected in lysosomes as merging with its marker, LAMP-1. Consistently, in vivo experiments with LPS- or AAV-α-syn-induced rat PD model also confirmed that α-syn accelerated lysosome-dependent degradation of mGluR5 involving a complex, to regulate neuroinflammation. Importantly, the binding is strengthened with LPS or α-syn overexpression but alleviated by urate, a potential clinical biomarker for PD. Conclusions These findings provided evidence for a novel mechanism by which the association of α-syn with mGluR5 was attributed to α-syn-induced microglia activation via modulation of mGluR5 degradation and its intracellular signaling. This may be a new molecular target for an effective therapeutic strategy for PD pathology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02079-1.
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Zinni M, Mairesse J, Pansiot J, Fazio F, Iacovelli L, Antenucci N, Orlando R, Nicoletti F, Vaiman D, Baud O. mGlu3 receptor regulates microglial cell reactivity in neonatal rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 33407565 PMCID: PMC7789385 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal inflammation is a key factor of brain vulnerability in neonates born preterm or with intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), two leading conditions associated with brain injury and responsible for neurocognitive and behavioral disorders. Systemic inflammation is recognized to activate microglia, known to be the critical modulators of brain vulnerability. Although some evidence supports a role for metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3 receptor) in modulation of neuroinflammation, its functions are still unknown in the developing microglia. METHODS We used a double-hit rat model of perinatal brain injury induced by a gestational low-protein diet combined with interleukin-1β injections (LPD/IL-1β), mimicking both IUGR and prematurity-related inflammation. The effect of LPD/IL-1β on mGlu3 receptor expression and the effect of mGlu3 receptor modulation on microglial reactivity were investigated using a combination of pharmacological, histological, and molecular and genetic approaches. RESULTS Exposure to LPD/IL-1β significantly downregulated Grm3 gene expression in the developing microglia. Both transcriptomic analyses and pharmacological modulation of mGlu3 receptor demonstrated its central role in the control of inflammation in resting and activated microglia. Microglia reactivity to inflammatory challenge induced by LPD/IL-1β exposure was reduced by an mGlu3 receptor agonist. Conversely, both specific pharmacological blockade, siRNA knock-down, and genetic knock-out of mGlu3 receptors mimicked the pro-inflammatory phenotype observed in microglial cells exposed to LPD/IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data show that Grm3 plays a central role in the regulation of microglial reactivity in the immature brain. Selective pharmacological activation of mGlu3 receptors may prevent inflammatory-induced perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zinni
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Mairesse
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Child Growth and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Pansiot
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nico Antenucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, UMR8104 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- Inserm UMR1141 NeuroDiderot, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. .,Laboratory of Child Growth and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Tubbs JD, Ding J, Baum L, Sham PC. Immune dysregulation in depression: Evidence from genome-wide association. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100108. [PMID: 34589869 PMCID: PMC8474691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong body of evidence supports a role for immune dysregulation across many psychiatric disorders including depression, the leading cause of global disability. Recent progress in the search for genetic variants associated with depression provides the opportunity to strengthen our current understanding of etiological factors contributing to depression and generate novel hypotheses. Here, we provide an overview of the literature demonstrating a role for immune dysregulation in depression, followed by a detailed discussion of the immune-related genes identified by the most recent genome-wide meta-analysis of depression. These genes represent strong evidence-based targets for future basic and translational research which aims to understand the role of the immune system in depression pathology and identify novel points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Tubbs
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiahong Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Larry Baum
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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13
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Zhang X, Wang D, Zhang B, Zhu J, Zhou Z, Cui L. Regulation of microglia by glutamate and its signal pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1074-1085. [PMID: 32320851 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are an essential component of the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in the primary response to microorganisms, neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration, as well as contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Research has shown that microglial diversity, multifunctionality, and their relationship with glutamate are crucial to determining their roles in these diseases. In this review, we focus on recent progress in determining microglial characteristics and the role of glutamate and its receptors in microglia regulation, which could be a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhulin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Rahman MS, Yang J, Luan Y, Qiu Z, Zhang J, Lu H, Chen X, Liu Y. Attenuation of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Microglial Activation and Neuronal Death Mediated by the Blockade of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 In Vivo. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1230-1243. [PMID: 32140955 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The activation of microglia in response to intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke is one of the principal components of the progression of this disease. It results in the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to neuronal death, a structural deterioration that, in turn interferes with functional recovery. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is highly expressed in reactive microglia and is involved in the pathological processes of brain disorders, but its role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unknown. We hypothesized that mGluR5 regulates microglial activation and ICH maintenance. In this study, collagenase-induced ICH mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of the mGluR5 antagonist-, MTEP, or vehicle 2 h after injury. We found that acute ICH upregulated mGluR5 and microglial activation. mGluR5 was highly localized in reactive microglia in the peri-hematomal cortex and striatum on days 3 and 7 post-ICH. The MTEP-mediated pharmacological inhibition of mGluR5 in vivo resulted in the substantial attenuation of acute microglial activation and IL-6, and TNF-α release. We also showed that the blockade of mGluR5 markedly reduced cell apoptosis, and neurodegeneration and markedly elevated neuroprotection. Furthermore, the MTEP-mediated inhibition of mGluR5 significantly reduced the lesion volume and improved functional recovery. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ICH injury enhances mGluR5 expression in the acute and subacute stages and that mGluR5 is highly localized in reactive microglia. The blockade of mGluR5 reduces ICH-induced acute microglial activation, provides neuroprotection and promotes neurofunctional recovery after ICH. The inhibition of mGluR5 may be a relevant therapeutic target for intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saidur Rahman
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengguo Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshui Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Effects of bacterial endotoxin on regulation of the heart, a sensory-CNS-motor nerve circuit and neuromuscular junctions: Crustacean model. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 237:110557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Savio M, Ibrahim MF, Scarlata C, Orgiu M, Accardo G, Sardar AS, Moccia F, Stivala LA, Brusotti G. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bellevalia saviczii Root Extract and Its Isolated Homoisoflavonoid ( Dracol) Are Mediated by Modification on Calcium Signaling. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183376. [PMID: 31533249 PMCID: PMC6766996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bellevalia saviczii is a medicinal plant used as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory herbal remedy in Iraqi-Kurdistan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of its extract and the isolated homoisoflavonoid (Dracol) by studying the Ca2+-dependent NF-kB pathway. Nuclear translocation of p65 NF-kB subunit, as parameter of NF-kB activation, was visualized in human leukemic monocytes by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses, after cell treatment with B. saviczii root extract or Dracol followed by Lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In parallel, Ca2+ signals responsible for NF-kB activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines were investigated. LPS-induced p65 translocation was evident in monocytes and both treatments, in particular that with Dracol, were able to counteract this activation. Intracellular Ca2+ oscillations were halted and the cytokine release reduced. These results confirm the traditional anti-inflammatory efficacy of B. saviczii and identify one of the molecules in the extract which appears to be responsible of this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Savio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mohammed Farhad Ibrahim
- Department of Drug Sciences, viale Taramelli 12, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Science, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq.
| | - Chiara Scarlata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Matteo Orgiu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani" via Forlanini 6, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Accardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Abdullah Shakur Sardar
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani" via Forlanini 6, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Anna Stivala
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Immunology and General Pathology Unit, via Ferrata 9, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Gloria Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, viale Taramelli 12, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Crabbé M, Dirkx N, Casteels C, Laere KV. Excitotoxic neurodegeneration is associated with a focal decrease in metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 availability: an in vivo PET imaging study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12916. [PMID: 31501497 PMCID: PMC6733799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been proposed as promising therapeutic targets to correct the dysregulated glutamate signaling, associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. Of all mGluR subtypes, especially mGluR5 acts as a modulator of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. To study the behavior of mGluR5 following localized excitotoxicity, we utilised a pharmacological model that portrays exacerbated neuronal glutamate release, mediated by the endogenous excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA). Using longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]FPEB, we investigated cerebral changes in mGluR5 following striatal QA-lesioning. Behavioral tests were executed to monitor motor and cognitive performance. Decreased mGluR5 binding potential (BPND) was found in the affected striatum and globus pallidus of QA-lesioned rats at week 3, and further decreased at week 7, as compared to sham-injected controls. mGluR5 availability in the ipsilateral nucleus accumbens was significantly decreased at 7 weeks post-injection. QA rats performed significantly worse on motor coordination and balance compared to control rats. Correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between striatal mGluR5 BPND and rotarod performance whereas print width of the unaffected forepaws showed a positive relation with mGluR5 BPND in the contralateral motor cortex. Together, our results suggest decreased mGluR5 availability to be related to excitotoxin-induced neurodegeneration and symptomatology although late stage effects do indicate possible cortical mGluR5-mediated effects on motor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crabbé
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nina Dirkx
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,MoSAIC - Molecular Small Animal Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Istas O, Greenhalgh A, Cooper R. The Effects of a Bacterial Endotoxin on Behavior and Sensory-CNS-Motor Circuits in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10040115. [PMID: 31013568 PMCID: PMC6523965 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bacterial sepsis on animal behavior and physiology is complex due to direct and indirect actions. The most common form of bacterial sepsis in humans is from gram-negative bacterial strains. The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and/or associated peptidoglycans from the bacteria are the key agents to induce an immune response, which then produces a cascade of immunological consequences. However, there are direct actions of LPS and associated peptidoglycans on cells which are commonly overlooked. This study showed behavioral and neural changes in larval Drosophila fed commercially obtained LPS from Serratia marcescens. Locomotor behavior was not altered, but feeding behavior increased and responses to sensory tactile stimuli were decreased. In driving a sensory-central nervous system (CNS)-motor neural circuit in in-situ preparations, direct application of commercially obtained LPS initially increased evoked activity and then decreased and even stopped evoked responses in a dose-dependent manner. With acute LPS and associated peptidoglycans exposure (10 min), the depressed neural responses recovered within a few minutes after removal of LPS. Commercially obtained LPS induces a transitory hyperpolarization of the body wall muscles within seconds of exposure and alters activity within the CNS circuit. Thus, LPS and/or associated peptidoglycans have direct effects on body wall muscle without a secondary immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Istas
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Abigail Greenhalgh
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
| | - Robin Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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20
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Spampinato SF, Copani A, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA, Caraci F. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Glial Cells: A New Potential Target for Neuroprotection? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:414. [PMID: 30483053 PMCID: PMC6243036 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation that finally lead to slow neuronal degeneration and death. Although neurons are the principal target, glial cells are important players as they contribute by either exacerbating or dampening the events that lead to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. A dysfunction of the glutamatergic system is a common event in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors belong to a large family of G protein-coupled receptors largely expressed in neurons as well as in glial cells. They often appear overexpressed in areas involved in neurodegeneration, where they can modulate glutamatergic transmission. Of note, mGlu receptor upregulation may involve microglia or, even more frequently, astrocytes, where their activation causes release of factors potentially able to influence neuronal death. The expression of mGlu receptors has been also reported on oligodendrocytes, a glial cell type specifically involved in the development of multiple sclerosis. Here we will provide a general overview on the possible involvement of mGlu receptors expressed on glial cells in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative disorders and the potential use of subtype-selective mGlu receptor ligands as candidate drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of mGlu5 receptors might represent a relevant pharmacological tool to develop new neuroprotective strategies in these diseases. Recent evidence suggests that targeting astrocytes and microglia with positive allosteric modulators (PAM) of mGlu3 receptor or oligodendrocytes with mGlu4 PAMS might represent novel pharmacological approaches for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Neuromed, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Troina, Italy
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Biased agonism and allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2323-2338. [PMID: 30389826 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors belong to class C G-protein-coupled receptors and consist of eight subtypes that are ubiquitously expressed throughout the central nervous system. In recent years, the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) has emerged as a promising target for a broad range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug discovery programs targetting mGlu5 are primarily focused on development of allosteric modulators that interact with sites distinct from the endogenous agonist glutamate. Significant efforts have seen mGlu5 allosteric modulators progress into clinical trials; however, recent failures due to lack of efficacy or adverse effects indicate a need for a better understanding of the functional consequences of mGlu5 allosteric modulation. Biased agonism is an interrelated phenomenon to allosterism, describing how different ligands acting through the same receptor can differentially influence signaling to distinct transducers and pathways. Emerging evidence demonstrates that allosteric modulators can induce biased pharmacology at the level of intrinsic agonism as well as through differential modulation of orthosteric agonist-signaling pathways. Here, we present key considerations in the discovery and development of mGlu5 allosteric modulators and the opportunities and pitfalls offered by biased agonism and modulation.
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22
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Huang YY, Zhang Q, Zhang JN, Zhang YN, Gu L, Yang HM, Xia N, Wang XM, Zhang H. Triptolide up-regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 to inhibit microglia activation in the lipopolysaccharide-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:93-107. [PMID: 29649522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu)5 regulates microglia activation, which contributes to inflammation. However, the role of mGlu5 in neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. Triptolide (T10) exerts potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects and protects neurons by inhibiting microglia activation. In this study, we investigated the role of mGlu5 in the anti-inflammatory effect of T10 in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD model. In cultured BV2 cells and primary microglia, blocking mGlu5 activity or knocking down its expression abolished T10-inhibited release of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. Moreover, T10 up-regulated mGlu5 expression decreased by LPS through enhancing mRNA expression and protein stability. T10 also reversed the reduction in mGlu5 membrane localization and modulated receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by LPS. Pharmacological inhibition of signaling molecules increased nitric oxide level and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-1β and -6 transcript levels that were downregulated by treatment with T10. Consistent with these in vitro findings, blocking mGlu5 attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects of T10 in an LPS-induced PD model and blocked the decreases in the number and morphology of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-positive microglia and LPS-induced iNOS protein expression caused by T10 treatment. Besides, mGlu5 mediated the effect of T10 on microglia-induced astrocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which mGlu5 regulates T10-inhibited microglia activation via modulating protein expression of the receptor and its intracellular signaling. The study might contribute to the biological effects of Chinese herbs as an approach for protecting against neurotoxicity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jian-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui-Min Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ning Xia
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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23
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Cui J, Yu S, Li Y, Li P, Liu F. Direct binding of Toll-like receptor 4 to ionotropic glutamate receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate subunit 1 induced by lipopolysaccharide in microglial cells N9 and EOC 20. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1323-1330. [PMID: 29286078 PMCID: PMC5819937 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells in the brain, are the predominant cells regulating inflammation-mediated neuronal damage. In response to immunological challenges, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), microglia are activated and the inflammatory process is subsequently initiated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether LPS induces interactions between the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the ionotropic glutamate receptor N-methyl-D-aspartate subunit 1 (GluN1) in N9 and EOC 20 microglial cells. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated co-localization of TLR4 and GluN1 in response to LPS, and the direct binding of TLR4 and GluN1 was further validated by antibody-based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer technology. Inhibition of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 with its selective antagonist, MTEP, abolished LPS-induced direct binding of TLR4 to GluN1. Therefore, these data demonstrated that GluN1 and TLR4 act reciprocally in response to LPS in N9 and EOC 20 microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yihui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders of The Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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24
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Beneventano M, Spampinato SF, Merlo S, Chisari M, Platania P, Ragusa M, Purrello M, Nicoletti F, Sortino MA. Shedding of Microvesicles from Microglia Contributes to the Effects Induced by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Activation on Neuronal Death. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:812. [PMID: 29170640 PMCID: PMC5684115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor 5 is involved in neuroinflammation and has been shown to mediate reduced inflammation and neurotoxicity and to modify microglia polarization. On the other hand, blockade of mGlu5 receptor results in inhibition of microglia activation. To dissect this controversy, we investigated whether microvesicles (MVs) released from microglia BV2 cells could contribute to the communication between microglia and neurons and whether this interaction was modulated by mGlu5 receptor. Activation of purinergic ionotropic P2X7 receptor with the stable ATP analog benzoyl-ATP (100 μM) caused rapid MVs shedding from BV2 cells. Ionic currents through P2X7 receptor increased in BV2 cells pretreated for 24 h with the mGlu5 receptor agonist CHPG (200 μM) as by patch-clamp recording. This increase was blunted when microglia cells were activated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.1 μg/ml for 6 h). Accordingly, a greater amount of MVs formed after CHPG treatment, an effect prevented by the mGlu5 receptor antagonist MTEP (100 μM), as measured by expression of flotillin, a membrane protein enriched in MVs. Transferred MVs were internalized by SH-SY5Y neurons where they did not modify neuronal death induced by a low concentration of rotenone (0.1 μM for 24 h), but significantly increased rotenone neurotoxicity when shed from CHPG-treated BV2 cells. miR146a was increased in CHPG-treated MVs, an effect concealed in MVs from LPS-activated BV2 cells that showed per se an increase in miRNA146a levels. The present data support a role for microglia-shed MVs in mGlu5-mediated modulation of neuronal death and identify miRNAs as potential critical mediators of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beneventano
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona F Spampinato
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariangela Chisari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Platania
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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25
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Kurland DB, Gerzanich V, Karimy JK, Woo SK, Vennekens R, Freichel M, Nilius B, Bryan J, Simard JM. The Sur1-Trpm4 channel regulates NOS2 transcription in TLR4-activated microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:130. [PMID: 27246103 PMCID: PMC4888589 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Harmful effects of activated microglia are due, in part, to the formation of peroxynitrite radicals, which is attributable to the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS2). Because NOS2 expression is determined by Ca2+-sensitive calcineurin (CN) dephosphorylating nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and because Sur1-Trpm4 channels are crucial for regulating Ca2+ influx, we hypothesized that, in activated microglia, Sur1-Trpm4 channels play a central role in regulating CN/NFAT and downstream target genes such as Nos2. Methods We studied microglia in vivo and in primary culture from adult rats, and from wild type, Abcc8−/− and Trpm4−/− mice, and immortalized N9 microglia, following activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, co-immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, qPCR, patch clamp electrophysiology, calcium imaging, the Griess assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results In microglia in vivo and in vitro, LPS activation of TLR4 led to de novo upregulation of Sur1-Trpm4 channels and CN/NFAT-dependent upregulation of Nos2 mRNA, NOS2 protein, and NO. Pharmacological inhibition of Sur1 (glibenclamide), Trpm4 (9-phenanthrol), or gene silencing of Abcc8 or Trpm4 reduced Nos2 upregulation. Inhibiting Sur1-Trpm4 increased the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), as expected, but also decreased NFAT nuclear translocation. The increase in [Ca2+]i induced by inhibiting or silencing Sur1-Trpm4 resulted in phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II and of CN, consistent with reduced nuclear translocation of NFAT. The regulation of NFAT by Sur1-Trpm4 was confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation. Conclusions Sur1-Trpm4 constitutes a novel mechanism by which TLR4-activated microglia regulate pro-inflammatory, Ca2+-sensitive gene expression, including Nos2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Kurland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA. .,Neurosurgery Research Laboratories, 10 S. Pine St, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA.
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Jason K Karimy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Seung Kyoon Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Department Cell Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49-Bus 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Freichel
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Department Cell Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Ion Channel Research, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49-Bus 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Joseph Bryan
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Suite S12D, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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26
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Wang CP, Shi YW, Tang M, Zhang XC, Gu Y, Liang XM, Wang ZW, Ding F. Isoquercetin Ameliorates Cerebral Impairment in Focal Ischemia Through Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects in Primary Culture of Rat Hippocampal Neurons and Hippocampal CA1 Region of Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2126-2142. [PMID: 26924319 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major disability and cause of death worldwide due to its narrow therapeutic time window. Neuroprotective agent is a promising strategy to salvage acutely ischemic brain tissue and extend the therapeutic time window for stroke treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin in (1) primary culture of rat hippocampal neurons exposure on oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) injury and (2) rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) injury. The results showed that isoquercetin post-treatment reduced the infarct size, number of apoptotic cells, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response after ischemia and reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanism study indicated that the neuroprotective effects of isoquercetin were elicited via suppressing the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and caspase-1; the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. In addition, isoquercetin also effectively alleviated hippocampus neuron apoptosis by regulation of cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Our report provided new considerations into the therapeutic action and the underlying mechanisms of isoquercetin to improve brain injury in individuals who have suffered from ischemic stroke. As a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative compound with neuroprotective capacities, the beneficial effects of isoquercetin when used to treat ischemic stroke and related diseases in humans warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Miao Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, No. 19, Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Ashley AK, Hinds AI, Hanneman WH, Tjalkens RB, Legare ME. DJ-1 mutation decreases astroglial release of inflammatory mediators. Neurotoxicology 2015; 52:198-203. [PMID: 26691871 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in DJ-1, reactive gliosis and concomitant inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). To study the physiological consequences of DJ-1 mutation in the context of neuroinflammatory insult, primary cortical astrocytes were isolated from DJ-1 knockout mice. Astrocytes were exposed to 1μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24h following 2h pre-exposure to inhibitors of MEK (U0126), JNK (JNK inhibitor II) or p38 (SB203580). Real-time PCR was used to assess the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (NOS2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). LPS-induced expression of COX2 decreased similarly in DJ-1(+/+) and DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes in response to inhibition of p38, but was unaffected by inhibition of MEK or JNK. No significant alterations in NOS2 expression were observed in any inhibitor-treated cells. The inhibitors did not affect expression of TNFα; however, DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes had consistently lower expression compared to DJ-1(+/+) counterparts. Secretion of TNFα and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the culture medium was significantly decreased in DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes, and inhibition of p38 decreased this secretion in both genotypes. In conclusion, DJ-1(-/-) astrocytes may provide decreased neuroprotection to surrounding neurons due to alterations in pro-inflammatory mediator expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ashley
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - A I Hinds
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - W H Hanneman
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - R B Tjalkens
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States
| | - M E Legare
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, United States.
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28
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Kumar A, Dhull DK, Mishra PS. Therapeutic potential of mGluR5 targeting in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:215. [PMID: 26106290 PMCID: PMC4460345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research dedicated toward Alzheimer's disease (AD) has culminated in much of the current understanding of the neurodegeneration associated with disease. However, delineating the pathophysiology and finding a possible cure for the disease is still wanting. This is in part due to the lack of knowledge pertaining to the connecting link between neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathways. Consequently, the inefficacy and ill-effects of the drugs currently available for AD encourage the need for alternative and safe therapeutic intervention. In this review we highlight the potential of mGluR5, a metabotropic glutamatergic receptor, in understanding the mechanism underlying the neuronal death and neuroinflammation in AD. We also discuss the role of mGlu5 receptor in mediating the neuron-glia interaction in the disease. Finally, we discuss the potential of mGluR5 as target for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Dinesh K Dhull
- UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | - Pooja S Mishra
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences Bangalore, India
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29
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Crosstalk Among Disrupted Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Homeostasis and Inflammatory Response in Mechanisms Elicited by Proline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1065-1079. [PMID: 25579384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro.
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