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Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Herbert MJ, Noonan C, Foresi BD, Qiu J, Lim YP, Banks WA, Stonestreet BS. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114563. [PMID: 37806514 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information regarding efficacious pharmacological neuroprotective strategies to attenuate or reduce brain injury in neonates. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in adult rodents and increases inflammation in adults and neonates. Human blood-derived Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins (IAIPs) are neuroprotective, improve neonatal survival after LPS, and attenuate LPS-induced disruption of the BBB in adult male mice. We hypothesized that LPS also disrupts the function of the BBB in neonatal mice and that IAIPs attenuate the LPS-induced BBB disruption in male and female neonatal mice. IAIPs were administered to neonatal mice after LPS and BBB permeability quantified with intravenous 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin. Although repeated high doses (3 mg/kg) of LPS in neonates resulted in high mortality rates and a robust increase in BBB permeability, repeated lower doses (1 mg/kg) of LPS resulted in lower mortality rates and disruption of the BBB in both male and female neonates. IAIP treatment attenuated disruption of the BBB similarly to sucrose and albumin after exposure to low-dose LPS in neonatal mice. Exposure to low-dose LPS elevated IAIP concentrations in blood, but it did not appear to increase the systemic levels of Pre-alpha inhibitor (PaI), one of the family members of the IAIPs that contains heavy chain 3. We conclude that IAIPs attenuate LPS-related disruption of the BBB in both male and female neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melanie J Herbert
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Cassidy Noonan
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Brian D Foresi
- College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Joseph Qiu
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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2
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Kelly SB, Tran NT, Polglase GR, Hunt RW, Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Olson DM, Chemtob S, Lodygensky GA, Robertson SA, Gunn AJ, Galinsky R. A systematic review of immune-based interventions for perinatal neuroprotection: closing the gap between animal studies and human trials. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:241. [PMID: 37864272 PMCID: PMC10588248 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02911-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal infection/inflammation is associated with a high risk for neurological injury and neurodevelopmental impairment after birth. Despite a growing preclinical evidence base, anti-inflammatory interventions have not been established in clinical practice, partly because of the range of potential targets. We therefore systematically reviewed preclinical studies of immunomodulation to improve neurological outcomes in the perinatal brain and assessed their therapeutic potential. METHODS We reviewed relevant studies published from January 2012 to July 2023 using PubMed, Medline (OvidSP) and EMBASE databases. Studies were assessed for risk of bias using the SYRCLE risk of bias assessment tool (PROSPERO; registration number CRD42023395690). RESULTS Forty preclinical publications using 12 models of perinatal neuroinflammation were identified and divided into 59 individual studies. Twenty-seven anti-inflammatory agents in 19 categories were investigated. Forty-five (76%) of 59 studies reported neuroprotection, from all 19 categories of therapeutics. Notably, 10/10 (100%) studies investigating anti-interleukin (IL)-1 therapies reported improved outcome, whereas half of the studies using corticosteroids (5/10; 50%) reported no improvement or worse outcomes with treatment. Most studies (49/59, 83%) did not control core body temperature (a known potential confounder), and 25 of 59 studies (42%) did not report the sex of subjects. Many studies did not clearly state whether they controlled for potential study bias. CONCLUSION Anti-inflammatory therapies are promising candidates for treatment or even prevention of perinatal brain injury. Our analysis highlights key knowledge gaps and opportunities to improve preclinical study design that must be addressed to support clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmony B Kelly
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nhi T Tran
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney W Hunt
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David M Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory A Lodygensky
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine Research Centre, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- The University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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3
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Dunton AD, Göpel T, Ho DH, Burggren W. Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212111. [PMID: 34829989 PMCID: PMC8618301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited 'scala naturae' approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Dunton
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Dao H. Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
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4
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Erickson MA, Rhea EM, Knopp RC, Banks WA. Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2681. [PMID: 33800954 PMCID: PMC7961671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that neurological complications occur as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical interface that regulates entry of circulating molecules into the CNS, and is regulated by signals that arise from the brain and blood compartments. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the BBB may contribute to neurological dysfunction associated with coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2. We consider aspects of peripheral disease, such as hypoxia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome/cytokine storm, as well as CNS infection and mechanisms of viral entry into the brain. We also discuss the contribution of risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 to BBB dysfunction that could increase viral entry or otherwise damage the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Rachel C. Knopp
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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5
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Koehn LM, Chen X, Logsdon AF, Lim YP, Stonestreet BS. Novel Neuroprotective Agents to Treat Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Inter-Alpha Inhibitor Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9193. [PMID: 33276548 PMCID: PMC7731124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of brain injury and mortality in neonates. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) predisposes infants to long-term cognitive deficits that influence their quality of life and place a large burden on society. The only approved treatment to protect the brain after HI is therapeutic hypothermia, which has limited effectiveness, a narrow therapeutic time window, and is not considered safe for treatment of premature infants. Alternative or adjunctive therapies are needed to improve outcomes of full-term and premature infants after exposure to HI. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) are immunomodulatory molecules that are proposed to limit the progression of neonatal inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis. Inflammation exacerbates neonatal HIE and suggests that IAIPs could attenuate HI-related brain injury and improve cognitive outcomes associated with HIE. Recent studies have shown that intraperitoneal treatment with IAIPs can decrease neuronal and non-neuronal cell death, attenuate glial responses and leukocyte invasion, and provide long-term behavioral benefits in neonatal rat models of HI-related brain injury. The present review summarizes these findings and outlines the remaining experimental analyses necessary to determine the clinical applicability of this promising neuroprotective treatment for neonatal HI-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M. Koehn
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA; (L.M.K.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA; (L.M.K.); (X.C.)
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI 02903, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Barbara S. Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02905, USA; (L.M.K.); (X.C.)
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6
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Ophelders DR, Gussenhoven R, Klein L, Jellema RK, Westerlaken RJ, Hütten MC, Vermeulen J, Wassink G, Gunn AJ, Wolfs TG. Preterm Brain Injury, Antenatal Triggers, and Therapeutics: Timing Is Key. Cells 2020; 9:E1871. [PMID: 32785181 PMCID: PMC7464163 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With a worldwide incidence of 15 million cases, preterm birth is a major contributor to neonatal mortality and morbidity, and concomitant social and economic burden Preterm infants are predisposed to life-long neurological disorders due to the immaturity of the brain. The risks are inversely proportional to maturity at birth. In the majority of extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks' gestation), perinatal brain injury is associated with exposure to multiple inflammatory perinatal triggers that include antenatal infection (i.e., chorioamnionitis), hypoxia-ischemia, and various postnatal injurious triggers (i.e., oxidative stress, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability). These perinatal insults cause a self-perpetuating cascade of peripheral and cerebral inflammation that plays a critical role in the etiology of diffuse white and grey matter injuries that underlies a spectrum of connectivity deficits in survivors from extremely preterm birth. This review focuses on chorioamnionitis and hypoxia-ischemia, which are two important antenatal risk factors for preterm brain injury, and highlights the latest insights on its pathophysiology, potential treatment, and future perspectives to narrow the translational gap between preclinical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan R.M.G. Ophelders
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Gussenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Luise Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reint K. Jellema
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
| | - Rob J.J. Westerlaken
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias C. Hütten
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Vermeulen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Guido Wassink
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (G.W.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (G.W.); (A.J.G.)
| | - Tim G.A.M. Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; (D.R.M.G.O.); (R.G.); (L.K.); (R.K.J.); (R.J.J.W.); (M.C.H.)
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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7
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DISDIER C, STONESTREET BS. Hypoxic-ischemic-related cerebrovascular changes and potential therapeutic strategies in the neonatal brain. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1468-1484. [PMID: 32060970 PMCID: PMC7242133 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-related brain injury is an important cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. The only currently approved therapeutic strategy available to reduce brain injury in the newborn is hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia can only be used to treat HI encephalopathy in full-term infants and survivors remain at high risk for a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities as a result of residual brain injury. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Inflammation and neurovascular damage are important factors that contribute to the pathophysiology of HI-related brain injury and represent exciting potential targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we address the role of each component of the neurovascular unit (NVU) in the pathophysiology of HI-related injury in the neonatal brain. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) observed in the early hours after an HI-related event is associated with a response at the basal lamina level, which comprises astrocytes, pericytes, and immune cells, all of which could affect BBB function to further exacerbate parenchymal injury. Future research is required to determine potential drugs that could prevent or attenuate neurovascular damage and/or augment repair. However, some studies have reported beneficial effects of hypothermia, erythropoietin, stem cell therapy, anti-cytokine therapy and metformin in ameliorating several different facets of damage to the NVU after HI-related brain injury in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence DISDIER
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Barbara S STONESTREET
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
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8
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Wei N, Zhang H, Wang J, Wang S, Lv W, Luo L, Xu Z. The Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Exosomes and MicroRNAs on Epileptic Comorbidity Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:405. [PMID: 32528321 PMCID: PMC7247821 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of epilepsy can increase the incidence of depression, and the risk of epilepsy in the patients with depression is also high, both of which have an adverse effect on the life and the psychology of the patient, which is not conducive to the prognosis of the patients with epilepsy. With lucubrating the function of exosomes and microRNAs, some scholars found that the exosomes and its microRNAs have development prospect in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. MicroRNAs are involved in the regulation of seizures and depression, as biomarkers, that can significantly improve the management of epileptic patients and play a preventive role in the occurrence of epilepsy and epilepsy depressive disorder. Moreover, due to its regulation to genes, appropriate application of microRNAs may have therapeutic effect on epilepsy and depression with the characteristics of long distance transmission and stability of exosomes, to a certain extent. This provides a great convenience for the diagnosis and treatment of epileptic comorbidity depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wei
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Prevention and Health Care, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wenbo Lv
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Limei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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9
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Logsdon AF, Erickson MA, Chen X, Qiu J, Lim YP, Stonestreet BS, Banks WA. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and downregulate circulating interleukin 6 in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1090-1102. [PMID: 31234704 PMCID: PMC7181088 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19859465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins change dramatically in acute inflammatory disorders, which suggest an important contribution to the immunomodulatory system. Human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are neuroprotective and improve survival of neonatal mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Lipopolysaccharide augments inflammatory conditions and disrupts the blood-brain barrier. There is a paucity of therapeutic strategies to treat blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and the neuroprotective effects of human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins are not fully understood. To examine the therapeutic potential of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins, we administered human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor proteins to male and female CD-1 mice after lipopolysaccharide exposure and quantified blood-brain barrier permeability of intravenously injected 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin. We hypothesized that human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment would attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and associated inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide increased blood-brain barrier permeability to both 14C-sucrose and 99mTc-albumin, but human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment only attenuated increases in 14C-sucrose blood-brain barrier permeability in male mice. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated a more robust elevation of male serum inter-alpha inhibitor protein concentration compared to the elevation measured in female serum. Lipopolysaccharide administration also increased multiple inflammatory factors in serum and brain tissue, including interleukin 6. Human blood-derived inter-alpha inhibitor protein treatment downregulated serum interleukin 6 levels, which were inversely correlated with serum inter-alpha inhibitor protein concentration. We conclude that inter-alpha inhibitor proteins may be neuroprotective through mechanisms of blood-brain barrier disruption associated with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric F Logsdon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of RI, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Joseph Qiu
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc., Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of RI, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Barrera-Sandoval AM, Osorio E, Cardona-Gómez GP. Microglial-targeting induced by intranasal linalool during neurological protection postischemia. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bok E, Cho EJ, Chung ES, Shin WH, Jin BK. Interleukin-4 Contributes to Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons in the Lipopolysaccharide-treated Substantia Nigra in vivo. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:309-319. [PMID: 30181693 PMCID: PMC6120964 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of interleukin (IL)-4 on dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) in vivo of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated rat. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry showed a significant loss of nigral DA neurons at 3 and 7 day post-LPS. In parallel, IL-4 immunoreactivity was upregulated as early as 1 day, reached a peak at 3 day and remained elevated at 7 day post-LPS. IL-4 immunoreactivity was detected exclusively in microglia. IL-4 neutralizing antibody (NA) significantly increased survival of DA neurons in LPS-treated SN in vivo by inhibiting microglial activation and production of proinflammatory mediator such as IL-1β as assessed by immunihistochemical, RT-PCR and ELISA analysis, respectively. Accompanying neuroprotection are IL-4NA effects on decreased disruption of blood-brain barrier and astrocytes. The present data suggest that endogenously expressed IL-4 from reactive microglia may be involved in the neuropathological processes of degeneration of DA neurons occurring in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bok
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Chen X, Patra A, Sadowska GB, Stonestreet BS. Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury Increases Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Fetal Sheep Brain. Dev Neurosci 2018; 40:234-245. [PMID: 30048980 DOI: 10.1159/000489700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental morbidities in preterm and full-term infants. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction represents an important component of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital component of the blood-brain barrier. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are important ECM components. They contribute to brain development, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and to regenerative and repair processes after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We hypothesized that ischemia at different durations of reperfusion affects the ECM protein composition of MMPs and TIMPs in the cerebral cortex of fetal sheep. Cerebral cortical samples were snap-frozen from sham control fetuses at 127 days of gestation and from fetuses after exposure to 30-min carotid occlusion and 4-, 24-, and 48-h of reperfusion. Protein expression of MMP-2, -8, -9, and -13 and TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 was measured by Western immunoblotting along with the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography. The expression of MMP-8 was increased (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.04) in fetuses 48 h after ischemia. In contrast, changes were not observed in the protein expression of MMP-2, -9, or -13. The gelatinolytic activity of pro-MMP-2 was increased (ANOVA, p = 0.02, Tukey HSD, p = 0.05) 24 h after ischemia. TIMP-1 and -3 expression levels were also higher (TIMP-1, ANOVA, p = 0.003, Tukey HSD, p = 0.01; TIMP-3, ANOVA, p = 0.006, Tukey HSD, p = 0.01) 24 h after ischemia compared with both the sham controls and with fetuses exposed to 4 h of reperfusion. The changes in the expression of TIMP-1, -2, and -3 correlated with the changes in the MMP-8 and -13 protein expression. We speculate that regulation of MMP-8, MMP-13, and TIMPs contributes to ECM remodeling after is chemic-reperfusion injury in the fetal brain.
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Disdier C, Chen X, Kim JE, Threlkeld SW, Stonestreet BS. Anti-Cytokine Therapy to Attenuate Ischemic-Reperfusion Associated Brain Injury in the Perinatal Period. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E101. [PMID: 29875342 PMCID: PMC6025309 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is a major cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. Hypothermia is the only therapy approved to attenuate brain injury in the newborn. However, this treatment is unfortunately only partially neuroprotective and can only be used to treat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in full term infants. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Post-ischemic neuro-inflammation is a crucial contributor to the evolution of brain injury in neonates and constitutes a promising therapeutic target. Recently, we demonstrated encouraging neuroprotective capacities of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in an ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) model of brain injury in the ovine fetus. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the inflammatory response in the perinatal sheep brain after I/R injury and to review our recent findings regarding the beneficial effects of treatment with anti-cytokine mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Disdier
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | | | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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Erickson MA, Banks WA. Neuroimmune Axes of the Blood-Brain Barriers and Blood-Brain Interfaces: Bases for Physiological Regulation, Disease States, and Pharmacological Interventions. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:278-314. [PMID: 29496890 PMCID: PMC5833009 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) barriers predominantly mediate the immune-privileged status of the brain, and are also important regulators of neuroimmune communication. It is increasingly appreciated that communication between the brain and immune system contributes to physiologic processes, adaptive responses, and disease states. In this review, we discuss the highly specialized features of brain barriers that regulate neuroimmune communication in health and disease. In section I, we discuss the concept of immune privilege, provide working definitions of brain barriers, and outline the historical work that contributed to the understanding of CNS barrier functions. In section II, we discuss the unique anatomic, cellular, and molecular characteristics of the vascular blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and tanycytic barriers that confer their functions as neuroimmune interfaces. In section III, we consider BBB-mediated neuroimmune functions and interactions categorized as five neuroimmune axes: disruption, responses to immune stimuli, uptake and transport of immunoactive substances, immune cell trafficking, and secretions of immunoactive substances. In section IV, we discuss neuroimmune functions of CNS barriers in physiologic and disease states, as well as pharmacological interventions for CNS diseases. Throughout this review, we highlight many recent advances that have contributed to the modern understanding of CNS barriers and their interface functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Erickson
- Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research and Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington; and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Chen X, Hovanesian V, Naqvi S, Lim YP, Tucker R, Donahue JE, Stopa EG, Stonestreet BS. Systemic infusions of anti-interleukin-1β neutralizing antibodies reduce short-term brain injury after cerebral ischemia in the ovine fetus. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:24-35. [PMID: 28780000 PMCID: PMC5696097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic reperfusion (I/R)-related brain injury is a leading cause of neurologic morbidity and life-long disability in children. Infants exposed to I/R brain injury develop long-term cognitive and behavioral deficits, placing a large burden on parents and society. Therapeutic strategies are currently not available for infants with I/R brain damage, except for hypothermia, which can only be used in full term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Moreover, hypothermia is only partially protective. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are key contributors to the pathogenesis of perinatal I/R brain injury. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a critical pro-inflammatory cytokine, which has been shown to predict the severity of HIE in infants. We have previously shown that systemic infusions of mouse anti-ovine IL-1β monoclonal antibody (mAb) into fetal sheep resulted in anti-IL-1β mAb penetration into brain, reduced I/R-related increases in IL-1β expression and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in fetal brain. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of systemic infusions of anti-IL-1β mAb on short-term I/R-related parenchymal brain injury in the fetus by examining: 1) histopathological changes, 2) apoptosis and caspase-3 activity, 3) neuronal degeneration 4) reactive gliosis and 5) myelin basic protein (MBP) immunohistochemical staining. The study groups included non-ischemic controls, placebo-treated ischemic, and anti-IL-1β mAb treated ischemic fetal sheep at 127days of gestation. The systemic intravenous infusions of anti-IL-1β mAb were administered at fifteen minutes and four hours after in utero brain ischemia. The duration of each infusion was two hours. Parenchymal brain injury was evaluated by determining pathological injury scores, ApopTag® positive cells/mm2, caspase-3 activity, Fluoro-Jade B positive cells/mm2, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and MBP staining in the brains of fetal sheep 24h after 30min of ischemia. Treatment with anti-IL-1β mAb reduced (P<0.05) the global pathological injury scores, number of apoptotic positive cells/mm2, and caspase-3 activity after ischemia in fetal sheep. The regional pathological scores and Fluoro-Jade B positive cells/mm2 did not differ between the placebo- and anti-IL-1β mAb treated ischemic fetal sheep. The percent of the cortical area stained for GFAP was lower (P<0.05) in the placebo ischemic treated than in the non-ischemic group, but did not differ between the placebo- and anti-IL-1β mAb treated ischemic groups. MBP immunohistochemical expression did not differ among the groups. In conclusion, infusions of anti-IL-1β mAb attenuate short-term I/R-related histopathological tissue injury, apoptosis, and reduce I/R-related increases in caspase-3 activity in ovine fetal brain. Therefore, systemic infusions of anti-IL-1β mAb attenuate short-term I/R-related parenchymal brain injury in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
| | - Virginia Hovanesian
- Core Research Laboratories, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Syed Naqvi
- Department of Pediatrics, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
| | | | - Richard Tucker
- Department of Pediatrics, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
| | - John E. Donahue
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Edward G. Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Barbara S. Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
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