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Sun J, Wang W, Ma Q, Pan X, Zhai H, Wang J, Han Y, Li Y, Wang Y. Necrostatin-1s Suppresses RIPK1-driven Necroptosis and Inflammation in Periventricular Leukomalacia Neonatal Mice. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:129-141. [PMID: 37642893 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a predominant form of brain injury in preterm survivors, is characterized by hypomyelination and microgliosis and is also the major cause of long-term neurobehavioral abnormalities in premature infants. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) plays a pivotal role in mediating cell death and inflammatory signaling cascade. However, very little is known about the potential effect of RIPK1 in PVL and the underlying mechanism. Herein, we found that the expression level of RIPK1 was drastically increased in the brain of PVL neonatal mice models, and treatment of PVL neonatal mice with Necrostatin-1s (Nec-1s), an inhibitor of RIPK1, greatly ameliorated cerebral ischemic injury, exhibiting an increase of body weights, reduction of cerebral infarct size, neuronal loss, and occurrence of necrosis-like cells, and significantly improved the long-term abnormal neurobehaviors of PVL. In addition, Nec-1s significantly suppressed hypomyelination and promoted the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), as demonstrated by the increased expression levels of MBP and Olig2, the decreased expression level of GPR17, a significant increase in the number of CC-1-positive cells, and suppression of myelin ultrastructure impairment. Moreover, the mechanism of neuroprotective effects of Nec-1s against PVL is closely associated with its suppression of the RIPK1-mediated necrosis signaling molecules, RIPK1, PIPK3, and MLKL. More importantly, inhibition of RIPK1 could reduce microglial inflammatory injury by triggering the M1 to M2 microglial phenotype, appreciably decreasing the levels of M1 marker CD86 and increasing the levels of M2 markers Arg1 or CD206 in PVL mice. Taken together, inhibition of RIPK1 markedly ameliorates the brain injury and long-term neurobehavioral abnormalities of PVL mice through the reduction of neural cell necroptosis and reversing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Quanrui Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Hualiang Zhai
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Junyan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Yunhong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China.
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, P.R. China.
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Yuan X, Ye W, Chen L, Luo D, Zhou L, Qiu Y, Zhuo R, Zhao Y, Peng L, Yang L, Jin X, Zhou Y. URB597 exerts neuroprotective effects against transient brain ischemia injury in mice by regulating autophagic flux and necroptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175982. [PMID: 37572942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, and medical treatments for ischemic stroke are very limited. URB597 is a potent and selective inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). However, the effect of URB597 on ischemic stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain little known. In this study, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Our results showed that URB597 dose-dependently improved neurological function and reduced brain infarct volume and brain edema 24 h after brain ischemia. The most effective dose was 1 mg/kg and the therapeutic time window was within 3 h after ischemic stroke. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, necroptosis and autophagy flux were detected by Western blot and/or immunofluorescence staining with or without chloroquine, an autophagic flux inhibitor. Our results showed that URB597 promoted autophagic flux and reduced neuronal necroptosis after brain ischemia and these effects could be abolished by chloroquine. In addition, we found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) antagonist GW6471 partly abolished the effect of URB597 against brain ischemia and URB597 upregulated the expressions of PPARα. In conclusion, URB597 exerts a neuroprotective effect in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and this effect may be related to its restoration of autophagic flux and inhibition of neuronal necroptosis. PPARα is involved in the neuroprotective effect of URB597. This study provides novel evidence that URB597 may be a promising agent for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yuan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Wenxuan Ye
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Doudou Luo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rengong Zhuo
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lichao Yang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Xiamen, 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Hu X, Geng P, Zhao X, Wang Q, Liu C, Guo C, Dong W, Jin X. The NG2-glia is a potential target to maintain the integrity of neurovascular unit after acute ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106076. [PMID: 36921779 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays a critical role in health and disease. In the current review, we discuss the critical role of a class of neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing glial cells (NG2-glia) in regulating NVU after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We first introduce the role of NG2-glia in the formation of NVU during development as well as aging-induced damage to NVU and accompanying NG2-glia change. We then discuss the reciprocal interactions between NG2-glia and the other component cells of NVU, emphasizing the factors that could influence NG2-glia. Damage to the NVU integrity is the pathological basis of edema and hemorrhagic transformation, the most dreaded complication after AIS. The role of NG2-glia in AIS-induced NVU damage and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation on AIS-induced NVU damage are summarized. We next discuss the role of NG2-glia and the effect of NG2-glia transplantation in oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair as well as angiogenesis which is associated with the outcome of the patients after AIS. Finally, we review the current strategies to promote NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation and propose to use the dental pulp stem cells (DPSC)-derived exosome as a promising strategy to reduce AIS-induced injury and promote repair through maintaining the integrity of NVU by regulating endogenous NG2-glia proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Panpan Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Wen Dong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
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Shi K, Zhang J, Zhou E, Wang J, Wang Y. Small-Molecule Receptor-Interacting Protein 1 (RIP1) Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents for Multifaceted Diseases: Current Medicinal Chemistry Insights and Emerging Opportunities. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14971-14999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Shi
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Enda Zhou
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
- Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China
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Meng J, Zhang J, Fang J, Li M, Ding H, Zhang W, Chen C. Dynamic inflammatory changes of the neurovascular units after ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2022; 190:140-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cell Death Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3525-3542. [PMID: 35976487 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may promote a cascade of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the subsequent restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation may further aggravate brain tissue injury. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only approved therapy for restoring blood perfusion, the reperfusion injury and the narrow therapeutic time window restrict its application for most stroke patients. Increasing evidence indicates that multiple cell death mechanisms are relevant to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend various cell death mechanisms and their interactions. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways underlying cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and elaborate on the crosstalk between the different mechanisms.
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Wu Y, Huang Y, Zhou C, Wang H, Wang Z, Wu J, Nie S, Deng X, Sun J, Gao X. A Novel Necroptosis-Related Prognostic Signature of Glioblastoma Based on Transcriptomics Analysis and Single Cell Sequencing Analysis. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080988. [PMID: 35892430 PMCID: PMC9460316 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly brain tumor. The clinical significance of necroptosis (NCPS) genes in GBM is unclear. The goal of this study is to reveal the potential prognostic NCPS genes associated with GBM, elucidate their functions, and establish an effective prognostic model for GBM patients. Methods: Firstly, the NCPS genes in GBM were identified by single-cell analysis of the GSE182109 dataset in the GEO database and weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Three machine learning algorithms (Lasso, SVM-RFE, Boruta) combined with COX regression were used to build prognostic models. The subsequent analysis included survival, immune microenvironments, and mutations. Finally, the clinical significance of NCPS in GBM was explored by constructing nomograms. Results: We constructed a GBM prognostic model composed of NCPS-related genes, including CTSD, AP1S1, YWHAG, and IER3, which were validated to have good performance. According to the above prognostic model, GBM patients in the TCGA and CGGA groups could be divided into two groups according to NCPS, with significant differences in survival analysis between the two groups and a markedly worse prognostic status in the high NCPS group (p < 0.001). In addition, the high NCPS group had higher levels of immune checkpoint-related gene expression, suggesting that they may be more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. Conclusions: Four genes (CTSD, AP1S1, YWHAG, and IER3) were screened through three machine learning algorithms to construct a prognostic model for GBM. These key and novel diagnostic markers may become new targets for diagnosing and treating patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
- Medical Research Center, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (X.G.)
| | - Chenhui Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
- Medical Research Center, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Zhepei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Sheng Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Xinpeng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315010, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.); (H.W.); (Z.W.); (J.W.); (S.N.); (X.D.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (X.G.)
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Huang T, Gu J, Jiang H, Liang Q, Perlmutter JS, Tu Z. Radiosynthesis and characterization of a carbon-11 PET tracer for receptor-interacting protein kinase 1. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 110-111:18-27. [PMID: 35472678 PMCID: PMC11071064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) has emerged as a crucial regulator of necroptosis and the inflammatory response by activating a group of downstream immune receptors. It has been recognized as a pivotal contributor to cell death and inflammation in various physiological and pathological processes. RIPK1 deficiency or dysregulation in humans can cause severe immunodeficiency and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently, diverse structures of RIPK1 inhibitors have been developed as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases and other pathological inflammatory processes. 7-oxo-2,4,5,7-tetrahydro-6H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (Compound 5 or TZ7774) was reported as a novel RIPK1 inhibitor with a Ki of 0.91 nM that can suppress necroptosis in mouse and human cells. To develop a radiotracer for investigating the RIPK1 in vivo, we radiosynthesized [11C]TZ7774 and performed preliminary in vitro and in vivo evaluations in rodents and macaque. METHODS Synthesis of the desmethyl precursor TZ7790 was performed and optimized. The radiosynthesis of [11C]TZ7774 was achieved through TZ7790 reacting with [11C]methyl iodide via N-methylation. Ex vivo biodistribution of [11C]TZ7774 was performed in normal Sprague-Dawley rats. Characterization of [11C]TZ7774 in response to inflammation was performed using ex vivo biodistribution study in normal and LPS treated (10 mg/kg) C57BL/6 mice, and in vitro autoradiography and immunohistochemistry of the spleen. MicroPET brain study of [11C]TZ7774 in the macaque was also performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The radiosynthesis of [11C]TZ7774 was achieved with good radiochemical yield (30-40%, decay corrected to the end of bombardment (EOB)), high chemical purity (>90%), high radiochemical purity (>99%), and high molar activity (>207 GBq/μmol, decay corrected to EOB). Biodistribution studies in Sprague-Dawley rats showed [11C]TZ7774 has a high brain uptake of 0.53 (%ID/g) at 5 min post injection; pancreas, spleen, kidney, and liver also showed a relatively high initial uptake of 0.49, 0.41, 0.62, and 0.95 at 5 min respectively. Uptake of [11C]TZ7774 increased in LPS-treated C57BL/6 mice by 40.9%, 90.4%, and 54.9% in liver, spleen, and kidney respectively. In vitro autoradiography study also revealed increased uptake of [11C]TZ7774 in the spleen of LPS-treated mice. Further characterization with immunohistochemistry confirmed increased expression of RIPK1 in red and white pulp of the spleen for mice pre-treated with LPS. MicroPET demonstrated that [11C]TZ7774 had good initial brain uptake in macaque with an (SUV) of ∼3.7 at 6-10 min, and quickly washed out from brain. These data confirm successful radiosynthesis of a RIPK1 specific radiotracer [11C]TZ7774. Our preliminary studies showed good response to LPS-induced inflammation in rodents and good uptake in macaque brain. [11C]TZ7774 has a potential to image RIPK1 related necroptosis and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qianwa Liang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhude Tu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Oh J, Bar-Or A. Emerging therapies to target CNS pathophysiology in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:466-475. [PMID: 35697862 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape of multiple sclerosis (MS) has contributed to paradigm shifts in our understanding of the biological mechanisms that contribute to CNS injury and in treatment philosophies. Opportunities remain to further improve treatment of relapsing-remitting MS, but two major therapeutic gaps are the limiting of progressive disease mechanisms and the repair of CNS injury. In this Review, we provide an overview of selected emerging therapies that predominantly target processes within the CNS that are thought to be involved in limiting non-relapsing, progressive disease injury or promoting tissue repair. Among these, we consider agents that modulate adaptive and innate CNS-compartmentalized inflammation, which can be mediated by infiltrating immune cells and/or resident CNS cells, including microglia and astrocytes. We also discuss agents that target degenerative disease mechanisms, agents that might confer neuroprotection, and agents that create a more favourable environment for or actively contribute to oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation, remyelination and axonal regeneration. We focus on agents that are novel for MS, that are known to or are presumed to penetrate the CNS, and that have already entered early stages of development in MS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics, and Multiple Sclerosis Division, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Inhibition of RIPK1 by ZJU-37 promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and remyelination via NF-κB pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:147. [PMID: 35365618 PMCID: PMC8975999 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Receptor interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) activation and necroptosis have been genetically and mechanistically linked with human multiple sclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases for which demyelination is a common key pathology. Demyelination can be healed through remyelination which is mediated by new oligodendrocytes derived from the adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Unfortunately, the efficiency of remyelination declines with progressive aging partially due to the depletion of OPCs following chronic or repeated demyelination. However, to our knowledge, so far there is no drug which enhances proliferation of OPCs, and it is unknown whether inhibiting RIPK1 activity directly affect OPCs, the central player of remyelination. Using TNFα induced RIPK1-dependent necroptosis in Jurkat FADD−/− cells as a cell death assay, we screened from 2112 FDA-approved drugs and the drug candidates of new RIPK1 inhibitors selected by ourselves, and identified ZJU-37, a small molecule modified by introducing an amide bond to Nec-1s, is a new RIPK1 kinase inhibitor with higher potency than Nec-1s which has the best reported potency. We unveil in addition to protecting myelin from demyelination and axons from degeneration, ZJU-37 exhibits a new role on promoting proliferation of OPCs and enhancing remyelination by inhibiting RIPK1 kinase activity with higher potency than Nec-1s. Mechanistically, ZJU-37 promotes proliferation of OPCs by enhancing the transcription of platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha via NF-κB pathway. This work identifies ZJU-37 as a new drug candidate which enhances remyelination by promoting proliferation of OPCs, paving the way for a potential drug to enhance myelin repair.
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Duan C, Xu X, Lu X, Wang L, Lu Z. RIP3 knockdown inhibits necroptosis of human intestinal epithelial cells via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling and ameliorates murine colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:137. [PMID: 35346043 PMCID: PMC8961930 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease, during which cell necroptosis plays key roles in driving inflammation initiation and aggravation. Previous studies reported Receptor Interacting Protein Kinase 3 (RIP3)-mediated necroptosis in multiple diseases, and RIP3 protein in Paneth cells significantly enriched in the intestines of both humans and mice. Therefore, we hypothesized targeting RIP3 to inhibit necroptosis may depress UC.
Methods
We classified clinical UC samples according to the modified Truelove & Witts criterion. The expression of RIP3 was measured by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by MTT assay and flow cytometry. ROS production and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines were measured by DCFH-DA probe and ELISA assay. TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed by western blot. We established experimental colitis model in RIP3 knockout and wild-type mice and disease activity index (DAI) score was calculated. The expression and distribution of tight junction protein were analyzed by immunofluorescence. The ratio of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in the spleen was detected by flow cytometry. Oxidative damage of mouse colon was assessed by detecting the levels of SOD, MDA and MPO. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA or student’s t test.
Results
The expression of RIP3 in human colon is positively associated with the severity of UC. RIP3 inhibitor GSK872 or RIP3 knockdown reverses the inhibitory effect of TNF-α on proliferation and the promoting effect of TNF-α on apoptosis and necrosis in human intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, RIP3 deficiency inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-16, IL-17 and IFN-γ) and ROS production induced by TNF-α. In vivo, RIP3 inhibitor Nec-1 effectively improves DSS-induced colitis in mice. In mechanism, RIP3 depression could upregulate the proportion of CD4+Foxp3+ immunosuppressive Treg cells in the spleen while suppressed TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and ROS generation, and all these anti-inflammation factors together suppress the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells.
Conclusions
This study preliminarily explored the regulating mechanism of RIP3 on UC, and Nec-1 may be a promising drug to alleviate the inflammation and necroptosis of the colon in UC patients.
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Yan WT, Yang YD, Hu XM, Ning WY, Liao LS, Lu S, Zhao WJ, Zhang Q, Xiong K. Do pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis) exist in cerebral ischemia? Evidence from cell and rodent studies. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1761-1768. [PMID: 35017436 PMCID: PMC8820688 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.331539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Some scholars have recently developed the concept of PANoptosis in the study of infectious diseases where pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis act in consort in a multimeric protein complex, PANoptosome. This allows all the components of PANoptosis to be regulated simultaneously. PANoptosis provides a new way to study the regulation of cell death, in that different types of cell death may be regulated at the same time. To test whether PANoptosis exists in diseases other than infectious diseases, we chose cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury as the research model, collected articles researching cerebral ischemia/reperfusion from three major databases, obtained the original research data from these articles by bibliometrics, data mining and other methods, then integrated and analyzed these data. We selected papers that investigated at least two of the components of PANoptosis to check its occurrence in ischemia/reperfusion. In the cell model simulating ischemic brain injury, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis occur together and this phenomenon exists widely in different passage cell lines or primary neurons. Pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis also occurred in rat and mouse models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. This confirms that PANoptosis is observed in ischemic brain injury and indicates that PANoptosis can be a target in the regulation of various central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Yan
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Di Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Ya Ning
- Department of Human Resources, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lyu-Shuang Liao
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Emerging immune and cell death mechanisms in stroke: Saponins as therapeutic candidates. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100152. [PMID: 34589895 PMCID: PMC8474497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the ischemic cascade is based on the integrated crosstalk of every cell type in the neurovascular unit. Depending on the features of the ischemic insult, several cell death mechanisms are triggered, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis/oxytosis, ETosis or pyroptosis, leading to reactive astrogliosis. However, emerging evidence demonstrates a dual role for the immune system in stroke pathophysiology, where it exerts both detrimental and also beneficial functions. In this review, we discuss the relevance of several cell death modalities and the dual role of the immune system in stroke pathophysiology. We also provide an overview of some emerging immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies, amongst which saponins, which are promising candidates that exert multiple pharmacological effects. Several cell death mechanisms coexist in stroke pathophysiology. Neurons are more vulnerable to necroptosis than glial cells. Inhibitors of receptor-interacting protein kinases and of ferroptosis induce neuroprotection. Saponins exert modulatory effects on inflammation and neuronal cell death in stroke.
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Jantas D, Lasoń W. Preclinical Evidence for the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and RIP1-Dependent Cell Death in Neurodegeneration: State of the Art and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101518. [PMID: 34679652 PMCID: PMC8532910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the most frequent chronic, age-associated neurological pathologies having a major impact on the patient’s quality of life. Despite a heavy medical, social and economic burden they pose, no causative treatment is available for these diseases. Among the important pathogenic factors contributing to neuronal loss during neurodegeneration is elevated oxidative stress resulting from a disturbed balance between endogenous prooxidant and antioxidant systems. For many years, it was thought that increased oxidative stress was a cause of neuronal cell death executed via an apoptotic mechanism. However, in recent years it has been postulated that rather programmed necrosis (necroptosis) is the key form of neuronal death in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Such assumption was supported by biochemical and morphological features of the dying cells as well as by the fact that various necroptosis inhibitors were neuroprotective in cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the relationship between oxidative stress and RIP1-dependent necroptosis and apoptosis in the context of the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative disorders. Based on the published data mainly from cellular models of neurodegeneration linking oxidative stress and necroptosis, we postulate that administration of multipotential neuroprotectants with antioxidant and antinecroptotic properties may constitute an efficient pharmacotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Lin C, Yang K, Zhang G, Yu J. Metformin ameliorates neuronal necroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage by activating AMPK. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 18:351-359. [PMID: 34561980 DOI: 10.2174/1567202618666210923150251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of death and disability globally. As a type of secondary injury after ICH, treatment for cell death can promote the recovery of neurological function. METHODS Among all the cell death, neuronal necroptosis has recently been demonstrated of significance in the pathogenesis of ICH. However, the administration of drugs against necroptosis has many limitations. RESULTS In the present study, we found that metformin, a first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, can effectively inhibit neuronal necroptosis after ICH through activating AMPK related pathway, thereby significantly improving neurological function scores and reducing brain edema. CONCLUSION These results will provide a new perspective for future research in necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhan Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaichuang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang C, Guan Q, Shi H, Cao L, Liu J, Gao Z, Zhu W, Yang Y, Luan Z, Yao R. A novel RIP1/RIP3 dual inhibitor promoted OPC survival and myelination in a rat neonatal white matter injury model with hOPC graft. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:462. [PMID: 34407865 PMCID: PMC8375070 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dual inhibitors of receptor interacting protein kinase-1 and -3 (RIP1 and RIP3) play an important role in cell death processes and inflammatory responses. White matter injury (WMI), a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disabilities in preterm infants, which is characterized by extensive myelination disturbances and demyelination. Neuroinflammation, leads to the loss and differentiation-inhibition of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), represents a major barrier to myelin repair. Whether the novel RIP1/RIP3 dual inhibitor ZJU-37 can promote transplanted OPCs derived from human neural stem cells (hOPCs) survival, differentiation and myelination remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of ZJU-37 on myelination and neurobehavioral function in a neonatal rat WMI model induced by hypoxia and ischemia. Methods In vivo, P3 rat pups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia, and then treated with ZJU-37 or/and hOPCs, then OPCs apoptosis, myelination, glial cell and NLRP3 inflammasome activation together with cognitive outcome were evaluated at 12 weeks after transplantation. In vitro, the effect of ZJU-37 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in astrocytes induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) were examined by western blot and immunofluorescence. The effect of ZJU-37 on OPCs apoptosis induced by the conditioned medium from OGD-injured astrocytes (OGD-astrocyte-CM) was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Results ZJU-37 combined with hOPCs more effectively decreased OPC apoptosis, promoted myelination in the corpus callosum and improved behavioral function compared to ZJU-37 or hOPCs treatment. In addition, the activation of glial cells and NLRP3 inflammasome was reduced by ZJU-37 or/and hOPCs treatment in the neonatal rat WMI model. In vitro, it was also confirmed that ZJU-37 can suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation in astrocytes induced by OGD. Not only that, the OGD-astrocyte-CM treated with ZJU-37 obviously attenuated OPC apoptosis and dysdifferentiation caused by the OGD-astrocyte-CM. Conclusions The novel RIP1/RIP3 dual inhibitor ZJU-37 may promote OPC survival, differentiation and myelination by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a neonatal rat model of WMI with hOPC graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Guan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingsheng Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxi Zhu
- Class ten, Grade two, Xuzhou Senior School, Xuzhou, 221003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinxiang Yang
- Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo Luan
- Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China.
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Zhan L, Lu X, Xu W, Sun W, Xu E. Inhibition of MLKL-dependent necroptosis via downregulating interleukin-1R1 contributes to neuroprotection of hypoxic preconditioning in transient global cerebral ischemic rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:97. [PMID: 33879157 PMCID: PMC8056617 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study indicated that hypoxic preconditioning reduced receptor interacting protein (RIP) 3-mediated necroptotic neuronal death in hippocampal CA1 of adult rats after transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI). Although mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) has emerged as a crucial molecule for necroptosis induction downstream of RIP3, how MLKL executes necroptosis is not yet well understood. In this study, we aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying hypoxic preconditioning that inactivates MLKL-dependent neuronal necroptosis after tGCI. Methods Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion method. Twenty-four hours before ischemia, rats were exposed to systemic hypoxia with 8% O2 for 30 min. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of MLKL and interleukin-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) in CA1. Immunoprecipitation was used to assess the interactions among IL-1R1, RIP3, and phosphorylated MLKL (p-MLKL). The concentration of intracellular free calcium ion (Ca2+) was measured using Fluo-4 AM. Silencing and overexpression studies were used to study the role of p-MLKL in tGCI-induced neuronal death. Results Hypoxic preconditioning decreased the phosphorylation of MLKL both in neurons and microglia of CA1 after tGCI. The knockdown of MLKL with siRNA decreased the expression of p-MLKL and exerted neuroprotective effects after tGCI, whereas treatment with lentiviral delivery of MLKL showed opposite results. Mechanistically, hypoxic preconditioning or MLKL siRNA attenuated the RIP3-p-MLKL interaction, reduced the plasma membrane translocation of p-MLKL, and blocked Ca2+ influx after tGCI. Furthermore, hypoxic preconditioning downregulated the expression of IL-1R1 in CA1 after tGCI. Additionally, neutralizing IL-1R1 with its antagonist disrupted the interaction between IL-1R1 and the necrosome, attenuated the expression and the plasma membrane translocation of p-MLKL, thus alleviating neuronal death after tGCI. Conclusions These data support that the inhibition of MLKL-dependent neuronal necroptosis through downregulating IL-1R1 contributes to neuroprotection of hypoxic preconditioning against tGCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02141-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixuan Zhan
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, 250 Changgang Dong RD, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, 250 Changgang Dong RD, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Xu
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, 250 Changgang Dong RD, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Sun
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, 250 Changgang Dong RD, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - En Xu
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, 250 Changgang Dong RD, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
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Stark K, Goncharov T, Varfolomeev E, Xie L, Ngu H, Peng I, Anderson KR, Verschueren E, Choi M, Kirkpatrick DS, Easton A, Webster JD, McKenzie BS, Vucic D, Bingol B. Genetic inactivation of RIP1 kinase activity in rats protects against ischemic brain injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:379. [PMID: 33828080 PMCID: PMC8026634 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RIP1 kinase-mediated inflammatory and cell death pathways have been implicated in the pathology of acute and chronic disorders of the nervous system. Here, we describe a novel animal model of RIP1 kinase deficiency, generated by knock-in of the kinase-inactivating RIP1(D138N) mutation in rats. Homozygous RIP1 kinase-dead (KD) rats had normal development, reproduction and did not show any gross phenotypes at baseline. However, cells derived from RIP1 KD rats displayed resistance to necroptotic cell death. In addition, RIP1 KD rats were resistant to TNF-induced systemic shock. We studied the utility of RIP1 KD rats for neurological disorders by testing the efficacy of the genetic inactivation in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model of brain injury. RIP1 KD rats were protected in this model in a battery of behavioral, imaging, and histopathological endpoints. In addition, RIP1 KD rats had reduced inflammation and accumulation of neuronal injury biomarkers. Unbiased proteomics in the plasma identified additional changes that were ameliorated by RIP1 genetic inactivation. Together these data highlight the utility of the RIP1 KD rats for target validation and biomarker studies for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Stark
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Tatiana Goncharov
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Eugene Varfolomeev
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Luke Xie
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Hai Ngu
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Ivan Peng
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Keith R. Anderson
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Meena Choi
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Donald S. Kirkpatrick
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Amy Easton
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Joshua D. Webster
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Brent S. McKenzie
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
| | - Baris Bingol
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, South San Francisco, 94080 CA USA
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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20
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Cheng Q, Chen X, Ma J, Jiang X, Chen J, Zhang M, Wu Y, Zhang W, Chen C. Effect of Methylene Blue on White Matter Injury after Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6632411. [PMID: 33603949 PMCID: PMC7872771 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6632411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Methylene blue, the FDA-grandfathered drug was proved to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke in rat. However, the mechanism of the protective effect was unknown. In this study, we used different animal models to investigate the effect of MB administration given within and beyond the therapeutic time window on behavioral deficits and infarct volume and related mechanism about the white matter protection. Middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO) and photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion (PT-MCAO) models were used. Behavioral deficits and infarct volume were measured by foot fault test, Garcia neurological score, and TTC staining. Black gold staining and western blot were used to evaluate the brain white matter injury. We found that intraperitoneal administration of MB immediately or 24 h after the MCAO or PT-MCAO surgery reduced infarct volume, improved the neurological deficits, and reduced the white matter injury via myelin basic protein (BMP) protection. These findings suggested that MB relieved the white matter injury besides neuronal protection and has potential therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quancheng Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuhao Chen
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiayi Ma
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingyuan Jiang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengqin Zhang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yejun Wu
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
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Lu LQ, Tian J, Luo XJ, Peng J. Targeting the pathways of regulated necrosis: a potential strategy for alleviation of cardio-cerebrovascular injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:63-78. [PMID: 32596778 PMCID: PMC11072340 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy-dependent cell death are the three major types of cell death. Traditionally, necrosis is thought as a passive and unregulated form of cell death. However, certain necrosis can also occur in a highly regulated manner, referring to regulated necrosis. Depending on the signaling pathways, regulated necrosis can be further classified as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos and CypD-mediated necrosis. Numerous studies have reported that regulated necrosis contributes to the progression of multiple injury-relevant diseases. For example, necroptosis contributes to the development of myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, heart failure and stroke; pyroptosis is involved in the progression of myocardial or cerebral infarction, atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy; while ferroptosis, parthanatos and CypD-mediated necrosis participate in the pathological process of myocardial and/or cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thereby, targeting the pathways of regulated necrosis pharmacologically or genetically could be an efficient strategy for reducing cardio-cerebrovascular injury. Further study needs to focus on the crosstalk and interplay among different types of regulated necrosis. Pharmacological intervention of two or more types of regulated necrosis simultaneously may have advantages in clinic to treat injury-relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
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22
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Cao L, Mu W. Necrostatin-1 and necroptosis inhibition: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105297. [PMID: 33181319 PMCID: PMC7962892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) is a RIP1-targeted inhibitor of necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death discovered and investigated in recent years. There are already many studies demonstrating the essential role of necroptosis in various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and neurological diseases. However, the potential of Nec-1 in diseases has not received much attention. Nec-1 is able to inhibit necroptosis signaling pathway and thus ameliorate necroptotic cell death in disease development. Recent research findings indicate that Nec-1 could be applied in several types of diseases to alleviate disease development or improve prognosis. Moreover, we predict that Nec-1 has the potential to protect against the complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review summarized the effect of Nec-1 in disease models and the underlying molecular mechanism, providing research evidence for its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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23
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Chavali M, Ulloa-Navas MJ, Pérez-Borredá P, Garcia-Verdugo JM, McQuillen PS, Huang EJ, Rowitch DH. Wnt-Dependent Oligodendroglial-Endothelial Interactions Regulate White Matter Vascularization and Attenuate Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:1130-1145.e5. [PMID: 33086038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated oligodendroglial-vascular crosstalk during brain development, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We report that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) contact sprouting endothelial tip cells in mouse, ferret, and human neonatal white matter. Using transgenic mice, we show that increased or decreased OPC density results in cognate changes in white matter vascular investment. Hypoxia induced increases in OPC numbers, vessel density and endothelial cell expression of the Wnt pathway targets Apcdd1 and Axin2 in white matter, suggesting paracrine OPC-endothelial signaling. Conditional knockout of OPC Wntless resulted in diminished white matter vascular growth in normoxia, whereas loss of Wnt7a/b function blunted the angiogenic response to hypoxia, resulting in severe white matter damage. These findings indicate that OPC-endothelial cell interactions regulate neonatal white matter vascular development in a Wnt-dependent manner and further suggest this mechanism is important in attenuating hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; New Born Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria José Ulloa-Navas
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Borredá
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, TERCEL, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | | | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; New Born Brain Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Paediatrics and Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Liao S, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The possible roles of necroptosis during cerebral ischemia and ischemia / reperfusion injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 695:108629. [PMID: 33068524 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a process consequential to cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Recent evidence suggest that necroptosis has been involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. The mechanism of necroptosis is initiated by an activation of inflammatory receptors including tumor necrosis factor, toll like receptor, and fas ligands. The signals activate the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1, 3, and a mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) to instigate necroptosis. RIPK1 inhibitor, necrostatin-1, was developed, and dramatically reduced brain injury following cerebral ischemia in mice. Consequently, necroptosis could be a novel therapeutic target for stroke, which aims to reduce long-term adverse outcomes after cerebral ischemia. Several studies have been conducted to test the roles of necroptosis on cerebral ischemia and cerebral I/R injury, and the efficacy of necrostatin-1 has been tested in those models. Evidence regarding the roles of necroptosis and the effects of necrostatin-1, from in vitro and in vivo studies, has been summarized and discussed. In addition, other therapeutic managements, involving in necroptosis, are also included in this review. We believe that the insights from this review might clarify the clinical perspective and challenges involved in future stroke treatment by targeting the necroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchan Liao
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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25
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Dojo Soeandy C, Elia AJ, Cao Y, Rodgers C, Huang S, Elia AC, Henderson JT. Necroptotic-Apoptotic Regulation in an Endothelin-1 Model of Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1727-1742. [PMID: 32844322 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary forms of cell death seen in ischemic stroke are of two major types: a necrotic/necroptotic form, and an apoptotic form that is frequently seen in penumbral regions of injury. Typically apoptotic versus necroptotic programmed cell death is described as competitive in nature, where necroptosis is often described as playing a backup role to apoptosis. In the present study, we examined the relationship between these two forms of cell death in a murine endothelin-1 model of ischemia-reperfusion injury in wildtype and caspase-3 null mice with and without addition of the pharmacologic RIPK1 phosphorylation inhibitor necrostatin-1. Analyses of ischemic brain injury were performed via both cellular and volumetric assessments, electron microscopy, TUNEL staining, activated caspase-3 and caspase-7 staining, as well as CD11b and F4/80 staining. Inhibition of caspase-3 or RIPK1 phosphorylation demonstrates significant neural protective effects which are non-additive and exhibit significant overlap in protected regions. Interestingly, morphologic analysis of the cortex demonstrates reduced apoptosis following RIPK1 inhibition. Consistent with this, RIPK1 inhibition reduces the levels of both caspase-3 and caspase-7 activation. Additionally, this protection appears independent of secondary inflammatory mediators. Together, these observations demonstrate that the necroptotic protein RIPK1 modifies caspase-3/-7 activity, ultimately resulting in decreased neuronal apoptosis. These findings thus modify the traditional exclusionary view of apoptotic/necroptotic signaling, revealing a new form of interaction between these dominant forms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesarahmia Dojo Soeandy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Andrew J Elia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue Rm 7-323, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street Rm 15-701, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yanshan Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 1010, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Christopher Rodgers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Shudi Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Andrea C Elia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Henderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, 144 College St. Rm 962, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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26
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Catalytically inactive RIP1 and RIP3 deficiency protect against acute ischemic stroke by inhibiting necroptosis and neuroinflammation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:565. [PMID: 32703968 PMCID: PMC7378260 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, which is mediated by RIP1/RIP3/MLKL (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/receptor-interacting protein kinase 3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein) signaling, is a critical process in the development of acute ischemic stroke. However, it is unclear precisely how necroptosis promotes the pathogenesis of acute ischemic stroke. In this experimental study in mice, we investigated how necroptosis loss-of-function mice, RIP1 kinase-dead mice, RIP3-deficiency mice, and MLKL-deficiency mice could be protected against cerebral injury after acute ischemic stroke. Insoluble RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL were all detected in the infarct area of the study mice, indicating activation of necroptosis. Two types of RIP1 kinase-dead mutant mice (Rip1K45A/K45A or Rip1Δ/Δ) were used to show that catalytically-inactive RIP1 can decrease the infarct volume and improve neurological function after MCAO/R (middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion). Both Rip3−/− mice and Mlkl−/− mice were protected against acute ischemic stroke. In addition, necroptosis loss-of-function mice showed less inflammatory responses in the infarct area. Therefore, necroptosis and its accompanying inflammatory response can lead to acute injury following ischemia stroke. Our study provides new insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke, and suggests potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection.
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Mifflin L, Ofengeim D, Yuan J. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:553-571. [PMID: 32669658 PMCID: PMC7362612 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key mediator of cell death and inflammation. The unique hydrophobic pocket in the allosteric regulatory domain of RIPK1 has enabled the development of highly selective small-molecule inhibitors of its kinase activity, which have demonstrated safety in preclinical models and clinical trials. Potential applications of these RIPK1 inhibitors for the treatment of monogenic and polygenic autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, ischaemic and acute conditions, such as sepsis, are emerging. This article reviews RIPK1 biology and disease-associated mutations in RIPK1 signalling pathways, highlighting clinical trials of RIPK1 inhibitors and potential strategies to mitigate development challenges. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) — a key mediator of cell death and inflammation — is activated in human diseases. Here, Yuan and colleagues discuss current understanding of RIPK1 biology and its association with diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and sepsis. The clinical development of small-molecule RIPK1 inhibitors and associated challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Mifflin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neurologic Disease Research, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Liu J, Zhu YM, Guo Y, Lin L, Wang ZX, Gu F, Dong XY, Zhou M, Wang YF, Zhang HL. Inhibition of GSK3β and RIP1K Attenuates Glial Scar Formation Induced by Ischemic Stroke via Reduction of Inflammatory Cytokine Production. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 32595496 PMCID: PMC7303311 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the chronic phase following ischemic stroke, glial scars can prevent axonal regeneration and the intensification of inflammation. The protective effect of inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) or receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K) on ischemic stroke has been previously reported. The current study examined the effects of RIP1K and GSK3β on ischemic stroke-induced glial scar formation. To investigate this, we used an in vivo model of ischemic stroke based on middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 7 d, and an in vitro model in primary cultured astrocytes involving oxygen and glucose deprivation for 6 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h. Both in vivo and in vitro, we found that SB216763, a GSK3β inhibitor, and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a RIP1K inhibitor, decreased levels of glial scar markers, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurocan, and phosphacan. SB216763 and Nec-1 also decreased levels of inflammatory related cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, only Nec-1 increased the level of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Concurrent neutralization of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 with their antibodies provided better reduction in oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced increases in scar markers than obtained with separate use of each antibody. Further investigations showed that SB216763 reduced the levels of necroptosis-related proteins, including RIP1K, p-RIP1K, RIP3K, p-RIP3K, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), and p-MLKL, while Nec-1 decreased the expression of p-GSK3β. Compared with Nec-1 (10 μM) and SB216763 (1 μM) alone, Nec-1 and SB216763 in combination reduced levels of GFAP, neurocan, and inflammatory-related cytokines. In conclusion, inhibition of GSK3β or RIP1K reduced glial scar formation induced by ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms might be at least, partially related to reducing levels of inflammatory-related cytokines and to blocking an interaction between GSK3β- and RIP1K-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhan-Xiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yi Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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29
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Kanno H, Ozawa H, Handa K, Murakami T, Itoi E. Changes in Expression of Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 in Secondary Neural Tissue Damage Following Spinal Cord Injury. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520906402. [PMID: 32524089 PMCID: PMC7236572 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520906402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is different from apoptotic cell death. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) plays a particularly important function in necroptosis execution. This study investigated changes in expression of RIPK1 in secondary neural tissue damage following spinal cord injury in mice. The time course of the RIPK1 expression was also compared with that of apoptotic cell death in the lesion site. Methods and Materials: Immunostaining for RIPK1 was performed at different time points after spinal cord injury. The protein expressions of RIPK1 were determined by western blot. The RIPK1 expressions in various neural cells were investigated using immunohistochemistry. To investigate the time course of apoptotic cell death, TUNEL-positive cells were counted at the different time points. To compare the incidence of necroptosis and apoptosis, the RIPK1-labeled sections were co-stained with TUNEL. Results: The RIPK1 expression was significantly upregulated in the injured spinal cord. The upregulation of RIPK1 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The increase in RIPK1 expression started at 4 hours and peaked at 3 days after injury. Time course of the RIPK1 expression was similar to that of apoptosis detected by TUNEL. Interestingly, the increased expression of RIPK1 was rarely observed in the TUNEL-positive cells. Furthermore, the number of RIPK1-positive cells was significantly higher than that of TUNEL-positive cells. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the expression of RIPK1 increased in various neural cells and peaked at 3 days following spinal cord injury. The temporal change of the RIPK1 expression was analogous to that of apoptosis at the lesion site. However, the increase in RIPK1 expression was barely seen in the apoptotic cells. These findings suggested that the RIPK1 might contribute to the pathological mechanism of the secondary neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Kanno
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Handa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taishi Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Moriwaki K, Balaji S, Ka-Ming Chan F. The death-inducing activity of RIPK1 is regulated by the pH environment. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/631/eaay7066. [PMID: 32398349 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that dictates whether cells survive or die in response to the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other inflammatory stimuli. The activity of RIPK1 is tightly controlled by multiple posttranslational modification mechanisms, including ubiquitination and phosphorylation. Here, we report that sensitivity to TNF-induced, RIPK1-dependent cell death was tunable by the pH environment. We found that an acidic extracellular pH, which led to a concomitant decrease in intracellular pH, impaired the kinase activation of RIPK1 and autophosphorylation at Ser166 Consequently, formation of the cytosolic death-inducing complex II and subsequent RIPK1-dependent necroptosis and apoptosis were inhibited. By contrast, low pH did not affect the formation of membrane-anchored TNFR1-containing signaling complex (complex I), RIPK1 ubiquitination, and NF-κB activation. TNF-induced cell death in Ripk1 -/- cells was not sensitive to pH changes. Furthermore, mutation of the conserved His151 abolished the pH dependence of RIPK1 activation, suggesting that this histidine residue functions as a proton acceptor to modulate RIPK1 activity in response to pH changes. These results revealed an unexpected environmental factor that controls the death-inducing activity of RIPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sakthi Balaji
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Francis Ka-Ming Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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31
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Autophosphorylation at serine 166 regulates RIP kinase 1-mediated cell death and inflammation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1747. [PMID: 32269263 PMCID: PMC7142081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) regulates cell death and inflammatory responses downstream of TNFR1 and other receptors, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. RIPK1 kinase activity induces apoptosis and necroptosis, however the mechanisms and phosphorylation events regulating RIPK1-dependent cell death signaling remain poorly understood. Here we show that RIPK1 autophosphorylation at serine 166 plays a critical role for the activation of RIPK1 kinase-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis. Moreover, we show that S166 phosphorylation is required for RIPK1 kinase-dependent pathogenesis of inflammatory pathologies in vivo in four relevant mouse models. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that trans autophosphorylation at S166 modulates RIPK1 kinase activation but is not by itself sufficient to induce cell death. These results show that S166 autophosphorylation licenses RIPK1 kinase activity to induce downstream cell death signaling and inflammation, suggesting that S166 phosphorylation can serve as a reliable biomarker for RIPK1 kinase-dependent pathologies. Receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) regulates cell death and inflammatory responses. Here the authors show that autophosphorylation at Ser166 is required for RIPK1-mediated cell death and inflammation in mouse models of inflammatory pathologies, making Ser166 phosphorylation a possible biomarker for RIPK1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Mu J, Weng J, Yang C, Guan T, Deng L, Li M, Zhang G, Kong J. Necrostatin-1 prevents the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 from integration into mitochondria. J Neurochem 2020; 156:929-942. [PMID: 32112403 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) has previously been shown to protect neurons from death in traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. This study tests the hypothesis that Nec-1 protects neural cells against traumatic and ischemic brain injuries through inhibition of the Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3). We have used biochemical and morphological techniques to determine the inhibition of Nec-1 on BNIP3-induced cell death and to identify its mechanism of action in in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegeneration. Here we show that Nec-1 significantly increased neuronal viability following prolonged exposure to hypoxia in vitro, and attenuated myelin damage and neuronal death in traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nec-1 alleviated traumatic brain injury-induced up-regulation of BNIP3 in mature oligodendrocytes. In isolated mitochondria, Nec-1 prevented BNIP3 from integrating into mitochondria by modifying its binding sites on the mitochondria. Consequently, Nec-1 robustly inhibited BNIP3-induced collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced the opening probability of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Nec-1 also preserved mitochondrial ultrastructure and suppressed BNIP3-induced nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor. In conclusion, Nec-1 protects neurons and oligodendrocytes against traumatic and ischemic brain injuries by targeting the BNIP3-induced cell death pathway, and is a novel inhibitor for BNIP3. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15056.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Mu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jiequn Weng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Neurobiology, Preclinical Medicine Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Neurobiology, Preclinical Medicine Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Meiyu Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Neurobiology, Preclinical Medicine Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Sequential activation of necroptosis and apoptosis cooperates to mediate vascular and neural pathology in stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4959-4970. [PMID: 32071228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916427117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and necroptosis are two regulated cell death mechanisms; however, the interaction between these cell death pathways in vivo is unclear. Here we used cerebral ischemia/reperfusion as a model to investigate the interaction between apoptosis and necroptosis. We show that the activation of RIPK1 sequentially promotes necroptosis followed by apoptosis in a temporally specific manner. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insult rapidly activates necroptosis to promote cerebral hemorrhage and neuroinflammation. Ripk3 deficiency reduces cerebral hemorrhage and delays the onset of neural damage mediated by inflammation. Reduced cerebral perfusion resulting from arterial occlusion promotes the degradation of TAK1, a suppressor of RIPK1, and the transition from necroptosis to apoptosis. Conditional knockout of TAK1 in microglial/infiltrated macrophages and neuronal lineages sensitizes to ischemic infarction by promoting apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate the critical role of necroptosis in mediating neurovascular damage and hypoperfusion-induced TAK1 loss, which subsequently promotes apoptosis and cerebral pathology in stroke and neurodegeneration.
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Molecular mechanisms of necroptosis and relevance for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:31-82. [PMID: 32381178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated cell death pathway morphologically similar to necrosis that depends on the kinase activity of receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and the subsequent activation of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), being also generally dependent on RIP1 kinase activity. Necroptosis can be recruited during pathological conditions, usually following the activation of death receptors under specific cellular contexts. In this regard, necroptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple disorders, including acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and multiple sclerosis. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms regulating the induction of necroptosis and downstream effectors of this form of cell death, besides exploring non-necroptotic roles for necroptosis-related proteins that may impact on alternative cell death pathways and inflammatory mechanisms in disease. Finally, we outline the recent evidence implicating necroptosis in neurodegenerative conditions and the emerging therapeutic perspectives targeting necroptosis in these diseases.
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Yuan J, Amin P, Ofengeim D. Necroptosis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation in CNS diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 20:19-33. [PMID: 30467385 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is crucial for the normal development of the nervous system, whereas neurons in the adult CNS are relatively resistant to this form of cell death. However, under pathological conditions, upregulation of death receptor family ligands, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), can sensitize cells in the CNS to apoptosis and a form of regulated necrotic cell death known as necroptosis that is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Necroptosis promotes further cell death and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. In this Review, we outline the evidence implicating necroptosis in these neurological diseases and suggest that targeting RIPK1 might help to inhibit multiple cell death pathways and ameliorate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Palak Amin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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36
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Li F, Liu WC, Wang Q, Sun Y, Wang H, Jin X. NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation by glial growth factor 2 (GGF2), a strategy to promote functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113720. [PMID: 31751533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Spontaneous functional recovery occurs after ischemic stroke, but it is very limited. Therefore, it is urgent to find a strategy to promote functional recovery after stroke in clinical setting. Gray matter damage has received extensive attention owing to the important roles of the gray matter in synaptic plasticity, cognitive, and motor function. However, stroke also causes white matter damage, which accounts for half of the infarct volume and can be aggravated by blood brain barrier damage. Disruption of white matter integrity, which is characterized by death of oligodendrocytes (OLs), loss of myelin, and axonal injury, greatly contributes to impaired neurological function. Impaired proliferation and differentiation of OL precursor cell (OPC, NG2-glia cells) play an important role in limited functional recovery after ischemic stroke and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2) is a key factor controlling NG2-glia cells differentiation. It has been reported that the number of NG2-glia cells in the peri-infarction area significantly increases after ischemic stroke and glial growth factor (GGF2) administration promotes the proliferation and differentiation of NG2-glia cells as well as functional recovery after spinal cord injury. On the basis of the important roles of GGF2 in functional recovery and those of ID2 in NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation, we propose that after binding with the ErBb receptor on the surface of NG2-glia cells, GGF2 promotes NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby repairing BBB and white matter integrity and promoting neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Wen-Cao Liu
- Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yanyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuro-Psychiatry Research and Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Xinchun Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuro-Psychiatry Research and Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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37
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Wang Y, Guo L, Wang J, Shi W, Xia Z, Li B. Necrostatin-1 ameliorates the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing apoptosis and necroptosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4113-4119. [PMID: 31611942 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuronal demyelination. MS pathogenesis occurs via multiple mechanisms, and is mediated in part by oligodendrocyte apoptosis and a robust inflammatory response. In the present study, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a specific inhibitor of the receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase domain, was revealed to effectively alleviate the severity and pathological damage associated with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used mouse model of MS. In addition, treatment with Nec-1 significantly decreased the number of lesions and inflammatory cell infiltrates in spinal cord tissues, as well as the production of associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon-γ and interleukin-1β. Nec-1 also suppressed TNFα + zVAD-fmk-induced apoptosis and necroptosis in primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells. The present study revealed that Nec-1 effectively attenuated the progression of EAE by suppressing apoptosis and necroptosis in oligodendrocytes, and represents a potential novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jueqiong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Zhilun Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Choi ME, Price DR, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Necroptosis: a crucial pathogenic mediator of human disease. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128834. [PMID: 31391333 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a genetically regulated form of necrotic cell death that has emerged as an important pathway in human disease. The necroptosis pathway is induced by a variety of signals, including death receptor ligands, and regulated by receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), which form a regulatory necrosome complex. RIPK3-mediated phosphorylation of MLKL executes necroptosis. Recent studies, using animal models of tissue injury, have revealed that RIPK3 and MLKL are key effectors of injury propagation. This Review explores the functional roles of RIPK3 and MLKL as crucial pathogenic determinants and markers of disease progression and severity in experimental models of human disease, including acute and chronic pulmonary diseases; renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases; cancer; and critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Choi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - David R Price
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Han F, Guan X, Guo W, Lu B. Therapeutic potential of a TrkB agonistic antibody for ischemic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:570-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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40
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Abstract
RIPK1 plays a critical role in mediating deleterious responses downstream of TNFR1. RIPK1 inhibitors have been progressed successfully past human phase I clinical studies. This paper discusses why RIPK1 inhibitors present an opportunity for developing oral drugs for a range of human degenerative and inflammatory diseases, especially CNS pathologies, including ALS, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and lysosomal storage diseases. RIPK1 kinase has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of a wide range of human neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. This was supported by extensive studies which demonstrated that RIPK1 is a key mediator of apoptotic and necrotic cell death as well as inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, human genetic evidence has linked the dysregulation of RIPK1 to the pathogenesis of ALS as well as other inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, unique allosteric small-molecule inhibitors of RIPK1 that offer high selectivity have been developed. These molecules can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, thus offering the possibility to target neuroinflammation and cell death which drive various neurologic conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, and multiple sclerosis as well as acute neurological diseases such as stroke and traumatic brain injuries. We discuss the current understanding of RIPK1 regulatory mechanisms and emerging evidence for the pathological roles of RIPK1 in human diseases, especially in the context of the central nervous systems.
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41
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Nikseresht S, Khodagholi F, Ahmadiani A. Protective effects of ex-527 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through necroptosis signaling pathway attenuation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:1816-1826. [PMID: 30067864 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, is involved in ischemia-reperfusion-induced brain injury. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), as a well-known member of histone deacetylase class III, plays pivotal roles in inflammation, metabolism, and neuron loss in cerebral ischemia. We explored the relationship between Sirt1 and the necroptosis signaling pathway and its downstream events by administration of ex-527, as a selective and potent inhibitor of Sirt1, and necrostatin-1 (nec-1), as a necroptosis inhibitor, in an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia. Our data showed different patterns of sirt1 and necroptosis critical regulators, including receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein gene expressions in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus after ischemia-reperfusion. We found that ex-527 microinjection reduces the infarction volume of ischemic brains and improves the survival rate, but not stroke-associated neurological deficits. Additionally, treatment with ex-527 effectively abolished the elevation of the critical regulators of necroptosis, whereas necroptosis inhibition through nec-1 microinjection did not influence Sirt1 expression levels. Our data also demonstrated that the ex-527 relieves ischemia-induced perturbation of necroptosis-associated metabolic enzymes activity in downstream. This study provides a new approach to the possible neuroprotective potential of ex-527 orchestrated by necroptosis pathway inhibition to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nikseresht
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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42
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Hernández DE, Salvadores NA, Moya-Alvarado G, Catalán RJ, Bronfman FC, Court FA. Axonal degeneration induced by glutamate-excitotoxicity is mediated by necroptosis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.214684. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.214684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal excitotoxicity induced by glutamate leads to cell death and functional impairment in a variety of central nervous system pathologies. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity triggers neuronal apoptosis in the cell soma as well as degeneration of axons and dendrites by a process associated to calcium increase and mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, degeneration of axons initiated by diverse stimuli, including excitotoxicity, has been proposed as an important pathological event leading to functional impairment in neurodegenerative conditions. Here we demonstrate that excitotoxicity-induced axonal degeneration proceeds by a mechanism dependent on the necroptotic kinases RIPK1, RIPK3 and the necroptotic mediator MLKL. Inhibition of RIPK1, RIPK3 or MLKL prevent key steps in the axonal degeneration cascade including mitochondrial depolarization, the opening of the permeability transition pore and calcium dysregulation in the axon. Interestingly, the same excitotoxic stimuli lead to apoptosis in the cell soma, demonstrating the co-activation of two independent degenerative mechanisms in different compartments of the same cell. The identification of necroptosis as a key mechanism of axonal degeneration after excitotoxicity is an important initial step to develop novel therapeutic strategies for nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Hernández
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Chile
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Center of Advanced Microscopy (CMA), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia A. Salvadores
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Moya-Alvarado
- Center for Ageing and Regeneration (CARE UC), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina J. Catalán
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca C. Bronfman
- Center for Ageing and Regeneration (CARE UC), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A. Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Chile
- FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Ageing, Novato, San Francisco, USA
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