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Mujtaba S, Patro IK, Patro N. Multiple Early Life Stressors as Risk Factors for Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in the F1 Wistar Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1360. [PMID: 37891729 PMCID: PMC10605318 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative exposure to multiple early life stressors is expected to affect behavioral development, causing increased susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. The present study was designed to mimic such conditions in a rat model to study behavioral impairments during adolescence and adulthood. Female Wistar rats (n = 32; 140-150 gm) were switched to a low protein (LP; 8% protein) or control (20% protein) diet 15 days prior to conception, and then the diet regime was maintained throughout the experimental period. Pups born to control and LP dams were intraperitoneally injected with deltamethrin (DLT-pyrethroid insecticide; 0.7 mg/kg body weight; PND 1 to 7), lipopolysaccharide (LPS-bacterial endotoxin; 0.3 mg/kg body weight; PND 3 and 5), or DLT+LPS, on designated days forming eight experimental groups (Control, LP, Control+LPS, LP+LPS, Control+DLT, LP+DLT, Control+DLT+LPS and LP+DLT+LPS). Neurobehavioral assessments were performed in F1 rats (1, 3, 6 months) by open field, elevated plus maze, light and dark box, and rotarod tests. LP rats were found to be highly susceptible to either singular or cumulative exposure as compared to their age-matched control counterparts, showing significantly severe behavioral abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, attention deficits and low anxiety, the hallmark symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and ADHD, suggesting thereby that early life multi-hit exposure may predispose individuals to developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mujtaba
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India; (S.M.); (I.K.P.)
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Ishan Kumar Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India; (S.M.); (I.K.P.)
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India; (S.M.); (I.K.P.)
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2
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Patlola SR, Donohoe G, McKernan DP. Counting the Toll of Inflammation on Schizophrenia-A Potential Role for Toll-like Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1188. [PMID: 37627253 PMCID: PMC10452856 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are ubiquitously expressed in the human body. They protect the brain and central nervous system from self and foreign antigens/pathogens. The immune response elicited by these receptors culminates in the release of cytokines, chemokines, and interferons causing an inflammatory response, which can be both beneficial and harmful to neurodevelopment. In addition, the detrimental effects of TLR activation have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, etc. Many studies also support the theory that cytokine imbalance may be involved in schizophrenia, and a vast amount of literature showcases the deleterious effects of this imbalance on cognitive performance in the human population. In this review, we examine the current literature on TLRs, their potential role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, factors affecting TLR activity that contribute towards the risk of schizophrenia, and lastly, the role of TLRs and their impact on cognitive performance in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saahithh Redddi Patlola
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Gary Donohoe
- School of Psychology, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Declan P. McKernan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
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3
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Taskiran SY, Taskiran M, Unal G, Golgeli A. Group I mGluRs positive allosteric modulators improved schizophrenia-related behavioral and molecular deficits in the Poly I:C rat model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023:173593. [PMID: 37390974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Maternal polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) exposure leads to an increase in various proinflammatory cytokines and causes schizophrenia-like symptoms in offspring. In recent years, group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have emerged as a potential target in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to investigate the behavioral and molecular changes by using the mGlu1 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) agent RO 67-7476, and the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) agent JNJ 16259685 and the mGlu5 receptor PAM agent VU-29, and NAM agent fenobam in the Poly I:C-induced schizophrenia model in rats. METHODS Female Wistar albino rats were treated with Poly I:C on day 14 of gestation after mating. On the postnatal day (PND) 35, 56 and 84, behavioral tests were performed in the male offspring. On the PND84, brain tissue was collected and the level of proinflammatory cytokines was determined by ELISA method. RESULTS Poly I:C caused impairments in all behavioral tests and increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. While PAM agents caused significant improvements in prepulse inhibition (PPI), novel object recognition (NOR), spontaneous alternation and reference memory tests, they brought the levels of proinflammatory cytokines closer to the control group. NAM agents were ineffective on behavioral tests. It was observed that PAM agents significantly improved Poly I:C-induced disruption in behavioral and molecular analyses. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PAM agents, particularly the mGlu5 receptor VU-29, are also promising and could be a potential target in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet Taskiran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gokhan Unal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Asuman Golgeli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Helman TJ, Headrick JP, Stapelberg NJC, Braidy N. The sex-dependent response to psychosocial stress and ischaemic heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1072042. [PMID: 37153459 PMCID: PMC10160413 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1072042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is an important risk factor for modern chronic diseases, with distinct influences in males and females. The sex specificity of the mammalian stress response contributes to the sex-dependent development and impacts of coronary artery disease (CAD). Compared to men, women appear to have greater susceptibility to chronic forms of psychosocial stress, extending beyond an increased incidence of mood disorders to include a 2- to 4-fold higher risk of stress-dependent myocardial infarction in women, and up to 10-fold higher risk of Takotsubo syndrome-a stress-dependent coronary-myocardial disorder most prevalent in post-menopausal women. Sex differences arise at all levels of the stress response: from initial perception of stress to behavioural, cognitive, and affective responses and longer-term disease outcomes. These fundamental differences involve interactions between chromosomal and gonadal determinants, (mal)adaptive epigenetic modulation across the lifespan (particularly in early life), and the extrinsic influences of socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Pre-clinical investigations of biological mechanisms support distinct early life programming and a heightened corticolimbic-noradrenaline-neuroinflammatory reactivity in females vs. males, among implicated determinants of the chronic stress response. Unravelling the intrinsic molecular, cellular and systems biological basis of these differences, and their interactions with external lifestyle/socio-cultural determinants, can guide preventative and therapeutic strategies to better target coronary heart disease in a tailored sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa J. Helman
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
- Correspondence: Tessa J. Helman
| | - John P. Headrick
- Schoolof Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Khantakova JN, Bondar NP, Sapronova AA, Reshetnikov VV. Delayed effects of neonatal immune activation on brain neurochemistry and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5931-5951. [PMID: 36156830 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the postnatal period, the brain is highly sensitive to stress and inflammation, which are hazardous to normal growth and development. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes in the early postnatal period increase the risk of psychopathologies and cognitive impairment later in life. On the other hand, there are few studies on the ability of infectious agents to cause long-term neuroinflammation, leading to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning and an imbalance in the neurotransmitter system. In this review, we examine short- and long-term effects of neonatal-induced inflammation in rodents on glutamatergic, GABAergic and monoaminergic systems and on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Khantakova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia P Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna A Sapronova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V Reshetnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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6
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Maurya SK, Baghel MS, Gaurav, Chaudhary V, Kaushik A, Gautam A. Putative role of mitochondria in SARS-CoV-2 mediated brain dysfunctions: a prospect. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-26. [PMID: 35934991 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2108998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Though the virus primarily damages the respiratory and cardiovascular systems after binding to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, it has the potential to affect all major organ systems, including the human nervous system. There are multiple clinical reports of anosmia, dizziness, headache, nausea, ageusia, encephalitis, demyelination, neuropathy, memory loss, and neurological complications in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Though the molecular mechanism of these brain dysfunctions during SARS-CoV-2 infection is elusive, the mitochondria seem to be an integral part of this pathogenesis. Emerging research findings suggest that the dysfunctional mitochondria and associated altered bioenergetics in the infected host cells lead to altered energy metabolism in the brain of Covid-19 patients. The interactome between viral proteins and mitochondrial proteins during Covid-19 pathogenesis also provides evidence for the involvement of mitochondria in SARS-CoV-2-induced brain dysfunctions. The present review discusses the possible role of mitochondria in disturbing the SARS-CoV-2 mediated brain functions, with the potential to use this information to prevent and treat these impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghraj S Baghel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gaurav
- Department of Botany, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell and Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department ofEnvironmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Akash Gautam
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Structural and Functional Deviations of the Hippocampus in Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105482. [PMID: 35628292 PMCID: PMC9143100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a grave neuropsychiatric disease which frequently onsets between the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood. It is characterized by a variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities which are categorized into positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Most therapeutical strategies address the positive symptoms by antagonizing D2-dopamine-receptors (DR). However, negative and cognitive symptoms persist and highly impair the life quality of patients due to their disabling effects. Interestingly, hippocampal deviations are a hallmark of schizophrenia and can be observed in early as well as advanced phases of the disease progression. These alterations are commonly accompanied by a rise in neuronal activity. Therefore, hippocampal formation plays an important role in the manifestation of schizophrenia. Furthermore, studies with animal models revealed a link between environmental risk factors and morphological as well as electrophysiological abnormalities in the hippocampus. Here, we review recent findings on structural and functional hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and in schizophrenia animal models, and we give an overview on current experimental approaches that especially target the hippocampus. A better understanding of hippocampal aberrations in schizophrenia might clarify their impact on the manifestation and on the outcome of this severe disease.
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Sarkar T, Patro N, Patro IK. Perinatal exposure to synergistic multiple stressors lead to cellular and behavioral deficits mimicking Schizophrenia like pathology. Biol Open 2022; 11:274201. [PMID: 35107124 PMCID: PMC8918990 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein malnourishment and immune stress are potent perinatal stressors, encountered by children born under poor socioeconomic conditions. Thus, it is necessary to investigate how such stressors synergistically contribute towards developing neurological disorders in affected individuals. Pups from Wistar females, maintained on normal (high-protein, HP:20%) and low-protein (LP:8%) diets were used. Single and combined exposures of Poly I:C (viral mimetic: 5 mg/kg body weight) and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; bacterial endotoxin: 0.3 mg/kg body weight) were injected to both HP and LP pups at postnatal days (PND) 3 and 9 respectively, creating eight groups: HP (control); HP+Poly I:C; HP+LPS; HP+Poly I:C+LPS; LP; LP+Poly I:C; LP+LPS; LP+Poly I:C+LPS (multi-hit). The effects of stressors on hippocampal cytoarchitecture and behavioral abilities were studied at PND 180. LP animals were found to be more vulnerable to immune stressors than HP animals and symptoms like neuronal damage, spine loss, downregulation of Egr 1 and Arc proteins, gliosis and behavioral deficits were maximum in the multi-hit group. Thus, from these findings it is outlined that cellular and behavioral changes that occur following multi-hit exposure may predispose individuals to developing Schizophrenia-like pathologies during adulthood. Summary: This study reports that exposure to perinatal multi-hit stress (protein malnourishment and immune stress) causes changes in the hippocampal cells alongside behavioral deficits which are also observed in Schizophrenic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyasha Sarkar
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, India
| | - Ishan Kumar Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011, India
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9
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Cardiorespiratory alterations in a newborn ovine model of systemic viral inflammation. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:1288-1298. [PMID: 35110682 PMCID: PMC8809061 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-01958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viruses can be responsible for severe apneas and bradycardias in newborn infants. The link between systemic inflammation with viral sepsis and cardiorespiratory alterations remains poorly understood. We aimed to characterize these alterations by setting up a full-term newborn lamb model of systemic inflammation using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). METHODS Two 6-h polysomnographic recordings were carried out in eight lambs on two consecutive days, first after an IV saline injection, then after an IV injection of 300 μg/kg Poly I:C. RESULTS Poly I:C injection decreased locomotor activity and increased NREM sleep. It also led to a biphasic increase in rectal temperature and heart rate. The latter was associated with an overall decrease in heart-rate variability, with no change in respiratory-rate variability. Lastly, brainstem inflammation was found in the areas of the cardiorespiratory control centers 6 h after Poly I:C injection. CONCLUSIONS The alterations in heart-rate variability induced by Poly I:C injection may be, at least partly, of central origin. Meanwhile, the absence of alterations in respiratory-rate variability is intriguing and noteworthy. Although further studies are obviously needed, this might be a way to differentiate bacterial from viral sepsis in the neonatal period. IMPACT Provides unique observations on the cardiorespiratory consequences of injecting Poly I:C in a full-term newborn lamb to mimic a systemic inflammation secondary to a viral sepsis. Poly I:C injection led to a biphasic increase in rectal temperature and heart rate associated with an overall decrease in heart-rate variability, with no change in respiratory-rate variability. Brainstem inflammation was found in the areas of the cardiorespiratory control centers.
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Rayasam A, Jullienne A, Chumak T, Faustino J, Szu J, Hamer M, Ek CJ, Mallard C, Obenaus A, Vexler ZS. Viral mimetic triggers cerebral arteriopathy in juvenile brain via neutrophil elastase and NETosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:3171-3186. [PMID: 34293939 PMCID: PMC8669290 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211032737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is among the top ten causes of death in children but has received disproportionally little attention. Cerebral arteriopathies account for up to 80% of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (CAIS) cases and are strongly predictive of CAIS recurrence and poorer outcomes. The underlying mechanisms of sensitization of neurovasculature by viral infection are undefined. In the first age-appropriate model for childhood arteriopathy-by administration of viral mimetic TLR3-agonist Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly-IC) in juvenile mice-we identified a key role of the TLR3-neutrophil axis in disrupting the structural-functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and distorting the developing neurovascular architecture and vascular networks. First, using an array of in-vivo/post-vivo vascular imaging, genetic, enzymatic and pharmacological approaches, we report marked Poly-IC-mediated extravascular leakage of albumin (66kDa) and of a small molecule DiI (∼934Da) and disrupted tight junctions. Poly-IC also enhanced the neuroinflammatory milieu, promoted neutrophil recruitment, profoundly upregulated neutrophil elastase (NE), and induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis). Finally, we show that functional BBB disturbances, NETosis and neuroinflammation are markedly attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of NE (Sivelestat). Altogether, these data reveal NE/NETosis as a novel therapeutic target for viral-induced cerebral arteriopathies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tetyana Chumak
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Faustino
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Szu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mary Hamer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zinaida S Vexler
- Department of Neurology, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Early life exposure to poly I:C impairs striatal DA-D2 receptor binding, myelination and associated behavioural abilities in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 118:102035. [PMID: 34597812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early-life viral infections critically influence the brain development and have been variously reported to cause neuropsychiatric diseases such as Schizophrenia, Parkinson's diseases, demyelinating diseases, etc. To investigate the alterations in the dopaminergic system, myelination and associated behavioral impairments following neonatal viral infection, the viral immune activation model was created by an intraperitoneal injection of Poly I:C (5 mg/kg bw/ip) to neonatal rat pups on PND-7. The DA-D2 receptor binding was assessed in corpus striatum by using 3H-Spiperone at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. MOG immunolabelling was performed to check myelination stature and myelin integrity, while corpus callosum calibre was assessed by Luxol fast blue staining. Relative behavioral tasks i.e., motor activity, motor coordination and neuromuscular strength were assessed by open field, rotarod and grip strength meter respectively at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age. Following Poly I:C exposure, a significant decrease in DA-D2 receptor binding, reduction in corpus callosum calibre and MOG immunolabelling indicating demyelination and a significant decrease in locomotor activity, neuromuscular strength and motor coordination signify motor deficits and hypokinetic influence of early life viral infection. Thus, the findings suggest that early life poly I:C exposure may cause demyelination and motor deficits by decreasing DA-D2 receptor binding affinity.
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12
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Prowse N, Hayley S. Microglia and BDNF at the crossroads of stressor related disorders: Towards a unique trophic phenotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:135-163. [PMID: 34537262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stressors ranging from psychogenic/social to neurogenic/injury to systemic/microbial can impact microglial inflammatory processes, but less is known regarding their effects on trophic properties of microglia. Recent studies do suggest that microglia can modulate neuronal plasticity, possibly through brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This is particularly important given the link between BDNF and neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative pathology. We posit that certain activated states of microglia play a role in maintaining the delicate balance of BDNF release onto neuronal synapses. This focused review will address how different "activators" influence the expression and release of microglial BDNF and address the question of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression on microglia. We will then assess sex-based differences in microglial function and BDNF expression, and how microglia are involved in the stress response and related disorders such as depression. Drawing on research from a variety of other disorders, we will highlight challenges and opportunities for modulators that can shift microglia to a "trophic" phenotype with a view to potential therapeutics relevant for stressor-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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13
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Tang T, Guo Y, Xu X, Zhao L, Shen X, Sun L, Xie P. BoDV-1 infection induces neuroinflammation by activating the TLR4/MyD88/IRF5 signaling pathway, leading to learning and memory impairment in rats. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6163-6171. [PMID: 34260072 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) can infect the hippocampus and limbic lobes of newborn rodents, causing cognitive deficits and abnormal behavior. Studies have found that neuroinflammation caused by viral infection in early life can affect brain development and impair learning and memory function, revealing the important role of neuroinflammation in cognitive impairment caused by viral infection. However, there is no research to explore the pathogenic mechanism of BoDV-1 in cognition from the direction of neuroinflammation. We established a BoDV-1 infection model in rats, and tested the learning and memory impairment by Morris water maze (MWM) experiment. RNAseq was introduced to detect changes in the gene expression profile of BoDV-1 infection, focusing on inflammation factors and related signaling pathways. BoDV-1 infection impairs the learning and memory of Sprague-Dawley rats in the MWM test and increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. RNAseq analysis found 986 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 845 genes were upregulated and 141 genes were downregulated, and 28 genes were found to be enriched in the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. The expression of TLR4, MyD88, and IRF5 in the hippocampus was significantly changed in the BoDV-1 group. Our results indicate that BoDV-1 infection stimulates TLR4/MyD88/IRF5 pathway activation, causing the release of downstream inflammatory factors, which leads to neuroinflammation in rats. Neuroinflammation may play a significant role in learning and memory impairment caused by BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Shen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Rehabilitation, The First People's Hospital of Chongqing Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Flannery LE, Kerr DM, Hughes EM, Kelly C, Costello J, Thornton AM, Humphrey RM, Finn DP, Roche M. N-acylethanolamine regulation of TLR3-induced hyperthermia and neuroinflammatory gene expression: A role for PPARα. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577654. [PMID: 34265624 PMCID: PMC8243641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is associated with increased risk of developing neurological or psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety or dementia. While the precise mechanism underlying this association is unknown, aberrant activation of toll-like receptor (TLR)3, a viral recognizing pattern recognition receptor, may play a key role. Synthetic cannabinoids and enhancing cannabinoid tone via inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has been demonstrated to modulate TLR3-induced neuroimmune responses and associated sickness behaviour. However, the role of individual FAAH substrates, and the receptor mechanisms mediating these effects, are unknown. The present study examined the effects of intracerebral or systemic administration of the FAAH substrates N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA), N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) or the anandamide (AEA) analogue meth-AEA on hyperthermia and hypothalamic inflammatory gene expression following administration of the TLR3 agonist, and viral mimetic, poly I:C. The data demonstrate that meth-AEA does not alter TLR3-induced hyperthermia or hypothalamic inflammatory gene expression. In comparison, OEA and PEA attenuated the TLR3-induced hyperthermia, although only OEA attenuated the expression of hyperthermia-related genes (IL-1β, iNOS, COX2 and m-PGES) in the hypothalamus. OEA, but not PEA, attenuated TLR3-induced increases in the expression of all IRF- and NFκB-related genes examined in the hypothalamus, but not in the spleen. Antagonism of PPARα prevented the OEA-induced attenuation of IRF- and NFκB-related genes in the hypothalamus following TLR3 activation but did not significantly alter temperature. PPARα agonism did not alter TLR3-induced hyperthermia or hypothalamic inflammatory gene expression. These data indicate that OEA may be the primary FAAH substrate that modulates TLR3-induced neuroinflammation and hyperthermia, effects partially mediated by PPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Flannery
- Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edel M Hughes
- Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colm Kelly
- Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Rachel M Humphrey
- Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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15
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Paredes DA, Jalloh A, Catlow BJ, Jaishankar A, Seo S, Jimenez DV, Martinowich K, Diaz-Bustamante M, Hoeppner DJ, McKay RDG. Bdnf deficiency in the neonatal hippocampus contributes to global dna hypomethylation and adult behavioral changes. Brain Res 2021; 1754:147254. [PMID: 33422542 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder, encompassing genetic and environmental risk factors. For several decades, investigators have been implementing the use of lesions of the neonatal rodent hippocampus to model schizophrenia, resulting in a broad spectrum of adult schizophrenia-related behavioral changes. Despite the extensive use of these proposed animal models of schizophrenia, the mechanisms by which these lesions result in schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations remain unclear. Here we provide in vivo evidence that transient pharmacological inactivation of the hippocampus via tetrodotoxin microinjections or a genetic reduction in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels (BDNF+/- rats) lead to global DNA hypomethylation, disrupted maturation of the neuronal nucleus and aberrant acoustic startle response in the adult rat. The similarity between the effects of the two treatments strongly indicate that BDNF signaling is involved in effects obtained after the TTX microinjections. These findings may shed light on the cellular mechanisms underlying the phenotypical features of neonatal transient inhibition of the hippocampus as a preclinical model of schizophrenia and suggest that BDNF signaling represents a target pathway for development of novel treatment therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Paredes
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ahmad Jalloh
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Briony J Catlow
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amritha Jaishankar
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seungmae Seo
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennisse V Jimenez
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Diaz-Bustamante
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Hoeppner
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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16
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Wang X, Yu H, Wang C, Liu Y, You J, Wang P, Xu G, Shen H, Yao H, Lan X, Zhao R, Wu X, Zhang G. Chronic ethanol exposure induces neuroinflammation in H4 cells through TLR3 / NF-κB pathway and anxiety-like behavior in male C57BL/6 mice. Toxicology 2020; 446:152625. [PMID: 33161052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcoholism has become a major public health problem. Long-term and excessive drinking can lead to a variety of diseases. Chronic ethanol exposure can induce neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior, and this may be induced through the Toll-like receptor 3/nuclear factor-κB (TLR3/NF-κB) pathway. Animal experiments were performed using healthy adult male C57BL/6 N mice given 10 % (m/V) or 20 % ethanol solution as the only choice of drinkable fluid for 60, 90 or 180 d. In cell culture experiments, H4 human glioma cells were treated with 100 mM ethanol for 2 d, with the TLR3 gene silenced by RNAi and NF-κB inhibited by ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 10 μM). After treatment with ethanol solution for a specific time, the anxiety-like behavior of the mice was tested using the open field test and the elevated plus maze test. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TLR3, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the mouse hippocampus and H4 cells. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the supernatant of cell culture medium was detected by ELISA. The open field test showed a decrease in time spent in the central area, and the elevated plus maze test showed a decrease in activity time in the open arm region. These behavioral tests indicated that ethanol caused anxiety-like behavior in mice. The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased after ethanol exposure in both the hippocampus of mice and H4 cells. Silencing of the TLR3 gene by RNAi or inhibition of NF-κB by PDTC attenuated the ethanol-induced increase in the expression of inflammatory factors in H4 cells. These findings indicated that chronic ethanol exposure increases the expression of TLR3 and NF-κB and produces neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in male C57BL/6 mice and that ethanol-induced neuroinflammation can be caused through the TLR3/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Changliang Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China; The People's Procuratorate of Liaoning Province Judicial Authentication Center, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, PR China; Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science (CLIFS), Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- The People's Procuratorate of Liaoning Province Judicial Authentication Center, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, PR China; Collaborative Laboratory of Intelligentized Forensic Science (CLIFS), Shenyang, Liaoning, 110032, PR China
| | - Jiabin You
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Xinze Lan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Xu Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
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17
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Dolleman-van der Weel MJ, Witter MP. The thalamic midline nucleus reuniens: potential relevance for schizophrenia and epilepsy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:422-439. [PMID: 33031816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral studies in rodents have shown that the thalamic midline nucleus reuniens (RE) is a crucial link in the communication between hippocampal formation (HIP, i.e., CA1, subiculum) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), important structures for cognitive and executive functions. A common feature in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative brain diseases is a dysfunctional connectivity/communication between HIP and mPFC, and disturbances in the cognitive domain. Therefore, it is assumed that aberrant functioning of RE may contribute to behavioral/cognitive impairments in brain diseases characterized by cortico-thalamo-hippocampal circuit dysfunctions. In the human brain the connections of RE are largely unknown. Yet, recent studies have found important similarities in the functional connectivity of HIP-mPFC-RE in humans and rodents, making cautious extrapolating experimental findings from animal models to humans justifiable. The focus of this review is on a potential involvement of RE in schizophrenia and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Dolleman-van der Weel
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway.
| | - M P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim NO-7491, Norway.
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18
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Sarkar T, Patro N, Patro IK. Neuronal changes and cognitive deficits in a multi-hit rat model following cumulative impact of early life stressors. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio054130. [PMID: 32878878 PMCID: PMC7522020 DOI: 10.1242/bio.054130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal protein malnourishment (LP) is a leading cause for mental and physical retardation in children from poor socioeconomic conditions. Such malnourished children are vulnerable to additional stressors that may synergistically act to cause neurological disorders in adulthood. In this study, the above mentioned condition was mimicked via a multi-hit rat model in which pups born to LP mothers were co-injected with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C; viral mimetic) at postnatal day (PND) 3 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS; bacterial mimetic) at PND 9. Individual exposure of Poly I:C and LPS was also given to LP pups to correlate chronicity of stress. Similar treatments were also given to control pups. Hippocampal cellular apoptosis, β III tubulin catastrophe, altered neuronal profiling and spatial memory impairments were assessed at PND 180, using specific immunohistochemical markers (active caspase 3, β III tubulin, doublecortin), golgi studies and cognitive mazes (Morris water maze and T maze). Increase in cellular apoptosis, loss of dendritic arborization and spatial memory impairments were higher in the multi-hit group, than the single-hit groups. Such impairments observed due to multi-hit stress mimicked conditions similar to many neurological disorders and hence, it is hypothesized that later life neurological disorders might be an outcome of multiple early life hits.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiyasha Sarkar
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Ishan Kumar Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
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19
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Baghel MS, Singh B, Patro N, Khanna VK, Patro IK, Thakur MK. Poly (I:C) Exposure in Early Life Alters Methylation of DNA and Acetylation of Histone at Synaptic Plasticity Gene Promoter in Developing Rat Brain Leading to Memory Impairment. Ann Neurosci 2020; 26:35-41. [PMID: 32843831 PMCID: PMC7418573 DOI: 10.1177/0972753120919704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to adverse environmental conditions such as toxic chemicals, viral infections, and even stress during pregnancy or early life may disrupt the development of normal brain and its functioning leading to incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders at later stages of life. Recently, we reported that poly (I:C) exposure altered synaptic plasticity protein level and impaired memory through activation of microglia cells. Purpose: As epigenetic modifications are involved in memory formation, we have studied methylation of DNA and acetylation of histone at promoters of synaptic plasticity genes in the brain of rats exposed to poly (I:C) during early life. Methods: One dose of poly (I:C) (5 mg/kg bw) was intraperitoneally injected to rat pups on postnatal seventh day. A set of pups exposed to vehicle was included as control. In order to assess methylation of DNA and acetylation of histone at synaptic plasticity gene promoter, we performed qPCR after methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results: Poly (I:C) exposure reduced the level of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at synaptic plasticity gene (bdnf, arc, and egr1) promoters in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus of 3-week rats, although increased it later in both regions of 12-week rats as compared to respective controls. On contrary, poly (I:C) exposure enhanced acetylation of histone H3K9 (H3K9Ac) at promoters of these genes in both regions of 3-week rats but decreased in 12-week rats. Conclusion: Poly (I:C) exposure altered 5mC and H3K9Ac at synaptic plasticity gene promoters resulting in memory impairment of rats at later life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brijendra Singh
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | | | - Ishan Kumar Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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20
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Gupta N, Jadhav S, Tan KL, Saw G, Mallilankaraman KB, Dheen ST. miR-142-3p Regulates BDNF Expression in Activated Rodent Microglia Through Its Target CAMK2A. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:132. [PMID: 32508597 PMCID: PMC7253665 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune effector cells of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), are involved in the development, homeostasis, and pathology of CNS. Microglia become activated in response to various insults and injuries and protect the CNS by phagocytosing the invading pathogens, dead neurons, and other cellular debris. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic mechanisms ensure the coordinated regulation of genes involved in microglial activation. In this study, we performed a microRNA (miRNA) microarray in activated primary microglia derived from rat pup's brain and identified differentially expressed miRNAs targeting key genes involved in cell survival, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, miR-142-3p, one of the highly up-regulated miRNAs in microglia upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation, compared to untreated primary microglia cells was predicted to target Ca2+/calmodulin dependent kinase 2a (CAMK2A). Further, luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-142-3p targets the 3'UTR of Camk2a. CAMK2A has been implicated in regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular mechanism underlying memory and learning. Given this, this study further focused on understanding the miR-142-3p mediated regulation of the CAMK2A-BDNF pathway via Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in activated microglia. The results revealed that CAMK2A was downregulated in activated microglia, suggesting an inverse relationship between miR-142-3p and Camk2a in activated microglia. Overexpression of miR-142-3p in microglia was found to decrease the expression of CAMK2A and subsequently BDNF through regulation of CREB phosphorylation. Functional analysis through shRNA-mediated stable knockdown of CAMK2A in microglia confirmed that the regulation of BDNF by miR-142-3p is via CAMK2A. Overall, this study provides a database of differentially expressed miRNAs in activated primary microglia and reveals that microglial miR-142-3p regulates the CAMK2A-CREB-BDNF pathway which is involved in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shweta Jadhav
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai-Leng Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Genevieve Saw
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karthik Babu Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Sancho-Balsells A, Brito V, Fernández B, Pardo M, Straccia M, Ginés S, Alberch J, Hernández I, Arranz B, Canals JM, Giralt A. Lack of Helios During Neural Development Induces Adult Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors Associated With Aberrant Levels of the TRIF-Recruiter Protein WDFY1. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:93. [PMID: 32477064 PMCID: PMC7240114 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the WDFY1 protein has been studied as a TLR3/4 scaffold/recruiting protein in the immune system and in different oncogenic conditions. However, its function in brain remains poorly understood. We have found that in mice devoid of Helios (He-/- mice), a transcription factor specifically expressed during the development of the immune cells and the central nervous system, there is a permanent and sustained increase of Wdfy1 gene expression in the striatum and hippocampus. Interestingly, we observed that WDFY1 protein levels were also increased in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients, but not in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients with an associated psychotic disorder. Accordingly, young He-/- mice displayed several schizophrenic-like behaviors related to dysfunctions in the striatum and hippocampus. These changes were associated with an increase in spine density in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and with a decrease in the number and size of PSD-95-positive clusters in the stratum radiatum of the CA1. Moreover, these alterations in structural synaptic plasticity were associated with a strong reduction of neuronal NF-κB in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 in He-/- mice. Altogether, our data indicate that alterations involving the molecular axis Helios-WDFY1 in neurons during the development of core brain regions could be relevant for the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sancho-Balsells
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Brito
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belissa Fernández
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Pardo
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ginés
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Alzheimer Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Arranz
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Canals
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Haddad FL, Patel SV, Schmid S. Maternal Immune Activation by Poly I:C as a preclinical Model for Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A focus on Autism and Schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:546-567. [PMID: 32320814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) in response to a viral infection during early and mid-gestation has been linked through various epidemiological studies to a higher risk for the child to develop autism or schizophrenia-related symptoms.. This has led to the establishment of the pathogen-free poly I:C-induced MIA animal model for neurodevelopmental disorders, which shows relatively high construct and face validity. Depending on the experimental variables, particularly the timing of poly I:C administration, different behavioural and molecular phenotypes have been described that relate to specific symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and/or schizophrenia. We here review and summarize epidemiological evidence for the effects of maternal infection and immune activation, as well as major findings in different poly I:C MIA models with a focus on poly I:C exposure timing, behavioural and molecular changes in the offspring, and characteristics of the model that relate it to autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj L Haddad
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Salonee V Patel
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Susanne Schmid
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Wang F, Zhang ZZ, Cao L, Yang QG, Lu QF, Chen GH. Lipopolysaccharide exposure during late embryogenesis triggers and drives Alzheimer-like behavioral and neuropathological changes in CD-1 mice. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01546. [PMID: 31997558 PMCID: PMC7066339 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections could contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology in human. However, experimental evidence for a causal relationship between infections during the prenatal phase and the onset of AD is lacking. METHODS CD-1 mothers were intraperitoneally received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with two doses (25 and 50 μg/kg) or normal saline every day during gestational days 15-17. A battery of behavioral tasks was used to assess the species-typical behavior, sensorimotor capacity, anxiety, locomotor activity, recognition memory, and spatial learning and memory in 1-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 22-month-old offspring mice. An immunohistochemical technology was performed to detect neuropathological indicators consisting of amyloid-β (Aβ), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the hippocampus. RESULTS Compared to the same-aged controls, LPS-treated offspring had similar behavioral abilities and the levels of Aβ42, p-tau, and GFAP at 1 and 6 months old. From 12 months onward, LPS-treated offspring gradually showed decreased species-typical behavior, sensorimotor ability, locomotor activity, recognition memory, and spatial learning and memory, and increased anxieties and the levels of Aβ42, p-tau, and GFAP relative to the same-aged controls. Moreover, this damage effect (especially cognitive decline) persistently progressed onwards. The changes in these neuropathological indicators significantly correlated with impaired spatial learning and memory. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to low doses of LPS caused AD-related features including behavioral and neuropathological changes from midlife to senectitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi-Gang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Fang Lu
- Department of Mental Psychology, the Taihe County Chinese Medicine Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Gui-Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology (Sleep Disorders), the Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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