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Li J, Zhang Z, Tang J, Hou Z, Li L, Li B. Emerging roles of nerve-bone axis in modulating skeletal system. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1867-1903. [PMID: 38421080 DOI: 10.1002/med.22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, emerging evidence in the literature has demonstrated that the innervation of bone is a crucial modulator for skeletal physiology and pathophysiology. The nerve-bone axis sparked extensive preclinical and clinical investigations aimed at elucidating the contribution of nerve-bone crosstalks to skeleton metabolism, homeostasis, and injury repair through the perspective of skeletal neurobiology. To date, peripheral nerves have been widely reported to mediate bone growth and development and fracture healing via the secretion of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, axon guidance factors, and neurotrophins. Relevant studies have further identified several critical neural pathways that stimulate profound alterations in bone cell biology, revealing a complex interplay between the skeleton and nerve systems. In addition, inspired by nerve-bone crosstalk, novel drug delivery systems and bioactive materials have been developed to emulate and facilitate the process of natural bone repair through neuromodulation, eventually boosting osteogenesis for ideal skeletal tissue regeneration. Overall, this work aims to review the novel research findings that contribute to deepening the current understanding of the nerve-bone axis, bringing forth some schemas that can be translated into the clinical scenario to highlight the critical roles of neuromodulation in the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zeyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Qi Y, Lee NJ, Ip CK, Enriquez R, Tasan R, Zhang L, Herzog H. NPY derived from AGRP neurons controls feeding via Y1 and energy expenditure and food foraging behaviour via Y2 signalling. Mol Metab 2022; 59:101455. [PMID: 35167990 PMCID: PMC8886056 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Aguti-related protein (AGRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), which co-express neuropeptide Y (NPY), are key regulators of feeding and energy homeostasis. However, the precise role NPY has within these neurons and the specific pathways that it control are still unclear. In this article, we aimed to determine what aspects of feeding behaviour and energy homeostasis are controlled by NPY originating from AGRP neurons and which Y-receptor pathways are utilised to fulfil this function. Methods Novel conditional Agrpcre/+;Npylox/lox knockout mice were generated and comprehensively phenotyped, both under standard chow as well as high-fat-diet conditions. Designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology was used to assess the altered responses on feeding and energy homeostasis control in the absence of NPY in these neurons. Rescue experiments utilising Npy1r- and Npy2r-selective NPY ligands were performed to assess which component of the energy homeostasis control is dependent by which specific Y-receptor pathway. Results We show that the specific deletion of Npy only in AGRP neurons leads to a paradoxical mild obese phenotype associated with reduced locomotion and energy expenditure and increased feeding and Respiratory Quotient (RQ) that remain elevated under a positive energy balance. The activation of Npy-deficient AGRP neurons via DREADD's is still able to drive feeding, yet with a delayed onset. Additionally, Clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) treatment reduces locomotion without impacting on energy expenditure. Rescue experiments re-introducing Npy1r- and Npy2r-selective NPY ligands revealed that the increased feeding and RQ are mostly driven by Npy1r, whereas energy expenditure and locomotion are controlled by Npy2r signalling. Conclusion Together, these results demonstrate that NPY originating from AGRP neurons is not only critical to initiate but also for continuously driving feeding, and we for the first time identify which Y-receptor controls which pathway. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in AGRP neurons is required to initiate and maintain a feeding drive. NPY controls feeding and RQ via Npy1r signalling. NPY controls energy expenditure and activity via Npy2r signalling. Reduced NPY levels in AGRP neurons result in increased Npy2r expression in POMC neurons.
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Guo L, He B, Fang P, Bo P, Zhang Z. Activation of central galanin receptor 2 mitigated insulin resistance in adipocytes of diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:515-522. [PMID: 32588381 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our and other's studies showed that administration of neuropeptide galanin may mitigate insulin resistance via promoting glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression and translocation in rats. The objective of this study is to investigate whether galanin receptor 2 (GAL2-R) in brain mediates the ameliorative effect of galanin on insulin resistance in adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS In this study galanin, GAL2-R agonist M1145 and GAL2-R antagonist M871 were respectively or cooperatively injected into intracerebroventricles of type 2 diabetic rats once a day for successive fifteen days. Then the plasma and fat tissues of rats were used to estimate the alterations of insulin resistance indexes. RESULTS The central administration of galanin enhanced 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adiponectin levels, food intake and body weight, GLUT4 mRNA expression and GLUT4 concentration in plasma membranes, as well as homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index. Those effects of galanin may be blocked by M817, and imitated by M1145 except for food intake and body weight. CONCLUSION Those results suggest that central GAL2-R mediates the beneficial effects of galanin on insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic rats. GAL2-R agonist may be taken as a potential antidiabetic agent to treat insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guo
- Department of Physical Education, Chuzhou College, Chuzhou, 239012, Anhui, China
| | - B He
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong Street #98, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - P Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong Street #98, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - P Bo
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong Street #98, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong Street #98, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
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Méndez-Couz M, Manahan-Vaughan D, Silva AP, González-Pardo H, Arias JL, Conejo NM. Metaplastic contribution of neuropeptide Y receptors to spatial memory acquisition. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112864. [PMID: 32827566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is highly abundant in the brain and is released as a co-transmitter with plasticity-related neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA and noradrenaline. Functionally, its release is associated with appetite, anxiety, and stress regulation. NPY acting on Y2 receptors (Y2R), facilitates fear extinction, suggesting a role in associative memory. Here, we explored to what extent NPY action at Y2R contributes to hippocampus-dependent spatial memory and found that dorsal intrahippocampal receptor antagonism improved spatial reference memory acquired in a water maze in rats, without affecting anxiety levels, or spontaneous motor activity. Water maze training resulted in an increase of Y2R, but not Y1R expression in the hippocampus. By contrast, in the prefrontal cortex there was a decrease in Y2R, and an increase of Y1R expression. Our results indicate that neuropeptide Y2R are significantly involved in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory and that receptor expression is dynamically regulated by this learning experience. Effects are consistent with a metaplastic contribution of NPY receptors to cumulative spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Méndez-Couz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Spain; Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, Dept. Neurophysiology, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge Luis Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nélida María Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Spain
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Ulum B, Mammadova A, Özyüncü Ö, Uçkan-Çetinkaya D, Yanık T, Aerts-Kaya F. Neuropeptide Y is involved in the regulation of quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells. Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102029. [PMID: 32127176 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation, self-renewal and quiescence of Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is tightly regulated in order to protect the HSCs from the strain of constant cell division and depletion of the stem cell pool. The neurotransmitter Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is released from sympathetic nerves in the bone marrow and has been shown to indirectly affect HSC function through effects on bone marrow (BM) multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs), osteoblasts (OBs) and macrophages. Although the absence of NPY has been shown to be accompanied by severe BM impairment and delayed engraftment of HSCs, the direct effects of NPY on HSCs have never been assessed. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of NPY on the regulation of HSCs. All NPY receptors Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 were found to be highly expressed on most HSCs and mature hematopoietic cell subsets. In culture, in particularly expression of the Y1 receptor was shown to decrease in time. Doses of 300 nM NPY suppressed HSC proliferation in cell cultures, as confirmed by an increase of HSCs in G0 phase and an increase in the gene expression levels of FOXO3, DICER1, SMARCA2 and PDK1, which all have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of cell quiescence. These data support the idea that NPY may have a direct effect on the regulation of HSC fate by modulating cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Ulum
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research, Ankara, Turkey; Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aynura Mammadova
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özyüncü
- Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Uçkan-Çetinkaya
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tülin Yanık
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Hacettepe University Center for Stem Cell Research, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
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Agrawal P, Kao D, Chung P, Looger LL. The neuropeptide Drosulfakinin regulates social isolation-induced aggression in Drosophila. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb207407. [PMID: 31900346 PMCID: PMC7033730 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation strongly modulates behavior across the animal kingdom. We utilized the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to study social isolation-driven changes in animal behavior and gene expression in the brain. RNA-seq identified several head-expressed genes strongly responding to social isolation or enrichment. Of particular interest, social isolation downregulated expression of the gene encoding the neuropeptide Drosulfakinin (Dsk), the homologue of vertebrate cholecystokinin (CCK), which is critical for many mammalian social behaviors. Dsk knockdown significantly increased social isolation-induced aggression. Genetic activation or silencing of Dsk neurons each similarly increased isolation-driven aggression. Our results suggest a U-shaped dependence of social isolation-induced aggressive behavior on Dsk signaling, similar to the actions of many neuromodulators in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Agrawal
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Damian Kao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Phuong Chung
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Loren L Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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Seki S, Tanaka S, Yamada S, Tsuji T, Enomoto A, Ono Y, Chandler SH, Kogo M. Neuropeptide Y modulates membrane excitability in neonatal rat mesencephalic V neurons. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:921-935. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soju Seki
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University Suita Japan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and the Brain Research Institute University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Saori Yamada
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Tadataka Tsuji
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Akifumi Enomoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Medicine Kindai University Osakasayama Japan
| | - Yudai Ono
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Scott H. Chandler
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and the Brain Research Institute University of California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- The 1st Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Graduate School of Dentistry Osaka University Suita Japan
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Wu Y, He H, Cheng Z, Bai Y, Ma X. The Role of Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in the Development of Obesity via Gut-brain Axis. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:750-758. [PMID: 30678628 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190125105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the main challenges of public health in the 21st century. Obesity can induce a series of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver, which seriously affect human health. Gut-brain axis, the two-direction pathway formed between enteric nervous system and central nervous system, plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Gastrointestinal signals are projected through the gut-brain axis to nervous system, and respond to various gastrointestinal stimulation. The central nervous system regulates visceral activity through the gut-brain axis. Brain-gut peptides have important regulatory roles in the gut-brain axis. The brain-gut peptides of the gastrointestinal system and the nervous system regulate the gastrointestinal movement, feeling, secretion, absorption and other complex functions through endocrine, neurosecretion and paracrine to secrete peptides. Both neuropeptide Y and peptide YY belong to the pancreatic polypeptide family and are important brain-gut peptides. Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY have functions that are closely related to appetite regulation and obesity formation. This review describes the role of the gutbrain axis in regulating appetite and maintaining energy balance, and the functions of brain-gut peptides neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in obesity. The relationship between NPY and PYY and the interaction between the NPY-PYY signaling with the gut microbiota are also described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hengxun He
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunan 650201, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision of Henan province, Breeding Animal Genetic Performance Measurement Center of Henan province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China.,Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Lab of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Yuan D, Gao Y, Zhang X, Wang B, Chen H, Wu Y, Chen D, Wang Z, Li Z. NPY and NPY receptors in the central control of feeding and interactions with CART and MC4R in Siberian sturgeon. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 284:113239. [PMID: 31394086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the most powerful central neuropeptide implicated in feeding regulation via its receptors. Understanding the role of NPY system is critical to elucidate animal feeding regulation. Unlike mammal, the possible mechanisms of NPY system in the food intake of teleost fish are mostly unknown. Therefore, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of NPY and NPY receptors in Siberian sturgeon. In this study, we cloned the cDNA encoding NPY, and assessed the effects of different energy status on npy mRNAs abundance. The expression of npy was decreased in the brain after feeding 1 and 3 h. Besides, the expression of npy was increased after fasting within 15 days, while exhibiting significant decrease after refeeding. In order to further characterize the role of NPY receptor in fish, we performed acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of NPY Y1 and Y2 receptor agonists, which is [Leu 31, Pro 34] NPY and NPY13-36 respectively. The results showed that the food intake of Siberian sturgeon was increased within 30 mins after injection of both Y1 and Y2 receptor agonist. To explore the relationship between NPY, NPY receptors and another appetite peptides, we examined the level of npy, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart) and melanocortin-4 receptor (mc4r) by injected Y1 and Y2 receptor agonist. The results suggested that cart expression was regulated by NPY which acts on Y1 receptor or Y2 receptor. While mc4r expression just was mediated by NPY and Y1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyue Yuan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yundi Gao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Yuanbing Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
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Comeras LB, Herzog H, Tasan RO. Neuropeptides at the crossroad of fear and hunger: a special focus on neuropeptide Y. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:59-80. [PMID: 31271235 PMCID: PMC6899945 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Survival in a natural environment forces an individual into constantly adapting purposive behavior. Specified interoceptive neurons monitor metabolic and physiological balance and activate dedicated brain circuits to satisfy essential needs, such as hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, fear, or anxiety. Neuropeptides are multifaceted, central components within such life‐sustaining programs. For instance, nutritional depletion results in a drop in glucose levels, release of hormones, and activation of hypothalamic and brainstem neurons. These neurons, in turn, release several neuropeptides that increase food‐seeking behavior and promote food intake. Similarly, internal and external threats activate neuronal pathways of avoidance and defensive behavior. Interestingly, specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and extended amygdala are activated by both hunger and fear. Here, we introduce the relevant neuropeptides and describe their function in feeding and emotional‐affective behaviors. We further highlight specific pathways and microcircuits, where neuropeptides may interact to identify prevailing homeostatic needs and direct respective compensatory behaviors. A specific focus will be on neuropeptide Y, since it is known for its pivotal role in metabolic and emotional pathways. We hypothesize that the orexigenic and anorexigenic properties of specific neuropeptides are related to their ability to inhibit fear and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Comeras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramon O Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ip CK, Zhang L, Farzi A, Qi Y, Clarke I, Reed F, Shi YC, Enriquez R, Dayas C, Graham B, Begg D, Brüning JC, Lee NJ, Hernandez-Sanchez D, Gopalasingam G, Koller J, Tasan R, Sperk G, Herzog H. Amygdala NPY Circuits Promote the Development of Accelerated Obesity under Chronic Stress Conditions. Cell Metab 2019; 30:111-128.e6. [PMID: 31031093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) exerts a powerful orexigenic effect in the hypothalamus. However, extra-hypothalamic nuclei also produce NPY, but its influence on energy homeostasis is unclear. Here we uncover a previously unknown feeding stimulatory pathway that is activated under conditions of stress in combination with calorie-dense food; NPY neurons in the central amygdala are responsible for an exacerbated response to a combined stress and high-fat-diet intervention. Central amygdala NPY neuron-specific Npy overexpression mimics the obese phenotype seen in a combined stress and high-fat-diet model, which is prevented by the selective ablation of Npy. Using food intake and energy expenditure as readouts, we demonstrate that selective activation of central amygdala NPY neurons results in increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure. Mechanistically, it is the diminished insulin signaling capacity on central amygdala NPY neurons under combined stress and high-fat-diet conditions that leads to the exaggerated development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kin Ip
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yue Qi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ireni Clarke
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Felicia Reed
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ronaldo Enriquez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Chris Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Bret Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Denovan Begg
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicola J Lee
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Diana Hernandez-Sanchez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Julia Koller
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ramon Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Günther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Lee NJ, Clarke IM, Zengin A, Enriquez RF, Nagy V, Penninger JM, Baldock PA, Herzog H. RANK deletion in neuropeptide Y neurones attenuates oestrogen deficiency-related bone loss. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12687. [PMID: 30633834 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The RANKL pathway is known to be an important aspect of the pathogenesis of oestrogen deficiency-induced bone loss. RANK deletion specifically in neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurones has been shown to enhance the ability of the skeleton to match increases in body weight caused by high-fat diet feeding, likely via the modulation of NPY levels. In the present study, we used ovariectomy in female mice to show that RANK deletion in NPY neurones attenuates bone loss caused by long-term oestrogen deficiency, particularly in the vertebral compartment. Ovariectomy led to a reduction in NPY expression levels in the arcuate nucleus of NPYcre/+ ;RANKlox/lox mice compared to NPYcre/+ ;RANKlox/+ controls. Because NPY deficient mice also displayed a similar protection against ovariectomy-induced bone loss, modulation of hypothalamic NPY signalling is the likely mechanism behind the protection from bone loss in the NPYcre/+ ;RANKlox/lox mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Lee
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ireni M Clarke
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ayse Zengin
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronaldo F Enriquez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanj Nagy
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul A Baldock
- St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Shewale S, Ali I, Hadawale K, Bhargava S. Response of NPY immunoreactivity in the tadpole brain exposed to energy rich and energy depleted states. Neuropeptides 2018; 71:1-10. [PMID: 30029890 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The central control of feeding in animals depends upon the alternating actions of orexigenic and anorectic peptides. Studies at understanding the food intake mechanisms have emphasised the role of Neuropeptide Y as a potent orexigenic peptide in the brain. The aim of this study is to investigate the response of NPY system to positive and negative energy states and elucidate a holistic response of NPY expression throughout the brain of a tadpole model. The pre-metamorphic tadpoles of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis were subjected to fasting, or intra-cranially injected with glucose or 2-deoxy-d-Glucose (2DG)-a metabolic antagonist of glucose and the response of the NPY system in the entire brain was studied using immunohistochemistry. Glucose injections reduced the basal expression of NPY- immunoreactive perikarya (upto 20%) in the olfactory bulb, nucleus pre-opticus, infundibulum, raphe nucleus and the distal lobe of pituitary. These regions responded to the intracranial injections of 2DG by increasing the expression of NPY up to 30%. Animals deprived of food also possessed the same response except that the increase was much intense in the 2DG injected tadpoles. Our observations lead us to the conclusion that NPY containing neurons in the discrete brain areas may be involved in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in amphibians and, since these regions also contain the glucose sensing neurons, we further suggest that the release of NPY might be regulated by the glucose sensing neurons of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Shewale
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India; Department of Zoology, Bhavan's Hazarimal Somani College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400 007, India
| | - Ishfaq Ali
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Kavita Hadawale
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Shobha Bhargava
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, India.
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14
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Liu H, Xiong Y, Wang H, Yang L, Wang C, Liu X, Wu Z, Li X, Ou L, Zhang R, Zhu X. Effects of water extract from epimedium on neuropeptide signaling in an ovariectomized osteoporosis rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 221:126-136. [PMID: 29705515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE For the past millennium, water extract from Epimedium (dried leaves of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.) has been widely used for bone disease therapy in traditional Chinese medicine and has been reported to exhibit salutary effects on osteoporosis in clinical trials. The therapeutic effect of Epimedium is associated with the function of the brain in traditional Chinese medicine theory. STUDY AIM To determine the potential relationship between treating osteoporosis with Epimedium and neuropeptide regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water extract from Epimedium was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with HPLC-TOF-MS. Ovariectomized rats were used as an osteoporosis model and were treated orally with water extract from Epimedium 16 weeks after surgery to mimic clinical therapy. After treatment, gene expression and protein levels of four neuropeptides, as well as their main receptors or receptor precursors including; neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors NPY 1 (NPYR1) and 2; calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor precursor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR); vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its receptor VIP 1 (VIP1R) and 2; and substance P (SP) and its receptor neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) were detected in samples taken from bone, brain and spinal cord. RESULTS Treatment with water extract from Epimedium prevented bone mineral loss and reduced femoral bone strength decline associated with osteoporosis. Detection of neuropeptides showed that treatment also affected neuropeptide in the brain/spinal cord/bone axis; specifically, treatment increased brain NPY, bone NPY1R, bone CRLR, bone and spinal cord VIP and VIP2R, bone SP, and brain and spinal cord NK1R. CONCLUSION The effects of osteoporosis can largely be reduced by treatment with Epimedium most likely through a mechanism associated with several neuropeptides involved in regulation of the brain/spinal cord/bone axis. These novel results contribute to existing literature regarding the possible mechanisms of habitual use of Epimedium in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengrui Liu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | | | - Haixia Wang
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | | | | | - Zhidi Wu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Ling Ou
- Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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15
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Lee NJ, Clarke IM, Enriquez RF, Nagy V, Penninger J, Baldock PA, Herzog H. Central RANK signalling in NPY neurons alters bone mass in male mice. Neuropeptides 2018; 68:75-83. [PMID: 29477253 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RANKL signalling known to be important for the control of bone mass, has recently also been implicated in the brain to control thermoregulation, however, it is not known which neuronal pathways are involved and whether other aspects of energy homeostasis are also affected. Here we show that selective deletion of RANK from NPY neurons down-regulated NPY mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. While comprehensive phenotyping of germline-induced NPY neuron specific RANK deficient mice revealed no significant changes in physical or metabolic parameters, adult onset deletion of RANK from NPY neurons led to a significant increase in fat mass and a decrease in whole body bone mineral content and bone mineral density. Intriguingly, when these conditional knockout mice were placed on a high fat diet, body weight and fat mass did not differ to control mice. However, they were able to significantly increase their bone mass to match their increased body weight, an ability that was lacking in control mice. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate that RANK signalling in NPY neurons is involved in modulating NPY levels and through that matching bone mass to body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Lee
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - I M Clarke
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - R F Enriquez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V Nagy
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - P A Baldock
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - H Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St Vincents Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Seldeen KL, Halley PG, Volmar CH, Rodríguez MA, Hernandez M, Pang M, Carlsson SK, Suva LJ, Wahlestedt C, Troen BR, Brothers SP. Neuropeptide Y Y2 antagonist treated ovariectomized mice exhibit greater bone mineral density. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:45-55. [PMID: 29129406 PMCID: PMC5805636 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by progressive bone loss and increased risk of fracture, often results from menopausal loss of estrogen in women. Neuropeptide Y has been shown to negatively regulate bone formation, with amygdala specific deletion of the Y2 receptor resulting in increased bone mass in mice. In this study, ovariectomized (OVX) mice were injected once daily with JNJ-31020028, a brain penetrant Y2 receptor small molecule antagonist to determine the effects on bone formation. Antagonist treated mice had reduced weight and showed increased whole-body bone mineral density compared to vehicle-injected mice. Micro computerized tomography (micro-CT) demonstrated increased vertebral trabecular bone volume, connectivity density and trabecular thickness. Femoral micro-CT analysis revealed increased bone volume within trabecular regions and greater trabecular number, without significant difference in other parameters or within cortical regions. A decrease was seen in serum P1NP, a measure used to confirm positive treatment outcomes in bisphosphonate treated patients. C-terminal telopeptide 1 (CTX-1), a blood biomarker of bone resorption, was decreased in treated animals. The higher bone mineral density observed following Y2 antagonist treatment, as determined by whole-body DEXA scanning, is indicative of either enhanced mineralization or reduced bone loss. Additionally, our findings that ex vivo treatment of bone marrow cells with the Y2 antagonist did not affect osteoblast and osteoclast formation suggests the inhibitor is not affecting these cells directly, and suggests a central role for compound action in this system. Our results support the involvement of Y2R signalling in bone metabolism and give credence to the hypothesis that selective pharmacological manipulation of Y2R may provide anabolic benefits for treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Seldeen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - P G Halley
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C H Volmar
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M A Rodríguez
- Bruce W. Carter VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Hernandez
- Bruce W. Carter VA Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Miami, FL, USA; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M Pang
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S K Carlsson
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - L J Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas Medical School, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - C Wahlestedt
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - B R Troen
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - S P Brothers
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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17
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Morosawa S, Iritani S, Fujishiro H, Sekiguchi H, Torii Y, Habuchi C, Kuroda K, Kaibuchi K, Ozaki N. Neuropeptide Y neuronal network dysfunction in the frontal lobe of a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia. Neuropeptides 2017; 62:27-35. [PMID: 28073591 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found to play a critical role in various mental functions as a neurotransmitter and is involved in the development of schizophrenia, a particularly intractable psychiatric disease whose precise etiology remains unknown. Recent molecular biological investigations have identified several candidate genes which may be associated with this disease, including disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). The role of DISC1 would involve neurogenesis and neuronal migration. However, the functional consequences of this gene defect have not yet been fully clarified in neuronal systems. In the present study, to clarify the neuropathological changes associated with the function of DISC1, we explored how DISC1 dysfunction can induce abnormalities in the NPY neuronal network in the central nervous system. We performed immunohistochemical analyses (including the observation of the distribution and density) of prefrontal cortex specimens from DISC1-knockout (KO) mice, which are considered to be a novel animal model of schizophrenia. We then evaluated the number and size of NPY-immunoreactive (NPY-IR) neurons and the length of NPY-IR fibers. The number of NPY-IR neurons and the length of the fibers were decreased in the prefrontal cortex of DISC1-KO mice. The decrease was particularly prominent in the superficial regions, and the distribution of NPY-IR neurons differed between wild-type and DISC1-KO mice. However, the size of the neurons in the cortices of the DISC1-KO and wild-type mice did not differ markedly. Our findings suggest that dysfunction of DISC1 may lead to the alteration of NPY neurons and neurotransmission issues in NPY-containing neuron systems, which seem to play important roles in both the mental function and neuronal development. DISC1 dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia through the impairment of the NPY neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Morosawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Shuji Iritani
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroshige Fujishiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Youta Torii
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Chikako Habuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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