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Aruwa CE, Sabiu S. Adipose tissue inflammation linked to obesity: A review of current understanding, therapies and relevance of phyto-therapeutics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23114. [PMID: 38163110 PMCID: PMC10755291 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a current global challenge affecting all ages and is characterized by the up-regulated secretion of bioactive factors/pathways which result in adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Current obesity therapies are mainly focused on lifestyle (diet/nutrition) changes. This is because many chemosynthetic anti-obesogenic medications cause adverse effects like diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and faecal incontinence, among others. As such, it is necessary to appraise the efficacies and mechanisms of action of safer, natural alternatives like plant-sourced compounds, extracts [extractable phenol (EP) and macromolecular antioxidant (MA) extracts], and anti-inflammatory peptides, among others, with a view to providing a unique approach to obesity care. These natural alternatives may constitute potent therapies for ATI linked to obesity. The potential of MA compounds (analysed for the first time in this review) and extracts in ATI and obesity management is elucidated upon, while also highlighting research gaps and future prospects. Furthermore, immune cells, signalling pathways, genes, and adipocyte cytokines play key roles in ATI responses and are targeted in certain therapies. As a result, this review gives an in-depth appraisal of ATI linked to obesity, its causes, mechanisms, and effects of past, present, and future therapies for reversal and alleviation of ATI. Achieving a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality rates attributed to ATI linked to obesity and related comorbidities is possible as research improves our understanding over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Eleojo Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Haddad F, Dokmak G, Bader M, Karaman R. A Comprehensive Review on Weight Loss Associated with Anti-Diabetic Medications. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041012. [PMID: 37109541 PMCID: PMC10144237 DOI: 10.3390/life13041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex metabolic condition that can have a negative impact on one's health and even result in mortality. The management of obesity has been addressed in a number of ways, including lifestyle changes, medication using appetite suppressants and thermogenics, and bariatric surgery for individuals who are severely obese. Liraglutide and semaglutide are two of the five Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anti-obesity drugs that are FDA-approved agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. In order to highlight the positive effects of these drugs as anti-obesity treatments, we analyzed the weight loss effects of T2DM agents that have demonstrated weight loss effects in this study by evaluating clinical studies that were published for each agent. Many clinical studies have revealed that some antihyperglycemic medications can help people lose weight, while others either cause weight gain or neutral results. Acarbose has mild weight loss effects and metformin and sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter proteins-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have modest weight loss effects; however, some glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists had the greatest impact on weight loss. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors showed a neutral or mild weight loss effect. To sum up, some of the GLP-1 agonist drugs show promise as weight-loss treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Haddad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Ghadeer Dokmak
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
| | - Maryam Bader
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 9103401, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Suvada K, Gujral UP, Wei J, Merchant R, Dharanendra S, Haw JS, Narayan KMV, Ali MK. Interventions for Reversing Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:614-625. [PMID: 35151523 PMCID: PMC10420389 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several interventions have been found to be effective for reversing prediabetes in adults. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effectiveness of such interventions. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles published between January 1, 2000 and June 27, 2018. RCTs in adults with prediabetes, testing nonsurgical interventions lasting for ≥3 months, and reporting the number of participants achieving normal glucose levels at intervention end were eligible. The pooled risk difference and number needed to treat for achieving normoglycemia were estimated using a random-effects, arm-based network meta-analysis. The strength of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Data were obtained in 2018 and analyzed in 2019 and 2021. RESULTS Of 54 studies included in the systematic review, 47 were meta-analyzed (n=26,460, mean age=53 years, 46% male, 31% White). Studies included 27 arms testing lifestyle modification interventions, 25 testing medications, 5 testing dietary supplements, and 10 testing Chinese medicine. There were 35 control/placebo arms. At a median follow-up of 1.6 years, more participants in the lifestyle modification groups achieved normoglycemia than those in the control (risk difference=0.18, number needed to treat=6). The strength of the evidence was strong for lifestyle modification. Over a median follow-up of 2.7 years, more participants receiving glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (risk difference=0.47, number needed to treat=2), α-glucosidase inhibitors (risk difference=0.29, number needed to treat=4), and insulin sensitizers (risk difference=0.23, number needed to treat=4) achieved normoglycemia than control. The strength of evidence was moderate for these medications. DISCUSSION Although several pharmacological approaches can reverse prediabetes, lifestyle modification provides the strongest evidence of effectiveness and should remain the recommended approach to address this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla I Galaviz
- From the Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.
| | - Mary Beth Weber
- Hubert Department of Global Health (HDGH), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kara Suvada
- Hubert Department of Global Health (HDGH), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Unjali P Gujral
- Hubert Department of Global Health (HDGH), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jingkai Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Rozina Merchant
- Department of Family and Preventime Medicine and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sahrudh Dharanendra
- Hubert Department of Global Health (HDGH), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Sonya Haw
- Department of Family and Preventime Medicine and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Hubert Department of Global Health (HDGH), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Family and Preventime Medicine and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mohammed K Ali
- Hubert Department of Global Health (HDGH), Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Family and Preventime Medicine and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Starup-Linde J, Lykkeboe S, Handberg A, Vestergaard P, Høyem P, Fleischer J, Hansen TK, Poulsen PL, Laugesen E. Glucose variability and low bone turnover in people with type 2 diabetes. Bone 2021; 153:116159. [PMID: 34461287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is related to an increased fracture risk and low bone turnover. However, the mechanisms are not elucidated. In the present study we investigate the association between glycemic variability and bone turnover markers. METHODS 100 participants with T2D and 100 age and gender matched controls were included in this cross-sectional study. All participants with T2D were equipped with a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor for 3 days (CGMS iPro Continuous Glucose Recorder; Medtronic MiniMed). The dawn glucose levels were defined as a morning period starting 1 h before breakfast ending 1 h post ingestion. On all participants serum (s)-C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX), s-procollagen type 1 amino terminal propeptide (P1NP), and s-sclerostin were measured. RESULTS Participants with T2D displayed significantly lower levels of the bone resorption marker s-CTX and the bone formation marker s-P1NP compared to controls. S-CTX was significantly negatively associated with the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) and the dawn glucose levels whereas s-P1NP only was significantly negatively associated with the dawn glucose levels while it was borderline significantly associated with MAGE (p = 0.05). S-CTX and s-P1NP were significantly lower among the 50% with the highest dawn glucose levels compared to the 50% lowest dawn glucose levels also after adjustment for age, gender, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSION We observed that the amplitude of glycemic excursions and rise in dawn glucose was negatively associated with bone turnover markers. Future research is needed to determine whether reduction of the amplitude of glycemic excursions increase bone turnover markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Starup-Linde
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Simon Lykkeboe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Pernille Høyem
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jesper Fleischer
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Zealand, Holbaek, Denmark
| | | | - Per Løgstrup Poulsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Esben Laugesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Rezki A, Cosson E, Fysekidis M, Chiheb S, Vicaut E, Valensi P. Acute and long-term effects of saxagliptin on a set of cardiovascular targets measured at fasting and post-prandially in obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance: A placebo-controlled study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:2945-2958. [PMID: 34420816 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies of dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (DPP4is) report heterogeneous effects on cardiovascular targets in type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate, in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), whether saxagliptin, a DPP4i, had beneficial cardiovascular effects at fasting and during the post-prandial state. METHODS AND RESULTS In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-center pilot exploratory study, we included obese individuals with IGT. Twenty-four individuals (BMI 36.8 ± 4.8 kg/m2) were randomized to receive for 12 weeks either saxagliptin 5 mg a day or placebo. They were explored before and after a standardized breakfast for biological markers; microcirculatory blood flow at baseline and after transcutaneous administration of acetylcholine (Periflux System 5000® PERIMED); post-occlusive digital reactive hyperhemia (Endopat2000®); pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, central pulse pressure and subendocardial viability ratio (Sphygmocor®); cardiac hemodynamic parameters and cardiovascular autonomic nervous system activity (Task force monitor®). The results of all the investigations were similar after breakfast in the two groups at Visit 1 (acute post-prandial effects, after the first tablet) and Visit 2 (long-term post-prandial effects), and at fasting at Visit 1 and 2 (long-term effects, after 12 weeks of treatment). Only at Visit 2 the decrease in cardiac vagal activity occurring after breakfast was more sustained in the saxagliptin group than in the placebo group (interaction between treatment and time effect: p = 0.016). CONCLUSION In obese patients with IGT, the effects of saxagliptin on the large set of cardiovascular parameters measured are neutral, except for a more marked post-prandial depression of vagal activity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01521312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Rezki
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR U557 INSERM/U11125 INRA/CNAM/Université Paris13, Unité de Recherche Epidémiologique Nutritionnelle, Bobigny, France
| | - Emmanuel Cosson
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR U557 INSERM/U11125 INRA/CNAM/Université Paris13, Unité de Recherche Epidémiologique Nutritionnelle, Bobigny, France
| | - Marinos Fysekidis
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR U557 INSERM/U11125 INRA/CNAM/Université Paris13, Unité de Recherche Epidémiologique Nutritionnelle, Bobigny, France
| | - Sabrina Chiheb
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Université Denis Diderot, AP-HP Unité de Recherche Clinique St-Louis-Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Paul Valensi
- AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Nutrition, CRNH-IdF, CINFO, Paris 13 University, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France.
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