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Yadav D, Malviya R. Vector-Mediated Delivery of Transgenes and RNA Interference-Based Gene Silencing Sequences to Astrocytes for Disease Management: Advances and Prospectives. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:110-121. [PMID: 37921145 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232264527231013072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a type of important glial cell in the brain that serve crucial functions in regulating neuronal activity, facilitating communication between neurons, and keeping everything in balance. In this abstract, we explore current methods and future approaches for using vectors to precisely target astrocytes in the fight against various illnesses. In order to deliver therapeutic cargo selectively to astrocytes, researchers have made tremendous progress by using viral vectors such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lentiviruses. It has been established that engineered viral vectors are capable of either crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or being delivered intranasally, which facilitates their entrance into the brain parenchyma. These vectors are able to contain transgenes that code for neuroprotective factors, synaptic modulators, or anti-inflammatory medicines, which pave the way for multiple approaches to disease intervention. Strategies based on RNA interference (RNAi) make vector-mediated astrocyte targeting much more likely to work. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are two types of RNA that can be made to silence disease-related genes in astrocytes. Vector-mediated delivery in conjunction with RNAi techniques provides a powerful toolkit for investigating the complex biological pathways that contribute to disease development. However, there are still a number of obstacles to overcome in order to perfect the specificity, safety, and duration of vector-mediated astrocyte targeting. In order to successfully translate research findings into clinical practise, it is essential to minimise off-target effects and the risk of immunogenicity. To demonstrate the therapeutic effectiveness of these strategies, rigorous preclinical investigation and validation are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Tesiye MR, Gol M, Fadardi MR, Kani SNM, Costa AM, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Biagini G. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Epilepsy and Their Interaction with Antiseizure Medications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244129. [PMID: 36552892 PMCID: PMC9777461 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a life-threatening neurological disease that affects approximately 70 million people worldwide. Although the vast majority of patients may be successfully managed with currently used antiseizure medication (ASM), the search for alternative therapies is still necessary due to pharmacoresistance in about 30% of patients with epilepsy. Here, we review the effects of ASMs on stem cell treatment when they could be, as expected, co-administered. Indeed, it has been reported that ASMs produce significant effects on the differentiation and determination of stem cell fate. In addition, we discuss more recent findings on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. In this regard, their ability to differentiate into various cell types, reach damaged tissues and produce and release biologically active molecules with immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties make them a high-potential therapeutic tool to address neuroinflammation in different neurological disorders, including epilepsy. Overall, the characteristics of MSCs to be genetically engineered, in order to replace dysfunctional elements with the aim of restoring normal tissue functioning, suggested that these cells could be good candidates for the treatment of epilepsy refractory to ASMs. Further research is required to understand the potential of stem cell treatment in epileptic patients and its interaction with ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi Tesiye
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gol
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- PhD School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna-Maria Costa
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.G.-K.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.-K.); (G.B.)
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3
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Tescarollo FC, Rombo DM, DeLiberto LK, Fedele DE, Alharfoush E, Tomé ÂR, Cunha RA, Sebastião AM, Boison D. Role of Adenosine in Epilepsy and Seizures. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2020; 10:45-60. [PMID: 32566903 PMCID: PMC7301316 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant and neuroprotectant of the brain. Seizure activity produces large quantities of adenosine, and it is this seizure-induced adenosine surge that normally stops a seizure. However, within the context of epilepsy, adenosine plays a wide spectrum of different roles. It not only controls seizures (ictogenesis), but also plays a major role in processes that turn a normal brain into an epileptic brain (epileptogenesis). It is involved in the control of abnormal synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration and plays a major role in the expression of comorbid symptoms and complications of epilepsy, such as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Given the important role of adenosine in epilepsy, therapeutic strategies are in development with the goal to utilize adenosine augmentation not only for the suppression of seizures but also for disease modification and epilepsy prevention, as well as strategies to block adenosine A2A receptor overfunction associated with neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of adenosine in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C. Tescarollo
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Diogo M. Rombo
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lindsay K. DeLiberto
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Denise E. Fedele
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Enmar Alharfoush
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ângelo R. Tomé
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Detlev Boison
- Deptartment of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Mateus JM, Ribeiro FF, Alonso-Gomes M, Rodrigues RS, Marques JM, Sebastião AM, Rodrigues RJ, Xapelli S. Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Relevance of Adenosine for Neuroregeneration in Brain Disorders. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/caff.2019.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Alonso-Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M. Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Rodrigues
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Marofi F, Vahedi G, hasanzadeh A, Salarinasab S, Arzhanga P, Khademi B, Farshdousti Hagh M. Mesenchymal stem cells as the game‐changing tools in the treatment of various organs disorders: Mirage or reality? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1268-1288. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ghasem Vahedi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Ali hasanzadeh
- Department of Hematology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sadegh Salarinasab
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhanga
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Bahareh Khademi
- Department of Medical Genetic Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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Estiri H, Fallah A, Soleimani M, Aliaghaei A, Karimzadeh F, Babaei Abraki S, Ghahremani MH. Stable Knockdown of Adenosine Kinase by Lentiviral Anti-ADK miR-shRNAs in Wharton's Jelly Stem Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 20:1-9. [PMID: 29308612 PMCID: PMC5759670 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study, we describe an efficient approach for stable knockdown of adenosine kinase (ADK) using lentiviral
system, in an astrocytoma cell line and in human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hWJMSCs). These sources of stem
cells besides having multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory activities, are easily available in unlimited
numbers, do not raise ethical concerns and are attractive for gene manipulation and cell-based gene therapy.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we targeted adenosine kinase mRNA at 3' and performed coding
sequences using eight miR-based expressing cassettes of anti-ADK short hairpin RNA (shRNAs). First, these cassettes with
scrambled control sequences were cloned into expressing lentiviral pGIPZ vector. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain
reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to screen multi-cassettes anti-ADK miR-shRNAs in stably transduced U-251 MG cell line and
measuring ADK gene expression at mRNA level. Extracted WJMSCs were characterized using flow cytometry for expressing
mesenchymal specific marker (CD44+) and lack of expression of hematopoietic lineage marker (CD45-). Then, the lentiviral
vector that expressed the most efficient anti-ADK miR-shRNA, was employed to stably transduce WJMSCs.
Results Transfection of anti-ADK miR-shRNAs in HEK293T cells using CaPO4 method showed high efficiency. We
successfully transduced U-251 cell line by recombinant lentiviruses and screened eight cassettes of anti-ADK miR-
shRNAs in stably transduced U-251 MG cell line by qRT-PCR. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of ADK by lentiviral
system indicated up to 95% down-regulation of ADK. Following lentiviral transduction of WJMSCs with anti-ADK miR-
shRNA expression cassette, we also implicated, down-regulation of ADK up to 95% by qRT-PCR and confirmed it by
western blot analysis at the protein level.
Conclusion Our findings indicate efficient usage of shRNA cassette for ADK knockdown. Engineered WJMSCs with
genome editing methods like CRISPR/cas9 or more safe viral systems such as adeno-associated vectors (AAV) might
be an attractive source in cell-based gene therapy and may have therapeutic potential for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Estiri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Institute of Cell and Gene therapy, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Fallah
- Bioviva Science USA, Seattle, USA.,Iranian Institute of Cell and Gene therapy, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Neuroscience Lab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Karimzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Karnati HK, Panigrahi MK, Gutti RK, Greig NH, Tamargo IA. miRNAs: Key Players in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Epilepsy. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:563-80. [PMID: 26402105 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, ∼22 nucleotide, non-coding RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA dysregulation has been observed in cancer and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the neurological disorder, epilepsy. Neuronal degradation and death are important hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, abnormalities in metabolism, synapsis and axonal transport have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. A number of recently published studies have demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the nervous system and have contributed to the growing body of evidence on miRNA dysregulation in neurological disorders. Knowledge of the expressions and activities of such miRNAs may aid in the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the significance of miRNA dysregulation in the development of neurodegenerative disorders and the use of miRNAs as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manas Kumar Panigrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian A Tamargo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Huang PY, Shih YH, Tseng YJ, Ko TL, Fu YS, Lin YY. Xenograft of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly as a potential therapy for rat pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:45-58. [PMID: 26732826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of intra-hippocampal transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) on pilocarpine-treated rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following three groups: (1) a normal group of rats receiving only PBS, (2) a status epilepticus (SE) group of rats with pilocarpine-induced SE and PBS injected into the hippocampi, and (3) a SE+HUMSC group of SE rats with HUMSC transplantation. Spontaneous recurrent motor seizures (SRMS) were monitored using simultaneous video and electroencephalographic recordings at two to four weeks after SE induction. The results showed that the number of SRMS within two to four weeks after SE was significantly decreased in SE+HUMSCs rats compared with SE rats. All of the rats were sacrificed on Day 29 after SE. Hippocampal morphology and volume were evaluated using Nissl staining and magnetic resonance imaging. The results showed that the volume of the dorsal hippocampus was smaller in SE rats compared with normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. The pyramidal neuron loss in CA1 and CA3 regions was more severe in the SE rats than in normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. No significant differences were found in the hippocampal neuronal loss or in the number of dentate GABAergic neurons between normal and SE+HUMSCs rats. Compared with the SE rats, the SE+HUMSCs rats exhibited a suppression of astrocyte activity and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. Implanted HUMSCs survived in the hippocampus and released cytokines, including FGF-6, amphiregulin, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factors receptor (GITR), MIP-3β, and osteoprotegerin. In an in vitro study, exposure of cortical neurons to glutamate showed a significant decrease in cell viability, which was preventable by co-culturing with HUMSCs. Above all, the expression of human osteoprotegerin and amphiregulin were significantly increased in the media of the co-culture of neurons and HUMSCs. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of HUMSC transplantation for the development of epilepsy, which are likely due to the ability of the cells to produce neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, HUMSC transplantation may be an effective therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Huang
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhan Tseng
- Division of medical research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, HsinChu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ling Ko
- Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Show Fu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Yang Lin
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Cranial grafting of stem cell-derived microvesicles improves cognition and reduces neuropathology in the irradiated brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4836-41. [PMID: 27044087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521668113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer survivors face a variety of challenges as they cope with disease recurrence and a myriad of normal tissue complications brought on by radio- and chemotherapeutic treatment regimens. For patients subjected to cranial irradiation for the control of CNS malignancy, progressive and debilitating cognitive dysfunction remains a pressing unmet medical need. Although this problem has been recognized for decades, few if any satisfactory long-term solutions exist to resolve this serious unintended side effect of radiotherapy. Past work from our laboratory has demonstrated the neurocognitive benefits of human neural stem cell (hNSC) grafting in the irradiated brain, where intrahippocampal transplantation of hNSC ameliorated radiation-induced cognitive deficits. Using a similar strategy, we now provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that cranial grafting of microvesicles secreted from hNSC affords similar neuroprotective phenotypes after head-only irradiation. Cortical- and hippocampal-based deficits found 1 mo after irradiation were completely resolved in animals cranially grafted with microvesicles. Microvesicle treatment was found to attenuate neuroinflammation and preserve host neuronal morphology in distinct regions of the brain. These data suggest that the neuroprotective properties of microvesicles act through a trophic support mechanism that reduces inflammation and preserves the structural integrity of the irradiated microenvironment.
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10
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D'souza N, Rossignoli F, Golinelli G, Grisendi G, Spano C, Candini O, Osturu S, Catani F, Paolucci P, Horwitz EM, Dominici M. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a delivery platform in cell and gene therapies. BMC Med 2015; 13:186. [PMID: 26265166 PMCID: PMC4534031 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine relying on cell and gene therapies is one of the most promising approaches to repair tissues. Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC), a population of progenitors committing into mesoderm lineages, are progressively demonstrating therapeutic capabilities far beyond their differentiation capacities. The mechanisms by which MSC exert these actions include the release of biomolecules with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, anti-fibrogenic, and trophic functions. While we expect the spectra of these molecules with a therapeutic profile to progressively expand, several human pathological conditions have begun to benefit from these biomolecule-delivering properties. In addition, MSC have also been proposed to vehicle genes capable of further empowering these functions. This review deals with the therapeutic properties of MSC, focusing on their ability to secrete naturally produced or gene-induced factors that can be used in the treatment of kidney, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, nervous system, and skeletal diseases. We specifically focus on the different modalities by which MSC can exert these functions. We aim to provide an updated understanding of these paracrine mechanisms as a prerequisite to broadening the therapeutic potential and clinical impact of MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi D'souza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Golinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Spano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Olivia Candini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Satoru Osturu
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Fabio Catani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Paolucci
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy
| | - Edwin M Horwitz
- The Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124, Modena, Italy.
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11
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Venugopal C, Chandanala S, Prasad HC, Nayeem D, Bhonde RR, Dhanushkodi A. Regenerative therapy for hippocampal degenerative diseases: lessons from preclinical studies. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:321-333. [PMID: 26118731 DOI: 10.1002/term.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increase in life expectancy has put neurodegenerative diseases on the rise. Amongst these, degenerative diseases involving hippocampus like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are ranked higher as it is vulnerable to excitotoxicity induced neuronal dysfunction and death resulting in cognitive impairment. Modern medicines have not succeeded in halting the progression of these diseases rendering them incurable and often fatal. Under such scenario, regenerative studies employing stem cells or their by-products in animal models of AD and TLE have yielded encourageing results. This review focuses on the distinct cell types, such as hippocampal cell lines, neural precursor cells, embryonic stem cells derived neural precursor cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, induced neurons and mesenchymal stem cells, which can be employed to rescue hippocampal functions in neurodegenerative diseases like AD and TLE. Besides, the divergent mechanisms through which cell based therapy confer neuroprotection, current impediments and possible improvements in stem cell transplantation strategies are discussed. Authors are aware of the voluminous literature available on this issue and have made a sincere attempt to put forth the current status of research in the field of cell based therapy concurrently discussing the promise it holds for combating neurodegenerative diseases like AD and TLE in the near future. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Venugopal
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Danish Nayeem
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh R Bhonde
- School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University, Bangalore, India
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12
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Cavaliere F, Donno C, D'Ambrosi N. Purinergic signaling: a common pathway for neural and mesenchymal stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:211. [PMID: 26082684 PMCID: PMC4451364 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP, related nucleotides and adenosine are among the earliest signaling molecules, operating in virtually all tissues and cells. Through their specific receptors, namely purinergic P1 for nucleosides and P2 for nucleotides, they are involved in a wide array of physiological effects ranging from neurotransmission and muscle contraction to endocrine secretion, vasodilation, immune response, and fertility. The purinergic system also participates in the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells from different niches. In particular, both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells are endowed with several purinergic receptors and ecto-nucleotide metabolizing enzymes, and release extracellular purines that mediate autocrine and paracrine growth/proliferation, pro- or anti-apoptotic processes, differentiation-promoting effects and immunomodulatory actions. Here, we discuss the often opposing roles played by ATP and adenosine in adult neurogenesis in both physiological and pathological conditions, as well as in adipogenic and osteogenic MSC differentiation. We also focus on how purinergic ligands produced and released by transplanted stem cells can be regarded as ideal candidates to mediate the crosstalk with resident stem cell niches, promoting cell growth and survival, regulating inflammation and, therefore, contributing to local tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cavaliere
- Department of Neuroscience, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, CIBERNED and University of Basque Country, Leioa Spain
| | - Claudia Donno
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome Italy
| | - Nadia D'Ambrosi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome Italy
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Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Annabi N, Tamayol A, Oklu R, Ghanem A, Khademhosseini A. Adenosine-associated delivery systems. J Drug Target 2015; 23:580-96. [PMID: 26453156 PMCID: PMC4863639 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1058803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside in every cell. Many critical treatments such as modulating irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias), regulation of central nervous system (CNS) activity and inhibiting seizural episodes can be carried out using adenosine. Despite the significant potential therapeutic impact of adenosine and its derivatives, the severe side effects caused by their systemic administration have significantly limited their clinical use. In addition, due to adenosine's extremely short half-life in human blood (<10 s), there is an unmet need for sustained delivery systems to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. In this article, various adenosine delivery techniques, including encapsulation into biodegradable polymers, cell-based delivery, implantable biomaterials and mechanical-based delivery systems, are critically reviewed and the existing challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Interventional Radiology, Boston 02114, MA, USA
| | - Amyl Ghanem
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Young D, Fong DM, Lawlor PA, Wu A, Mouravlev A, McRae M, Glass M, Dragunow M, During MJ. Adenosine kinase, glutamine synthetase and EAAT2 as gene therapy targets for temporal lobe epilepsy. Gene Ther 2014; 21:1029-40. [PMID: 25231174 PMCID: PMC4257851 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are an attractive cell target for gene therapy, but the validation of new therapeutic candidates is needed. We determined whether adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated overexpression of glutamine synthetase (GS) or excitatory amino-acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), or expression of microRNA targeting adenosine kinase (miR-ADK) in hippocampal astrocytes in the rat brain could modulate susceptibility to kainate-induced seizures and neuronal cell loss. Transgene expression was found predominantly in astrocytes following direct injection of glial-targeting AAV9 vectors by 3 weeks postinjection. ADK expression in miR-ADK vector-injected rats was reduced by 94-96% and was associated with an ~50% reduction in the duration of kainate-induced seizures and greater protection of dentate hilar neurons but not CA3 neurons compared with miR-control vector-injected rats. In contrast, infusion of AAV-GS and EAAT2 vectors did not afford any protection against seizures or neuronal damage as the level of transcriptional activity of the glial fibrillary acidic promoter was too low to drive any significant increase in transgenic GS or EAAT2 relative to the high endogenous levels of these proteins. Our findings support ADK as a prime therapeutic target for gene therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy and suggest that alternative approaches including the use of stronger glial promoters are needed to increase transgenic GS and EAAT2 expression to levels that may be required to affect seizure induction and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Young
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dahna M. Fong
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Patricia A. Lawlor
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Angela Wu
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexandre Mouravlev
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle McRae
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J. During
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Acharya MM, Martirosian V, Christie LA, Riparip L, Strnadel J, Parihar VK, Limoli CL. Defining the optimal window for cranial transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive impairment. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:74-83. [PMID: 25391646 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Past preclinical studies have demonstrated the capability of using human stem cell transplantation in the irradiated brain to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Intrahippocampal transplantation of human embryonic stem cells and human neural stem cells (hNSCs) was found to functionally restore cognition in rats 1 and 4 months after cranial irradiation. To optimize the potential therapeutic benefits of human stem cell transplantation, we have further defined optimal transplantation windows for maximizing cognitive benefits after irradiation and used induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs (iPSC-hNSCs) that may eventually help minimize graft rejection in the host brain. For these studies, animals given an acute head-only dose of 10 Gy were grafted with iPSC-hNSCs at 2 days, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks following irradiation. Animals receiving stem cell grafts showed improved hippocampal spatial memory and contextual fear-conditioning performance compared with irradiated sham-surgery controls when analyzed 1 month after transplantation surgery. Importantly, superior performance was evident when stem cell grafting was delayed by 4 weeks following irradiation compared with animals grafted at earlier times. Analysis of the 4-week cohort showed that the surviving grafted cells migrated throughout the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the host hippocampus and differentiated into neuronal (∼39%) and astroglial (∼14%) subtypes. Furthermore, radiation-induced inflammation was significantly attenuated across multiple hippocampal subfields in animals receiving iPSC-hNSCs at 4 weeks after irradiation. These studies expand our prior findings to demonstrate that protracted stem cell grafting provides improved cognitive benefits following irradiation that are associated with reduced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vahan Martirosian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lara Riparip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Miranda MF, Hamani C, de Almeida ACG, Amorim BO, Macedo CE, Fernandes MJS, Nobrega JN, Aarão MC, Madureira AP, Rodrigues AM, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Mello LE, Covolan L. Role of adenosine in the antiepileptic effects of deep brain stimulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:312. [PMID: 25324724 PMCID: PMC4183090 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of anterior thalamic nucleus (AN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of epilepsy, mechanisms responsible for the antiepileptic effects of this therapy remain elusive. As adenosine modulates neuronal excitability and seizure activity in animal models, we hypothesized that this nucleoside could be one of the substrates involved in the effects of AN DBS. We applied 5 days of stimulation to rats rendered chronically epileptic by pilocarpine injections and recorded epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices. We found that slices from animals given DBS had reduced hippocampal excitability and were less susceptible to develop ictal activity. In live animals, AN DBS significantly increased adenosine levels in the hippocampus as measured by microdialysis. The reduced excitability of DBS in vitro was completely abolished in animals pre-treated with A1 receptor antagonists and was strongly potentiated by A1 receptor agonists. We conclude that some of the antiepileptic effects of DBS may be mediated by adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa F Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Disciplina de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada ; Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto Toronto, Canada
| | - Antônio-Carlos G de Almeida
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Beatriz O Amorim
- Disciplina de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E Macedo
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria José S Fernandes
- Disciplina de Neurologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José N Nobrega
- Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto, Canada
| | - Mayra C Aarão
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Madureira
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Antônio M Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Neurociência Experimental e Computacional, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Mello
- Disciplina de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Disciplina de Neurofisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Dogini DB, Avansini SH, Vieira AS, Lopes-Cendes I. MicroRNA regulation and dysregulation in epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:172. [PMID: 24109432 PMCID: PMC3790106 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, one of the most frequent neurological disorders, represents a group of diseases that have in common the clinical occurrence of seizures. The pathogenesis of different types of epilepsy involves many important biological pathways; some of which have been shown to be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). In this paper, we will critically review relevant studies regarding the role of miRNAs in epilepsy. Overall, the most common type of epilepsy in the adult population is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and the form associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), called mesial TLE, is particularly relevant due to the high frequency of resistance to clinical treatment. There are several target studies, as well few genome-wide miRNA expression profiling studies reporting abnormal miRNA expression in tissue with MTS, both in patients and in animal models. Overall, these studies show a fine correlation between miRNA regulation/dysregulation and inflammation, seizure-induced neuronal death and other relevant biological pathways. Furthermore, expression of many miRNAs is dynamically regulated during neurogenesis and its dysregulation may play a role in the process of cerebral corticogenesis leading to malformations of cortical development (MCD), which represent one of the major causes of drug-resistant epilepsy. In addition, there are reports of miRNAs involved in cell proliferation, fate specification, and neuronal maturation and these processes are tightly linked to the pathogenesis of MCD. Large-scale analyzes of miRNA expression in animal models with induced status epilepticus have demonstrated changes in a selected group of miRNAs thought to be involved in the regulation of cell death, synaptic reorganization, neuroinflammation, and neural excitability. In addition, knocking-down specific miRNAs in these animals have demonstrated that this may consist in a promising therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyella B Dogini
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Acharya MM, Christie LA, Hazel TG, Johe KK, Limoli CL. Transplantation of human fetal-derived neural stem cells improves cognitive function following cranial irradiation. Cell Transplant 2013; 23:1255-66. [PMID: 23866792 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x670200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies typically involves radiotherapy to forestall tumor growth and recurrence following surgical resection. Despite the many benefits of cranial radiotherapy, survivors often suffer from a wide range of debilitating and progressive cognitive deficits. Thus, while patients afflicted with primary and secondary malignancies of the CNS now experience longer local regional control and progression-free survival, there remains no clinical recourse for the unintended neurocognitive sequelae associated with their cancer treatments. Multiple mechanisms contribute to disrupted cognition following irradiation, including the depletion of radiosensitive populations of stem and progenitor cells in the hippocampus. We have explored the potential of using intrahippocampal transplantation of human stem cells to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Past studies demonstrated the capability of cranially transplanted human embryonic (hESCs) and neural (hNSCs) stem cells to functionally restore cognition in rats 1 and 4 months after cranial irradiation. The present study employed an FDA-approved fetal-derived hNSC line capable of large scale-up under good manufacturing practice (GMP). Animals receiving cranial transplantation of these cells 1 month following irradiation showed improved hippocampal spatial memory and contextual fear conditioning performance compared to irradiated, sham surgery controls. Significant newly born (doublecortin positive) neurons and a smaller fraction of glial subtypes were observed within and nearby the transplantation core. Engrafted cells migrated and differentiated into neuronal and glial subtypes throughout the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the host hippocampus. These studies expand our prior findings to demonstrate that transplantation of fetal-derived hNSCs improves cognitive deficits in irradiated animals, as assessed by two separate cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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19
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Liu H, Roy M, Tian FF. MicroRNA-based therapy: a new dimension in epilepsy treatment. Int J Neurosci 2013; 123:617-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.789513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Miltiadous P, Kouroupi G, Stamatakis A, Koutsoudaki PN, Matsas R, Stylianopoulou F. Subventricular zone-derived neural stem cell grafts protect against hippocampal degeneration and restore cognitive function in the mouse following intrahippocampal kainic acid administration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:185-98. [PMID: 23417642 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a major neurological disease, often associated with cognitive decline. Since approximately 30% of patients are resistant to antiepileptic drugs, TLE is being considered as a possible clinical target for alternative stem cell-based therapies. Given that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is neuroprotective following a number of experimental insults to the nervous system, we investigated the therapeutic potential of neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) transduced, or not, with a lentiviral vector for overexpression of IGF-I after transplantation in a mouse model of kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal degeneration, which represents an animal model of TLE. Exposure of mice to the Morris water maze task revealed that unilateral intrahippocampal NSC transplantation significantly prevented the KA-induced cognitive decline. Moreover, NSC grafting protected against neurodegeneration at the cellular level, reduced astrogliosis, and maintained endogenous granule cell proliferation at normal levels. In some cases, as in the reduction of hippocampal cell loss and the reversal of the characteristic KA-induced granule cell dispersal, the beneficial effects of transplanted NSCs were manifested earlier and were more pronounced when these were transduced to express IGF-I. However, differences became less pronounced by 2 months postgrafting, since similar amounts of IGF-I were detected in the hippocampi of both groups of mice that received cell transplants. Grafted NSCs survived, migrated, and differentiated into neurons-including glutamatergic cells-and not glia, in the host hippocampus. Our results demonstrate that transplantation of IGF-I producing NSCs is neuroprotective and restores cognitive function following KA-induced hippocampal degeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Behavior, Animal
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cognition
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/chemically induced
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/genetics
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/metabolism
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/psychology
- Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/therapy
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- Hippocampus/surgery
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/biosynthesis
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Kainic Acid
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Degeneration
- Neural Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neural Stem Cells/transplantation
- Neurogenesis
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Time Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
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Kang H, Hu Q, Liu X, Liu Y, Xu F, Li X, Zhu S. Reconstruction of the adenosine system by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:251-5. [PMID: 25806064 PMCID: PMC4353095 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we transplanted bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the CA3 area of the hippocampus of chronic epilepsy rats kindled by lithium chloride-pilocarpine. Immunofluorescence and western blotting revealed an increase in adenosine A1 receptor expression and a decrease in adenosine A2a receptor expression in the brain tissues of epileptic rats 3 months after transplantation. Moreover, the imbalance in the A1 adenosine receptor/A2a adenosine receptor ratio was improved. Electroencephalograms showed that frequency and amplitude of spikes in the hippocampus and frontal lobe were reduced. These results suggested that mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can reconstruct the normal function of the adenosine system in the brain and greatly improve epileptiform discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yinhe Liu
- Ministry of Water Resources of China, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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23
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24
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Burnstock G, Ulrich H. Purinergic signaling in embryonic and stem cell development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1369-94. [PMID: 21222015 PMCID: PMC11114541 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are of crucial importance as carriers of energy in all organisms. However, the concept that in addition to their intracellular roles, nucleotides act as extracellular ligands specifically on receptors of the plasma membrane took longer to be accepted. Purinergic signaling exerted by purines and pyrimidines, principally ATP and adenosine, occurs throughout embryologic development in a wide variety of organisms, including amphibians, birds, and mammals. Cellular signaling, mediated by ATP, is present in development at very early stages, e.g., gastrulation of Xenopus and germ layer definition of chick embryo cells. Purinergic receptor expression and functions have been studied in the development of many organs, including the heart, eye, skeletal muscle and the nervous system. In vitro studies with stem cells revealed that purinergic receptors are involved in the processes of proliferation, differentiation, and phenotype determination of differentiated cells. Thus, nucleotides are able to induce various intracellular signaling pathways via crosstalk with other bioactive molecules acting on growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors. Since normal development is disturbed by dysfunction of purinergic signaling in animal models, further studies are needed to elucidate the functions of purinoceptor subtypes in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK.
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25
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug targeting to sites of tissue injury, tumor or infection with limited toxicity is the goal for successful pharmaceutics. Immunocytes (including mononuclear phagocytes (dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages), neutrophils and lymphocytes) are highly mobile; they can migrate across impermeable barriers and release their drug cargo at sites of infection or tissue injury. Thus, immune cells can be exploited as Trojan horses for drug delivery. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews how immunocytes laden with drugs can cross the blood-brain or blood-tumor barriers to facilitate treatments for infectious diseases, injury, cancer, or inflammatory diseases. The promises and perils of cell-mediated drug delivery are reviewed, with examples of how immunocytes can be harnessed to improve therapeutic end points. EXPERT OPINION Using cells as delivery vehicles enables targeted drug transport and prolonged circulation times, along with reductions in cell and tissue toxicities. Such systems for drug carriage and targeted release represent a new disease-combating strategy being applied to a spectrum of human disorders. The design of nanocarriers for cell-mediated drug delivery may differ from those used for conventional drug delivery systems; nevertheless, engaging different defense mechanisms in drug delivery may open new perspectives for the active delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Batrakova
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA.
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26
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Theofilas P, Brar S, Stewart KA, Shen HY, Sandau US, Poulsen D, Boison D. Adenosine kinase as a target for therapeutic antisense strategies in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011; 52:589-601. [PMID: 21275977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given the high incidence of refractory epilepsy, novel therapeutic approaches and concepts are urgently needed. To date, viral-mediated delivery and endogenous expression of antisense sequences as a strategy to prevent seizures have received little attention in epilepsy therapy development efforts. Here we validate adenosine kinase (ADK), the astrocyte-based key negative regulator of the brain's endogenous anticonvulsant adenosine, as a potential therapeutic target for antisense-mediated seizure suppression. METHODS We developed adenoassociated virus 8 (AAV8)-based gene therapy vectors to selectively modulate ADK expression in astrocytes. Cell type selectivity was achieved by expressing an Adk-cDNA in sense or antisense orientation under the control of an astrocyte-specific gfaABC1D promoter. Viral vectors where injected into the CA3 of wild-type mice or spontaneously epileptic Adk-tg transgenic mice that overexpress ADK in brain. After virus injection, ADK expression was assessed histologically and biochemically. In addition, intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were obtained. KEY FINDINGS We demonstrate in wild-type mice that viral overexpression of ADK within astrocytes is sufficient to trigger spontaneous recurrent seizures in the absence of any other epileptogenic event, whereas ADK downregulation via AAV8-mediated RNA interference almost completely abolished spontaneous recurrent seizures in Adk-tg mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrate that modulation of astrocytic ADK expression can trigger or prevent seizures, respectively. This is the first study to use an antisense approach to validate ADK as a rational therapeutic target for the treatment of epilepsy and suggests that gene therapies based on the knock down of ADK might be a feasible approach to control seizures in refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Theofilas
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, Oregon 97232, USA
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Meyerrose T, Olson S, Pontow S, Kalomoiris S, Jung Y, Annett G, Bauer G, Nolta JA. Mesenchymal stem cells for the sustained in vivo delivery of bioactive factors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1167-74. [PMID: 20920540 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a promising tool for cell therapy, either through direct contribution to the repair of bone, tendon and cartilage or as an adjunct therapy through protein production and immune mediation. They are an attractive vehicle for cellular therapies due to a variety of cell intrinsic and environmentally responsive properties. Following transplantation, MSC are capable of systemic migration, are not prone to tumor formation, and appear to tolerize the immune response across donor mismatch. These attributes combine to allow MSC to reside in many different tissue types without disrupting the local microenvironment and, in some cases, responding to the local environment with appropriate protein secretion. We describe work done by our group and others in using human MSC for the sustained in vivo production of supraphysiological levels of cytokines for the support of cotransplanted hematopoietic stem cells and enzymes that are deficient in animal models of lysosomal storage disorders such as MPSVII. In addition, the use of MSC engineered to secrete protein products has been reviewed in several fields of tissue injury repair, including but not limited to revascularization after myocardial infarction, regeneration of intervertebral disc defects and spine therapy, repair of stroke, therapy for epilepsy, skeletal tissue repair, chondrogenesis/knee and joint repair, and neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically engineered MSC have thus proven safe and efficacious in numerous animal models of disease modification and tissue repair and are poised to be tested in human clinical trials. The potential for these interesting cells to secrete endogenous or transgene products in a sustained and long-term manner is highly promising and is discussed in the current review.
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Liu HJ, Li P, Wei Q. MagneticN-succinyl chitosan/alginate beads for carbamazepine delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:1286-94. [DOI: 10.3109/03639041003758689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Since its discovery a decade ago, RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed not only into powerful experimental tools but also into promising novel therapeutics. In contrast to conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that target specific proteins such as ion channels or receptors, RNAi-based therapeutics exploit an endogenous regulatory mechanism of gene expression and thereby are poised to prevent or reverse pathogenetic mechanisms involved in seizure development. Therapeutic RNAi has been widely explored for dominant targets involved in neurodegenerative diseases; however, their use for epilepsy therapy has received less attention. This review discusses potential RNAi-based targets that are of interest for epilepsy therapy, including adenosine kinase (ADK), the key negative regulator of the brain's endogenous anticonvulsant adenosine. Overexpression of ADK, and the resulting adenosine deficiency, are pathologic hallmarks of the sclerotic epileptic brain, and have been implicated in seizure generation. Therefore, RNAi-strategies aimed at reducing ADK (and increasing adenosine) are based on a direct neurochemical rationale that has recently been explored experimentally using ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy approaches. Technical issues and challenges remain before those promising tools can be developed into future therapeutics for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, Oregon 97232, USA.
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Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as a key element of regenerative medicine therapies due to their inherent ability to differentiate into a variety of cell phenotypes, thereby providing numerous potential cell therapies to treat an array of degenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. A recent paradigm shift has emerged suggesting that the beneficial effects of stem cells may not be restricted to cell restoration alone, but also due to their transient paracrine actions. Stem cells can secrete potent combinations of trophic factors that modulate the molecular composition of the environment to evoke responses from resident cells. Based on this new insight, current research directions include efforts to elucidate, augment and harness stem cell paracrine mechanisms for tissue regeneration. This article discusses the existing studies on stem/progenitor cell trophic factor production, implications for tissue regeneration and cancer therapies, and development of novel strategies to use stem cell paracrine delivery for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya R Baraniak
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23:194-201. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e328338cade] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rescue of radiation-induced cognitive impairment through cranial transplantation of human embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:19150-5. [PMID: 19901336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909293106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation remains a frontline treatment for the control of tumor growth, and individuals surviving such treatments often manifest various degrees of cognitive dysfunction. Radiation-induced depletion of stem/precursor cell pools in the brain, particularly those residing in the neurogenic region of the hippocampus, is believed, in part, to be responsible for these often-unavoidable cognitive deficits. To explore the possibility of ameliorating radiation-induced cognitive impairment, athymic nude rats subjected to head only irradiation (10 Gy) were transplanted 2 days afterward with human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into the hippocampal formation and analyzed for stem cell survival, differentiation, and cognitive function. Animals receiving hESC transplantation exhibited superior performance on a hippocampal-dependent cognitive task 4 months postirradiation, compared to their irradiated surgical counterparts that did not receive hESCs. Significant stem cell survival was found at 1 and 4 months postirradiation, and transplanted cells showed robust migration to the subgranular zone throughout the dentate gyrus, exhibiting signs of neuron morphology within this neurogenic niche. These results demonstrate the capability to ameliorate radiation-induced normal tissue injury using hESCs, and suggest that such strategies may provide useful interventions for reducing the adverse effects of irradiation on cognition.
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Abstract
Despite major advances in a variety of neuroscientific research fields, the majority of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases are poorly controlled by currently available drugs, which are largely based on a neurocentric drug design. Research from the past 5 years has established a central role of glia to determine how neurons function and, consequently, glial dysfunction is implicated in almost every neurodegenerative and neurological disease. Glial cells are key regulators of the brain's endogenous neuroprotectant and anticonvulsant adenosine. This review will summarize how glial cells contribute to adenosine homeostasis and how glial adenosine receptors affect glial function. We will then move on to discuss how glial cells interact with neurons and the vasculature, and outline new methods to study glial function. We will discuss how glial control of adenosine function affects neuronal cell death, and its implications for epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, ischemia, and Parkinson's disease. Eventually, glial adenosine-modulating drug targets might be an attractive alternative for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. There are, however, several major open questions that remain to be tackled.
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