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Khan MF, Ahmad N, Alkholifi FK, Ullah Z, Khalid MS, Akhtar S, Farooqui S, Khan N, Chaudhary AA, Alawam AS, Ali MAM. Preparation of novel S-allyl cysteine chitosan based nanoparticles for use in ischemic brain treatment. RSC Adv 2024; 14:160-180. [PMID: 38173594 PMCID: PMC10759039 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To enhance the brain bioavailability of S-allyl-l-cysteine (SC) by developing novel S-allyl-l-cysteine chitosan nanoparticles (SC CS NPs) and examining the quantity of SC by developing a novel method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in ischemic rat brain treatment. Methods: The ionotropic gelation method was used to develop S-allyl cysteine-loaded CS NPs. The 4-factor, 5-level central composite design was optimized to determine the effect of independent variables, i.e., particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, EE, and loading capacity, together with their characterization, followed by drug release and intranasal permeation to enhance the brain bioavailability and examination of their neurobehavioral and biochemical parameters with their histopathological examination. Results: SC CS NPs were optimized at the particle size of 93.21 ± 3.31 nm (PDI: 0.317 ± 0.003), zeta potential of 44.4 ± 2.93, and drug loading of 41.23 ± 1.97% with an entrapment efficiency of 82.61 ± 4.93% having sustain and controlled release (79.92 ± 3.86%) with great permeation (>80.0%) of SC. SC showed the retention time of 1.021 min and 162.50/73.05 m/z. SC showed good linearity in the range of 5.0-1300.0 ng mL-1, % inter-and-intraday accuracy of 96.00-99.06% and CV of 4.38-4.38%. We observed significant results, i.e., p < 0.001 for improved (AUC)0-24 and Cmax delivered via i.v. and i.n. dose. We also observed the highly significantly observations of SC CS NPs (i.n.) based on their treatment results for the biochemical, neurobehavioral, and histopathological examination in the developed ischemic MCAO brain rat model. Conclusion: The excellent significant role of mucoadhesive CS NPs of SC was proven based on the enhancement in the brain bioavailability of SC via i.n. delivery in rats and easy targeting of the brain for ischemic brain treatment followed by an improvement in neuroprotection based on a very small dose of SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faiyaz Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj Saudi Arabia
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P. O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 13 333 0290 +966 13 333 5541 +966 531203626
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Green Research Lab Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal K Alkholifi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al Kharj Saudi Arabia
| | - Zabih Ullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah Colleges Alqassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Saifuddin Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Physics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University P. O. Box 1982 Dammam 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Farooqui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazia Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alawam
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A M Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Abbassia 11566 Cairo Egypt
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Muduli N, Aparna S, Patri M, Sahoo KK. Saffron stigma extract and crocin play an important neuroprotective role in therapeutic measures against benzo[a]pyrene-induced behavioral alterations in zebrafish. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:131-142. [PMID: 37649374 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2250576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Saffron is a well-known expensive spice, which has many pharmacological properties against a variety of ailments. Saffron stigma and leaf contain apocarotenoids and bioactive phytochemicals having therapeutic potential against human disorders. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the most common toxins in today's aquatic environment. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a high molecular weight PAHs prototype, and reported as a potent neurotoxicant, which is profoundly contaminating the environment. The present study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Saffron stigma extracts and crocin, on B[a]P-induced behavioral changes, altered antioxidant activities, and neurodegeneration in zebrafish. The behavioral responses monitored through the light-dark preference test and novel tank diving test suggested that B[a]P treated zebrafish group showed alteration in anxiolytic-like behavior. Animals exhibited their native behavior when treated alone with Saffron Stigma Extract (SSE) and crocin, an apocarotenoid which also reduced the altered behavior induced by B[a]P. The SSE and crocin stimulated the antioxidant activities with an accumulation of reduced glutathione and catalase enzymes, indicating a protective role against B[a]P-induced oxidative stress and behavioral deficits. The histopathological studies showed the percentage change of pyknotic cell counts in the Periventricular Gray Zone region of the Optic Tectum was 1.74 folds high in B[a]P treated animals as compared to control. Furthermore, the treatment of SSE and crocin reduced the pyknosis process induced by B[a]P-mediated neurodegeneration, possibly due to a better protective mechanism. Future studies may reveal the detailed mechanisms of action of potent SSE and crocin like bioactive compounds having neuroprotective potentials against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Muduli
- Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Sai Aparna
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Manorama Patri
- Department of Zoology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
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Bautista-Perez SM, Silva-Islas CA, Sandoval-Marquez OU, Toledo-Toledo J, Bello-Martínez JM, Barrera-Oviedo D, Maldonado PD. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Garlic in Ischemic Stroke: Proposal of a New Mechanism of Protection through Regulation of Neuroplasticity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2126. [PMID: 38136245 PMCID: PMC10740829 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the main causes of death and disability in the world; despite this, pharmacological therapies against stroke remain insufficient. Ischemic stroke is the leading etiology of stroke. Different molecular mechanisms, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, participate in cell death and tissue damage. At a preclinical level, different garlic compounds have been evaluated against these mechanisms. Additionally, there is evidence supporting the participation of garlic compounds in other mechanisms that contribute to brain tissue recovery, such as neuroplasticity. After ischemia, neuroplasticity is activated to recover cognitive and motor function. Some garlic-derived compounds and preparations have shown the ability to promote neuroplasticity under physiological conditions and, more importantly, in cerebral damage models. This work describes damage/repair mechanisms and the importance of garlic as a source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents against damage. Moreover, we examine the less-explored neurotrophic properties of garlic, culminating in proposals and observations based on our review of the available information. The aim of the present study is to propose that garlic compounds and preparations could contribute to the treatment of ischemic stroke through their neurotrophic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Monserrat Bautista-Perez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
| | - Carlos Alfredo Silva-Islas
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
| | - Oscar Uriel Sandoval-Marquez
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
| | - Jesús Toledo-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Hospital General de Zona #30, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 08300, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Bello-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
- Departamento Cirugía General, Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11600, Mexico
| | - Diana Barrera-Oviedo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
| | - Perla D. Maldonado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (S.M.B.-P.); (J.M.B.-M.); (D.B.-O.)
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.A.S.-I.); (O.U.S.-M.); (J.T.-T.)
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Moreno-Ortega A, Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig IA, Motilva MJ, Moreno-Rojas JM. Bioavailability of Organosulfur Compounds after the Ingestion of Black Garlic by Healthy Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040925. [PMID: 37107300 PMCID: PMC10135770 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of black garlic has been related to a decreased risk of many human diseases due to the presence of phytochemicals such as organosulfur compounds (OSCs). However, information on the metabolization of these compounds in humans is limited. By means of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), this study aims to determine the OSCs and their metabolites excreted in urine 24 h after an acute intake of 20 g of black garlic by healthy humans. Thirty-three OSCs were identified and quantified, methiin (17,954 ± 6040 nmol), isoalliin (15,001 ± 9241 nmol), S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine (8804 ± 7220 nmol) and S-propyl-L-cysteine (deoxypropiin) (7035 ± 1392 nmol) being the main ones. Also detected were the metabolites N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine (NASAC), N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (NASACS) and N-acetyl-S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine (NACPC), derived from S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), alliin and S-(2-carboxypropyl)-L-cysteine, respectively. These compounds are potentially N-acetylated in the liver and kidney. The total excretion of OSCs 24 h after the ingestion of black garlic was 64,312 ± 26,584 nmol. A tentative metabolic pathway has been proposed for OSCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Moreno-Ortega
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Agrotecnio Center, XaRTA-TPV, Food Technology Department, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Avda. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-José Motilva
- Agrotecnio Center, XaRTA-TPV, Food Technology Department, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Agrària, University of Lleida, Avda. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Catalonia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Agroindustry and Food Quality, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Avda. Menéndez-Pidal, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Foods for Health Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention by S-Allyl Cysteine–Caffeic Acid Hybrids: In Vitro Biological Activity and In Silico Studies. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) gives only a small increase in patient survival, since it is often diagnosed at late stages, when the tumor has disseminated to other organs. Moreover, it is common to observe that malignant cells may acquire resistance to conventional chemotherapies through different mechanisms, including reducing drug activation or accumulation (by enhancing efflux), inducing alterations in molecular targets, and inhibiting the DNA damage response, among other strategies. Considering these facts, the discovery of new molecules with therapeutic potential has become an invaluable tool in chemoprevention. In this context, we previously evaluated two hybrids (SAC-CAFA-MET and SAC-CAFA-PENT) that exhibited selective cytotoxicity against SW480 cells, with better results than the conventional chemotherapeutic agent (5-fluorouracil; 5-FU). Here, we investigated the possible mechanisms of these molecules in greater depth, to identify whether they could be valuable therapeutic scaffolds in the search for new molecules with chemopreventive potential for the treatment of CRC. Both compounds reduced ROS formation, which could be related to antioxidant effects. Further evaluations showed that SAC-CAFA-MET induces cell death independent of caspases and the tumor-suppressor protein p53, but probably mediated by the negative regulation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2. In addition, the lack of activation of caspase-8 and the positive regulation of caspase-3 induced by SAC-CAFA-PENT suggest that this compound acts through an apoptotic mechanism, probably initiated by intrinsic pathways. Furthermore, the downregulation of IL-6 by SAC-CAFA-PENT suggests that it also induces a significant anti-inflammatory process. In addition, docking studies would suggest caspase-3 modulation as the primary mechanism by which SAC-CAFA-PENT elicits apoptosis in SW480human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Meanwhile, density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that both hybrids would produce effects in the modulation of ROS in SW480 cells via the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) pathway. The present work notes that SAC-CAFA-MET and SAC-CAFA-PENT could be potential candidates for further investigations in the search for potential chemopreventive agents.
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Ahangar-Sirous R, Poudineh M, Ansari A, Nili A, Dana SMMA, Nasiri Z, Hosseini ZS, Karami D, Mokhtari M, Deravi N. Pharmacotherapeutic Potential of Garlic in Age-Related Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:377-398. [PMID: 34579639 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210927101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related neurological disorders [ANDs] involve neurodegenerative diseases [NDDs] such as Alzheimer's disease [AD], the most frequent kind of dementia in elderly people, and Parkinson's disease [PD], and also other disorders like epilepsy and migraine. Although ANDs are multifactorial, Aging is a principal risk factor for them. The common and most main pathologic features among ANDs are inflammation, oxidative stress, and misfolded proteins accumulation. Since failing brains caused by ANDs impose a notable burden on public health and their incidence is increasing, a lot of works has been done to overcome them. Garlic, Allium sativum, has been used for different medical purposes globally and more than thousands of publications have reported its health benefits. Garlic and aged garlic extract are considered potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidants agents and can have remarkable neuroprotective effects. This review is aimed to summarize knowledge on the pharmacotherapeutic potential of garlic and its components in ANDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arina Ansari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd. Iran
| | - Ali Nili
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran
| | | | - Zahra Nasiri
- Student's Research Committee, School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | | | - Dariush Karami
- Student's Research Committee, School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Melika Mokhtari
- Student Research Committee, Dental Faculty, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Niloofar Deravi
- Student's Research Committee, School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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Ahmed T, Wang CK. Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:5028. [PMID: 34443625 PMCID: PMC8401630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Black garlic (BG) is a form of aged garlic obtained from raw garlic (Allium sativum) via Millard reaction under high temperature (60-90 °C) and humidity (70-90%) for a period of time. Several studies reported higher contents of water-soluble antioxidants compounds (S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl-mercapto cysteine), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, organosulfur compounds, polyphenol, volatile compounds, and products of other Millard reactions compared to fresh garlic after the thermal processing. Recent studies have demonstrated that BG and its bioactive compounds possess a wide range of biological activities and pharmacological properties that preserve and show better efficacy in preventing different types of diseases. Most of these benefits can be attributed to its anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, hepatoprotection, hypolipidemia, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, immunomodulation, nephroprotection, cardiovascular protection, and neuroprotection. Substantial studies have been conducted on BG and its components against different common human diseases in the last few decades. Still, a lot of research is ongoing to find out the therapeutic effects of BG. Thus, in this review, we summarized the pre-clinical and clinical studies of BG and its bioactive compounds on human health along with diverse bioactivity, a related mode of action, and also future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
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Islam MS, Azim F, Saju H, Zargaran A, Shirzad M, Kamal M, Fatema K, Rehman S, Azad MAM, Ebrahimi-Barough S. Pesticides and Parkinson's disease: Current and future perspective. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 115:101966. [PMID: 33991619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inappropriate use of pesticides has globally exposed mankind to a number of health hazards. Still their production is rising at the rate of 11 % annually and, has already exceeded more than 5 million tons in 2000 (FAO 2017). Plenty of available data reveals that pesticides exposures through agricultural use and food-preservative residue consumption may lead to neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive motor impairment and a neurodegenerative disorder, considered as the leading source of motor disability. Pesticides strongly inhibit mitochondrial Complex-I, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), thus leading to pathophysiologic implications of PD. Current medical treatment strategies, including pharmacotherapeutics and supportive therapies can only provide symptomatic relief. While complementary and alternative medicines including traditional medicine or acupuncture are considered as beneficial ways of treatment with significant clinical effect. Medically non-responding cases can be treated by surgical means, 'Deep Brain Stimulation'. Cell therapy is also an emerging and promising technology for disease modeling and drug development in PD. Their main aim is to replace and/or support the lost and dying dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Recently I/II clinical phase trial (Japan) have used dopaminergic progenitors generated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells which can unveil a successful cell therapy to treat PD symptoms efficiently. This review focuses on PD caused by pesticides use, current treatment modalities, and ongoing research updates. Since PD is not a cell-autonomous disease rather caused by multiple factors, a combinatorial therapeutic approach may address not only the motor-related symptoms but also non-motor cognitive-behavioral issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahidul Islam
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Fazli Azim
- Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; IHITC: Isolation Hospital & Infection Treatment Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Hedaeytullah Saju
- School of Persian Medicine (Traditional Medicine), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arman Zargaran
- School of Persian Medicine (Traditional Medicine), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Meysam Shirzad
- School of Persian Medicine (Traditional Medicine), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostofa Kamal
- Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Kaniz Fatema
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Hospital (NICVD), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Sumbul Rehman
- Faculty of Unani Medicine, Department of Ilmul Advia (Unani Pharmacology), Aligarh Muslim University, India.
| | - M A Momith Azad
- Dept of Research & Product Development (Natural Medicine), The IBN SINA Pharma Ltd, Bangladesh.
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Dept. of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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Chaudhary S, Sahu U, Parvez S. Melatonin attenuates branch chain fatty acid induced apoptosis mediated neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:491-505. [PMID: 33219756 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA)-a short branched chain fatty acid (BCFA), is widely recognized as an anticonvulsant and a mood-stabilizing drug, but various adverse effects of VPA have also been investigated. However, the impact of BCFAs aggregation on brain cells, in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration remains elusive. The objective of this study is to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying VPA-induced neuronal cell death mediated by oxidative stress, and the neuroprotective role of exogenous melatonin treatment on VPA-induced cell death. Neurotoxicity of VPA and protective role exerted by melatonin were assessed in vitro in SH-SY5Y cells and in vivo in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions of Wistar rat brain. The results show that melatonin pre-treatment protects the cells from VPA-induced toxicity by exerting an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect by regulating apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The findings of the present study emphasize novel insights of melatonin as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of neuronal dysfunction induced by VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Upasana Sahu
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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10
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Alausa A, Ogundepo S, Olaleke B, Adeyemi R, Olatinwo M, Ismail A. Chinese nutraceuticals and physical activity; their role in neurodegenerative tauopathies. Chin Med 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33407732 PMCID: PMC7789572 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of neurodegenerative disease has not only been a major cause of scientific worry, but of economic burden to the health system. This condition has been further attributed to mis-stability, deletion or mutation of tau protein, causing the onset of Corticobasal degeneration, Pick's diseases, Progressive supranuclear palsy, Argyrophilic grains disease, Alzheimer's diseases etc. as scientifically renowned. This is mainly related to dysregulation of translational machinery, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and inhibition of several essential cascades such as ERK signaling cascade, GSK3β, CREB, and PKA/PKB (Akt) signaling cascades that enhances protein processing, normal protein folding, cognitive function, and microtubule associated tau stability. Administration of some nutrients and/or bioactive compounds has a high tendency to impede tau mediated inflammation at neuronal level. Furthermore, prevention and neutralization of protein misfolding through modulation of microtubule tau stability and prevention of protein misfolding is by virtue few of the numerous beneficial effects of physical activity. Of utmost important in this study is the exploration of promising bioactivities of nutraceuticals found in china and the ameliorating potential of physical activity on tauopathies, while highlighting animal and in vitro studies that have been investigated for comprehensive understanding of its potential and an insight into the effects on human highly probable to tau mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Alausa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Ogundepo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Barakat Olaleke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Rofiat Adeyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria.
| | - Mercy Olatinwo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Aminat Ismail
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Pure & Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Nigeria
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Bahadur S, Pardhi DM, Rautio J, Rosenholm JM, Pathak K. Intranasal Nanoemulsions for Direct Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Actives for CNS Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1230. [PMID: 33352959 PMCID: PMC7767046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases has been challenging, despite the rapid development of several novel treatment approaches. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the major issues in the treatment of CNS diseases, having major role in the protection of the brain but simultaneously constituting the main limiting hurdle for drugs targeting the brain. Nasal drug delivery has gained significant interest for brain targeting over the past decades, wherein the drug is directly delivered to the brain by the trigeminal and olfactory pathway. Various novel and promising formulation approaches have been explored for drug targeting to the brain by nasal administration. Nanoemulsions have the potential to avoid problems, including low solubility, poor bioavailability, slow onset of action, and enzymatic degradation. The present review highlights research scenarios of nanoemulsions for nose-to-brain delivery for the management of CNS ailments classified on the basis of brain disorders and further identifies the areas that remain unexplored. The significance of the total dose delivered to the target region, biodistribution studies, and long-term toxicity studies have been identified as the key areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bahadur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Dinesh M. Pardhi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (D.M.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (D.M.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah 206130, India
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12
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Khadka B, Lee JY, Park DH, Kim KT, Bae JS. The Role of Natural Compounds and their Nanocarriers in the Treatment of CNS Inflammation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1401. [PMID: 33019651 PMCID: PMC7601486 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, which is involved in various inflammatory cascades in nervous tissues, can result in persistent and chronic apoptotic neuronal cell death and programmed cell death, triggering various degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroprotective effects of natural compounds against neuroinflammation are mainly mediated by their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties that specifically promote or inhibit various molecular signal transduction pathways. However, natural compounds have several limitations, such as their pharmacokinetic properties and stability, which hinder their clinical development and use as medicines. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and degenerative diseases of CNS. In addition, it emphasizes potential natural compounds and their promising nanocarriers for overcoming their limitations in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Moreover, recent promising CNS inflammation-targeted nanocarrier systems implementing lesion site-specific active targeting strategies for CNS inflammation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Khadka
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea;
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Ki-Taek Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea;
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMR1, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Subramanian MS, Nandagopal MS G, Amin Nordin S, Thilakavathy K, Joseph N. Prevailing Knowledge on the Bioavailability and Biological Activities of Sulphur Compounds from Alliums: A Potential Drug Candidate. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184111. [PMID: 32916777 PMCID: PMC7570905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium sativum (garlic) is widely known and is consumed as a natural prophylactic worldwide. It produces more than 200 identified chemical compounds, with more than 20 different kinds of sulfide compounds. The sulfide compounds particularly are proven to contribute to its various biological roles and pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antithrombotic, hypoglycemic, antitumour, and hypolipidemic. Therefore, it is often referred as disease-preventive food. Sulphur-containing compounds from A. sativum are derivatives of S-alkenyl-l-cysteine sulfoxides, ajoene molecules, thiosulfinates, sulfides, and S-allylcysteine. This review presents an overview of the water-soluble and oil-soluble sulphur based phytochemical compounds present in garlic, highlighting their mechanism of action in treating various health conditions. However, its role as a therapeutic agent should be extensively studied as it depends on factors such as the effective dosage and the suitable method of preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Sesha Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.S.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Giri Nandagopal MS
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India;
| | - Syafinaz Amin Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.S.); (S.A.N.)
| | - Karuppiah Thilakavathy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Narcisse Joseph
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.S.S.); (S.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Rousta AM, Mirahmadi SMS, Shahmohammadi A, Ramzi S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Roghani M. S-allyl cysteine, an active ingredient of garlic, attenuates acute liver dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide/ d-galactosamine in mouse: Underlying mechanisms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22518. [PMID: 32453893 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, beneficial effect of S-allyl cysteine (SAC) was evaluated in the lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/d-Gal) model of acute liver injury (ALI). To mimic ALI, LPS and d-Gal (50 μg/kg and 400 mg/kg, respectively) were intraperitoneally administered and animals received SAC per os (25 or 100 mg/kg/d) for 3 days till 1 hour before LPS/d-Gal injection. Pretreatment of LPS/d-Gal group with SAC-lowered activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase and partially reversed inappropriate alterations of hepatic oxidative stress- and inflammation-related biomarkers including liver reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hepatic activity of the defensive enzyme superoxide dismutase, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), cyclooxygenase 2, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase 1, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and myeloperoxidase activity. Additionally, SAC was capable to ameliorate apoptotic biomarkers including caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation. In summary, SAC can protect liver against LPS/d-Gal by attenuation of neutrophil infiltration, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and pyroptosis which is partly linked to its suppression of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samira Ramzi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Gupta P, Dutt V, Kaur N, Kalra P, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Saini V, Mittal A. S-allyl cysteine: A potential compound against skeletal muscle atrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129676. [PMID: 32649980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is crucial player in skeletal muscle atrophy pathogenesis. S-allyl cysteine (SAC), an organosulfur compound of Allium sativum, possesses broad-spectrum properties including immuno- and redox-modulatory impact. Considering the role of SAC in regulating redox balance, we hypothesize that SAC may have a protective role in oxidative-stress induced atrophy. METHODS C2C12 myotubes were treated with H2O2 (100 μM) in the presence or absence of SAC (200 μM) to study morphology, redox status, inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic systems using fluorescence microscopy, biochemical analysis, real-time PCR and immunoblotting approaches. The anti-atrophic potential of SAC was confirmed in denervation-induced atrophy model. RESULTS SAC pre-incubation (4 h) could protect the myotube morphology (i.e. length/diameter/fusion index) from atrophic effects of H2O2. Lower levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation, oxidized glutathione and altered antioxidant enzymes were observed in H2O2-exposed cells upon pre-treatment with SAC. SAC supplementation also suppressed the rise in cytokines levels (TWEAK/IL6/myostatin) caused by H2O2. SAC treatment also moderated the degradation of muscle-specific proteins (MHCf) in the H2O2-treated myotubes supported by lower induction of diverse proteolytic systems (i.e. cathepsin, calpain, ubiquitin-proteasome E3-ligases, caspase-3, autophagy). Denervation-induced atrophy in mice illustrates that SAC administration alleviates the negative effects (i.e. mass loss, decreased cross-sectional area, up-regulation of proteolytic systems, and degradation of total/specific protein) of denervation on muscles. CONCLUSIONS SAC exerts significant anti-atrophic effects to protect myotubes from H2O2-induced protein loss and myofibers from denervation-induced muscle loss, due to the prevention of elevated proteolytic systems and inflammatory/oxidative molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results signify the potential of SAC against muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Gupta
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Vikas Dutt
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Nirmaljeet Kaur
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Priya Kalra
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Anita Dua
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Biochemistry Department, MD University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Vikram Saini
- Laboratory of Infection Biology and Translational Research, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashwani Mittal
- Skeletal Muscle Laboratory, Institute of Integrated and Honors Studies, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India.
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Sun Z, Yang T, Wang Y, Li C, Yang Y, Wang D, Guo J, Shi T, Wang Y, Qu Y, Wei Q, Feng C. Propionic acid abrogates the deleterious effects of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury through nuclear factor-κb signaling in mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_306_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Andrabi SS, Vishnoi S, Kaushik M, Parveen K, Tabassum H, Akram M, Parvez S. Reversal of Schizophrenia-like Symptoms and Cholinergic Alterations by Melatonin. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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S-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in the C57BL/6 mouse strain: Involvement of oxidative stress and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bonferoni MC, Rossi S, Sandri G, Ferrari F, Gavini E, Rassu G, Giunchedi P. Nanoemulsions for "Nose-to-Brain" Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020084. [PMID: 30781585 PMCID: PMC6409749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a fundamental role in protecting the brain from toxic substances and therefore also controls and restricts the entry of therapeutic agents. The nasal administration of drugs using the nose-to-brain pathway allows direct drug targeting into the brain, avoiding the first-pass effect and bypassing the BBB. Through the nasal route, the drug can access the brain directly along the trigeminal and olfactory nerves, which are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Nanoemulsions are formulations belonging to the field of nanomedicine. They consist of emulsions (commonly oil in water) stabilized by one or more surfactants—and eventually co-surfactants—delivered in droplets of small dimensions (sizes of 100–300 nm or less) with a high surface area. A mucoadhesive polymer such as chitosan can be added to the formulation to impair rapid nasal clearance. Nanoemulsions represent promising formulations to deliver drugs directly into the brain through the intranasal route. Therefore, they can be used as a possible alternative to oral administration, avoiding problems such as low solubility in water, poor bioavailability, enzymatic degradation and slow onset of action. This review focuses the present situation in literature regarding the use of nanoemulsions for nose-to-brain targeting, with particular attention to recent publications. Nasal nanoemulsions appear to be effective, non-invasive and safe drug delivery systems to achieve brain targeting for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.
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Neuroprotective effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra on hippocampal CA1 region of mice induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-gliosis and anti-oxidant activity. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebral Ischemic Preconditioning in a Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model: The Role of the Notch Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8168720. [PMID: 30175143 PMCID: PMC6106850 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8168720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major problem worldwide. The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in neural progenitor cell differentiation and in the inflammatory response after central nervous system injury. This study evaluated whether the neuroprotective effect of cerebral ischemic preconditioning (cIPC) is mediated by the preactivation of the Notch signaling pathway. A rat middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model were constructed to detect the neuroprotective effects of cIPC. In in vivo experiments, cIPC reduces the neurological functional deficit, cerebral infarction, and cellular apoptosis in the hippocampus induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R), thus indicating that cIPC can improve neurologic function. Moreover, cIPC can reveal the expression peak of Jagged1, Notch1, NICD, and Hes1 protein, thereby indicating that cIPC can preactivate Notch signaling. However, cIPC-induced improvements in neurologic function are compromised by the γ-secretase inhibitor N-(N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT). In in vitro experiments, OGD preconditioning (OGDPC) can clearly upregulate Notch1 expression in the OGD/R-treated neuron and neural stem cell. Notch1 pre-overexpression can decrease neuron death and apoptosis under OGD/R treatment. Notch1 pre-overexpression can decrease the percentage of G1 stage cells and increase the percentage of S stage cells in OGD/R-treated neural stem cell. Furthermore, Notch1 pre-knockdown has the opposite effect on cell survival, apoptosis, and cycle in both OGD/R-treated neuron and neural stem cell. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the neuroprotective effects of cIPC in a rat MCAO/R model are mediated by the preactivation of the Notch signaling pathway.
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Neuroprotective effect of S-allyl cysteine on an experimental model of multiple sclerosis: Antioxidant effects. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Hwang CJ, Lee HP, Choi DY, Jeong HS, Kim TH, Lee TH, Kim YM, Moon DB, Park SS, Kim SY, Oh KW, Hwang DY, Han SB, Lee HJ, Hong JT. Inhibitory effect of thiacremonone on MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration through inhibition of p38 activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:46943-46958. [PMID: 27409674 PMCID: PMC5216915 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is implicated for dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Sulfur compounds extracted from garlic have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Previously, we have investigated that thiacremonone, a sulfur compound isolated from garlic has anti-inflammatory effects on several inflammatory disease models. To investigate the protective effect of thiacremonone against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced behavioral impairment and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, 8 week old ICR mice were given thiacremonone (10 mg/kg) in drinking water for 1 month and received intraperitoneal injection of MPTP (15 mg/kg, four times with 2 h interval) during the last 7 days of treatment. Our data showed that thiacremonone decreased MPTP-induced behavioral impairments (Rotarod test, Pole test, and Gait test), dopamine depletion and microglia and astrocytes activations as well as neuroinflammation. Higher activation of p38 was found in the substantia nigra and striatum after MPTP injection, but p38 activation was reduced in thiacremonone treated group. In an in vitro study, thiacremonone (1, 2, and 5 μg/ml) effectively decreased MPP+ (0.5 mM)-induced glial activation, inflammatory mediators generation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in cultured astrocytes and microglial BV-2 cells. Moreover, treatment of p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (10 μM) further inhibited thiacremonone induced reduction of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. These results indicated that the anti-inflammatory compound, thiacremonone, inhibited neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration through inhibition of p38 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Sang Jeong
- College of Agriculture, Life and Environments Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Bong Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sik Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Wan Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yeon Hwang
- College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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S-allyl cysteine improves clinical and neuropathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:557-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Tian T, Zeng J, Zhao G, Zhao W, Gao S, Liu L. Neuroprotective effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 243:78-86. [PMID: 29073777 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217737983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientin (luteolin-8-C-glucoside) is a phenolic compound found abundantly in millet, juice, and peel of passion fruit and has been shown to have antioxidant properties. In the present study, we explored the effects of orientin on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP)-induced cell injury in primary culture of rat cortical neurons using an in vitro model of neonatal ischemic brain injury. The reduced cell viability and elevated lactate dehydrogenase leakage were observed after OGD/RP exposure, which were then reversed by orientin (10, 20, and 30 µM) pretreatment in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, OGD/RP treatment resulted in significant oxidative stress, accompanied by enhanced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and obvious depletion in the activities of intracellular Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase antioxidases. However, these effects were dose dependently restored by orientin pretreatment. We also found that orientin pretreatment dose dependently suppressed [Ca2+]i increase and mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation caused by OGD/RP in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Western blot analysis showed that OGD/RP exposure induced a distinct decrease of Bcl-2 protein and a marked elevation of Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 proteins; whereas these effects were dose dependently reversed by orientin incubation. Both the caspase-3 activity and the apoptosis rate were increased under OGD/RP treatment, but was then dose dependently down-regulated by orientin (10, 20, and 30 µM) incubation. Moreover, orientin pretreatment dose dependently inhibited OGD/RP-induced phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2. Notably, JNK inhibitor SP600125 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 also dramatically attenuated OGD/RP-induced cell viability loss and ROS generation, and further, orientin failed to protect cortical neurons with the interference of JNK activator anisomycin or ERK1/2 activator FGF-2. Taken together, these results demonstrated that orientin has significant neuroprotective effects against OGD/RP-induced cell injury via JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Impact statement Orientin has been used in traditional eastern medicine and reported to possess antioxidant properties. However, the effects of orientin on neonatal ischemic brain injury and the underlying mechanisms involved have not been studied. Our results showed that orientin exerts significant neuroprotective effects on cell injury caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion via the JNK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in primary culture of rat cortical neurons, implying the potential therapeutic application of orientin via the suppression of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. This research suggested that orientin may be used as a therapeutic and preventive option for newborn cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- 1 Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China.,2 Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Junan Zeng
- 3 Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Songyi Gao
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- 1 Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Chronic Administration of S-Allylcysteine Activates Nrf2 Factor and Enhances the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Striatum, Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2017. [PMID: 28646259 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. The cellular defense mechanisms to deal with oxidative damage involve the activation of transcription factor related to NF-E2 (Nrf2), which enhances the transcription of antioxidant and phase II enzyme genes. S-allylcysteine (SAC) is an antioxidant with neuroprotective properties, and the main organosulfur compound in aged garlic extract. The ability of SAC to activate the Nrf2 factor has been previously reported in hepatic cells; however this effect has not been studied in normal brain. In order to determine if the chronic administration of SAC is able to activate Nrf2 factor and enhance antioxidant defense in the brain, male Wistar rats were administered with SAC (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg-body weight each 24 h, i.g.) for 90 days. The activation of Nrf2, the levels of p65 and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as well as the activities of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were evaluated in the hippocampus, striatum and frontal cortex. Results showed that SAC activated Nrf2 factor in the hippocampus (25-200 mg/kg) and striatum (100 mg/kg) and significantly decreased p65 levels in the frontal cortex (25-200 mg/kg). On the other hand, SAC increased GPx, GR, CAT and SOD activities mainly in the hippocampus and striatum, but it did not change GST activity. Finally, no changes were observed in 8-OHdG levels mediated by SAC in any brain region, but the hippocampus showed a major level of 8-OHdG compared with the striatum and frontal cortex. All these results suggest that in the hippocampus, the observed increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes could be associated with the ability of SAC to activate Nrf2 factor; however, a different mechanism could be involved in the striatum and frontal cortex, since no changes were found in Nrf2 activation and p65 levels.
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Andrabi SS, Parvez S, Tabassum H. Progesterone induces neuroprotection following reperfusion-promoted mitochondrial dysfunction after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:787-796. [PMID: 28363987 PMCID: PMC5482998 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle damage and increases in mitochondrial permeabilization are key events in the development of cerebral ischemic tissue injury because they cause both modifications in ATP turnover and cellular apoptosis/necrosis. Early restoration of blood flow and improvement of mitochondrial function might reverse the situation and help in recovery following an onset of stroke. Mitochondria and related bioenergetic processes can be effectively used as pharmacological targets. Progesterone (P4), one of the promising neurosteroids, has been found to be neuroprotective in various models of neurological diseases, through a number of mechanisms. This influenced us to investigate the possible role of P4 in the mitochondria-mediated neuroprotective mechanism in an ischemic stroke model of rat. In this study, we have shown the positive effect of P4 administration on behavioral deficits and mitochondrial health in an ischemic stroke injury model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). After induction of tMCAO, the rats received an initial intraperitoneal injection of P4 (8 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle at 1 h post-occlusion followed by subcutaneous injections at 6, 12 and 18 h. Behavioral assessment for functional deficits included grip strength, motor coordination and gait analysis. Findings revealed a significant improvement with P4 treatment in tMCAO animals. Staining of isolated brain slices from P4-treated rats with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) showed a reduction in the infarct area in comparison to the vehicle group, indicating the presence of an increased number of viable mitochondria. P4 treatment was also able to attenuate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as block the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), in the tMCAO injury model. In addition, it was also able to ameliorate the altered mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration ratio in the ischemic animals, thereby suggesting that P4 has a positive effect on mitochondrial bioenergetics. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that P4 treatment is beneficial in preserving the mitochondrial functions that are altered in cerebral ischemic injury and thus can help in defining better therapies. Summary: Progesterone treatment is beneficial in preserving the altered mitochondrial functions in cerebral ischemic injury and thus can help in defining better therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Suhail Andrabi
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Naqvi AA, Alam MA, Ashafaq M, Iqbal Z, Ahmad FJ. Isolation, characterization, and quantification of curcuminoids and their comparative effects in cerebral ischemia. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1293549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Dammam University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Dammam University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Mohammad Ashafaq
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Zarezadeh M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Roghani M. Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: Possible involved mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 795:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Natural products against Alzheimer's disease: Pharmaco-therapeutics and biotechnological interventions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:178-216. [PMID: 28043897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe, chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with memory and cognition impairment ultimately leading to death. It is the commonest reason of dementia in elderly populations mostly affecting beyond the age of 65. The pathogenesis is indicated by accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in brain tissues and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in neurons. The main cause is considered to be the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress. The current treatment provides only symptomatic relief by offering temporary palliative therapy which declines the rate of cognitive impairment associated with AD. Inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is considered as one of the major therapeutic strategies offering only symptomatic relief and moderate disease-modifying effect. Other non-cholinergic therapeutic approaches include antioxidant and vitamin therapy, stem cell therapy, hormonal therapy, use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, inhibition of β-secretase and γ-secretase and Aβ aggregation, inhibition of tau hyperphosphorylation and intracellular NFT, use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), transition metal chelators, insulin resistance drugs, etanercept, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etc. Medicinal plants have been reported for possible anti-AD activity in a number of preclinical and clinical trials. Ethnobotany, being popular in China and in the Far East and possibly less emphasized in Europe, plays a substantial role in the discovery of anti-AD agents from botanicals. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) involving Chinese medicinal plants has been used traditionally in China in the treatment of AD. Ayurveda has already provided numerous lead compounds in drug discovery and many of these are also undergoing clinical investigations. A number of medicinal plants either in their crude forms or as isolated compounds have exhibited to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. In this present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the molecular mode of action of various plant extracts, phytochemicals and traditional herbal formulations investigated against AD as reported in various preclinical and clinical tests. Herbal synergism often found in polyherbal formulations were found effective to combat disease heterogeneity as found in complex pathogenesis of AD. Finally a note has been added to describe biotechnological improvement, genetic and genomic resources and mathematical and statistical techniques for empirical model building associated with anti-AD plant secondary metabolites and their source botanicals.
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Baluchnejadmojarad T, Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Ghasemi Z, Roghani M. S-allyl cysteine ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 794:69-76. [PMID: 27887948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with learning, memory, and cognitive deficits. S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is the main organosulfur bioactive molecule in aged garlic extract with anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nootropic property. This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of SAC on alleviation of learning and memory deficits in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats and to explore involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling cascade. Male Wistar rats were divided into control, diabetic, SAC-treated diabetic, and glibenclamide-treated diabetic (positive control) groups. SAC was administered at a dose of 150mg/kg for seven weeks. Treatment of diabetic rats with SAC lowered serum glucose, improved spatial recognition memory in Y maze, discrimination ratio in novel object recognition task, and restored step-through latency (STL) in passive avoidance paradigm. In addition, SAC reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and augmented antioxidant defensive system including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) in hippocampal lysate. Meanwhile, SAC lowered hippocampal NF-kB, TLR4, and TNFα and prevented reduction of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in diabetic rats. Taken together, chronic SAC treatment could ameliorate cognitive deficits in STZ-diabetic rats through modulation of Nrf2/NF-κB/TLR4/HO-1, and acetylcholinesterase and attenuation of associated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Abbas Naqvi A, Ashafaq M, Alam MA, Ahmad FJ, Al-Ghamdi MS. The effect of safranal loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion on oxidative stress markers in cerebral ischemia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:775-787. [PMID: 27609117 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1228659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants, with reported neuroprotective activity, encounter free radical induced neural damage leading to reduced risk of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Safranal, an antioxidant drug with potential role in the amelioration of cerebral ischemia, endures low solubility and poor absorption property thus resulting a low serum and tissue bioavailability. This research aims to prepare nanoemulsion with the concept; to increase the bioavailability in order to reduce oxidative stress-induced brain injury as well as to evaluate the brain-drug targeting following non-invasive nasal route administration in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal model. Titration method was used to prepare safranal mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (SMNE) followed by further characterization, i.e. entrapment efficiency, particles size, and zeta potential study. Optimized SMNE showed; mean globule size of 89.64 nm (±9.12), zeta potential -11.39 mV (±1.32), drug content 98.47% (±1.01), and viscosity of 124 cp (±14). Rats were subjected to 2 h of MCAO, successively followed by a 22 h reperfusion, after which the grip strength, locomotor activity, and biochemical studies, i.e. glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were studied as assessment tool for effective treatment in brain. SMNE administered i.n. (intranasal) in MCAO induced cerebral ischemia rats exhibited significant improvement in neurobehavioral (locomotor and grip strength) and antioxidant activity as well as histopathological studies. The toxicity studies performed at the end revealed safe nature of developed SMNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy , Dammam University , Dammam , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- b Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy , Dammam University , Dammam , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- c Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Dammam , Dammam , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ashafaq
- d Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit , College of Pharmacy, Jazan University , Jazan , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- e Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences , Galgotias University , Gautam Budh Nagar , Greater , Noida , India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- f Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Hamdard Nagar , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
| | - Mastour Safer Al-Ghamdi
- g Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Dammam , Dammam , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Waseem M, Tabassum H, Parvez S. Neuroprotective effects of melatonin as evidenced by abrogation of oxaliplatin induced behavioral alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity in rat brain. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:168-76. [PMID: 27497633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a burdensome consequence of platinum-based chemotherapy that neutralizes the administration of effective dosage and often prompts treatment withdrawal. Oxaliplatin (Oxa), a third-era platinum analogue that is active against both early-organize and progressed colorectal growth, produces critical neurotoxicity. It has been reported that the Melatonin (Mel) is a pineal hormone its metabolites display important antioxidant properties in nervous system. There is dearth of literature involving the role of mitochondria and cytosolic compartments mediated Oxa-induced neurotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms are still debatable. Rats were pre-treated with Mel (10mg/kg b.wt., i.p.) and treated with Oxa (4mg/kg b.wt. i.p.) for 5 consecutive days. For neurobehavioral performances, decreased locomotor activity and muscular strength were observed in rats. Treatment with Mel in Oxa treated rats could protect the Oxa induced alterations in motor activity and muscular strength. For painful neuropathy, thermal hyperalgesia/nociceptive tests were evaluated. In addition, pre-treatment of Mel could block or alter the inactivation of Bcl-2, caspase 3 apoptotic protein and alterations Cytochrome c (Cyt c) release in an Oxa rich environment. Pre-treatment of Mel have shown an alteration in hyperalgesia behaviour in Oxa treated rats. Oxidative stress biomarkers, levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants and mitochondrial complexes were evaluated against neurotoxicity induced by Oxa. Mel pre-treatment replenished the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonyl content induced by Oxa. Mel also modulated altered non-enzymatic, enzymatic antioxidants and complex enzymes of mitochondria. Futures studies are also required to identify other molecular markers involved in neurotoxicity induced by Oxa and possible action of Mel in its modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India.
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Ghasemi S, Hosseini M, Feizpour A, Alipour F, Sadeghi A, Vafaee F, Mohammadpour T, Soukhtanloo M, Ebrahimzadeh Bideskan A, Beheshti F. Beneficial effects of garlic on learning and memory deficits and brain tissue damages induced by lead exposure during juvenile rat growth is comparable to the effect of ascorbic acid. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:206-214. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1197238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simagol Ghasemi
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran,
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran,
| | - Azadeh Feizpour
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran,
| | - Fatemeh Alipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran,
| | - Toktam Mohammadpour
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran,
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Sun LP, Xu X, Hwang HH, Wang X, Su KY, Chen YLS. Dichloromethane extracts of propolis protect cell from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress via reducing apoptosis. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30081. [PMID: 27329777 PMCID: PMC4916261 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bee propolis, a mixture of the secretion from bee tongue gland and wax gland, was collected from the tree bud and barked by bees. The components were rich in terpenes, phenolics, and flavonoids, and had anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotection abilities. However, the potential anti-oxidative stress of propolis was not well documented. This study aimed to study the protective effect of propolis on high-incident nonfatal diseases, such as stroke and cerebral infarction caused by ischemia. OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress caused by acute stroke results in inflammation and injury followed by cell damage and apoptosis. Clarification of the anti-oxidative stress effect of propolis may contribute to stroke prevention and damage reduction. DESIGN Propolis was separated and purified into 70% ethanol and dichloromethane extracts systematically. The fraction three (Fr.3) of dichloromethane was further separated into pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate, chrysin, and galangin by chromatography. Compounds extracted from propolis were tested for cell-protection effects in an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) N2a cell model. MTT assay, oxidative stress markers measurement, flow cytometry, and QPCR were used to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis. RESULTS All compounds, especially pinocembrin and galangin, enhanced cell viability in OGD-treated N2a cells. In addition, anti-oxidative enzymes were elevated and cellular Ca(2+) was reduced. They also had extreme anti-apoptosis effects by up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and down-regulating caspase-3 and Bax expression. Taken together, propolis had anti-oxidative effects on stress and protected cells from damage. CONCLUSION The anti-oxidative effect of propolis can be applied to daily food supplements and may benefit stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Sun
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hau-Hsuan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang-Yi Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Lin S Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan;
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Qu Z, Mossine VV, Cui J, Sun GY, Gu Z. Protective Effects of AGE and Its Components on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:474-82. [PMID: 27263111 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is used for culinary and medicinal purposes in diverse cultures worldwide. When fresh garlic is soaked in aqueous ethanol under ambient environment over 4 months or longer, the majority of irritating taste and odor is eliminated and the antioxidant profile in the resulting aged garlic extract (AGE) changes significantly. Recently, AGE and its components have been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and cerebral ischemia. Because of its health supporting potential, there is increasing interest in understanding the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the underlying mechanisms for its protective effects in heath and disease. There is evidence for AGE to exert its action on distinct signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, although the primary molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By utilizing quantitative proteomic approaches, we demonstrated that AGE and two of its major ingredients, S-allyl-L-cysteine and N (α)-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine, can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells through modulation of Nrf2-mediated signaling as well as other oxidative stress-related pathways. These experimental data provide information for the molecular targets of AGE and its components to mitigate neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation and show a promising potential of these compounds as dietary supplements for health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Harry S. Truman Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, M263 Medical Science Building, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Naqvi AA, Alam MA, Ashafaq M, Samim M, Iqbal Z, Ahmad FJ. Rutin-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles targeted to the brain in the treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:640-55. [PMID: 27264648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rutin, a potent antioxidant, has been reported to reduce the risk of ischemic disease. Our study aims to prepare rutin-encapsulated-chitosan nanoparticles (RUT-CS-NPs) via ionic gelation method and determine its results, based on different parameters i.e. surface morphology characterization, in-vitro or ex-vivo release, dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for treating cerebral ischemia. METHODS UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used to evaluate the optimized RT-CS-NPs1 for brain-drug uptake as well as to follow-up the pharmacokinetics, bio-distrbution, brain-targeting efficiency and potential after intranasal administration (i.n.). KEY FINDINGS A particle size of <100nm for the formulation, significantly affected by drug:CS ratio, and entrapment efficiency and loading capacity of 84.98%±4.18% and 39.48%±3.16%, respectively were observed for RUT. Pharmacokinetics, bio-distribution, brain-targeting efficiency (1443.48±39.39%) and brain drug-targeting potential (93.00±5.69%) showed enhanced bioavailability for RUT in brain as compared to intravenous administration. In addition; improved neurobehavioral activity, histopathology and reduced infarction volume effects were observed in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced cerebral ischemic rats model after i.n. administration of RUT-CS-NPs. CONCLUSION A significant role of mucoadhesive-RT-CS-NPs1 as observed after high targeting potential and efficiency of the formulation prove; RUT-CS-NPs are more effectively accessed and target easily the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Dammam University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Dammam University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Mohammad Ashafaq
- Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Samim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
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Ahmad N, Ahmad R, Alam MA, Samim M, Iqbal Z, Ahmad FJ. Quantification and evaluation of thymoquinone loaded mucoadhesive nanoemulsion for treatment of cerebral ischemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 88:320-32. [PMID: 26976069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is an important cause of deaths worldwide, resulting in an irreversible deterioration of the central nervous system. Finally, production of more free radicals. Therefore, Thymoquinone is having antioxidant property and reported to have a potential role in the amelioration of cerebral ischemia but due to low solubility and poor absorption; they exhibit low serum and tissue levels. Present work aims to prepare nanoemulsions in order enhance the bioavailability of drug and hence evaluate the drug targeting in brain via non-invasive nasal route administration. Thymoquinone Mucoadhesive Nanoemulsion (TMNE) was prepared by ionic gelation method; characterized for particles size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, and ex vivo permeation study. Optimized TMNE ended up with a mean globule size 94.8±6.61nm; zeta potential -13.5±1.01mV; drug content 99.86±0.35% and viscosity 110±12cp. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array (UPLC-PDA) based bioanalytical method was developed and validated for pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, brain-targeting efficiency (628.5786±44.79%) and brain drug-targeting potential (89.97±2.94%) studies via post intranasal administration which revealed enhanced bioavailability of TQ in brain as compared to intravenous administration. Improved neurobehavioural activity (locomotor and grip strength) was observed in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced cerebral ischemic rats after i.n. administration of TMNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Mohd Samim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
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Al-Qattan KK, Mansour MH, Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic decreases liver and kidney receptor for advanced glycation end products expression in experimental diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:135-45. [PMID: 26968224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The up-regulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated as a major mediator in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy and hepatic fibrogenesis. The present study was designed to investigate the potential of garlic (Allium sativum L.) to modulate the level of expression of RAGE in renal and hepatic tissues of diabetic rats. Three groups of rats were studied after 8 weeks following diabetes induction: normal, streptozotocin-induced diabetic (control diabetic), and garlic-treated diabetic rats. A polyclonal antibody of proven specificity to RAGE indicated in immunohistochemical assays that RAGE labeling was significantly increased in renal and hepatic tissues of control diabetic rats compared to the normal group. The increased RAGE labeling involved mesangial cells in glomeruli exhibiting signs of mesangial expansion, mesangial nodule formation and glomerulosclerosis. In the liver, a significant up-regulation of RAGE was observed in hepatocytes and bile ducts and vessels in portal tracts. In 2-dimensional Western blots, RAGE expression in both tissues was dominated by heterogeneous charge variants, represented by 46-50kDa isoforms with more basic pIs compared to their counterparts in normal rats. Compared to control diabetic rats, RAGE labeling in the garlic-treated diabetic group was significantly reduced throughout renal and hepatic regions and was marked by the expression of 43-50kDa acidic charge variants comparable to those observed in normal rats. The capacity of garlic to modulate diabetes-induced up-regulation of selective RAGE polymorphic variants may be implicated in attenuating the detrimental consequences of excessive RAGE signaling manifested by diabetes-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled K Al-Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
| | - Mohamed H Mansour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Martha Thomson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Muslim Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
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Udeh NE, Onoja SO. Analgesic and free radical scavenging activities of hydromethanolic extract of Crateva adansonii stem bark. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:221-3. [PMID: 26401411 PMCID: PMC4579488 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20150403055054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crateva adansonii is a moderately sized deciduous tree found throughout the tropics especially along the river banks. This study was aimed at the evaluation of the analgesic and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of C. adansonii stem-bark. METHODS The analgesic activity of Crateva extract was investigated using both chemical and thermal models of nociception in rodents while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) photometric model. RESULTS The extract produced a minute concentration-dependent increase in free radical scavenging activities. The extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) caused a significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent reduction in the number of writhing in treated rats when compared to the negative control. The extract at 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, and pentazocine (3 mg/kg) increased the pain reaction time in the treated rats by 58.05%, 66.67%, 94.76%, and 79.40%, respectively, when compared to the negative control. CONCLUSION The C. adansonii stem bark possesses analgesic activity against peripheral and central mediated pain sensation and also antioxidant properties. This study justifies the ethnomedical use of C. adansonii in pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkeiruka E Udeh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria
| | - Samuel O Onoja
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria
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Colín-González AL, Ali SF, Túnez I, Santamaría A. On the antioxidant, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of S-allyl cysteine: An update. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:83-91. [PMID: 26122973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches based on isolated compounds obtained from natural products to handle central and peripheral disorders involving oxidative stress and inflammation are more common nowadays. The validation of nutraceutics vs. pharmaceutics as tools to induce preventive and protective profiles in human health alterations is still far of complete acceptance, but the basis to start more solid experimental and clinical protocols with natural products has already begun. S-allyl cysteine (SAC) is a promising garlic-derived organosulfur compound exhibiting a considerable number of positive actions in cell models and living systems. An update, in the form of review, is needed from time to time to get access to the state-of-the-art on this topic. In this review we visited recent and refreshing evidence of new already proven and potential targets to explain the benefits of using SAC against toxic and pathological conditions. The broad spectrum of protective actions covered by this molecule comprises antioxidant, redox modulatory and anti-inflammatory activities, accompanied by anti-apoptotic, pro-energetic and signaling capacities. Herein, we detail the evidence on these aspects to provide the reader a more complete overview on the promising aspects of SAC in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Colín-González
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Syed F Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA.
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia/Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain; Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Envejecimiento y Fragilidad (RETICEF), Spain
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, SSA, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Hippophae salicifolia D.Don berries attenuate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(15)30021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Neuroprotective Effect of Sodium Butyrate against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:395895. [PMID: 26064905 PMCID: PMC4439479 DOI: 10.1155/2015/395895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaB) is a dietary microbial fermentation product of fiber and serves as an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system. In this study, we further investigated that NaB attenuated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo and its possible mechanisms. NaB (5, 10 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically 3 h after the onset of reperfusion in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) mice. After 24 h of reperfusion, neurological deficits scores were estimated. Morphological examination was performed by electron microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Apoptotic neurons were measured by TUNEL; apoptosis-related protein caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, the phosphorylation Akt (p-Akt), and BDNF were assayed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that 10 mg/kg NaB treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficit and histopathology changes in cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, 10 mg/kg NaB treatment markedly restored the levels of MDA, SOD, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8. 10 mg/kg NaB treatment also remarkably inhibited the apoptosis, decreasing the levels of caspase-3 and Bax and increasing the levels of Bcl-2, p-Akt, and BDNF. This study suggested that NaB exerts neuroprotective effects on cerebral I/R injury by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties and BDNF-PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in antiapoptotic effect.
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Involvement of GluR2 up-regulation in neuroprotection by electroacupuncture pretreatment via cannabinoid CB1 receptor in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9490. [PMID: 25830356 PMCID: PMC4381620 DOI: 10.1038/srep09490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) is involved in EA pretreatment-induced neuroprotection via cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) after global cerebral ischemia in mice. Two hours after electric acupuncture (EA) pretreatment, global cerebral ischemia (GCI) was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 20 min. The GluR2 expression was examined in the hippocampus after reperfusion. Cell survival, neuronal apoptosis, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and neurological scores were evaluated at 24 h after BCCAO in the presence or absence of the GluR2 inhibitor. Furthermore, the GluR2 was determined in the presence and absence of CB1R inhibitor. Our results showed EA pretreatment enhanced expression of GluR2 in the hippocampus 2 h after reperfusion. Moreover, EA pretreatment improved neurological outcome, promoted cell survival, inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio after reperfusion. GluR2 knockdown by GluR2 siRNA effectively reversed the beneficial effects of EA pretreatment. Furthermore, CB1R siRNA and two CB1R antagonists blocked the elevation of GluR2 expression by EA pretreatment, whereas the two CB1R agonists up-regulated GluR2 expression as EA pretreatment. In conclusion, GluR2 up-regulation is involved in neuroprotection of EA pretreatment against GCI through CB1R, suggesting that GluR2 may be a novel target for stroke intervention.
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Arjunolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponin of Terminalia arjuna bark protects neurons from oxidative stress associated damage in focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:890-5. [PMID: 26398381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arjunolic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponin of Terminalia arjuna is well recognized for its antioxidant properties. We proposed to evaluate its antioxidant potential against focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS In the present study, rats were randomly divided into a sham, MCAO, AA (10 and 20mg/kg) treated groups. Rats received their respective treatment orally by gavage for 7 days prior to MCAO. Rats were anaesthetized with ketamine (100mg/kg), xylazine (10mg/kg) and subjected to 2h occlusion and 22h reperfusion. Neurological deficit, brain water content and oxidative stress markers were measured after 22h of reperfusion. RESULTS Rats pretreated with AA showed significantly reduced neurological deficit score, infarct size. AA prevented neuronal damage induced by I/R by regulating the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl content and mitochondria generated reactive oxygen species. In addition, it also controlled the enzyme activities of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with AA effectively prevented the cerebral I/R induced oxidative damage by virtue of its antioxidant potential. These results indicate that supplementation of AA may be beneficial in stroke prone population.
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Shi H, Jing X, Wei X, Perez RG, Ren M, Zhang X, Lou H. S
-allyl cysteine activates the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response and protects neurons against ischemic injury in vitro
and in vivo. J Neurochem 2015; 133:298-308. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanying Shi
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Xu Jing
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Ruth G. Perez
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center; El Paso; Paul L. Foster School of Medicine; El Paso Texas USA
| | - Manru Ren
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Haiyan Lou
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Shandong University; Jinan China
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Park JM, Han YM, Kangwan N, Lee SY, Jung MK, Kim EH, Hahm KB. S-allyl cysteine alleviates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damages by increasing cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition, heme oxygenase-1 induction, and histone deacetylation inhibition. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29 Suppl 4:80-92. [PMID: 25521739 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the most highly prescribed drugs in the world for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and fever, are associated with gastric mucosal damages including ulcer directly or indirectly. This study was aimed to document the preventive effects of an organosulfur constituent of garlic, S-allyl cysteine (SAC), against NSAIDs-induced gastric damages, as well the elucidation of its pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and cytoprotective actions. METHODS Different doses of SAC were administrated intragastrically before the indomethacin administration. After killing, in addition to gross and pathological evaluations of ulcer, the expressions of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 , IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and anti-oxidant capacity, were analyzed by Western blot analysis or ELISA, respectively. Transferase deoxytidyl uridine end labeling assay, periodic acid and Schiff staining, F4/80 staining, and CD31 staining were compared among doses of SAC. Detailed documentation of in vitro biological actions of SAC, including NF-κB, histone deacetylator inhibition, phase 2 enzyme, and MAPKs, was performed. RESULTS SAC was very effective in preventing indomethacin-induced gastric damages in a low dose through significant decreases in macrophage infiltration as well as restorative action. Indomethacin-induced expressions of inflammatory mediators were all significantly attenuated with SAC in accordance with histone deacetylator inhibition. In addition, SAC significantly increased the total anti-oxidant concentration and mucus secretion, and allows for a significant induction of HO-1. However, these preventive effects of SAC were dependent on dosage of SAC; higher dose above 10 μM paradoxically aggravated NSAID-induced inflammation. CONCLUSION Synthetic SAC can be promising therapeutics agent to provide potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and mucosa protective effects against NSAID-induced damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
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Pintana H, Sripetchwandee J, Supakul L, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn S. Garlic extract attenuates brain mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive deficit in obese-insulin resistant rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:1373-9. [PMID: 25350296 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in the obese-insulin resistant condition has been shown to affect cognitive as well as brain mitochondrial functions. Garlic extract has exerted a potent antioxidant effect. However, the effects of garlic extract on the brain of obese-insulin resistant rats have never been investigated. We hypothesized that garlic extract improves cognitive function and brain mitochondrial function in obese-insulin resistant rats induced by long-term high-fat diet (HFD) consumption. Male Wistar rats were fed either normal diet or HFD for 16 weeks (n = 24/group). At week 12, rats in each dietary group received either vehicle or garlic extract (250 and 500 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 28 days. Learning and memory behaviors, metabolic parameters, and brain mitochondrial function were determined at the end of treatment. HFD led to increased body weight, visceral fat, plasma insulin, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating the development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, HFD rats had cognitive deficit and brain mitochondrial dysfunction. HFD rats treated with both doses of garlic extract had decreased body weight, visceral fat, plasma cholesterol, and MDA levels. Garlic extract also improved cognitive function and brain mitochondrial function, which were impaired in obese-insulin resistant rats caused by HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Pintana
- a Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Yaidikar L, Byna B, Thakur SR. Neuroprotective effect of punicalagin against cerebral ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative brain injury in rats. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23:2869-2878. [PMID: 25282190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Punicalagin (PG) is a hydrolyzable polyphenol in Punica granatum. It has been previously reported that it has a protective effect against hypoxia-induced ischemia brain injury. It is a potent antioxidant. The present study is aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of PG against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS Rats were randomly divided into sham, MCAO, PG-treated groups. PG (15 and 30 mg/kg) vehicle was administered orally for 7 days before MCAO. Rats were anesthetized with ketamine (100 mg/kg), xylazine (10 mg/kg), and subjected to 2 hours occlusion, and 22 hours reperfusion. Neurologic deficit, brain water content (BWC), histopathology changes, and oxidative stress markers were evaluated after 22 hours of reperfusion. In comparison with MCAO model group, treatment with PG significantly reduced the neurologic deficit scores and BWC. RESULTS PG-attenuated neuronal damage occurred by downregulating the levels of malondialdehyde, sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity, nitric oxide, protein carbonyl content, and mitochondria-generated reactive oxygen species and upregulating the superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase activities. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that supplementation of PG treatment effectively ameliorates the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative damage by virtue of its antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Yaidikar
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bavya Byna
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santh Rani Thakur
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Ahmad N, Ahmad I, Umar S, Iqbal Z, Samim M, Ahmad FJ. PNIPAM nanoparticles for targeted and enhanced nose-to-brain delivery of curcuminoids: UPLC/ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS-based pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic evaluation in cerebral ischemia model. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:2095-2114. [PMID: 25237726 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.941076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a one of the leading causes of disease and deaths worldwide, which causes irreversible deterioration of the central nervous system. Curcuminoids are reported to have a potential role in the amelioration of cerebral ischemia but they exhibit low serum and tissue levels due to low solubility and poor absorption. Curcumin (CUR), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC)-loaded PNIPAM nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by free radical polymerization and characterized for particles size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation study. Optimized CUR, DMC and BDMC-loaded NPs had the mean size of 92.46 ± 2.8, 91.23 ± 4.2 and 94.28 ± 1.91 nm; zeta potential of -16.2 ± 1.42, -15.6 ± 1.33 and -16.6 ± 1.21 mV; loading capacity of 39.31 ± 3.7, 38.91 ± 3.6 and 40.61 ± 3.6% and entrapment efficiency of 84.63 ± 4.2, 84.71 ± 3.99 and 85.73 ± 4.31%, respectively. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectroscopy based bioanalytical method was developed and validated for pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, brain-targeting efficiency and brain drug-targeting potential studies post-intranasal (i.n.) administration which showed enhanced bioavailability of curcuminoids in brain as compared to intravenous administration. Improved neurobehavioural activity (locomotor and grip strength) and reduced cytokines levels (TNF-α and IL-1β) was observed in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced cerebral ischemic rats after i.n. administration of curcuminoids NPs. Finally, the toxicity study was performed which revealed safe nature of developed NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- a Nanoformulation Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy.,b UPLC-MS Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- a Nanoformulation Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Sadiq Umar
- c Department of Medical Elemental and Toxicology, Faculty of Science , and
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- a Nanoformulation Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy
| | - Mohd Samim
- d Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Hamdard University , New Delhi , India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- a Nanoformulation Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy.,b UPLC-MS Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy
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