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Long Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Guo H, Cui G. The complex effects of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1309-1323. [PMID: 39075895 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities. Neuroinflammatory plaques formed through the extracellular deposition of amyloid-β proteins, as well as neurofibrillary tangles formed by the intracellular deposition of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, comprise two typical pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. Besides symptomatic treatment, there are no effective therapies for delaying Alzheimer's disease progression. MicroRNAs (miR) are small, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels and play important roles in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Indeed, miR-146a, a NF-κB-regulated gene, has been extensively implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease through several pathways. Research has demonstrated substantial dysregulation of miR-146a both during the initial phases and throughout the progression of this disorder. MiR-146a is believed to reduce amyloid-β deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation through the TLR/IRAK1/TRAF6 pathway; however, there is also evidence supporting that it can promote these processes through many other pathways, thus exacerbating the pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. It has been widely reported that miR-146a mediates synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal death by targeting mRNAs encoding synaptic-related proteins, mitochondrial-related proteins, and membrane proteins, as well as other mRNAs. Regarding the impact on glial cells, miR-146a also exhibits differential effects. On one hand, it causes widespread and sustained inflammation through certain pathways, while on the other hand, it can reverse the polarization of astrocytes and microglia, alleviate neuroinflammation, and promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation, thus maintaining the normal function of the myelin sheath and exerting a protective effect on neurons. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of miR-146a in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. We aim to elucidate the relationship between miR-146a and the key pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease, such as amyloid-β deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuronal death, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic dysfunction, and glial cell dysfunction, as well as summarize recent relevant studies that have highlighted the potential of miR-146a as a clinical diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Long
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohong Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Montero-Hidalgo AJ, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Gómez-Gómez E, Porcel-Pastrana F, Sáez-Martínez P, Pérez-Gómez JM, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Blázquez-Encinas R, Sánchez-Sánchez R, González-Serrano T, Castro E, López-Soto PJ, Carrasco-Valiente J, Sarmento-Cabral A, Martinez-Fuentes AJ, Eyras E, Castaño JP, Sharp A, Olmos D, Gahete MD, Luque RM. SRSF6 modulates histone-chaperone HIRA splicing to orchestrate AR and E2F activity in prostate cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado8231. [PMID: 39356765 PMCID: PMC11446284 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite novel therapeutic strategies, advanced-stage prostate cancer (PCa) remains highly lethal, pointing out the urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies. While dysregulation of the splicing process is considered a cancer hallmark, the role of certain splicing factors remains unknown in PCa. This study focuses on characterizing the levels and role of SRSF6 in this disease. Comprehensive analyses of SRSF6 alterations (copy number/mRNA/protein) were conducted across eight well-characterized PCa cohorts and the Hi-MYC transgenic model. SRSF6 was up-regulated in PCa samples, correlating with adverse clinical parameters. Functional assays, both in vitro (cell proliferation, migration, colony, and tumorsphere formation) and in vivo (xenograft tumors), demonstrated the impact of SRSF6 modulation on critical cancer hallmarks. Mechanistically, SRSF6 regulates the splicing pattern of the histone-chaperone HIRA, consequently affecting the activity of H3.3 in PCa and breast cancer cell models and disrupting pivotal oncogenic pathways (AR and E2F) in PCa cells. These findings underscore SRSF6 as a promising therapeutic target for PCa/advanced-stage PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Montero-Hidalgo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan M. Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Porcel-Pastrana
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Prudencio Sáez-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Pérez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blázquez-Encinas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Teresa González-Serrano
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Genitourinary Cancer Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo J. López-Soto
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Nursing, Pharmacology, and Physiotherapy, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julia Carrasco-Valiente
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - André Sarmento-Cabral
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Martinez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Eyras
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- EMBL Australia Partner Laboratory Network at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Adam Sharp
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Olmos
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
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3
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Qin H, Zhou L, Haque FT, Martin-Jimenez C, Trang A, Benveniste EN, Wang Q. Diverse signaling mechanisms and heterogeneity of astrocyte reactivity in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2024; 168:3536-3557. [PMID: 37932959 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects various brain cell types, including astrocytes, which are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes not only provide homeostatic support to neurons but also actively regulate synaptic signaling and functions and become reactive in response to CNS insults through diverse signaling pathways including the JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and GPCR-elicited pathways. The advent of new technology for transcriptomic profiling at the single-cell level has led to increasing recognition of the highly versatile nature of reactive astrocytes and the context-dependent specificity of astrocyte reactivity. In AD, reactive astrocytes have long been observed in senile plaques and have recently been suggested to play a role in AD pathogenesis and progression. However, the precise contributions of reactive astrocytes to AD remain elusive, and targeting this complex cell population for AD treatment poses significant challenges. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of astrocyte reactivity and its role in AD, with a particular focus on the signaling pathways that promote astrocyte reactivity and the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes. Furthermore, we explore potential implications for the development of therapeutics for AD. Our objective is to shed light on the complex involvement of astrocytes in AD and offer insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies for treating and managing this devastating neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Qin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lianna Zhou
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Faris T Haque
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Cynthia Martin-Jimenez
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Trang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Zhao R. Can exercise benefits be harnessed with drugs? A new way to combat neurodegenerative diseases by boosting neurogenesis. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:36. [PMID: 39049102 PMCID: PMC11271207 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is affected by multiple factors, such as enriched environment, exercise, ageing, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative disorders can impair AHN, leading to progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Compelling evidence suggests that individuals engaged in regular exercise exhibit higher production of proteins that are essential for AHN and memory. Interestingly, specific molecules that mediate the effects of exercise have shown effectiveness in promoting AHN and cognition in different transgenic animal models. Despite these advancements, the precise mechanisms by which exercise mimetics induce AHN remain partially understood. Recently, some novel exercise molecules have been tested and the underlying mechanisms have been proposed, involving intercommunications between multiple organs such as muscle-brain crosstalk, liver-brain crosstalk, and gut-brain crosstalk. In this review, we will discuss the current evidence regarding the effects and potential mechanisms of exercise mimetics on AHN and cognition in various neurological disorders. Opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, 88 South Daxue Road, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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5
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Zhou H, Yang RK, Li Q, Li Z, Wang YC, Li SY, Miao Y, Sun XH, Wang Z. MicroRNA-146a-5p protects retinal ganglion cells through reducing neuroinflammation in experimental glaucoma. Glia 2024. [PMID: 39041109 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays important roles in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in glaucoma. MicroRNA-146 (miR-146) has been shown to regulate inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, whether and how miR-146 could affect RGC injury in chronic ocular hypertension (COH) experimental glaucoma were investigated. We showed that in the members of miR-146 family only miR-146a-5p expression was upregulated in COH retinas. The upregulation of miR-146a-5p was observed in the activated microglia and Müller cells both in primary cultured conditions and in COH retinas, but mainly occurred in microglia. Overexpression of miR-146a-5p in COH retinas reduced the levels pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which were further confirmed in the activated primary cultured microglia. Transfection of miR-146a-5p mimic increased the percentage of anti-inflammatory phenotype in the activated BV2 microglia, while transfection of miR-146a-5p inhibitor resulted in the opposite effects. Transfection of miR-146a-5p mimic/agomir inhibited the levels of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK1) and TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and phosphorylated NF-κB subunit p65. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that miR-146a-5p could directly target IRAK1 and TRAF6. Moreover, downregulation of IRAK1 and TRAF6 by siRNA techniques or blocking NF-κB by SN50 in cultured microglia reversed the miR-146a-5p inhibitor-induced changes of inflammatory cytokines. In COH retinas, overexpression of miR-146a-5p reduced RGC apoptosis, increased RGC survival, and partially rescued the amplitudes of photopic negative response. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of miR-146a-5p attenuates RGC injury in glaucoma by reducing neuroinflammation through downregulating IRAK1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Kang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Chen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Huai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhao K, Liu J, Sun T, Zeng L, Cai Z, Li Z, Liu R. The miR-25802/KLF4/NF-κB signaling axis regulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:31-48. [PMID: 38360375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the occurrence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent years, studies have increasingly explored microRNAs as biomarkers and treatment interventions for AD. This study identified a novel microRNA termed miR-25802 from our high-throughput sequencing dataset of an AD model and explored its role and the underlying mechanism. The results confirmed the miRNA properties of miR-25802 based on bioinformatics and experimental verification. Expression of miR-25802 was increased in the plasma of AD patients and in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 and 5 × FAD mice carrying two and five familial AD gene mutations. Functional studies suggested that overexpression or inhibition of miR-25802 respectively aggravated or ameliorated AD-related pathology, including cognitive disability, Aβ deposition, microglial pro-inflammatory phenotype activation, and neuroinflammation, in 5 × FAD mice and homeostatic or LPS/IFN-γ-stimulated EOC20 microglia. Mechanistically, miR-25802 negatively regulates KLF4 by directly binding to KLF4 mRNA, thus stimulating microglia polarization toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype by promoting the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. The results also showed that inhibition of miR-25802 increased microglial anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype activity and suppressed NF-κB-mediated inflammatory reactions in the brains of 5 × FAD mice, while overexpression of miR-25802 exacerbated microglial pro-inflammatory M1 activity by enhancing NF-κB pathways. Of note, AD-associated manifestations induced by inhibition or overexpression of miR-25802 via the NF-κB signaling pathway were reversed by KLF4 silencing or upregulation. Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that miR-25802 is a regulator of microglial activity and establish the role of miR-25802/KLF4/NF-κB signaling in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Zhongdi Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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7
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Zhao R. Exercise mimetics: a novel strategy to combat neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:40. [PMID: 38308368 PMCID: PMC10837901 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the stimulation of resident immune cells of the brain and the penetration of peripheral immune cells. These inflammatory processes facilitate the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Managing neuroinflammation to restore immune homeostasis and decrease neuronal damage is a therapeutic approach for AD. One way to achieve this is through exercise, which can improve brain function and protect against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction in AD models. The neuroprotective impact of exercise is regulated by various molecular factors that can be activated in the same way as exercise by the administration of their mimetics. Recent evidence has proven some exercise mimetics effective in alleviating neuroinflammation and AD, and, additionally, they are a helpful alternative option for patients who are unable to perform regular physical exercise to manage neurodegenerative disorders. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge on exercise mimetics, including their efficacy, regulatory mechanisms, progress, challenges, limitations, and future guidance for their application in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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8
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Gutierrez-Tordera L, Papandreou C, Novau-Ferré N, García-González P, Rojas M, Marquié M, Chapado LA, Papagiannopoulos C, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Valero S, Folch J, Ettcheto M, Camins A, Boada M, Ruiz A, Bulló M. Exploring small non-coding RNAs as blood-based biomarkers to predict Alzheimer's disease. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:8. [PMID: 38229129 PMCID: PMC10790437 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms complemented with biological biomarkers, the Amyloid Tau Neurodegeneration (ATN) framework. Small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) in the blood have emerged as potential predictors of AD. We identified sncRNA signatures specific to ATN and AD, and evaluated both their contribution to improving AD conversion prediction beyond ATN alone. METHODS This nested case-control study was conducted within the ACE cohort and included MCI patients matched by sex. Patients free of type 2 diabetes underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma collection and were followed-up for a median of 2.45-years. Plasma sncRNAs were profiled using small RNA-sequencing. Conditional logistic and Cox regression analyses with elastic net penalties were performed to identify sncRNA signatures for A+(T|N)+ and AD. Weighted scores were computed using cross-validation, and the association of these scores with AD risk was assessed using multivariable Cox regression models. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopaedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the identified signatures were performed. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 192 patients, including 96 A+(T|N)+ and 96 A-T-N- patients. We constructed a classification model based on a 6-miRNAs signature for ATN. The model could classify MCI patients into A-T-N- and A+(T|N)+ groups with an area under the curve of 0.7335 (95% CI, 0.7327 to 0.7342). However, the addition of the model to conventional risk factors did not improve the prediction of AD beyond the conventional model plus ATN status (C-statistic: 0.805 [95% CI, 0.758 to 0.852] compared to 0.829 [95% CI, 0.786, 0.872]). The AD-related 15-sncRNAs signature exhibited better predictive performance than the conventional model plus ATN status (C-statistic: 0.849 [95% CI, 0.808 to 0.890]). When ATN was included in this model, the prediction further improved to 0.875 (95% CI, 0.840 to 0.910). The miRNA-target interaction network and functional analysis, including GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, suggested that the miRNAs in both signatures are involved in neuronal pathways associated with AD. CONCLUSIONS The AD-related sncRNA signature holds promise in predicting AD conversion, providing insights into early AD development and potential targets for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gutierrez-Tordera
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), 43201, Reus, Spain
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Christopher Papandreou
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), 43201, Reus, Spain.
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain.
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201, Reus, Spain.
| | - Nil Novau-Ferré
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), 43201, Reus, Spain
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Pablo García-González
- ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melina Rojas
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), 43201, Reus, Spain
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Marquié
- ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Chapado
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Alimentación, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christos Papagiannopoulos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45500, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Department de Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Valero
- ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), 43201, Reus, Spain
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201, Reus, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Health Institute, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Nutrition and Metabolic Health Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), 43201, Reus, Spain.
- Institute of Health Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Spain.
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology-TecnATox, Rovira i Virgili University, 43201, Reus, Spain.
- CIBER Physiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Vijayan M, Reddy PH. Unveiling the Role of Novel miRNA PC-5P-12969 in Alleviating Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1329-1348. [PMID: 38552115 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Background The intricate and complex molecular mechanisms that underlie the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have prompted a concerted and vigorous research endeavor aimed at uncovering potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Objective This study aims to elucidate the role of miRNA PC-5P-12969 in the pathogenesis of AD. Methods We assessed the differential expression of miRNA PC-5P-12969 in postmortem AD brains, AD animal and cell models using real-time reverse-transcriptase RT-PCR, we also checked the gene and protein expression of GSK3α and APP. Results Our investigation revealed a notable upregulation of miRNA PC-5P-12969 in postmortem brains of AD patients, in transgenic mouse models of AD, and in mutant APP overexpressing-HT22 cells. Additionally, our findings indicate that overexpression of miRNA PC-5P-12969 exerts a protective effect on cell survival, while concurrently mitigating apoptotic cell death. Further-more, we established a robust and specific interaction between miRNA PC-5P-12969 and GSK3α. Our luciferase reporter assays provided confirmation of the binding between miRNA PC-5P-12969 and the 3'-UTR of the GSK3α gene. Manipulation of miRNA PC-5P-12969 levels in cellular models of AD yielded noteworthy alterations in the gene and protein expression levels of both GSK3α and APP. Remarkably, the manipulation of miRNA PC-5P-12969 levels yielded significant enhancements in mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, concurrently with a reduction in mitochondrial fragmentation, thus unveiling a potential regulatory role of miRNA PC-5P-12969 in these vital cellular processes. Conclusions In summary, this study sheds light on the crucial role of miRNA PC-5P-12969 and its direct interaction with GSK3α in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences Departments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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10
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Lee H, Kang H, Moon C, Youn B. PAK3 downregulation induces cognitive impairment following cranial irradiation. eLife 2023; 12:RP89221. [PMID: 38131292 PMCID: PMC10746143 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation is used for prophylactic brain radiotherapy as well as the treatment of primary brain tumors. Despite its high efficiency, it often induces unexpected side effects, including cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we observed that mice exposed to cranial irradiation exhibited cognitive dysfunction, including altered spontaneous behavior, decreased spatial memory, and reduced novel object recognition. Analysis of the actin cytoskeleton revealed that ionizing radiation (IR) disrupted the filamentous/globular actin (F/G-actin) ratio and downregulated the actin turnover signaling pathway p21-activated kinase 3 (PAK3)-LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1)-cofilin. Furthermore, we found that IR could upregulate microRNA-206-3 p (miR-206-3 p) targeting PAK3. As the inhibition of miR-206-3 p through antagonist (antagomiR), IR-induced disruption of PAK3 signaling is restored. In addition, intranasal administration of antagomiR-206-3 p recovered IR-induced cognitive impairment in mice. Our results suggest that cranial irradiation-induced cognitive impairment could be ameliorated by regulating PAK3 through antagomiR-206-3 p, thereby affording a promising strategy for protecting cognitive function during cranial irradiation, and promoting quality of life in patients with radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haksoo Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyunkoo Kang
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Pusan National UniversityBusanRepublic of Korea
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11
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Liu XT, Teng ZQ. Early-Stage Application of Agomir-137 Promotes Locomotor Recovery in a Mouse Model of Motor Cortex Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17156. [PMID: 38138985 PMCID: PMC10742653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, and patients often experience varying degrees of motor impairment. MiR-137, a broadly conserved and brain-enriched miRNA, is a key regulator in neural development and in various neurological diseases. Following TBI, the expression of miR-137 is dramatically downregulated. However, whether miR-137 is a therapeutic target for TBI still remains unknown. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that intranasal administration of miR-137 agomir (a mimic) in the early stage (0-7 days) of TBI effectively inhibits glial scar formation and improves neuronal survival, while early-stage administration of miR-137 antagomir (an inhibitor) deteriorates motor impairment. This study elucidates the therapeutic potential of miR-137 mimics in improving locomotor recovery following motor cortex injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Shao S, Ye X, Su W, Wang Y. Curcumin alleviates Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activating the AMPK pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 134:102363. [PMID: 37989445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common degenerative brain disorder with limited therapeutic options. Curcumin (Cur) exhibits neuroprotective function in many diseases. We aimed to explore the role and mechanism of Cur in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, we established AD mice by injecting amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) solution into the hippocampus. Then, the AD mice received 150 mg/kg/d Cur for 10 consecutive days. The Morris water maze test was conducted to evaluate the cognitive function of the mice by hidden platform training and probe trials. To assess the spatial memory of the mice, spontaneous alternation behavior, the number of crossing the novel arm and the time spent in the novel arm during the Y-maze test was recorded. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNAL) assay were performed to assess the pathological damage and apoptosis of brain tissues. The number of damaged neurons was inspected by Nissl staining. Immunohistochemical staining was then performed to detect Aβ1-42 deposition. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum and hippocampus, the contents of super oxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissues were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), RelA (p65) protein expressions and Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation were tested using Western blot. RESULTS Cur not only improved cognitive function and spatial memory, but also alleviated the pathological damage and apoptosis of brain tissues for AD mice. Meanwhile, upon Cur treatment, the number of damaged neurons in AD mice was decreased, the level of Aβ1-42 in AD mice was significantly decreased. Furthermore, the AD mice treated with Cur exhibited lower TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1β and MDA levels and a higher SOD content. Besides, Cur also downregulated p65 expression and upregulated AMPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Cur may improve AD via suppressing the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activating the AMPK pathway, suggesting that Cur may be a potential drug for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Shao
- Department of Neurology, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Ye
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, CiXi Seventh People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Wang JX, Xiao X, He XC, He BD, Liu CM, Teng ZQ. Agomir-331 Suppresses Reactive Gliosis and Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:2429. [PMID: 37887272 PMCID: PMC10605079 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury usually triggers glial scar formation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathological features are largely unknown. Using a mouse model of hippocampal stab injury (HSI), we observed that miR-331, a brain-enriched microRNA, was significantly downregulated in the early stage (0-7 days) of HSI. Intranasal administration of agomir-331, an upgraded product of miR-331 mimics, suppressed reactive gliosis and neuronal apoptosis and improved cognitive function in HSI mice. Finally, we identified IL-1β as a direct downstream target of miR-331, and agomir-331 treatment significantly reduced IL-1β levels in the hippocampus after acute injury. Our findings highlight, for the first time, agomir-331 as a pivotal neuroprotective agent for early rehabilitation of HSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.-C.H.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.-C.H.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.-C.H.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bao-Dong He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.-C.H.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.-C.H.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.-C.H.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100408, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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He C, Li Z, Yang M, Yu W, Luo R, Zhou J, He J, Chen Q, Song Z, Cheng S. Non-Coding RNA in Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4165-4211. [PMID: 37753266 PMCID: PMC10519213 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by complex pathophysiological features. Amyloid plaques resulting from extracellular amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles formed by intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation serve as primary neuropathological criteria for AD diagnosis. The activation of microglia has been closely associated with these pathological manifestations. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), a versatile molecule involved in various cellular functions such as genetic information storage and transport, as well as catalysis of biochemical reactions, plays a crucial role in microglial activation. This review aims to investigate the regulatory role of ncRNAs in protein expression by directly targeting genes, proteins, and interactions. Furthermore, it explores the ability of ncRNAs to modulate inflammatory pathways, influence the expression of inflammatory factors, and regulate microglia activation, all of which contribute to neuroinflammation and AD. However, there are still significant controversies surrounding microglial activation and polarization. The categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes may oversimplify the intricate and multifaceted regulatory processes in microglial response to neuroinflammation. Limited research has been conducted on the role of ncRNAs in regulating microglial activation and inducing distinct polarization states in the context of neuroinflammation. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms through which ncRNAs govern microglial function continue to be refined. The current understanding of ncRNA regulatory pathways involved in microglial activation remains incomplete and may be influenced by spatial, temporal, and tissue-specific factors. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are warranted. In conclusion, there are ongoing debates and uncertainties regarding the activation and polarization of microglial cells, particularly concerning the categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The study of ncRNA regulation in microglial activation and polarization, as well as its mechanisms, is still in its early stages and requires further investigation. However, this review offers new insights and opportunities for therapeutic approaches in AD. The development of ncRNA-based drugs may hold promise as a new direction in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsiqing Luo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Guo X. A state-of-the-art review on miRNA in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer 's disease. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2023; 52:485-498. [PMID: 37643982 PMCID: PMC10495246 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial and heterogenic disorder. MiRNA is a class of non-coding RNAs with 19-22 nucleotides in length that can regulate the expression of target genes in the post-transcriptional level. It has been found that the miRNAome in AD patients is significantly altered in brain tissues, cerebrospinal fluid and blood circulation, as compared to healthy subjects. Experimental studies have suggested that expression changes in miRNA could drive AD onset and development via different mechanisms. Therefore, targeting miRNA expression to regulate the key genes involved in AD progression is anticipated to be a promising approach for AD prevention and treatment. Rodent AD models have demonstrated that targeting miRNAs could block biogenesis and toxicity of amyloid β, inhibit the production and hyper-phosphorylation of τ protein, prevent neuronal apoptosis and promote neurogenesis, maintain neural synaptic and calcium homeostasis, as well as mitigate neuroinflammation mediated by microglia. In addition, animal and human studies support the view that miRNAs are critical players contributing to the beneficial effects of cell therapy and lifestyle intervention to AD. This article reviews the most recent advances in the roles, mechanisms and applications of targeting miRNA in AD prevention and treatment based on rodent AD models and human intervention studies. The potential opportunities and challenges in clinical application of targeting miRNA for AD patients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Guo
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Engineering Research Center, Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy of the Ministry of Education, Kunming 650500, China.
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16
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Datta N, Johnson C, Kao D, Gurnani P, Alexander C, Polytarchou C, Monaghan TM. MicroRNA-based therapeutics for inflammatory disorders of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106870. [PMID: 37499702 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
An emerging but less explored shared pathophysiology across microbiota-gut-brain axis disorders is aberrant miRNA expression, which may represent novel therapeutic targets. miRNAs are small, endogenous non-coding RNAs that are important transcriptional repressors of gene expression. Most importantly, they regulate the integrity of the intestinal epithelial and blood-brain barriers and serve as an important communication channel between the gut microbiome and the host. A well-defined understanding of the mode of action, therapeutic strategies and delivery mechanisms of miRNAs is pivotal in translating the clinical applications of miRNA-based therapeutics. Accumulating evidence links disorders of the microbiota-gut-brain axis with a compromised gut-blood-brain-barrier, causing gut contents such as immune cells and microbiota to enter the bloodstream leading to low-grade systemic inflammation. This has the potential to affect all organs, including the brain, causing central inflammation and the development of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, we have examined in detail miRNA biogenesis, strategies for therapeutic application, delivery mechanisms, as well as their pathophysiology and clinical applications in inflammatory gut-brain disorders. The research data in this review was drawn from the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov. With increasing evidence of the pathophysiological importance for miRNAs in microbiota-gut-brain axis disorders, therapeutic targeting of cross-regulated miRNAs in these disorders displays potentially transformative and translational potential. Further preclinical research and human clinical trials are required to further advance this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Datta
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte Johnson
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dina Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pratik Gurnani
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christos Polytarchou
- Department of Biosciences, John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Tanya M Monaghan
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Noor Eddin A, Hamsho K, Adi G, Al-Rimawi M, Alfuwais M, Abdul Rab S, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Cerebrospinal fluid microRNAs as potential biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1210191. [PMID: 37476007 PMCID: PMC10354256 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1210191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia worldwide, but its early detection and diagnosis remain a challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate mRNA expression. Recent evidence suggests miRNAs play an important role in the five major hallmarks of AD pathophysiology: amyloidogenesis, tauopathy, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal death. Compared to traditional biomarkers of AD, miRNAs display a greater degree of stability in cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, aberrant changes in miRNA expression can be measured over time to monitor and guide patient treatment. Specific miRNA profiles and combinations may also be used to distinguish AD subjects from normal controls and other causes of dementia. Because of these properties, miRNAs are now being considered as promising and potential biomarkers of AD. This review comprehensively summarizes the diagnostic potential and regulatory roles miRNAs play in AD.
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Zhang Y, Miao Y, Xiong X, Tan J, Han Z, Chen F, Lei P, Zhang Q. Microglial exosomes alleviate intermittent hypoxia-induced cognitive deficits by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome. Biol Direct 2023; 18:29. [PMID: 37312196 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia is the best predictor of developing cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease progression in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been poorly studied as a regulator of neuroinflammation in cognitive impairment caused by intermittent hypoxia. As critical inflammatory cells, exosomes secreted by microglia have been found to affect the spread of pathologic proteins and neuropathology in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effects of microglial exosomes on neuroinflammation and cognitive outcomes after intermittent hypoxia remain unclear. In this study, the role of miRNAs in microglial exosomes in improving cognitive deficits in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia was investigated. We demonstrated that miR-146a-5p fluctuated over time in microglial exosomes of mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia for different periods of time, which could regulate neuronal NLRP3 inflammasome and neuroinflammation. In primary neurons, we found that miR-146a-5p regulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by targeting HIF1α, thus affecting the NLRP3 inflammasome and secretion of inflammatory factors. Similarly, further studies showed that inhibition of NLRP3 by administering overexpressed miR-146a-5p in microglial exosomes and MCC950 has improved neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction in mice after intermittent hypoxia. In conclusion, NLRP3 inflammasome may be a regulatory target for ameliorating cognitive impairment caused by intermittent hypoxia, and microglial exosomal miR-146a-5p may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuyang Miao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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19
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Danilov CA, Thein TZ, Tahara SM, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Intranasal Delivery of miR133b in a NEO100-Based Formulation Induces a Healing Response in Spinal Cord-Injured Mice. Cells 2023; 12:931. [PMID: 36980272 PMCID: PMC10047048 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite important advances in the pre-clinical animal studies investigating the neuroinhibitory microenvironment at the injury site, traumatic injury to the spinal cord remains a major problem with no concrete response. Here, we examined whether (1) intranasal (IN) administration of miR133b/Ago2 can reach the injury site and achieve a therapeutic effect and (2) NEO100-based formulation of miR133b/Ago2 can improve effectiveness. 24 h after a cervical contusion, C57BL6 female mice received IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 or miR133b/Ago2/NEO100 for 3 days, one dose per day. The pharmacokinetics of miR133b in the spinal cord lesion was determined by RT-qPCR. The role of IN delivery of miR133b on motor function was assessed by the grip strength meter (GSM) and hanging tasks. The activity of miR133b at the lesion site was established by immunostaining of fibronectin 1 (FN1), a miR133b target. We found that IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 (1) reaches the lesion scar and co-administration of miR133b with NEO100 facilitated the cellular uptake; (2) enhanced the motor function and addition of NEO100 potentiated this effect and (3) targeted FN1 expression at the lesion scar. Our results suggest a high efficacy of IN delivery of miR133b/Ago2 to the injured spinal cord that translates to improved healing with NEO100 further potentiating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia A. Danilov
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (C.A.D.)
| | - Thu Zan Thein
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (C.A.D.)
| | - Stanley M. Tahara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Axel H. Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thomas C. Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (C.A.D.)
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20
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Peeples ES. MicroRNA therapeutic targets in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:780-788. [PMID: 35854090 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is a devastating injury resulting from impaired blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain at or around the time of birth. Despite the use of therapeutic hypothermia, more than one in four survivors suffer from major developmental disabilities-an indication of the critical need for more effective therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have the potential to act as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in neonatal HIBI as a step toward improving outcomes in this high-risk population. This review summarizes the current literature around the use of cord blood and postnatal circulating blood miRNA expression for diagnosis or prognosis in human infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, as well as animal studies assessing endogenous brain miRNA expression and potential for therapeutic targeting of miRNA expression for neuroprotection. Ultimately, the lack of knowledge regarding brain specificity of circulating miRNAs and the temporal variability in expression currently limit the use of miRNAs as biomarkers. However, given their broad effect profile, ease of administration, and small size allowing for effective blood-brain barrier crossing, miRNAs represent promising therapeutic targets for improving brain injury and reducing developmental impairments in neonates after HIBI. IMPACT: The high morbidity and mortality of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) despite current therapies demonstrates a need for developing more sensitive biomarkers and superior therapeutic options. MicroRNAs have been evaluated both as biomarkers and therapeutic options after neonatal HIBI. The limited knowledge regarding brain specificity of circulating microRNAs and temporal variability in expression currently limit the use of microRNAs as biomarkers. Future studies comparing the neuroprotective effects of modulating microRNA expression must consider temporal changes in the endogenous expression to determine appropriate timing of therapy, while also optimizing techniques for delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, USA.
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21
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Intrahippocampal Inoculation of Aβ 1-42 Peptide in Rat as a Model of Alzheimer's Disease Identified MicroRNA-146a-5p as Blood Marker with Anti-Inflammatory Function in Astrocyte Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050694. [PMID: 36899831 PMCID: PMC10000752 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have aroused a lot of interest as reliable blood diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the panel of expressed blood miRNAs in response to aggregated Aβ1-42 peptides infused in the hippocampus of adult rats to mimic events of the early onset of non-familial AD disorder. Aβ1-42 peptides in the hippocampus led to cognitive impairments associated with an astrogliosis and downregulation of circulating miRNA-146a-5p, -29a-3p, -29c-3p, -125b-5p, and-191-5p. We established the kinetics of expression of selected miRNAs and found differences with those detected in the APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model. Of note, miRNA-146a-5p was exclusively dysregulated in the Aβ-induced AD model. The treatment of primary astrocytes with Aβ1-42 peptides led to miRNA-146a-5p upregulation though the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which in turn downregulated IRAK-1 but not TRAF-6 expression. As a consequence, no induction of IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α was detected. Astrocytes treated with a miRNA-146-5p inhibitor rescued IRAK-1 and changed TRAF-6 steady-state levels that correlated with the induction of IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL1 production, indicating that miRNA-146a-5p operates anti-inflammatory functions through a NF-κB pathway negative feedback loop. Overall, we report a panel of circulating miRNAs that correlated with Aβ1-42 peptides' presence in the hippocampus and provide mechanistic insights into miRNA-146a-5p biological function in the development of the early stage of sporadic AD.
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Raschka T, Sood M, Schultz B, Altay A, Ebeling C, Fröhlich H. AI reveals insights into link between CD33 and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1009894. [PMID: 36780558 PMCID: PMC9956604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling biological mechanisms is a key for disease understanding and drug-target identification. However, formulating quantitative models in the field of Alzheimer's Disease is challenged by a lack of detailed knowledge of relevant biochemical processes. Additionally, fitting differential equation systems usually requires time resolved data and the possibility to perform intervention experiments, which is difficult in neurological disorders. This work addresses these challenges by employing the recently published Variational Autoencoder Modular Bayesian Networks (VAMBN) method, which we here trained on combined clinical and patient level gene expression data while incorporating a disease focused knowledge graph. Our approach, called iVAMBN, resulted in a quantitative model that allowed us to simulate a down-expression of the putative drug target CD33, including potential impact on cognitive impairment and brain pathophysiology. Experimental validation demonstrated a high overlap of molecular mechanism predicted to be altered by CD33 perturbation with cell line data. Altogether, our modeling approach may help to select promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Raschka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Meemansa Sood
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Schultz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Aybuge Altay
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Ebeling
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Liang C, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Ji Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li S, Qi Y, Wang Y, Cai Y, Lai T, Cui L. Atmospheric particulate matter impairs cognition by modulating synaptic function via the nose-to-brain route. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159600. [PMID: 36280068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM), a ubiquitous air pollutant, is the leading environmental risk factor for mortality worldwide. Experimental and epidemiological studies consistently suggest a strong link between long-term exposure to PM2.5 (<2.5 μm, fine PM) and cognitive impairment. The neuroinflammatory response is presumed to be one of the main mechanisms of PM2.5-induced cognitive impairment, possibly leading to synaptic dysfunction. However, the main route and mechanism underlying the cause of cognitive dysfunction and pathogenic alterations in PM2.5-exposure mice remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the main route and mechanism of PM2.5-induced cognitive impairment. Our results showed that PM2.5 directly entered the brain following nasal administration, and both the short-term PM2.5 administration via atomization and nasal drops induced learning and memory impairments and neuronal damage in adult mice. Moreover, astrocytes and microglia were both activated in the two short-term PM2.5 exposure models, while few changes in the inflammatory response were observed in the peripheral circulatory system. Furthermore, a further transcriptional analysis revealed that short-term PM2.5 administration led to cognitive impairment mainly by modulating synaptic functions and that although glia were activated, the glia-related pathological pathways were not significantly activated. Notably, following PM2.5 exposure, PLX3397-induced microglial deletion did not restore the cognitive function of the mice. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that PM2.5 enters the brain via the nose-to-brain route to impair cognitive function, and short-term exposure to PM2.5 directly alters synaptic function rather than the neuroinflammatory response to affect cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuling Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuanhong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Shengnan Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yi Qi
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianwen Lai
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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24
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Liu N, Fan Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Kang Z, Peng Y, Ru Z, Yang M, Feng C, Wang Y, Yang X. OL-FS13 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting miR-21-3p Expression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2550-2562. [PMID: 37132110 PMCID: PMC10616927 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230502111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OL-FS13, a neuroprotective peptide derived from Odorrana livida, can alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury, although the specific underlying mechanism remains to be further explored. OBJECTIVE The effect of miR-21-3p on the neural-protective effects of OL-FS13 was examined. METHODS In this study, the multiple genome sequencing analysis, double luciferase experiment, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting were used to explore the mechanism of OL-FS13. RESULTS Showed that over-expression of miR-21-3p against the protective effects of OL-FS13 on oxygen- glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-damaged pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and in CI/R-injured rats. miR-21-3p was then found to target calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMKK2), and its overexpression inhibited the expression of CAMKK2 and phosphorylation of its downstream adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby inhibiting the therapeutic effects of OL-FS13 on OGD/R and CI/R. Inhibition of CAMKK2 also antagonized up-regulated of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) by OL-FS13, thereby abolishing the antioxidant activity of the peptide. CONCLUSION Our results showed that OL-FS13 alleviated OGD/R and CI/R by inhibiting miR-21-3p to activate the CAMKK2/AMPK/Nrf-2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naixin Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingxuan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinglei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources & Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China
| | - Yuansheng Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zijian Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeqiong Ru
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Meifeng Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengan Feng
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources & Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan, 650504, China
| | - Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
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25
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Recent Advances in Cancer Vaccines: Challenges, Achievements, and Futuristic Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122011. [PMID: 36560420 PMCID: PMC9788126 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood circulation time as well as poor solubility of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines emerged to try to improve anticancer drugs' efficiency and to deliver them to the target site. Cancer vaccines are considered a viable therapeutic technique for most solid tumors. Vaccines boost antitumor immunity by delivering tumor antigens, nucleic acids, entire cells, and peptides. Cancer vaccines are designed to induce long-term antitumor memory, causing tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual illness, and prevent non-specific or unpleasant effects. These vaccines can assist in the elimination of cancer cells from various organs or organ systems in the body, with minimal risk of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Vaccines and antigens for anticancer therapy are discussed in this review, including current vaccine adjuvants and mechanisms of action for various types of vaccines, such as DNA- or mRNA-based cancer vaccines. Potential applications of these vaccines focusing on their clinical use for better therapeutic efficacy are also discussed along with the latest research available in this field.
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26
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Chen H, Deng Y, Li S, Jin L. Recent Advances in the Roles of MicroRNA and MicroRNA-Based Diagnosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1074. [PMID: 36551041 PMCID: PMC9776063 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases manifest as progressive loss of neuronal structures and their myelin sheaths and lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in the elderly. Despite extensive research, there are few effective treatment options for the diseases. MicroRNAs have been shown to be involved in the developmental processes of the central nervous system. Mounting evidence suggest they play an important role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, there are few reviews regarding the roles of miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the recent developments in the roles of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and presents the application of microRNA-based methods in the early diagnosis of these diseases.
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27
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Gunasekaran S, Omkumar RV. miR-146a and miR-200b alter cognition by targeting NMDA receptor subunits. iScience 2022; 25:105515. [PMID: 36561887 PMCID: PMC9763852 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs fine-tune gene regulation and can be targeted for therapeutic purposes. We investigated the physiological roles of miR-146a and miR-200b that are differentially expressed in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, particularly in learning and memory mechanisms. Using bioinformatics tools and luciferase assay, we show interaction of these miRNAs with transcripts of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits Grin2A and Grin2B. Overexpression of these miRNAs in primary hippocampal neurons caused downregulation of GluN2B and GluN2A proteins. Stereotactic injections of these miRNAs into rat hippocampus caused cognitive deficits in multiple behavioral tests with decreased protein levels of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, AMPAR subunit GluR1, and Neuregulin 1. In pharmacologically treated rat models [MK-801 treated and methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) treated], we found upregulated levels of these miRNAs, implying their involvement in downregulating NMDAR subunits in these models. These results suggest the importance of miR-146a-5p and miR-200b-3p in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Gunasekaran
- Molecular Neurobiology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India,Research Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
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28
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Sundaramoorthy TH, Castanho I. The Neuroepigenetic Landscape of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Epigenet Insights 2022; 15:25168657221135848. [PMID: 36353727 PMCID: PMC9638687 DOI: 10.1177/25168657221135848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have been paramount to our understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions; however, the brain epigenetic landscape is less well established in these disease models. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs are among commonly studied mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Genome-wide studies and candidate studies of specific methylation marks, histone marks, and microRNAs have demonstrated the dysregulation of these mechanisms in models of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the studies to date are scarce and inconclusive and the implications of many of these changes are still not fully understood. In this review, we summarize epigenetic changes reported to date in the brain of vertebrate and invertebrate models used to study neurodegenerative diseases, specifically diseases affecting the aging population. We also discuss caveats of epigenetic research so far and the use of disease models to understand neurodegenerative diseases, with the aim of improving the use of model organisms in this context in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Castanho
- University of Exeter Medical School,
University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
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29
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Alvarez M, Trent E, Goncalves BDS, Pereira DG, Puri R, Frazier NA, Sodhi K, Pillai SS. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1020092. [PMID: 36268187 PMCID: PMC9577202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is renowned as a multi-organ disease having subacute and long-term effects with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The evolving scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that the frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is high and it is crucial to explore more clinical research and implement proper diagnostic and treatment strategies. Several central nervous system complications have been reported as comorbidities of COVID-19. The changes in cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases develop slowly over time and are only diagnosed at an already advanced stage of molecular pathology. Hence, understanding the common links between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases will broaden our knowledge and help in strategizing prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review focuses on the diverse neurodegenerative changes associated with COVID-19 and will highlight the importance of major circulating biomarkers and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the disease progression and severity. The literature analysis showed that major proteins associated with central nervous system function, such as Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, p-tau 181, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, Neuron-specific enolase and various inflammatory cytokines, were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, among various miRNAs that are having pivotal roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, miR-16 and miR-21 have shown significant dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. Thus the review consolidates the important findings from the numerous studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of neurological sequelae in COVID-19 and the possible association of circulatory biomarkers, which may serve as prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sneha S. Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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Zhang P, Maimaiti Z, Aili G, Yuan F, Xiao H. Vitis vinifera L. Flavones Regulate Hippocampal Neurons via Autophagy in APP/PS1 Alzheimer Model Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:8554184. [PMID: 36091589 PMCID: PMC9458394 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8554184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and our current treatment approach can only delay its course rather than cure it completely. Flavones from Vitis vinifera L. have been reported to promote synaptic plasticity and indirectly affect the expression of cholinergic neurotransmitters in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Objective The aim of the study is to explore the effect of Vitis vinifera L. in APP/PS1 Alzheimer model mice. Methods APP/PS1 AD mice were used as the research subjects, and the mice were divided into a model group, donepezil group, VTF low-dose group, VTF medium-dose group, and VTF high-dose group. C57BL/6 mice served as a control group. The autophagosomes were observed by a transmission electron microscope, and the expressions of LC3I, LC3IIand Beclin-1 were determined by Western blotting. The results of qRT-PCR are consistent with Western blotting. Results VTF can exert a positive regulatory effect on AD mice by inhibiting autophagy. Conclusion Our study supports that intragastrically administration of VTF is effective and operable in Alzheimer's disease mice, and that inhibition of excessive autophagy may be one of the potential reasons why VTF exerts a therapeutic effect on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Znafuguli Maimaiti
- College of Basic Medical, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gulixiati Aili
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- College of Basic Medical, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, Bayraktutan U. MicroRNA: An Emerging Predictive, Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Strategy in Ischaemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:1301-1319. [PMID: 33368054 PMCID: PMC9142420 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke continues to be the third-leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The limited availability of diagnostic tools approved therapeutics and biomarkers that help monitor disease progression or predict future events remain as the major challenges in the field of stroke medicine. Hence, attempts to discover safe and efficacious therapeutics and reliable biomarkers are of paramount importance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. Since miRNAs also play important roles in key mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of stroke, including energy failure, inflammation and cell death, it is possible that miRNAs may serve as reliable blood-based markers for risk prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of ischaemic stroke. Discovery of better neurological outcome and smaller cerebral infarcts in animal models of ischaemic stroke treated with miRNA agomirs or antagomirs indicate that miRNAs may also play a cerebrovascular protective role after an ischaemic stroke. Nonetheless, further evidences on the optimum time for treatment and route of administration are required before effective translation of these findings into clinical practice. Bearing these in mind, this paper reviews the current literature discussing the involvement of miRNAs in major pathologies associated with ischaemic stroke and evaluates their value as reliable biomarkers and therapeutics for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rais Reskiawan A Kadir
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mansour Alwjwaj
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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Shi Y, Cui W, Wang Q, Zhou J, Wu X, Wang J, Zhang S, Hu Q, Han L, Du Y, Ge S, Liu H, Qu Y. MicroRNA-124/Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 Signaling Regulates Neuronal Apoptosis in Traumatic Brain Injury via Phosphorylating NR2B. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:892197. [PMID: 35783103 PMCID: PMC9240278 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.892197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase, promotes neurons apoptosis in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We hypothesized that knockdown DAPK1 may play a protective role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and explore underlying molecular mechanisms. ELISA, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, dual-luciferase assay, and Reverse Transcription and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to determine the mechanism for the role of DAPK1 in TBI. Open field and novel objective recognition tests examined motor and memory functions. The morphology and number of synapses were observed by transmission electron microscopy and Golgi staining. DAPK1 was mainly found in neurons and significantly increased in TBI patients and TBI mice. The dual-luciferase assay showed that DAPK1 was upregulated by miR-124 loss. The number of TUNEL+ cells, expression levels of cleaved caspase3 and p-NR2B/NR2B were significantly reduced after knocking-down DAPK1 or overexpressing miR-124 in TBI mice; and motor and memory dysfunction was recovered. After Tat-NR2B were injected in TBI mice, pathological and behavioral changes were mitigated while the morphology while the number of synapses were not affected. Overall, DAPK1 is a downstream target gene of miR-124 that regulates neuronal apoptosis in TBI mice via NR2B. What’s more, DAPK1 restores motor and memory dysfunctions without affecting the number and morphology of synapses.
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Dysregulated miRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutical Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050770. [PMID: 35629192 PMCID: PMC9143965 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are representative neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by degeneration of selective neurons, as well as the lack of effective biomarkers and therapeutic treatments. In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained considerable interest in diagnostics and therapy of NDs, owing to their aberrant expression and their ability to target multiple molecules and pathways. Here, we provide an overview of dysregulated miRNAs in fluids (blood or cerebrospinal fluid) and nervous tissue of AD, PD, and ALS patients. By emphasizing those that are commonly dysregulated in these NDs, we highlight their potential role as biomarkers or therapeutical targets and describe the use of antisense oligonucleotides as miRNA therapies.
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Lukiw WJ. Fission Impossible: Stabilized miRNA-Based Analogs in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:875957. [PMID: 35592255 PMCID: PMC9111010 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.875957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Walter J. Lukiw
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Chen H, Qiao D, Wang C, Zhang B, Wang Z, Tang L, Wang Y, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Song L, Zuo H, Guo F, Wang X, Li S, Cui H. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Mediates the Effects of Androgen on Hippocampal PSD95 Expression and Dendritic Spines Density/Morphology and Autism-Like Behaviors Through miR-125a. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:872347. [PMID: 35530178 PMCID: PMC9074813 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.872347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated synaptic plasticity is a key feature of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. This study investigated whether Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a selective RNA-binding protein that regulates synaptic protein expression by interacting with miRNAs, mediates the effects of androgens that play an important role in regulating the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Experiments using mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells demonstrated that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) by inhibiting FMRP expression. Administration of miR-125a inhibitor upregulated the PSD95 expression and significantly increased the DHT-induced upregulation of PSD95. FMRP knockdown in HT22 cells reduced the expression of miR-125a. Moreover, miR-125a inhibitor upregulated the PSD95 expression in the DHT-treated HT22 cells with FMRP knockdown. Subsequently, the effects of androgen-mediated via FMRP in regulating neural behaviors and PSD95 expression and dendritic spines density/morphology were investigated using Fmr1 knockout (KO) and wild-type littermate (WT) mice. The castration of WT mice reduced the androgen levels, aggravated anxiety and depression, and impaired learning and memory and sociability of mice. DHT supplementation post-castration reversed the alterations in density and maturity of dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons and behavioral disorders in WT mice; however, it did not reveal such effects in Fmr1 KO mice. Further, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting analyses after knocking down miR-125a revealed similar effects of castration and post-castration DHT supplementation on PSD95 protein expression. These findings clarified that FMRP mediated the effects of DHT through miR-125a in regulating the expression of hippocampal synaptic protein PSD95. This study provides evidence for the neuroprotective mechanism of androgen in PSD95 expression and dendritic spines density/morphology and suggests that treatment interventions with androgen could be helpful for the management of synaptic plasticity disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Longmei Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Clinical Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Clinical Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Leigang Song
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongchun Zuo
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fangzhen Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Child Health (Psychological Behavior), Children’s Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
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Doroszkiewicz J, Groblewska M, Mroczko B. Molecular Biomarkers and Their Implications for the Early Diagnosis of Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094610. [PMID: 35563001 PMCID: PMC9100918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The degeneration and dysfunction of neurons are key features of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Currently, one of the main challenges facing researchers and clinicians is the ability to obtain reliable diagnostic tools that will allow for the diagnosis of NDs as early as possible and the detection of neuronal dysfunction, preferably in the presymptomatic stage. Additionally, better tools for assessing disease progression in this group of disorders are also being sought. The ideal biomarker must have high sensitivity and specificity, be easy to measure, give reproducible results, and reflect the disease progression. Molecular biomarkers include miRNAs and extracellular microvesicles known as exosomes. They may be measured in two extracellular fluids of the highest importance in NDs, i.e., cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. The aim of the current review is to summarize the pathophysiology of the four most frequent NDs—i.e., Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS)—as well as current progress in the research into miRNAs as biomarkers in these major neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we discuss the possibility of using miRNA-based therapies in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and present the limitations of this type of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-686-51-68
| | - Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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He XC, Wang J, Du HZ, Liu CM, Teng ZQ. Intranasal Administration of Agomir-let-7i Improves Cognitive Function in Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081348. [PMID: 35456028 PMCID: PMC9027059 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the lack of drugs for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has long been a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. MiRNAs have emerged as potential targets for progress assessment and intervention against TBI. The brain-enriched miRNA let-7i has been proposed as an ideal candidate biomarker for TBI, but its regulatory roles in brain injury remain largely unknown. Here, we find that the expression of let-7i is significantly downregulated in the early stages of a hippocampal stab wound injury. The noninvasive intranasal administration of let-7i agomir significantly improves cognitive function and suppresses neuroinflammation, glial scar formation, and neuronal apoptosis in TBI mice. Mechanically, STING is a direct downstream target of let-7i after brain injury. Furthermore, the intranasal delivery of let-7i agomir can also effectively inhibit STING and is beneficial for inflammation resolution and neuronal survival in a mouse model of pial vessel disruption stroke. Consequently, let-7i agomir is a promising candidate for clinical application as a chemically engineered oligonucleotides-based therapeutic for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.-C.H.); (J.W.); (H.-Z.D.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.-C.H.); (J.W.); (H.-Z.D.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.-C.H.); (J.W.); (H.-Z.D.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.-C.H.); (J.W.); (H.-Z.D.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (C.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.T.); Tel.: +86-10-8261-9690 (C.-M.L.)
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (X.-C.H.); (J.W.); (H.-Z.D.)
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (C.-M.L.); (Z.-Q.T.); Tel.: +86-10-8261-9690 (C.-M.L.)
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SRSF6 Regulates the Alternative Splicing of the Apoptotic Fas Gene by Targeting a Novel RNA Sequence. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081990. [PMID: 35454897 PMCID: PMC9025165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alternative splicing (AS) produces multiple mRNA isoforms from a gene to make a large number of proteins. Fas (Apo-1/CD95) pre-mRNA, a member of TNF receptor family that mediates apoptosis, can generate pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins through AS. Here, we identified SRSF6 as an essential regulator protein in Fas AS. We further located a new functional target sequence of SRSF6 in Fas splicing. In addition, our large-scale RNA-seq analysis using GTEX and TCGA indicated that while SRSF6 expression was correlated with Fas expression in normal tissues, the correlation was disrupted in tumors. Our results suggest a novel regulatory mechanisms of Fas AS. Abstract Alternative splicing (AS) is a procedure during gene expression that allows the production of multiple mRNAs from a single gene, leading to a larger number of proteins with various functions. The alternative splicing (AS) of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) pre-mRNA can generate membrane-bound or soluble isoforms with pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions. SRSF6, a member of the Serine/Arginine-rich protein family, plays essential roles in both constitutive and alternative splicing. Here, we identified SRSF6 as an important regulatory protein in Fas AS. The cassette exon inclusion of Fas was decreased by SRSF6-targeting shRNA treatment, but increased by SRSF6 overexpression. The deletion and substitution mutagenesis of the Fas minigene demonstrated that the UGCCAA sequence in the cassette exon of the Fas gene causes the functional disruption of SRSF6, indicating that these sequences are essential for SRSF6 function in Fas splicing. In addition, biotin-labeled RNA-pulldown and immunoblotting analysis showed that SRSF6 interacted with these RNA sequences. Mutagenesis in the splice-site strength alteration demonstrated that the 5′ splice-site, but not the 3′ splice-site, was required for the SRSF6 regulation of Fas pre-mRNA. In addition, a large-scale RNA-seq analysis using GTEX and TCGA indicated that while SRSF6 expression was correlated with Fas expression in normal tissues, the correlation was disrupted in tumors. Furthermore, high SRSF6 expression was linked to the high expression of pro-apoptotic and immune activation genes. Therefore, we identified a novel RNA target with 5′ splice-site dependence of SRSF6 in Fas pre-mRNA splicing, and a correlation between SRSF6 and Fas expression.
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Rastegar-moghaddam SH, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Shahba S, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. MicroRNA-22: a Novel and Potent Biological Therapeutics in Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2694-2701. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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A P, Agrawal M, Dethe MR, Ahmed H, Yadav A, Gupta U, Alexander A. Nose-to-brain drug delivery for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Current advancements and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:87-102. [PMID: 35040728 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2029845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The irreversible destruction of neurons, progressive loss of memory and cognitive behavior, high cost of therapy, and impact on society desire a better, effective, and affordable treatment of AD. The nose-to-brain drug delivery approach holds a great potential to access the brain without any hindrance of BBB and result in higher bioavailability thus better therapeutic efficacy of anti-AD drugs. AREAS COVERED The present review article highlighted the current facts and worldwide statistics of AD and its detailed etiology. Followed by barriers to brain delivery, nose-to-brain delivery, their limitations, and amalgamation with various novel carrier systems. We have emphasized recent advancements in nose-to-brain delivery using mucoadhesive, stimuli-responsive carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, protein/peptide delivery for treatment of AD. EXPERT OPINION The available therapies are symptomatic, mitigate the symptoms of AD at the initial stages. In this lieu, nose-to-brain delivery has the ability to overcome these limitations and increase drug bioavailability in the brain. Various novel strategies including stimuli-responsive systems, nanoparticles, etc. enhance the nasal drug permeation, protects the drug, and enhance its therapeutic potency. Although, successful preclinical data does not assure the clinical success of the therapy and hence exhaustive clinical investigations are needed to make the therapy available for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabakaran A
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Hyderabad, India, 509301
| | - Mithun Rajendra Dethe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Hafiz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Awesh Yadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India, 226002
| | - Umesh Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, 305817
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Sila, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
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She W, Shao J, Jia R. Targeting Splicing Factor SRSF6 for Cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780023. [PMID: 34917618 PMCID: PMC8669609 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant alternative splicing of pre-mRNA is an emerging cancer hallmark. Many cancer-associated genes undergo alternative splicing to produce multiple isoforms with diverse or even antagonistic functions. Oncogenic isoforms are often up-regulated, whereas tumor suppressive isoforms are down-regulated during tumorigenesis. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 6 (SRSF6) is an important splicing factor that regulates the alternative splicing of hundreds of target genes, including many cancer-associated genes. The potential roles of SRSF6 in cancers have attracted increasing attentions in the past decade. Accumulated pieces of evidence have shown that SRSF6 is a potential oncogenic gene that promotes oncogenic splicing when overexpressed. Targeting SRSF6 may suppress tumorigenesis. In this review, we describe the gene, mRNA, and protein structure of SRSF6; summarize the current understanding of the expression, functions, and regulatory mechanisms of SRSF6 during tumorigenesis; and discuss the potential application of targeting SRSF6 in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting She
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Jia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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42
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Liang Y, Wang L. Inflamma-MicroRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease: From Disease Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Potentials. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:785433. [PMID: 34776873 PMCID: PMC8581643 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.785433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of senile dementia. Although AD research has made important breakthroughs, the pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear, and specific AD diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroinflammation is involved in AD pathogenesis and is closely related to other health effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous short sequence non-coding RNAs that indirectly inhibit translation or directly degrade messenger RNA (mRNA) by specifically binding to its 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Several broadly expressed miRNAs including miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-155, have now been shown to regulate microglia/astrocytes activation. Other miRNAs, including miR-126 and miR-132, show a progressive link to the neuroinflammatory signaling. Therefore, further studies on these inflamma-miRNAs may shed light on the pathological mechanisms of AD. The differential expression of inflamma-miRNAs (such as miR-29a, miR-125b, and miR-126-5p) in the peripheral circulation may respond to AD progression, similar to inflammation, and therefore may become potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD. Moreover, inflamma-miRNAs could also be promising therapeutic targets for AD treatment. This review provides insights into the role of inflamma-miRNAs in AD, as well as an overview of general inflamma-miRNA biology, their implications in pathophysiology, and their potential roles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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43
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Walgrave H, Zhou L, De Strooper B, Salta E. The promise of microRNA-based therapies in Alzheimer's disease: challenges and perspectives. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:76. [PMID: 34742333 PMCID: PMC8572071 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-pathway approaches for the treatment of complex polygenic disorders are emerging as alternatives to classical monotarget therapies and microRNAs are of particular interest in that regard. MicroRNA research has come a long way from their initial discovery to the cumulative appreciation of their regulatory potential in healthy and diseased brain. However, systematic interrogation of putative therapeutic or toxic effects of microRNAs in (models of) Alzheimer's disease is currently missing and fundamental research findings are yet to be translated into clinical applications. Here, we review the literature to summarize the knowledge on microRNA regulation in Alzheimer's pathophysiology and to critically discuss whether and to what extent these increasing insights can be exploited for the development of microRNA-based therapeutics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Walgrave
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, KU, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Discovery Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, KU, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
| | - Evgenia Salta
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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Schorr AL, Mangone M. miRNA-Based Regulation of Alternative RNA Splicing in Metazoans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111618. [PMID: 34769047 PMCID: PMC8584187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative RNA splicing is an important regulatory process used by genes to increase their diversity. This process is mainly executed by specific classes of RNA binding proteins that act in a dosage-dependent manner to include or exclude selected exons in the final transcripts. While these processes are tightly regulated in cells and tissues, little is known on how the dosage of these factors is achieved and maintained. Several recent studies have suggested that alternative RNA splicing may be in part modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short, non-coding RNAs (~22 nt in length) that inhibit translation of specific mRNA transcripts. As evidenced in tissues and in diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders, the dysregulation of miRNA pathways disrupts downstream alternative RNA splicing events by altering the dosage of splicing factors involved in RNA splicing. This attractive model suggests that miRNAs can not only influence the dosage of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level but also indirectly interfere in pre-mRNA splicing at the co-transcriptional level. The purpose of this review is to compile and analyze recent studies on miRNAs modulating alternative RNA splicing factors, and how these events contribute to transcript rearrangements in tissue development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Schorr
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, 427 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Marco Mangone
- Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-480-965-7957
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An enriched environment prevents cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer's disease model by enhancing the secretion of exosomal microRNA-146a from the choroid plexus. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 9:100149. [PMID: 34589894 PMCID: PMC8474441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the extensive deposition of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. We previously found that preserved function of astrocytes is associated with cognitively normal subjects with AD pathology. Here we show that an enriched environment (EE) can prevent cognitive impairment in AD model mice by ameliorating astrocytic inflammation and increasing synaptic density in the subiculum area of the hippocampus. In AD model mice treated with an EE, increased levels of microRNA (miR)-146a and down-regulation of NF-κB were observed in the hippocampus. In addition, increased levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were seen in serum from mice exposed to an EE. In vitro, enhanced miR-146a expression was observed in exosomes derived from the choroid plexus (CP) after IFN-γ treatment. In further in vitro experiments, we transfected miR-146a into Aβ/lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory astrocytes and showed that miR-146a ameliorated astrocytic inflammation by down-regulating tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 and NF-κB. The present study indicates that following an EE, exosomal miR-146a derived from the CP cells is a key factor in ameliorating astrocytic inflammation, leading to synaptogenesis and correction of cognitive impairment. An enriched environment (EE) prevented the cognitive impairment in 5 × FAD mice. An EE inhibited astrocytic inflammation and increased miR-146a in hippocampus. An EE increased the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in serum. IFN-γ increased the secretion of exosomal miR-146a from cultured choroid plexus. Transfection of miR-146a down-regulated NF-κB in cultured astrocytes.
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Ammal Kaidery N, Ahuja M, Sharma SM, Thomas B. An Emerging Role of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Perspectives on miR146a. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:580-594. [PMID: 33403895 PMCID: PMC8388248 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Advancements in and access to health care have led to unprecedented improvements in the quality of life and increased lifespan of human beings in the past century. However, aging is a significant risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Hence, improved life expectancy has led to an increased incidence of NDs. Despite intense research, effective treatments for NDs remain elusive. The future of neurotherapeutics development depends on effective disease modification strategies centered on carefully scrutinized targets. Recent Advances: As a promising new direction, recent evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic processes modify diverse biochemical pathways, including those related to NDs. Small non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), are components of the epigenetic system that alter the expression of target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Critical Issues: miRNAs are expressed abundantly in the central nervous system and are critical for the normal functioning and survival of neurons. Here, we review recent advances in elucidating miRNAs' roles in NDs and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets. In particular, neuroinflammation is a major pathological hallmark of NDs and miR146a is a crucial regulator of inflammation. Future Directions: Finally, we explore the possibilities of developing miR146a as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target where additional research may help facilitate the detection and amelioration of neuroinflammation in NDs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 580-594.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sudarshana M Sharma
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, and Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Departments of Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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47
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New therapeutics beyond amyloid-β and tau for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1382-1389. [PMID: 33268824 PMCID: PMC8379190 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disease in elderly people, will impose social and economic burdens to the world. Currently approved drugs for the treatment of AD including cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) and an N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor antagonist (memantine) are symptomatic but poorly affect the progression of the disease. In recent decades, the concept of amyloid-β (Aβ) cascade and tau hyperphosphorylation leading to AD has dominated AD drug development. However, pharmacotherapies targeting Aβ and tau have limited success. It is generally believed that AD is caused by multiple pathological processes resulting from Aβ abnormality, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and oxidative stress. In this review we updated the recent development of new therapeutics that regulate neurotransmitters, inflammation, lipid metabolism, autophagy, microbiota, circadian rhythm, and disease-modified genes for AD in preclinical research and clinical trials. It is to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and multiple-target intervention, which may provide a promising outcome for AD treatment.
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48
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Olivieri F, Prattichizzo F, Giuliani A, Matacchione G, Rippo MR, Sabbatinelli J, Bonafè M. miR-21 and miR-146a: The microRNAs of inflammaging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101374. [PMID: 34082077 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first paper on "inflammaging" published in 2001 paved the way for a unifying theory on how and why aging turns out to be the main risk factor for the development of the most common age-related diseases (ARDs). The most exciting challenge on this topic was explaining how systemic inflammation steeps up with age and why it shows different rates among individuals of the same chronological age. The "epigenetic revolution" in the past twenty years conveyed that the assessment of the individual genetic make-up is not enough to depict the trajectories of age-related inflammation. Accordingly, others and we have been focusing on the role of non-coding RNA, i.e. microRNAs (miRNAs), in inflammaging. The results obtained in the latest 10 years underpinned the key role of a miRNA subset that we have called inflammamiRs, owing to their ability to master (NF-κB)-driven inflammatory pathways. In this review, we will focus on two inflammamiRs, i.e. miR-21-5p and miR-146a-5p, which target a variety of molecules belonging to the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways. The interplay between miR-146a-5p and IL-6 in the context of aging and ARDs will also be highlighted. We will also provide the most relevant evidence suggesting that circulating inflammamiRs, along with IL-6, can measure the degree of inflammaging.
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49
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Su Z, Ren N, Ling Z, Sheng L, Zhou S, Guo C, Ke Z, Xu T, Qin Z. Differential expression of microRNAs associated with neurodegenerative diseases and diabetic nephropathy in protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase-deficient mice. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2316-2330. [PMID: 34314072 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT/PCMT1), an enzyme repairing isoaspartate residues in peptides and proteins that result from the spontaneous decomposition of normal l-aspartyl and l-asparaginyl residues during aging, has been revealed to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms for a putative association of PIMT dysfunction with these diseases have not been clarified. Our study aimed to identify differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in the brain and kidneys of PIMT-deficient mice and uncover the epigenetic mechanism of PIMT-involved NDDs and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Differentially expressed miRNAs by sequencing underwent target prediction and enrichment analysis in the brain and kidney of PIMT knockout (KO) mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates. Sequence analysis revealed 40 differentially expressed miRNAs in the PIMT KO mouse brain including 25 upregulated miRNAs and 15 downregulated miRNAs. In the PIMT KO mouse kidney, there were 80 differentially expressed miRNAs including 40 upregulated miRNAs and 40 downregulated miRNAs. Enrichment analysis and a systematic literature review of differentially expressed miRNAs indicated the involvement of PIMT deficiency in the pathogenesis in NDDs and DN. Some overlapped differentially expressed miRNAs between the brain and kidney were quantitatively assessed in the brain, kidney, and serum-derived exosomes, respectively. Despite being preliminary, these results may aid in investigating the pathological hallmarks and identify the potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for PIMT dysfunction-related NDDs and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Su
- Department of Febrile Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Ren
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zicheng Ling
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyue Sheng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zunji Ke
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxia Qin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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50
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Mao L, Zeng Q, Su W, Song M, Li J, Xie M. Elevation of miR-146a Inhibits BTG2/BAX Expression to Ameliorate Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction Following Probiotics (VSL#3) Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3457-3470. [PMID: 33725320 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the gut microbiome modulates postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), and that administration of probiotics (VSL#3) may effectively relieve POCD. In this study, we aimed to identify the underlying mechanism of VSL#3 in POCD. A mouse model of POCD was constructed in adult male C57BL/6 mice, which were then treated with VSL#3. VSL#3 exerted a protective role against POCD and resultant neuronal apoptosis. The expression of miR-146a was found to be downregulated in hippocampal tissues of POCD mice, while VSL#3 could restore its expression. Loss- and gain-function approaches were conducted to determine the roles of microRNA (miR)-146a, B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in post-operative effects on cognitive function and neuronal apoptosis. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured to determine oxidative stress in brain tissue. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay identified that miR-146a could target BTG2 and negatively regulate its expression. BTG2 knockdown suppressed neuronal apoptosis and contributed to shortened time of latency, prolonged time of mice spent in the target quadrant, and reduced oxidative stress through downregulating Bax expression. Finally, VSL#3 treatment upregulated the expression of miR-146a to block BTG2/Bax axis and consequently inhibited neuronal apoptosis and reduced oxidative stress in POCD mice. Taken together, the study suggested that miR-146a-mediated suppression of BTG2/Bax contributed to the protective role of probiotics treatment against POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingcui Zeng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Menglong Song
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, No. 32, West Second Section, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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