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Ko AMS, Tu HP, Ko YC. Systematic Review of Roles of Arecoline and Arecoline N-Oxide in Oral Cancer and Strategies to Block Carcinogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:1208. [PMID: 37190117 PMCID: PMC10137008 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel quid and areca nut are complex mixture carcinogens, but little is known about whether their derived single-agent arecoline or arecoline N-oxide (ANO) is carcinogenic, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this systematic review, we analyzed recent studies on the roles of arecoline and ANO in cancer and strategies to block carcinogenesis. In the oral cavity, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes arecoline to ANO, and both alkaloids conjugate with N-acetylcysteine to form mercapturic acid compounds, which are excreted in urine, reducing arecoline and ANO toxicity. However, detoxification may not be complete. Arecoline and ANO upregulated protein expression in oral cancer tissue from areca nut users compared to expression levels in adjacent normal tissue, suggesting a causal relationship between these compounds and oral cancer. Sublingual fibrosis, hyperplasia, and oral leukoplakia were diagnosed in mice subjected to oral mucosal smearing of ANO. ANO is more cytotoxic and genotoxic than arecoline. During carcinogenesis and metastasis, these compounds increase the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducers such as reactive oxygen species, transforming growth factor-β1, Notch receptor-1, and inflammatory cytokines, and they activate EMT-related proteins. Arecoline-induced epigenetic markers such as sirtuin-1 hypermethylation, low protein expression of miR-22, and miR-886-3-p accelerate oral cancer progression. Antioxidants and targeted inhibitors of the EMT inducers used reduce the risk of oral cancer development and progression. Our review findings substantiate the association of arecoline and ANO with oral cancer. Both of these single compounds are likely carcinogenic to humans, and their mechanisms and pathways of carcinogenesis are useful indicators for cancer therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Min-Shan Ko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Department, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Health Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tu
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2 Yu-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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2
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Senevirathna K, Pradeep R, Jayasinghe YA, Jayawickrama SM, Illeperuma R, Warnakulasuriya S, Jayasinghe RD. Carcinogenic Effects of Areca Nut and Its Metabolites: A Review of the Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract 2023; 13:326-346. [PMID: 36961055 PMCID: PMC10037666 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers (OC) are among the most frequent malignancies encountered in Southeast Asia, primarily due to the prevalent habit of betel quid (BQ) and smokeless tobacco use in this region. Areca nut (AN), the primary ingredient in BQ, contains several alkaloids, including arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine. These have been associated with both the AN abuse liability and carcinogenicity. Additionally, variations in AN alkaloid levels could lead to differences in the addictiveness and carcinogenic potential across various AN-containing products. Recent studies based on animal models and in vitro experiments show cellular and molecular effects induced by AN. These comprise promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy initiation, tissue hypoxia, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and cell death. Further, clinical research endorses these undesired harmful effects in humans. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a potentially malignant disease of the oral cavity, is predominantly reported from the geographical areas of the globe where AN is habitually chewed. OC in chronic AN users presents a more aggressive phenotype, such as resistance to anti-cancer drugs. The available evidence on the carcinogenicity of AN based on the findings reported in the recently published experimental studies is discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani Senevirathna
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Roshan Pradeep
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindu Malshan Jayawickrama
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika Illeperuma
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9RA, UK
| | - Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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3
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Wang Z, Han Y, Peng Y, Shao S, Nie H, Xia K, Xiong H, Su T. Senescent epithelial cells remodel the microenvironment for the progression of oral submucous fibrosis through secreting TGF-β1. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15158. [PMID: 37096061 PMCID: PMC10122456 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cellular senescence is strongly associated with fibrosis and tumorigenesis. However, whether the epithelium of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) undergoes premature senescence remains unclear. This study investigates the roles of senescent epithelial cells in OSF. Methods The immunohistochemistry and Sudan black B staining were performed to identify epithelium senescence in OSF tissues. Arecoline was used to induce human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) senescence. The cell morphology, senescence-associated β galactosidase activity, cell counting Kit 8, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot assay were used to identification of senescent HOKs. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was exerted to evaluate the levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in the supernatants of HOKs treated with or without arecoline. Results The senescence-associated markers, p16 and p21, were overexpressed in OSF epithelium. These expressions were correlated with alpha-smooth actin (α-SMA) positively and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) negatively. Moreover, Sudan black staining showed that there was more lipofuscin in OSF epithelium. In vitro, HOKs treated with arecoline showed senescence-associated characteristics including enlarged and flattened morphology, senescence-associated β galactosidase staining, cell growth arrest, γH2A.X foci, upregulation of p53, p21, and TGF-β1 protein levels. Moreover, senescent HOKs secreted more TGF-β1. Conclusions Senescent epithelial cells are involved in OSF progression and may become a promising target for OSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijia Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuhui Shao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huanquan Nie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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Li YX, Hsiao CH, Chang YF. N-acetyl cysteine prevents arecoline-inhibited C2C12 myoblast differentiation through ERK1/2 phosphorylation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272231. [PMID: 35901044 PMCID: PMC9333315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline is known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our previous studies showed that arecoline inhibited myogenic differentiation and acetylcholine receptor cluster formation of C2C12 myoblasts. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is a known ROS scavenger. We hypothesize that NAC scavenges the excess ROS caused by arecoline. In this article we examined the effect of NAC on the inhibited myoblast differentiation by arecoline and related mechanisms. We found that NAC less than 2 mM is non-cytotoxic to C2C12 by viability analysis. We further demonstrated that NAC attenuated the decreased number of myotubes and nuclei in each myotube compared to arecoline treatment by H & E staining. We also showed that NAC prevented the decreased expression level of the myogenic markers, myogenin and MYH caused by arecoline, using immunocytochemistry and western blotting. Finally, we found that NAC restored the decreased expression level of p-ERK1/2 by arecoline. In conclusion, our results indicate that NAC attenuates the damage of the arecoline-inhibited C2C12 myoblast differentiation by the activation/phosphorylation of ERK. This is the first report to demonstrate that NAC has beneficial effects on skeletal muscle myogenesis through ERK1/2 upon arecoline treatment. Since defects of skeletal muscle associates with several diseases, NAC can be a potent drug candidate in diseases related to defects in skeletal muscle myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Translational Research Center of Neuromuscular Diseases, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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5
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Chen X, He Y, Deng Y. Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:1808081. [PMID: 34457017 PMCID: PMC8387188 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1808081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Betel nut, the fruit of Areca catechu L, has a long medical history in Southeast Asia. It is native to Malaysia and is cultivated and processed extensively in subtropical regions, such as South China and India. Betel nut almost appears as a "snack" in various occasions in most parts of China. Clinically, betel nut can play a certain pharmacology role and was used in malaria, ascariasis, arthritis, enterozoic abdominalgia, stagnation of food, diarrhea, edema, and beriberi. The nervous excitement of betel nut chewing has made it gradually become popular. However, chewing betel nut can induce oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer (OC). At the same time, long-term chewing of betel nut also causes inhaled asthma, sperm reducing, betel quid dependence (BQD), and uterine and esophageal cancers. The main components of processed betel nut are the goal of this review. This study will mainly start from the pharmacological activity and toxicology study of betel nut in recent years, aiming to seek its advantages and disadvantages. In the meantime, this study will analyze and emphasize that betel nut and arecoline are the high-risk factors for oral cancer, which should arouse attention and vigilance of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yongzhi He
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanru Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Nithiyanantham S, Arumugam S, Hsu HT, Chung CM, Lee CP, Tsai MH, Yeh KT, Luo SY, Ko YC. Arecoline N-oxide initiates oral carcinogenesis and arecoline N-oxide mercapturic acid attenuates the cancer risk. Life Sci 2021; 271:119156. [PMID: 33548289 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Arecoline N-oxide (ANO), an oxidative metabolite of the areca nut, is a predictable initiator in carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of arecoline metabolites in human cancer specimens is still limited. This present study aims to estimate the oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) inductive activity between arecoline metabolites in human cancer specimens/OSCC cells. We have collected 22 pairs (tumor and non-tumor part) of patient's specimens and checked for clinical characteristics. The identification of arecoline and its metabolites levels by using LC-MS/MS. The NOD/SCID mice model was used to check the OSCC inductive activity. The tumor part of OSCC samples exhibited higher levels of arecoline and ANO. Besides, ANO treated mice accelerates the NOTCH1, IL-17a and IL-1β expressions compared to the control mice. ANO exhibited higher cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS levels and decline in antioxidant enzyme levels in OC-3 cells. The protein expression of NOTCH1 and proliferation marker levels are significantly lower in NOM treated cells. Overall, ANO induced initial stage carcinogenesis in the oral cavity via inflammation, ROS and depletion of antioxidant enzymes. Arecoline N-oxide mercapturic acid (NOM) attenuates the initiation of oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Nithiyanantham
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sankar Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Hsu
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Min Chung
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Pin Lee
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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7
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Betel Nut Arecoline Induces Different Phases of Growth Arrest between Normal and Cancerous Prostate Cells through the Reactive Oxygen Species Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239219. [PMID: 33287214 PMCID: PMC7729937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a reproductive system cancer in elderly men. We investigated the effects of betel nut arecoline on the growth of normal and cancerous prostate cells. Normal RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells, androgen-independent PC-3 PCa cells, and androgen-dependent LNCaP PCa cells were used. Arecoline inhibited their growth in dose- and time-dependent manners. Arecoline caused RWPE-1 and PC-3 cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and LNCaP cell arrest in the G0/G1 phase. In RWPE-1 cells, arecoline increased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-1, p21, and cyclins B1 and D3, decreased the expression of CDK2, and had no effects on CDK4 and cyclin D1 expression. In PC-3 cells, arecoline decreased CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, p21, p27, and cyclin D1 and D3 protein expression and increased cyclin B1 protein expression. In LNCaP cells, arecoline decreased CDK2, CDK4, and cyclin D1 expression; increased p21, p27, and cyclin D3 expression; had no effects on CDK1 and cyclin B1 expression. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine blocked the arecoline-induced increase in reactive oxygen species production, decreased cell viability, altered the cell cycle, and changed the cell cycle regulatory protein levels. Thus, arecoline oxidant exerts differential effects on the cell cycle through modulations of regulatory proteins.
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8
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Betel quid-associated cancer: Prevention strategies and targeted treatment. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:60-69. [PMID: 32112902 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) and areca nut use are at risk of cancer. This review includes the latest evidence of carcinogenesis caused by BQ exposure, suggests possible prevention strategies. We conducted a systematic literature search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases to identify relevant articles published in the past 10 years according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. Arecoline N-oxide, a metabolite of areca nut, is likely an initiator in carcinogenesis and is detoxified by N-acetylcysteine. Oral potentially malignant disorder and reactive oxygen species involved in carcinogenesis pathways may be treatable using antioxidants. Screening programs conducted by trained physicians are useful for identifying patients with early stages of oral cancer in high-risk groups. Anti-inflammatory medications may be used as chemopreventive agents in the disease-free stage after surgery. The association between survival and tumor somatic mutations in patients who chew BQ should be addressed in cancer studies. Current evidence on the natural course from BQ exposure to cancer occurrence and development provides information for developing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies against BQ-associated cancer at clinical or translational levels.
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Xu Z, Lü FY, Jiang EH, Zhao XP, Shang ZJ. [Relationship among areca nut, intracellular reactive oxygen species, and autophagy]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:80-85. [PMID: 32037771 PMCID: PMC7184295 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between areca nut as a primary carcinogen and oral cancer has been widely concerned. Areca can change the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy in cells, and the levels of ROS and autophagy are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. This paper reviewed the relationships among areca nut, intracellular ROS, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Dept. of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feng-Yuan Lü
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Er-Hui Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology Hubei-MOST & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhao
- Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Shang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology Hubei-MOST & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
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10
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Kondaiah P, Pant I, Khan I. Molecular pathways regulated by areca nut in the etiopathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. Periodontol 2000 2019; 80:213-224. [PMID: 31090136 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many oral mucosal lesions are due to substance abuse, such as tobacco and areca nut, amongst others. There is considerable evidence that oral lesions/disorders such as some leukoplakias, most erythroplakias, and submucous fibrosis have malignant potential, with a conversion rate of 5%-10% over a 10-year period. There have been several reports on possible biomarkers that predict malignant conversion of the oral lesions associated with these disorders. Management of these is mostly surgical removal of the lesion followed by observation, and in some cases treatment by antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Oral submucous fibrosis is due to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the connective tissue plus, particularly, collagens. The deposition of collagen leads to stiffness of the affected regions and results in difficulty in mouth opening. Areca nut chewing is proposed as the most probable etiological factor in the manifestation of oral submucous fibrosis. Several studies suggest involvement of proinflammatory cytokines, dysregulated by areca nut, in the development of the disease. Amongst these, transforming growth factor-β is in the forefront, which is also shown to be involved in fibrosis of other organs. This review addresses the molecular mechanisms involved in oral submucous fibrosis development and provides a model for the regulation of transforming growth factor-β by areca nut. It provides an exemplar of the role of modern molecular techniques in the study of oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ila Pant
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
| | - Imran Khan
- Women's Malignancies Branch, NCI, National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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Li YC, Cheng AJ, Lee LY, Huang YC, Chang JTC. Multifaceted Mechanisms of Areca Nuts in Oral Carcinogenesis: the Molecular Pathology from Precancerous Condition to Malignant Transformation. J Cancer 2019; 10:4054-4062. [PMID: 31417650 PMCID: PMC6692602 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. It has been widely reported that areca nut induced several cytotoxic effects in oral cells, including ROS generation, inflammation, tissue hypoxia, DNA damage, and cell invasion. Recently, through chronic exposure model, more extensive pathological effects due to areca nut have been found. These include the induction of autophagy, promotion of epithelial- mesenchymal transition, and facilitation of cancer stemness conversion. Clinical findings support these adverse effects. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a premalignant condition, is prevalent in the area with habitual chewing of areca nuts. Consistently, oral cancer patients with habitual chewing areca nut exhibit more aggressive phenotypes, including resistance to chemo-radiotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively discuss and concisely summarize the up-to-date molecular and cellular mechanisms by which areca nuts contribute to malignant transformation. This review may provide critical information regarding clinical applications in risk assessment, disease prevention, diagnosis, and personalized therapeutics for areca nut-induced oral malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Tung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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12
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Influence of Tea Consumption on the Development of Second Esophageal Neoplasm in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030387. [PMID: 30893904 PMCID: PMC6468666 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is an important risk factor for the development of second esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. However, the influence of tea consumption is uncertain. We prospectively performed endoscopic screening in incident HNSCC patients to identify synchronous esophageal neoplasm. In total, 987 patients enrolled between October 2008 and December 2017 and were analyzed. In vitro studies were conducted to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the betel alkaloid, arecoline-stimulated carcinogenesis in two ESCC cell lines. There were 151 patients (15.3%) diagnosed to have synchronous esophageal neoplasm, including 88 low-grade dysplasia, 30 high-grade dysplasia and 33 squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). Tea consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of having esophageal high-grade dysplasia or SCC in HNSCC patients, especially those who were betel nut chewers, alcohol drinkers or cigarette smokers (all adjusted odds ratio were 0.5; p-values: 0.045, 0.045 and 0.049 respectively). In vitro studies indicated that EGCG suppressed arecoline-induced ESCC cell proliferation and colony formation through the inhibition of the Akt and ERK1/2 pathway in a reactive oxygen species-independent manner. In conclusion, tea consumption may protect against the development of second esophageal neoplasms among HNSCC patients, especially those who regularly consume betel nuts, alcohol and cigarettes.
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Wang TS, Lin CP, Chen YP, Chao MR, Li CC, Liu KL. CYP450-mediated mitochondrial ROS production involved in arecoline N-oxide-induced oxidative damage in liver cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1029-1038. [PMID: 29964313 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IARC has classified the betel nut as a human environmental carcinogen. Previous studies have found that arecoline (AR) is the major alkaloid present in the saliva of betel quid chewers. Saliva contains a large content of AR which has been further shown to cause mutation of oral mucosa cells, resulting in oral cancer. Whereas, to date, there are only few studies reported the hepatotoxicity associated with arecoline and betel nut chewing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of AR and its oxidative metabolite, arecoline N-oxide (ARNO), in normal liver cell lines. METHODS The cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects were detected by crystal violet staining, alkaline comet assay, and Salmonella mutagenicity test, respectively. Measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was determined using the H2-DCFDA assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that ARNO exerted higher cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and mutagenicity than its parent compound arecoline in liver cells. Antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine, Trolox, and penicillamine, strongly protected liver cells from ARNO-induced DNA damage and ROS production. Furthermore, co-treatment with Mito-TEMPO also effectively blocked ARNO-induced ROS production in liver cells. Besides antioxidants, co-treatment with 1-aminobenzotriazole and methimazole nearly completely suppressed ARNO-induced ROS production in liver cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that arecoline ingested from the habit of chewing betel quid can be primarily oxidized to ARNO, thereby enhancing its toxicity through increased ROS production. Considering the excellent protective effects of both mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and CYP450 inhibitor on ARNO-induced ROS production in liver cells, mitochondria CYP450-mediated metabolism of ARNO may be a key mechanism. Collectively, our results provide novel cellular evidence for the positive connection between habitual betel quid chewing and the risk for liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Shing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Wang X, Song X, Si Y, Xia J, Wang B, Wang P. Effect of autophagy-associated proteins on the arecoline-induced liver injury in mice. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3041-3049. [PMID: 30214523 PMCID: PMC6125830 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arecoline can be used to treat diseases including glaucoma and tapeworm infection, however, long-term administration can cause severe adverse effects, including oral submucosal fibrosis, oral cancer, hepatic injury and liver cancer. Autophagy serves a role in these injuries. The present study established a mouse model of arecoline-induced hepatic injury and investigated the role of autophagy-associated proteins in this injury. The results indicated that the expression levels of the autophagy marker protein microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (MAP1LC3B) and autophagy-promoting protein beclin 1 were elevated in the injured hepatic cells, while the expression levels of a well-known negative regulator of autophagy, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were reduced. Following treatment of the hepatic injury with glutathione, the liver function improved and liver damage was reduced effectively. Compared with the control group, the expression levels of both MAP1LC3B and beclin 1 were significantly upregulated in the glutathione-treated mice, but the expression of mTOR was significantly downregulated. It may be concluded that in the process of protecting against arecoline-induced hepatic injury, glutathione cooperates with mTOR and beclin 1 to accelerate autophagy, maintaining stable cell morphology and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xinhong Song
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Youjiao Si
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Jikai Xia
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Medical Imaging Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
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Tian ZH, Weng JT, Shih LJ, Siao AC, Chan TY, Tsuei YW, Kuo YC, Wang TS, Kao YH. Arecoline inhibits the growth of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via AMP-activated protein kinase and reactive oxygen species pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200508. [PMID: 30011295 PMCID: PMC6047799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the pathways involved in the effect of betel nut arecoline on cell viability in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Arecoline, but not arecaidine or guvacine, inhibited preadipocyte viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Arecoline arrested preadipocyte growth in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle; decreased the total levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), p21, and p27 proteins; increased p53 and cyclin B1 protein levels; and had no effect on CDK2 protein levels. These results suggested that arecoline selectively affected a particular CDK subfamily. Arecoline inhibited AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity; conversely, the AMPK activator, AICAR, blocked the arecoline-induced inhibition of cell viability. Pre-treatment with the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, prevented the actions of arecoline on cell viability, G2/M growth arrest, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the levels of CDK1, p21, p27, p53, cyclin B1, and phospho-AMPK proteins. These AMPK- and ROS-dependent effects of arecoline on preadipocyte growth may be related to the mechanism underlying the modulatory effect of arecoline on body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Tian
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jueng-Tsueng Weng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Chung Shan Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jane Shih
- Medical Laboratory, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Ci Siao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yun Chan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Tsuei
- Department of Emergency, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YHK); (YWT)
| | - Yow-Chii Kuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Shing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsi Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YHK); (YWT)
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Zhang W, Zhao B, Du L, Shen Y. Cytotoxic Polyketides with an Oxygen-Bridged Cyclooctadiene Core Skeleton from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Phomosis sp. A818. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091547. [PMID: 28906443 PMCID: PMC6151419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant endophytic microorganisms represent a largely untapped resource for new bioactive natural products. Eight polyketide natural products were isolated from a mangrove endophytic fungus Phomosis sp. A818. The structural elucidation of these compounds revealed that they share a distinct feature in their chemical structures, an oxygen-bridged cyclooctadiene core skeleton. The study on their structure-activity relationship showed that the α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone moiety, as exemplified in compounds 1 and 2, was critical to the cytotoxic activity of these compounds. In addition, compound 4 might be a potential agonist of AMPK (5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
| | - Baobing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Liangcheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Yongxiu D, Dongye S, Xinchun J, Qiuhua M, Yanan C, Pu X. [Epidemiological investigation of chewing fresh or dried betel nut and oral mucosal disease]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 34:391-394. [PMID: 28317358 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chewing fresh or dried betel nut on the inci-dence and canceration of oral mucosa disease in Haikou City in Hainan Province. METHODS Through a survey questionnaire, clinical examination, and regular follow-up, we collected clinical data from 1 722 cases and divided them into two groups, among which 704 of the afflicted people chew dried betel nut, whereas the other 1 018 chew fresh betel nut. The data were
statistically analyzed using different variables which included age, number, time of onset of the disease, and the cancerous condition associated with common oral mucosa disease, including oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral leukoplakia (OLK), and oral Lichen planus (OLP). RESULTS 1) The study found no significant difference in the prevalence of oral mucosa diseases between the dried betel nut group (n=704) and fresh betel nut group (n=1 018) among the 1 722 cases (P>0.05), but the peak age of oral mucosal disease was more advanced in the dried betel nut group (P<0.01). 2) The incidence within 5 years of OSF, OLK, OLP, and oral mucosa diseases in the dried betel nut group was significantly higher than that in the fresh betel nut group (P<0.01). 3) The incidence of cancer for oral mucosa disease in patients included in the dried betel nut group was significantly higher than that in the fresh betel nut group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Chewing dried betel nut is more pathogenic and carcinogenic than chewing fresh betel nut. The extremely harmful components of the dried betel nut synergistically play a vital role in the occurrence and carcinogenesis of oral mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Yongxiu
- Dept. of Oral Mucosa Diseases, Hainan Provincial Stomatology Center, Affiliate Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Sun Dongye
- Hainan Provincial Blood Center, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Jian Xinchun
- Dept. of Oral Mucosa Diseases, Hainan Provincial Stomatology Center, Affiliate Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Mao Qiuhua
- Dept. of Oral Mucosa Diseases, Hainan Provincial Stomatology Center, Affiliate Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Cheng Yanan
- Dept. of Oral Mucosa Diseases, Hainan Provincial Stomatology Center, Affiliate Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
| | - Xu Pu
- Dept. of Oral Mucosa Diseases, Hainan Provincial Stomatology Center, Affiliate Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou 570208, China
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Autophagy Induced by Areca Nut Extract Contributes to Decreasing Cisplatin Toxicity in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells: Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species/AMPK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030524. [PMID: 28257034 PMCID: PMC5372540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chewing areca nut is closely associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The current study aimed to investigate potential associations between areca nut extract (ANE) and cisplatin toxicity in OSCC cells. OSCC cells (Cal-27 and Scc-9) viability and apoptosis were analyzed after treatment with ANE and/or cisplatin. The expressions of proteins associated with autophagy and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling network were evaluated. We revealed that advanced OSCC patients with areca nut chewing habits presented higher LC3 expression and poorer prognosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated autophagy was induced after pro-longed treatment of ANE (six days, 3 μg). Cisplatin toxicity (IC50, 48 h) was decreased in OSCC cells after ANE treatment (six days, 3 μg). Cisplatin toxicity could be enhanced by reversed autophagy by pretreatment of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), or Compound C. Cleaved-Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (cl-PARP) and cleaved-caspase 3 (cl-caspase 3) were downregulated in ANE-treated OSCC cells in the presence of cisplatin, which was also reversed by NAC and Compound C. Collectively, ANE could decrease cisplatin toxicity of OSCC by inducing autophagy, which involves the ROS and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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19
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Chiang CH, Wu CC, Lee LY, Li YC, Liu HP, Hsu CW, Lu YC, Chang JT, Cheng AJ. Proteomics Analysis Reveals Involvement of Krt17 in Areca Nut-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2981-97. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Molecular
Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary
Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Tai-Chung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- Molecular
Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science,
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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20
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Yang JI, Tang JY, Liu YS, Wang HR, Lee SY, Yen CY, Chang HW. Roe Protein Hydrolysates of Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) Inhibit Cell Proliferation of Oral Cancer Cells Involving Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8305073. [PMID: 27195297 PMCID: PMC4852358 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8305073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Roe protein hydrolysates were reported to have antioxidant property but the anticancer effects were less addressed, especially for oral cancer. In this study, we firstly used the ultrafiltrated roe hydrolysates (URH) derived from giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) to evaluate the impact of URH on proliferation against oral cancer cells. We found that URH dose-responsively reduced cell viability of two oral cancer cells (Ca9-22 and CAL 27) in terms of ATP assay. Using flow cytometry, URH-induced apoptosis of Ca9-22 cells was validated by morphological features of apoptosis, sub-G1 accumulation, and annexin V staining in dose-responsive manners. URH also induced oxidative stress in Ca9-22 cells in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/superoxide generations and mitochondrial depolarization. Taken together, these data suggest that URH is a potential natural product for antioral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Iong Yang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sin Liu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Lee
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Orthodontics, Wan-Fang Medical Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11648, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Yen
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Center for Research Resources and Development of Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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21
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Chang HS, Tang JY, Yen CY, Huang HW, Wu CY, Chung YA, Wang HR, Chen IS, Huang MY, Chang HW. Antiproliferation of Cryptocarya concinna-derived cryptocaryone against oral cancer cells involving apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:94. [PMID: 26955958 PMCID: PMC4784356 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Cryptocarya-derived crude extracts and their compounds have been reported to have an antiproliferation effect on several types of cancers but their impact on oral cancer is less well understood. Methods We examined the cell proliferation effect and mechanism of C. concinna-derived cryptocaryone (CPC) on oral cancer cells in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial depolarization, and DNA damage. Results We found that CPC dose-responsively reduced cell viability of two types of oral cancer cells (Ca9-22 and CAL 27) in MTS assay. The CPC-induced dose-responsive apoptosis effects on Ca9-22 cells were confirmed by flow cytometry-based sub-G1 accumulation, annexin V staining, and pancaspase analyses. For oral cancer Ca9-22 cells, CPC also induced oxidative stress responses in terms of ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization. Moreover, γH2AX flow cytometry showed DNA damage in CPC-treated Ca9-22 cells. CPC-induced cell responses in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were rescued by N-acetylcysteine pretreatment, suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in CPC-induced death of oral cancer cells. Conclusions CPC is a potential ROS-mediated natural product for anti-oral cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1073-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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22
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Lee SS, Chen YJ, Tsai CH, Huang FM, Chang YC. Elevated transglutaminase-2 expression mediates fibrosis in areca quid chewing-associated oral submucocal fibrosis via reactive oxygen species generation. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1029-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Li YC, Chang JT, Chiu C, Lu YC, Li YL, Chiang CH, You GR, Lee LY, Cheng AJ. Areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1012-23. [PMID: 26087469 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignant diseases worldwide, and areca nut is a primary carcinogen causing this cancer in Southeast Asia. Previous studies to examine the effects of this carcinogen often used short-term and high-dose treatment of area nut extract as a research model, which do not recapitulate the conditions of patients with long-term and habitual use of this substance. To approach authentic mechanism of areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis that occurs in human, we established four isogenic sublines of oral cells which were chronic exposed to areca nut extract. Without eliciting cytotoxicity or senescence, these four sublines cells exhibited significant increase in invasive ability, along with epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These cells also showed resistance to chemotherapeutic drug and irradiation, accompanying with the augmentation of ABCG2 protein efflux and increased ROS clearance. Moreover, these sublines possessed the characteristics of cancer stemness, as demonstrated by enriched CD24-/CD44+ and CD133+ sub-populations, enhanced spheroid cell formation, and induced expressions of pluripotent stemness regulators, including Gp96, Grp78, Slug, Sox9, Snail, and Foxc2. These stemness regulators were further shown up-regulations in oral cancer patients with areca nut-chewing habit, and were statistically correlated with CD44 expression, a stemness marker. In conclusion, our findings suggested that areca nut contributes to oral malignancy through facilitating the conversion of cancer stem cells. This study may further contribute to clinical applications in disease prevention, risk assessment or molecular therapeutics on areca nut- associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Crystal Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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24
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Yen CY, Chiang WF, Liu SY, Lin CC, Liao KA, Lin CY, Hsieh WF, Cheng YC, Hsu KC, Lin PY, Chen TC, Lee IL, Lin MH, Liu YC. Impacts of autophagy-inducing ingredient of areca nut on tumor cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128011. [PMID: 26017803 PMCID: PMC4445909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut (AN) is a popular carcinogen used by about 0.6-1.2 billion people worldwide. Although AN contains apoptosis-inducing ingredients, we previously demonstrated that both AN extract (ANE) and its 30-100 kDa fraction (ANE 30-100K) predominantly induce autophagic cell death in both normal and malignant cells. In this study, we further explored the action mechanism of ANE 30-100K-induced autophagy (AIA) in Jurkat T lymphocytes and carcinoma cell lines including OECM-1 (mouth), CE81T/VGH (esophagus), SCC25 (tongue), and SCC-15 (tongue). The results showed that chemical- and small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) resulted in the attenuation of AIA in Jurkat T but not in OECM-1 cells. Knockdown of Atg5 and Beclin 1 expressions ameliorated AIA in OECM-1/CE81T/VGH/Jurkat T and OECM-1/SCC25/SCC-15, respectively. Furthermore, ANE 30-100K could activate caspase-3 after inhibition of Beclin 1 expression in OECM-1/SCC25/SCC15 cells. Meanwhile, AMPK was demonstrated to be the upstream activator of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in Jurkat T cells, and inhibition of MEK attenuated AIA in Jurkat T/OECM-1/CE81T/VGH cells. Finally, we also found that multiple myeloma RPMI8226, lymphoma U937, and SCC15 cells survived from long-term non-cytotoxic ANE 30-100K treatment exhibited stronger resistance against serum deprivation through upregulated autophagy. Collectively, our studies indicate that Beclin-1 and Atg5 but not AMPK are commonly required for AIA, and MEK/ERK pathway is involved in AIA. Meanwhile, it is also suggested that long-term AN usage might increase the resistance of survived tumor cells against serum-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Yen
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Chiang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyun-Yeu Liu
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-An Liao
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yi Lin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yon-Chi Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yen Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chi Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lee
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Hospital, Liouying, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHL); (YCL)
| | - Young-Chau Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Natural Science, College of Liberal Education, Shu-Te University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MHL); (YCL)
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Yen CY, Hou MF, Yang ZW, Tang JY, Li KT, Huang HW, Huang YH, Lee SY, Fu TF, Hsieh CY, Chen BH, Chang HW. Concentration effects of grape seed extracts in anti-oral cancer cells involving differential apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:94. [PMID: 25880412 PMCID: PMC4393634 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape seeds extract (GSE) is a famous health food supplement for its antioxidant property. Different concentrations of GSE may have different impacts on cellular oxidative/reduction homeostasis. Antiproliferative effect of GSE has been reported in many cancers but rarely in oral cancer. METHODS The aim of this study is to examine the antioral cancer effects of different concentrations of GSE in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial function, and DNA damage. RESULTS High concentrations (50-400 μg/ml) of GSE dose-responsively inhibited proliferation of oral cancer Ca9-22 cells but low concentrations (1-10 μg/ml) of GSE showed a mild effect in a MTS assay. For apoptosis analyses, subG1 population and annexin V intensity in high concentrations of GSE-treated Ca9-22 cells was increased but less so at low concentrations. ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization increased dose-responsively at high concentrations but showed minor changes at low concentrations of GSE in Ca9-22 cells. Additionally, high concentrations of GSE dose-responsively induced more γH2AX-based DNA damage than low concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Differential concentrations of GSE may have a differentially antiproliferative function against oral cancer cells via differential apoptosis, oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Lee SS, Tsai CH, Yu CC, Chang YC. Elevated snail expression mediates tumor progression in areca quid chewing-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma via reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67985. [PMID: 23874481 PMCID: PMC3707908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snail is an important transcription factor implicated in several tumor progression and can be induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Areca quid chewing is a major risk factor of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Therefore, we hypothesize that the major areca nut alkaloid arecoline may induce Snail via ROS and involve in the pathogenesis of areca quid chewing-associated OSCC. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING Thirty-six OSCC and ten normal oral epithelium specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry and analyzed by the clinico-pathological profiles. Cytotoxicity, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, and western blot were used to investigate the effects of arecoline in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) and oral epithelial cell line OECM-1 cells. In addition, antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) were added to find the possible regulatory mechanisms. Initially, Snail expression was significantly higher in OSCC specimens (p<0.05). Elevated Snail expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.031) and poor differentiation (p = 0.017). Arecoline enhanced the generation of intracellular ROS at the concentration higher than 40 µg/ml (p<0.05). Arecoline was also found to induced Snail expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner (p<0.05). Treatment with NAC, curcumin, and EGCG markedly inhibited arecoline induced Snail expression (p<0.05). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that Snail overexpression in areca quid chewing-associated OSCC is associated with tumors differentiation and lymph node metastasis. Arecoline-upregulated Snail expression may be mediated by ROS generation. In addition, arecoline induced Snail expression was downregulated by NAC, curcumin, and EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Friedman TC, Sinha-Hikim I, Parveen M, Najjar SM, Liu Y, Mangubat M, Shin CS, Lyzlov A, Ivey R, Shaheen M, French SW, Sinha-Hikim AP. Additive effects of nicotine and high-fat diet on hepatic steatosis in male mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5809-20. [PMID: 23093702 PMCID: PMC3512067 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease and may contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We hypothesize that in the presence of nicotine, high-fat diet (HFD) causes more severe hepatic steatosis in obese mice. Adult C57BL6 male mice were fed a normal chow diet or HFD and received twice daily injections of nicotine (0.75 mg/kg body weight, ip) or saline for 10 wk. Light microscopic image analysis revealed significantly higher lipid accumulation in livers from mice on HFD plus nicotine (190 ± 19 μm(2)), compared with mice on HFD alone (28 ± 1.2 μm(2)). A significant reduction in the percent volume of endoplasmic reticulum (67.8%) and glycogen (49.2%) was also noted in hepatocytes from mice on HFD plus nicotine, compared with mice on HFD alone. The additive effects of nicotine on the severity of HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was associated with significantly greater oxidative stress, increased hepatic triglyceride levels, higher incidence of hepatocellular apoptosis, inactivation (dephosphorylation) of AMP-activated protein kinase, and activation of its downstream target acetyl-coenzyme A-carboxylase. Treatment with acipimox, an inhibitor of lipolysis, significantly reduced nicotine plus HFD-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. We conclude that: 1) greater oxidative stress coupled with inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase mediate the additive effects of nicotine and HFD on hepatic steatosis in obese mice and 2) increased lipolysis is an important contributor to hepatic steatosis. We surmise that nicotine exposure is likely to exacerbate the metabolic abnormalities induced by high-fat intake in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
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Ji WT, Yang SR, Chen JYF, Cheng YP, Lee YR, Chiang MK, Chen HR. Arecoline downregulates levels of p21 and p27 through the reactive oxygen species/mTOR complex 1 pathway and may contribute to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1221-9. [PMID: 22469187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline, the major alkaloid of areca nut, has been shown to cause strong genotoxicity and is considered a potential carcinogen. However, the detailed mechanism for arecoline-induced carcinogenesis remains obscure. In this study, we noticed that the levels of p21 and p27 increased in two oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines with high confluence. Furthermore, when treated with arecoline, elevated levels of p21 and p27 could be downregulated through the reactive oxygen species/mTOR complex 1 (ROS/mTORC1) pathway. Although arecoline decreased the activity of mTORC1, the amounts of autophagosome-like vacuoles or type II LC3 remained unchanged, suggesting that the downregulation of p21 and p27 was independent of autophagy-mediated protein destruction. Arecoline also caused DNA damage through ROS, indicating that the reduced levels of p21 and p27 might facilitate G (1) /S transition of the cell cycle and subsequently lead to error-prone DNA replication. In conclusion, these data have provided a possible mechanism for arecoline-induced carcinogenesis in subcytolytic doses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tsai Ji
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Science, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
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Han Q, Zhang X, Xue R, Yang H, Zhou Y, Kong X, Zhao P, Li J, Yang J, Zhu Y, Guan Y. AMPK potentiates hypertonicity-induced apoptosis by suppressing NFκB/COX-2 in medullary interstitial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22:1897-911. [PMID: 21903993 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells residing in the hypertonic, hypoxic renal medulla depend on dynamic adaptation mechanisms to respond to changes in energy supply and demand. The serine/threonine kinase 5'-AMP protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status, but whether it contributes to the survival of cells in the renal medulla is unknown. Here, hypertonic conditions induced a decrease in AMPK phosphorylation within 12 hours in renal medullary interstitial cells (RMIC), followed by a gradual return to baseline levels. Activation of AMPK markedly increased hypertonicity-induced apoptosis of RMICs and suppressed both hypertonicity-induced NFκB nuclear translocation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation; overexpression of COX-2 significantly attenuated these effects. AMPK activation also markedly reduced generation of reactive oxygen species and nuclear expression of tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein, which prevented upregulation of osmoprotective genes. In vivo, pharmacologic activation of AMPK led to massive apoptosis of RMICs and renal dysfunction in the setting of water deprivation in mice. Taken together, these results identify a critical role for AMPK in the maintenance of RMIC viability and suggest that AMPK modulates the NFκB-COX-2 survival pathway in the renal medulla. Furthermore, this study raises safety concerns for the development of AMPK activators as anti-diabetic drugs, especially for patients prone to dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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