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Tang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Nussinov R, Zheng J. Exploring pathological link between antimicrobial and amyloid peptides. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8713-8763. [PMID: 39041297 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid peptides (AMYs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered as the two distinct families of peptides, characterized by their unique sequences, structures, biological functions, and specific pathological targets. However, accumulating evidence has revealed intriguing pathological connections between these peptide families in the context of microbial infection and neurodegenerative diseases. Some AMYs and AMPs share certain structural and functional characteristics, including the ability to self-assemble, the presence of β-sheet-rich structures, and membrane-disrupting mechanisms. These shared features enable AMYs to possess antimicrobial activity and AMPs to acquire amyloidogenic properties. Despite limited studies on AMYs-AMPs systems, the cross-seeding phenomenon between AMYs and AMPs has emerged as a crucial factor in the bidirectional communication between the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and host defense against microbial infections. In this review, we examine recent developments in the potential interplay between AMYs and AMPs, as well as their pathological implications for both infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. By discussing the current progress and challenges in this emerging field, this account aims to inspire further research and investments to enhance our understanding of the intricate molecular crosstalk between AMYs and AMPs. This knowledge holds great promise for the development of innovative therapies to combat both microbial infections and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
| | - Yanxian Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
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2
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Andersson A, Linse S, Sparr E, Fornasier M, Jönsson P. The density of anionic lipids modulates the adsorption of α-Synuclein onto lipid membranes. Biophys Chem 2024; 305:107143. [PMID: 38100855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is an intrinsically disordered presynaptic protein associated with Parkinson's disease. The physiological role of α-Synuclein is not fully understood, but the protein is known to interact with lipid membranes. We here study how membrane charge affects the adsorption of α-Synuclein to (i) supported lipid bilayers and (ii) small unilamellar vesicles with varying amounts of anionic lipids. The results showed that α-Synuclein adsorbs onto membranes containing ≥5% anionic phosphatidylserine (DOPS) lipids, but not to membranes containing ≤1% DOPS. The density of adsorbed α-Synuclein increased steadily with the DOPS content up to 20% DOPS, after which it leveled off. The vesicles were saturated with α-Synuclein at a 3-5 times higher protein density compared to the supported bilayers, which suggests that a more deformable membrane binds more α-Synuclein. Altogether, the results show that both membrane charge density and flexibility influence the association of α-Synuclein to lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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Bartošová T, Klempíř J, Hansíková H. Coenzyme Q10: A Biomarker in the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonian Syndromes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2104. [PMID: 38136223 PMCID: PMC10740444 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is generally a sporadic neurodegenerative disease which ranks among atypical Parkinson's syndromes. The main clinical manifestation is a combination of autonomic dysfunction and parkinsonism and/or cerebellar disability. The disease may resemble other Parkinsonian syndromes, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) or progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), from which MSA could be hardly distinguishable during the first years of progression. Due to the lack of a reliable and easily accessible biomarker, the diagnosis is still based primarily on the clinical picture. Recently, reduced levels of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) were described in MSA in various tissues, including the central nervous system. The aim of our study was to verify whether the level of CoQ10 in plasma and lymphocytes could serve as an easily available diagnostic biomarker of MSA. The study reported significantly lower levels of CoQ10 in the lymphocytes of patients with MSA compared to patients with PD and controls. The reduction in CoQ10 levels in lymphocytes correlated with the increasing degree of clinical involvement of patients with MSA. CoQ10 levels in lymphocytes seem to be a potential biomarker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Bartošová
- Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiří Klempíř
- Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (T.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Hana Hansíková
- Laboratory for Study of Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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Garcia PJB, Huang SKH, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai PW. In Silico Neuroprotective Effects of Specific Rheum palmatum Metabolites on Parkinson's Disease Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13929. [PMID: 37762232 PMCID: PMC10530814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the large-scale health issues detrimental to human quality of life, and current treatments are only focused on neuroprotection and easing symptoms. This study evaluated in silico binding activity and estimated the stability of major metabolites in the roots of R. palmatum (RP) with main protein targets in Parkinson's disease and their ADMET properties. The major metabolites of RP were subjected to molecular docking and QSAR with α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase isoform B, catechol o-methyltransferase, and A2A adenosine receptor. From this, emodin had the greatest binding activity with Parkinson's disease targets. The chemical stability of the selected compounds was estimated using density functional theory analyses. The docked compounds showed good stability for inhibitory action compared to dopamine and levodopa. According to their structure-activity relationship, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, and rhein exhibited good inhibitory activity to specific targets. Finally, mediocre pharmacokinetic properties were observed due to unexceptional blood-brain barrier penetration and safety profile. It was revealed that the major metabolites of RP may have good neuroprotective activity as an additional hit for PD drug development. Also, an association between redox-mediating and activities with PD-relevant protein targets was observed, potentially opening discussion on electrochemical mechanisms with biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jay B. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Rhoda B. Leron
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
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Awuson-David B, Williams AC, Wright B, Hill LJ, Di Pietro V. Common microRNA regulated pathways in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1228927. [PMID: 37719162 PMCID: PMC10502311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1228927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation. Recently, miRNA dysregulation has been found in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The diagnosis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's is currently challenging, mainly occurring when pathology is already present, and although treatments are available for both diseases, the role of treatment is primarily to prevent or delay the progress of the diseases instead of fully overcoming the diseases. Therefore, the challenge in the near future will be to determine effective drugs to tackle the dysregulated biological pathways in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we describe the dysregulation of miRNAs in blood of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients with the aim to identify common mechanisms between the 2 pathologies and potentially to identify common therapeutic targets which can stop or delay the progression of two most frequent neuropathologies. Two independent systematic reviews, bioinformatic analysis, and experiment validation were performed to identify whether AD and PD share common pathways. A total of 15 common miRNAs were found in the literature and 13 common KEGG pathways. Among the common miRNAs, two were selected for validation in a small cohort of AD and PD patients. Let-7f-5p and miR-29b-3p showed to be good predictors in blood of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Awuson-David
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Hill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Zhou Y, Yao Y, Yang Z, Tang Y, Wei G. Naphthoquinone-dopamine hybrids disrupt α-synuclein fibrils by their intramolecular synergistic interactions with fibrils and display a better effect on fibril disruption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14471-14483. [PMID: 37190853 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is an intrinsically disordered protein and its abnormal aggregation into amyloid fibrils is the main hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The disruption of preformed αSyn fibrils using small molecules is considered as a potential strategy for PD treatment. Recent experiments have reported that naphthoquinone-dopamine hybrids (NQDA), synthesized by naphthoquinone (NQ) and dopamine (DA) molecules, can significantly disrupt αSyn fibrils and cross the blood-brain barrier. To unravel the fibril-disruptive mechanisms at the atomic level, we performed microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of αSyn fibrils in the absence and presence of NQDA, NQ, DA, or NQ+DA molecules. Our simulations showed that NQDA reduces the β-sheet content, disrupts K45-E57 and E46-K80 salt-bridges, weakens the inter-protofibril interaction, and thus destabilizes the αSyn fibril structure. NQDA has the ability to form cation-π and H-bonding interactions with K45/K80, and form π-π stacking interactions with Y39/F94. Those interactions between NQDA and αSyn fibrils play a crucial role in disaggregating αSyn fibrils. Moreover, we found that NQDA has a better fibril destabilization effect than that of NQ, DA, and NQ+DA molecules. This is attributed to the synergistic fibril-binding effect between NQ and DA groups in NQDA molecules. The DA group can form strong π-π stacking interactions with aromatic residues Y39/F94 of the αSyn fibril, while the DA molecule cannot. In addition, NQDA can form stronger cation-π interactions with residues K45/K80 than those of both NQ and DA molecules. Our results provide the molecular mechanism underlying the disaggregation of the αSyn fibril by NQDA and its better performance in fibril disruption than NQ, DA, and NQ+DA molecules, which offers new clues for the screening and development of promising drug candidates to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yifei Yao
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongyuan Yang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiming Tang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Sciences (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
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Caligiore D, Giocondo F, Silvetti M. The Neurodegenerative Elderly Syndrome (NES) hypothesis: Alzheimer and Parkinson are two faces of the same disease. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:330-343. [PMID: 36247524 PMCID: PMC9554826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) share monoamine and alpha-synuclein (αSyn) dysfunctions, often beginning years before clinical manifestations onset. The triggers for these impairments and the causes leading these early neurodegenerative processes to become AD or PD remain unclear. We address these issues by proposing a radically new perspective to frame AD and PD: they are different manifestations of one only disease we call "Neurodegenerative Elderly Syndrome (NES)". NES goes through three phases. The seeding stage, which starts years before clinical signs, and where the part of the brain-body affected by the initial αSyn and monoamine dysfunctions, influences the future possible progression of NES towards PD or AD. The compensatory stage, where the clinical symptoms are still silent thanks to compensatory mechanisms keeping monoamine concentrations homeostasis. The bifurcation stage, where NES becomes AD or PD. We present recent literature supporting NES and discuss how this hypothesis could radically change the comprehension of AD and PD comorbidities and the design of novel system-level diagnostic and therapeutic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caligiore
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy
- AI2Life s.r.l., Innovative Start-Up, ISTC-CNR Spin-Off, Via Sebino 32, Rome 00199, Italy
| | - Flora Giocondo
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (LENAI-ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Massimo Silvetti
- Computational and Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council (CTNLab-ISTC-CNR), Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, Rome 00185, Italy
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Andersson A, Fornasier M, Makasewicz K, Pálmadóttir T, Linse S, Sparr E, Jönsson P. Single-vesicle intensity and colocalization fluorescence microscopy to study lipid vesicle fusion, fission, and lipid exchange. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1007699. [PMID: 36533132 PMCID: PMC9751204 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1007699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of lipid vesicles play important roles in a large variety of functions and dysfunctions in the human body. Vital for several biochemical functions is the interaction between monomeric proteins and lipid membranes, and the induced phenomena such as fusion between vesicles and cell membranes, lipid exchange between the membranes, or vesicle fission. Identification of single events and their frequency of occurrence would provide valuable information about protein-lipid interactions in both healthy and degenerative pathways. In this work, we present a single-vesicle intensity and colocalization fluorescence microscopy assay with a custom-written MATLAB analysis program. The assay can be used to study lipid exchange as well as vesicle fusion and fission between two vesicle populations labeled with different fluorescent dyes. Vesicles from the two populations are first mixed and docked to a glass surface. The sample is then simultaneously imaged using two separate wavelength channels monitoring intensity changes and colocalization of vesicles from the two populations. The monomeric pre-synaptic protein α-synuclein (α-syn) and small unilamellar vesicles consisting of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine, (DOPS), and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) were used as a model system to evaluate the method. From our analysis, neither α-syn induced fusion nor lipid exchange was observed for vesicles consisting of DOPC:DOPS (7:3). However, including 10% GM1 in the vesicles resulted in a 91% increase of the number of vesicles within 10 min, combined with a 57% decrease in the average fluorescence intensity per vesicle, indicating that approximately half of the vesicles underwent fission. The method facilitates the study of lipid vesicle fusion, fission, and lipid exchange under controlled conditions. It also allows these events to be studied for systems with more complex composition including exosomes and lipid-based drug carriers, to enable a better understanding of their physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Cavitation Feedback Control of Focused Ultrasound Blood-Brain Barrier Opening for Drug Delivery in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122607. [PMID: 36559101 PMCID: PMC9781334 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), in conjunction with circulating microbubbles, is an emerging technology that can transiently enhance the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) locally and non-invasively to facilitate targeted drug delivery to the brain. In this clinical trial, the feasibility and safety of BBB modulation in the putamen were evaluated for biweekly therapeutic agent delivery in patients with Parkinson's disease. The performance of the clinical MRgFUS system's cavitation feedback controller for active power modulation throughout the exposures was examined. The putamen was targeted unilaterally by an ExAblate Neuro MRgFUS system operating at 220 kHz. Definity microbubbles were infused via a saline bag gravity drip at a rate of 4 µL/kg per 5 min. A cavitation emissions-based feedback controller was employed to modulate the acoustic power automatically according to prescribed target cavitation dose levels. BBB opening was measured by Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging, and the presence of potential micro-hemorrhages induced by the exposures was assessed via T2*-weighted MR imaging. A total of 12 treatment sessions were carried out across four patients, with target cavitation dose levels ranging from 0.20-0.40. BBB permeability in the targeted putamen was elevated successfully in all treatments, with a 14% ± 6% mean increase in Gd-enhanced T1-weighted MRI signal intensity relative to the untreated contralateral side. No indications of red blood cell extravasations were observed on MR imaging scans acquired one day following each treatment session. The cavitation emissions-based feedback controller was effective in modulating acoustic power levels to ensure BBB permeability enhancement while avoiding micro-hemorrhages, however, further technical advancements are warranted to improve its performance for use across a wide variety of brain diseases.
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Lehrer S, Rheinstein PH. α-synuclein enfolds tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine ß-hydroxylase, potentially reducing dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis. JOURNAL OF PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 13:109-115. [PMID: 36277464 PMCID: PMC9585989 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-022-00088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) results from degeneration of dopamine and norepinephrine neurons due to α-synuclein aggregates that likely have their origin in the gut. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyses the formation of L-DOPA, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of dopamine. A second enzyme, DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), catalyzes the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine. A third enzyme, dopamine ß-hydroxylase (DBH), catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. To analyze possible interactions of α-synuclein with TH, DDC and DBH, we performed in silico protein-protein docking. METHODS Protein data bank (pdb) entries were searched on the RCSB Protein Data Bank. We identified four structures that allowed us to examine the relationship of α-synuclein with TH, DDC, and DBH: (1) Human micelle-bound alpha-synuclein, (2) solution structure of the regulatory domain of tyrosine hydroxylase (Rattus norvegicus), (3) crystal structure of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (DOPA decarboxylase) in the apo form and (4) crystal structure of human dopamine ß-hydroxylase at 2.9 angstrom resolution. We used the ClusPro server (https://cluspro.org) for protein-protein docking. The protein structures were visualized with PyMOL v 2.3.4. RESULTS α-synuclein partially enfolds tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine ß-hydroxylase, potentially reducing dopamine and norepinephrine synthesis. α-synuclein may dock too far away from DOPA decarboxylase to affect its function directly. CONCLUSIONS Our in silico finding of α-synuclein partly enfolding tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine ß-hydroxylase suggests that α-synuclein docking inhibition could increase dopamine and norepinephrine biosynthesis, ameliorating PD symptoms. Small molecules that bind to α-synuclein have already been identified. Further studies may lead to new small molecule drugs that block α-synuclein enfolding of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine ß-hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Medical Center, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1236, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Pandey MK. The Role of Alpha-Synuclein Autoantibodies in the Induction of Brain Inflammation and Neurodegeneration in Aged Humans. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:902191. [PMID: 35721016 PMCID: PMC9204601 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.902191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Manoj Kumar Pandey,
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12
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Asl SS, Jalili C, Artimani T, Ramezani M, Mirzaei F. Inflammasome can Affect Adult Neurogenesis: A Review Article. Open Neurol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874205x02115010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the process of producing new neurons in the adult brain and is limited to two major areas: the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the Subventricular Zone (SVZ). Adult neurogenesis is affected by some physiological, pharmacological, and pathological factors. The inflammasome is a major signalling platform that regulates caspase-1 and induces proinflammatory cytokines production such as interleukin-1β (IL1-β) and IL-18.
Inflammasomes may be stimulated through multiple signals, and some of these signaling factors can affect neurogenesis. In the current review, “adult neurogenesis and inflammasome” were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Reviewing various research works showed correlations between inflammasome and neurogenesis by different intermediate factors, such as interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), α-synuclein, microRNAs, and natural compounds. Concerning the significant role of neurogenesis in the health of the nervous system and memory, understanding factors inducing neurogenesis is crucial for identifying new therapeutic aims. Hence in this review, we will discuss the different mechanisms by which inflammasome influences adult neurogenesis.
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Magnusen AF, Hatton SL, Rani R, Pandey MK. Genetic Defects and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636139. [PMID: 34239490 PMCID: PMC8259624 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons mainly in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Motor symptoms include resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesias, while non-motor symptoms include autonomic dysfunction, anxiety, and sleeping problems. Genetic mutations in a number of genes (e.g., LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7) and the resultant abnormal activation of microglial cells are assumed to be the main reasons for the loss of DA neurons in PD with genetic causes. Additionally, immune cell infiltration and their participation in major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) and/or MHCII-mediated processing and presentation of cytosolic or mitochondrial antigens activate the microglial cells and cause the massive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are all critical for the propagation of brain inflammation and the neurodegeneration in PD with genetic and idiopathic causes. Despite knowing the involvement of several of such immune devices that trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD, the exact disease mechanism or the innovative biomarker that could detect disease severity in PD linked to LRRK2, GBA, SNCA, PARK2, PARK6, and PARK7 defects is largely unknown. The current review has explored data from genetics, immunology, and in vivo and ex vivo functional studies that demonstrate that certain genetic defects might contribute to microglial cell activation and massive generation of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which ultimately drive the brain inflammation and lead to neurodegeneration in PD. Understanding the detailed involvement of a variety of immune mediators, their source, and the target could provide a better understanding of the disease process. This information might be helpful in clinical diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression, and early identification of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Frank Magnusen
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shelby Loraine Hatton
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Reena Rani
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar Pandey
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Paediatrics of University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Ramalingam M, Jang S, Jeong HS. Neural-Induced Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Conditioned Medium Ameliorates Rotenone-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052322. [PMID: 33652595 PMCID: PMC7956615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized by the degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra along with aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Neurogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (NI-hADSCs) by supplementary factors for 14 days activates different biological signaling pathways. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic role of NI-hADSC-conditioned medium (NI-hADSC-CM) in rotenone (ROT)-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Increasing concentrations of ROT led to decreased cell survival at 24 and 48 h in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of NI-hADSC-CM (50% dilution in DMEM) against ROT (0.5 μM) significantly increased the cell survival. ROT toxicity decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Western blot analysis of the Triton X-100-soluble fraction revealed that ROT significantly decreased the oligomeric, dimeric, and monomeric phosphorylated Serine129 (p-S129) α-syn, as well as the total monomeric α-syn expression levels. ROT toxicity increased the oligomeric, but decreased the dimeric and monomeric p-S129 α-syn expression levels. Total α-syn expression (in all forms) was increased in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction, compared to the control. NI-hADSC-CM treatment enhanced the TH expression, stabilized α-syn monomers, reduced the levels of toxic insoluble p-S129 α-syn, improved the expression of neuronal functional proteins, regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and upregulated the expression of pro-caspases, along with PARP-1 inactivation. Moreover, hADSC-CM treatment decreased the cell numbers and have no effect against ROT toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells. The therapeutic effects of NI-hADSC-CM was higher than the beneficial effects of hADSC-CM on cellular signaling. From these results, we conclude that NI-hADSC-CM exerts neuroregenerative effects on ROT-induced PD-like impairments in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Therapeutic Effects of Conditioned Medium of Neural Differentiated Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells on Rotenone-Induced Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation and Apoptosis. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6658271. [PMID: 33552161 PMCID: PMC7847328 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6658271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used against several diseases. Their potential mainly appears from its secreted biomolecules. Human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSC) displayed neuronal functional characteristics after differentiation by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and forskolin. PD is a chronic age-related neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregations. In this present study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of neural differentiated hBMSC (NI-hBMSC) conditioned medium (NI-hBMSC-CM) to a rotenone- (ROT-) induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model in SH-SY5Y cells. NI-hBMSC-CM treatment (50% diluted) in the last 24 h of 48 h ROT (0.5 μM) toxicity showed a significant increase in cell survival. The decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression as a hallmark of PD was increased by NI-hBMSC-CM. The Triton X-100-soluble and Triton X-100-insoluble cell lysate fractions were used in Western blotting. The oligomeric, dimeric, and monomeric phosphorylated serine129 (p-S129) α-syn and total monomeric α-syn were decreased during ROT toxicity in the Triton X-100-soluble fraction. The Triton X-100-insoluble fraction revealed that ROT toxicity significantly increased the oligomeric but decreased the dimeric and monomeric p-S129 α-syn expressions while all forms of total α-syn were increased in SH-SY5Y cells. NI-hBMSC-CM stabilized the physiological α-syn monomers and reduced aggregated insoluble p-S129 α-syn against ROT. The cytoskeletal proteins, neurofilament-H (NF-H), β3-tubulin (Tuj1), neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and synaptophysin (SYP) were significantly decreased during ROT toxicity. In addition, proapoptotic Bax was increased by ROT with decreased antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 as well as proforms of caspase-9, caspase-3, caspase-7, and PARP-1. NI-hBMSC-CM ameliorated the neurotrophic protein expressions, controlled the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, upregulated procaspases, and inactivated PARP-1. From our results, we conclude that NI-hBMSC-CM containing released biomolecules during neural differentiation employs regenerative effects on the ROT model of PD in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Ruffini N, Klingenberg S, Schweiger S, Gerber S. Common Factors in Neurodegeneration: A Meta-Study Revealing Shared Patterns on a Multi-Omics Scale. Cells 2020; 9:E2642. [PMID: 33302607 PMCID: PMC7764447 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are heterogeneous, progressive diseases with frequently overlapping symptoms characterized by a loss of neurons. Studies have suggested relations between neurodegenerative diseases for many years (e.g., regarding the aggregation of toxic proteins or triggering endogenous cell death pathways). We gathered publicly available genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from 177 studies and more than one million patients to detect shared genetic patterns between the neurodegenerative diseases on three analyzed omics-layers. The results show a remarkably high number of shared differentially expressed genes between the transcriptomic and proteomic levels for all conditions, while showing a significant relation between genomic and proteomic data between AD and PD and AD and ALS. We identified a set of 139 genes being differentially expressed in several transcriptomic experiments of all four diseases. These 139 genes showed overrepresented gene ontology (GO) Terms involved in the development of neurodegeneration, such as response to heat and hypoxia, positive regulation of cytokines and angiogenesis, and RNA catabolic process. Furthermore, the four analyzed neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) were clustered by their mean direction of regulation throughout all transcriptomic studies for this set of 139 genes, with the closest relation regarding this common gene set seen between AD and HD. GO-Term and pathway analysis of the proteomic overlap led to biological processes (BPs), related to protein folding and humoral immune response. Taken together, we could confirm the existence of many relations between Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on transcriptomic and proteomic levels by analyzing the pathways and GO-Terms arising in these intersections. The significance of the connection and the striking relation of the results to processes leading to neurodegeneration between the transcriptomic and proteomic data for all four analyzed neurodegenerative diseases showed that exploring many studies simultaneously, including multiple omics-layers of different neurodegenerative diseases simultaneously, holds new relevant insights that do not emerge from analyzing these data separately. Furthermore, the results shed light on processes like the humoral immune response that have previously been described only for certain diseases. Our data therefore suggest human patients with neurodegenerative diseases should be addressed as complex biological systems by integrating multiple underlying data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffini
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Leibniz Association, Wallstraße 7, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Klingenberg
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (N.R.); (S.K.); (S.S.)
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17
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Henríquez G, Gomez A, Guerrero E, Narayan M. Potential Role of Natural Polyphenols against Protein Aggregation Toxicity: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2915-2934. [PMID: 32822152 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main features of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease is the amyloidogenic behavior of disease-specific proteins including amyloid β, tau, α-synuclein, and mutant Huntingtin which participate in the formation, accumulation, and deposition of toxic misfolded aggregates. Consequently, these proteins not only associated with the progress of their respective neurodegenerative pathologies but also qualify as disease-specific biomarkers. The aim of using natural polyphenols is to target amyloid-dependent proteopathies by decreasing free radical damage and inhibiting and dissolving amyloid fibrils. We explore the effectiveness of the polyphenols epigallocatechin-3-gallate, oleuropein aglycone, and quercetin on their ability to inhibit aggregation of amyloid β, tau, and α-synuclein and mitigate other pathological features for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The analysis was carried from in vitro and cell line studies to animal models and clinical trials. This Review describes the use of phytochemical compounds as prophylactic agents for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other proteopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Henríquez
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alejandra Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Erick Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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18
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Esteves AR, Cardoso SM. Differential protein expression in diverse brain areas of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13149. [PMID: 32753661 PMCID: PMC7403590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been postulated to define the etiology of sporadic Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders (PD and AD) but there is no consensus on what causes these devastating age-related diseases. Braak staging of both pathologies helped researchers to better understand the progression and to identify their prodromal and symptomatic phases. Indeed, it is well accepted that Lewy body pathology and neurofibrillary tangles appearance correlates with disease progression and severity of symptoms in PD and AD, respectively. Additionally, several studies in PD and AD models try to disclose which cellular mechanisms are defaulted and trigger the neurodegenerative process that culminates with neuronal death causing PD and AD classical symptomatology. Herein, we determined expression levels of proteins involved in microtubule assembly, autophagic-lysosomal pathway and unfolded protein response in the cortex, hippocampus and SNpc of PD and AD patients, vascular dementia patients and aged-match controls. The differential expression allowed us to determine which pathways are determinant to synaptic dysfunction and to establish a time line for disease progression. Our results allow us to challenge the hypothesis that both PD and AD pathologies are caused by α-synuclein or Aβ pathology propagation throughout the brain in a prion-like manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S M Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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19
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NK cells clear α-synuclein and the depletion of NK cells exacerbates synuclein pathology in a mouse model of α-synucleinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1762-1771. [PMID: 31900358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of synucleinopathies, including Lewy body dementia and Parkinson's disease (PD), is the presence of Lewy bodies, which are primarily composed of intracellular inclusions of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) among other proteins. α-Syn is found in extracellular biological fluids in PD patients and has been implicated in modulating immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes that are present in the CNS in homeostatic and pathological conditions. NK cell numbers are increased in the blood of PD patients and their activity is associated with disease severity; however, the role of NK cells in the context of α-synucleinopathies has never been explored. Here, we show that human NK cells can efficiently internalize and degrade α-syn aggregates via the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. We demonstrate that α-syn aggregates attenuate NK cell cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and decrease the release of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN-γ. To address the role of NK cells in PD pathogenesis, NK cell function was investigated in a preformed fibril α-syn-induced mouse PD model. Our studies demonstrate that in vivo depletion of NK cells in a preclinical mouse PD model resulted in exacerbated motor deficits and increased phosphorylated α-syn deposits. Collectively, our data provide a role of NK cells in modulating synuclein pathology and motor symptoms in a preclinical mouse model of PD, which could be developed into a therapeutic for PD and other synucleinopathies.
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20
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van Kruining D, Luo Q, van Echten-Deckert G, Mielke MM, Bowman A, Ellis S, Oliveira TG, Martinez-Martinez P. Sphingolipids as prognostic biomarkers of neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric diseases and their emerging role in lipidomic investigation methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:232-244. [PMID: 32360155 PMCID: PMC7665829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and psychiatric disorders and an imbalance in sphingolipid levels is associated with disease. Although early diagnosis and intervention of these disorders would clearly have favorable long-term outcomes, no diagnostic tests currently exist that can accurately identify people at risk. Reliable prognostic biomarkers that are easily accessible would be beneficial to determine therapy and treatment response in clinical trials. Recent advances in lipidomic investigation methods have greatly progressed the knowledge of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders over the past decades although more longitudinal studies are needed to understand its exact role in these disorders to be used as potential tools in the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders and explore recent advances in investigation methods. Finally, the potential of sphingolipid metabolism products and signaling molecules as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostic, or surrogate markers of treatment response is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Kruining
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Qian Luo
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerhild van Echten-Deckert
- LIMES Institute for Membrane Biology and Lipid Biochemistry, Kekulé-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Andrew Bowman
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Shane Ellis
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), ICVS/3B's, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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21
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Wang J, Chen Z, Walston JD, Gao P, Gao M, Leng SX. Interferon-γ Potentiates α-Synuclein-induced Neurotoxicity Linked to Toll-like Receptors 2 and 3 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Murine Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7664-7679. [PMID: 31098954 PMCID: PMC7404632 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn), a metabolite of neurons, induces glial activation and neuroinflammation and participates in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. This inflammatory response involves activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and its neurotoxic outcomes such as cytokine expression and release. However, regulatory role of cytokines on α-syn-induced neurotoxicity is still unclear. In this study, we used interferon (IFN)-γ to costimulate primary astrocytes with wild-type or A53T mutant α-syn, and evaluated inflammatory pathway activation. Four α-syn concentrations (0.5, 2, 8 and 20 μg/mL, 24 h) and four α-syn time-points (3, 12, 24 and 48 h, 2 μg/mL) were chosen to coincubate with one IFN-γ concentration (2 ng/mL). IFN-γ alone upregulated expressions of TLR3 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (mRNA level), and A53T mutant or wild-type α-syn alone activated the pathway components including TLR2, TLR3, nuclear factor-κB, TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. Additive application of IFN-γ amplified this activation effect except for IL-1β at mRNA and protein levels or TNF-α release, displaying a synergistic effect of α-syn and IFN-γ. Blocking TLR2 other than TLR4 suppressed TLR3, TLR2 and TNF-α expressions induced by α-syn or plus IFN-γ, reflecting an interaction of TLR2 and TLR3 in TNF-α expression. These data collectively showed that IFN-γ potentiated α-syn stimulation and inflammatory outcomes via TLR2, TLR3 and TNF-α other than IL-1β in astrocytes, suggesting that involvement of IFN-γ in α-syn-induced innate immunity may be required for initiation and maintenance of glial activation, a novel neurotoxic mechanism underlying pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Graphical Abstract IFN-γ potentiates α-synuclein (A53T or wild-type)-induced innate immunity, involving expressions of TLR2, TLR3, NF-κB, and TNF-α, other than IL-1β. This effect is suppressed by blockage of TLR2 other than TLR4, reflecting an interaction of TLR2 and TLR3 in TNF-α expression. Thus, involvement of IFN-γ in α-syn-induced neurotoxicity may be required for initiation and maintenance of glial activation, a novel neurotoxic mechanism underlying pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Wang
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, 118 Wenquan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, 118 Wenquan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Peisong Gao
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Maolong Gao
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, 118 Wenquan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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22
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Ma Y, Shi Q, Xiao K, Wang J, Chen C, Gao LP, Gao C, Dong XP. Stimulations of the Culture Medium of Activated Microglia and TNF-Alpha on a Scrapie-Infected Cell Line Decrease the Cell Viability and Induce Marked Necroptosis That Also Occurs in the Brains from the Patients of Human Prion Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1273-1283. [PMID: 30399321 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and increased expression of TNF-α are frequently observed in the brains of human and animal prion diseases. As an important cytokine, TNF-α participates in not only pro-inflammatory responses but also in cellular communication, cell differentiation, and cell death. However, the role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of prion disease remains ambiguous. In this study, the activities of a scrapie-infected cell line SMB-S15 and its normal partner SMB-PS exposed to the supernatant of a LPS-activated microglia cell line BV2 were evaluated. After it was exposed to the LPS-stimulated supernatant of BV2 cells, the cell viability of SMB-S15 cells was markedly decreased, whereas that of the SMB-PS cells remained unchanged. The level of TNF-α was significantly increased in the LPS-stimulated supernatant of BV2 cells. Further, we found that the recombinant TNF-α alone induced the decreased cell viability of SMB-S15 and the neutralizing antibody for TNF-α completely antagonized the decreased cell viability caused by the LPS-stimulated supernatant of BV2 cells. Stimulation with TNF-α induced the remarkable increases of apoptosis-associated proteins in SMB-PS cells, such as cleaved caspase-3 and RIP1, whereas an obvious increase of necroptosis-associated protein in SMB-S15 cells, such as p-MLKL. Meanwhile, the upregulation of caspase-8 activity in SMB-PS cells was more significant than that of SMB-S15 cells. The decreased cell viability of SMB-S15 and the increased expression of p-MLKL induced by TNF-α were completely rescued by Necrostatin-1. Moreover, we verified that removal of PrPSc propagation in SMB-S15 cells by resveratrol partially rescues the cell tolerance to the stimulation of TNF-α. These data indicate that the prion-infected cell line SMB-S15 is more vulnerable to the stimulations of activated microglia and TNF-α, which is likely due to the outcome of necroptosis rather than apoptosis. Furthermore, significant upregulation of p-MLKL, MLKL, and RIP3 was detected in the post-mortem cortical brains of the patients of various types of human prion diseases, including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), G114 V-genetic CJD (gCJD), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
- Center of Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing 102206, China
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23
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The exploration of novel Alzheimer's therapeutic agents from the pool of FDA approved medicines using drug repositioning, enzyme inhibition and kinetic mechanism approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2513-2526. [PMID: 30551512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel drug development is onerous, time consuming and overpriced process with particularly low success and relatively high enfeebling rates. To overcome this burden, drug repositioning approach is being used to predict the possible therapeutic effects of FDA approved drugs in different diseases. Herein, we designed a computational and enzyme inhibitory mechanistic approach to fetch the promising drugs from the pool of FDA approved drugs against AD. The binding interaction patterns and conformations of screened drugs within active region of AChE were confirmed through molecular docking profiles. The possible associations of selected drugs with AD genes were predicted by pharmacogenomics analysis and confirmed through data mining. The stability behaviour of docked complexes (Drugs-AChE) were checked by MD simulations. The possible therapeutic potential of repositioned drugs against AChE were checked by in vitro analysis. Taken together, Cinitapride displayed a comparable results with standard and can be used as possible therapeutic agent in the treatment of AD.
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24
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Wang J, Chen Z, Walston J, Gao P, Gao M, Leng SX. α-Synuclein activates innate immunity but suppresses interferon-γ expression in murine astrocytes. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:10.1111/ejn.13956. [PMID: 29779267 PMCID: PMC6949420 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glial activation and neuroinflammation contribute to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, linked to neuron loss and dysfunction. α-Synuclein (α-syn), as a metabolite of neuron, can induce microglia activation to trigger innate immune response. However, whether α-syn, as well as its mutants (A53T, A30P, and E46K), induces astrocyte activation and inflammatory response is not fully elucidated. In this study, we used A53T mutant and wild-type α-syns to stimulate primary astrocytes in dose- and time-dependent manners (0.5, 2, 8, and 20 μg/ml for 24 hr or 3, 12, 24, and 48 hr at 2 μg/ml), and evaluated activation of several canonical inflammatory pathway components. The results showed that A53T mutant or wild-type α-syn significantly upregulated mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR3, nuclear factor-κB and interleukin (IL)-1β, displaying a pattern of positive dose-effect correlation or negative time-effect correlation. Such upregulation was confirmed at protein levels of TLR2 (at 20 μg/ml), TLR3 (at most doses), and IL-1β (at 3 hr) by western blotting. Blockage of TLR2 other than TLR4 inhibited TLR3 and IL-1β mRNA expressions. By contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ was significantly downregulated at mRNA, protein, and protein release levels, especially at high concentrations of α-syns or early time-points. These findings indicate that α-syn was a TLRs-mediated immunogenic agent (A53T mutant stronger than wild-type α-syn). The stimulation patterns suggest that persistent release and accumulation of α-syn is required for the maintenance of innate immunity activation, and IFN-γ expression inhibition by α-syn suggests a novel immune molecule interaction mechanism underlying pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Wang
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peisong Gao
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maolong Gao
- Institute for Geriatrics and Rehabilitation, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Wang Q, Li WX, Dai SX, Guo YC, Han FF, Zheng JJ, Li GH, Huang JF. Meta-Analysis of Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Revealed Commonly Impaired Pathways and Dysregulation of NRF2-Dependent Genes. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1525-1539. [PMID: 28222515 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many lines of evidence suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have common characteristics, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. As the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear, we perform a meta-analysis with 9 microarray datasets of PD studies and 7 of AD studies to explore it. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that PD and AD both showed dysfunction in the synaptic vesicle cycle, GABAergic synapses, phagosomes, oxidative phosphorylation, and TCA cycle pathways, and AD had more enriched genes. Comparing the differentially expressed genes between AD and PD, we identified 54 common genes shared by more than six tissues. Among them, 31 downregulated genes contained the antioxidant response element (ARE) consensus sequence bound by NRF2. NRF2 is a transcription factor, which protects cells against oxidative stress through coordinated upregulation of ARE-driven genes. To our surprise, although NRF2 was upregulated, its target genes were all downregulated. Further exploration found that MAFF was upregulated in all tissues and significantly negatively correlated with the 31 NRF2-dependent genes in diseased conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated over-expressed small MAFs can form homodimers and act as transcriptional repressors. Therefore, MAFF might play an important role in dysfunction of NRF2 regulatory network in PD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shao-Xing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei-Fei Han
- Immuno-Metabolic Computational Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun-Juan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gong-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,KIZ-SU Joint Laboratory of Animal Models and Drug Development, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Natural Products and Biological Drugs of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Research Center for Bio-resources and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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26
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Santiago JA, Bottero V, Potashkin JA. Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases through Network Biology. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:166. [PMID: 28611656 PMCID: PMC5446999 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are rarely caused by a mutation in a single gene but rather influenced by a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Emerging high-throughput technologies such as RNA sequencing have been instrumental in deciphering the molecular landscape of neurodegenerative diseases, however, the interpretation of such large amounts of data remains a challenge. Network biology has become a powerful platform to integrate multiple omics data to comprehensively explore the molecular networks in the context of health and disease. In this review article, we highlight recent advances in network biology approaches with an emphasis in brain-networks that have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms leading to the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and Huntington’s diseases (HD). We discuss how integrative approaches using multi-omics data from different tissues have been valuable for identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, we discuss the challenges the field of network medicine faces toward the translation of network-based findings into clinically actionable tools for personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Santiago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and ScienceNorth Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Virginie Bottero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and ScienceNorth Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Judith A Potashkin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and ScienceNorth Chicago, IL, United States
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27
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Ramalingam M, Kim SJ. Insulin on activation of autophagy with integrins and syndecans against MPP +-induced α-synuclein neurotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2016; 633:94-100. [PMID: 27646116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly caused by dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells differentiated by retinoic acid have been used to study the in vitro PD model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP+). In this study, pretreatment of insulin inhibited MPP+-induced cell membrane damages, which also inhibited the Cox-2 and α-synuclein levels. In addition, MPP+ and/or insulin enhanced the autophagy LC3. Furthermore, MPP+-induced neurotoxicity diminished the integrins β3, αV and induced the syndecan-1 and -3. Insulin pretreatment enhanced the phosphorylation of integrin-linked kinase and further induced the integrin and syndecan molecules. These findings suggest that insulin prevents MPP+-induced α-synuclein apoptosis through the activation of integrin and syndecan pathways in SH-SY5Y+RA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Ramalingam M, Kim SJ. Protective effects of activated signaling pathways by insulin on C6 glial cell model of MPP +-induced Parkinson's disease. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:100-107. [PMID: 27137951 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1171342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated with mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by oxidative stress. Astrocytes regulate neuronal function via the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity, secretion of growth factors, uptake of neurotransmitters, and regulation of extracellular ion concentrations and metabolic support of neurons. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of action of insulin on a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced toxicity of events associated in cell viability and toxicity to the expression profile of cell signaling pathway proteins and genes in rat C6 glial cells. The various concentrations of MPP+ alone inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of insulin prevented the cell death and lowered the intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium ion influx by MPP+. Insulin also suppressed the α-synuclein and elevated the insulin signaling pathway molecules IR, IGF-1R, IRS-1 and IRS-2 in C6 cells through phosphorylation of Akt/ERK survival pathways. Moreover, insulin inhibits MPP+-induced Bax to Bcl-2 ratio. These results suggest that insulin has a protective effect on the MPP+-toxicity in C6 glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ramalingam
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , South Korea
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29
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Bae JR, Lee BD. Function and dysfunction of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2): Parkinson's disease and beyond. BMB Rep 2016; 48:243-8. [PMID: 25703537 PMCID: PMC4578562 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.5.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of
familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). As such, functions and dysfunctions of LRRK2
in PD have been the subject of extensive investigation. In addition to PD,
increasing evidence is suggesting that LRRK2 is associated with a wide range of
diseases. Genome-wide association studies have implicated LRRK2 in Crohn’s
disease (CD) and leprosy, and the carriers with pathogenic mutations of LRRK2
show increased risk to develop particular types of cancer. LRRK2 mutations are
rarely found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but LRRK2 might play a part in
tauopathies. The association of LRRK2 with the pathogenesis of apparently
unrelated diseases remains enigmatic, but it might be related to the yet unknown
diverse functions of LRRK2. Here, we reviewed current knowledge on the link
between LRRK2 and several diseases, including PD, AD, CD, leprosy, and cancer,
and discussed the possibility of targeting LRRK2 in such diseases. [BMB Reports
2015; 48(5): 243-248]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryul Bae
- Department of Neuroscience, of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Byoung Dae Lee
- Department of Neuroscience; Neurodegeneration Control Research Center; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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30
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Naughton BJ, Duncan FJ, Murrey DA, Meadows AS, Newsom DE, Stoicea N, White P, Scharre DW, Mccarty DM, Fu H. Blood genome-wide transcriptional profiles reflect broad molecular impairments and strong blood-brain links in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 43:93-108. [PMID: 25079797 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To date, little is known regarding the etiology and disease mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a general urgency for novel approaches to advance AD research. In this study, we analyzed blood RNA from female patients with advanced AD and matched healthy controls using genome-wide gene expression microarrays. Our data showed significant alterations in 3,944 genes (≥2-fold, FDR ≤1%) in AD whole blood, including 2,932 genes that are involved in broad biological functions. Importantly, we observed abnormal transcripts of numerous tissue-specific genes in AD blood involving virtually all tissues, especially the brain. Of altered genes, 157 are known to be essential in neurological functions, such as neuronal plasticity, synaptic transmission and neurogenesis. More importantly, 205 dysregulated genes in AD blood have been linked to neurological disease, including AD/dementia and Parkinson's disease, and 43 are known to be the causative genes of 42 inherited mental retardation and neurodegenerative diseases. The detected transcriptional abnormalities also support robust inflammation, profound extracellular matrix impairments, broad metabolic dysfunction, aberrant oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell death. While the mechanisms are currently unclear, this study demonstrates strong blood-brain correlations in AD. The blood transcriptional profiles reflect the complex neuropathological status in AD, including neuropathological changes and broad somatic impairments. The majority of genes altered in AD blood have not previously been linked to AD. We believe that blood genome-wide transcriptional profiling may provide a powerful and minimally invasive tool for the identification of novel targets beyond Aβ and tauopathy for AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartholomew J Naughton
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - F Jason Duncan
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Darren A Murrey
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aaron S Meadows
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David E Newsom
- Biomedical Genomics Core, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicoleta Stoicea
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Forest Hills Center for Alzheimer's Disease, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter White
- Biomedical Genomics Core, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Douglas W Scharre
- Division of Cognitive Neurology, Forest Hills Center for Alzheimer's Disease, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Neurology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Douglas M Mccarty
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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31
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Liscovitch N, French L. Differential Co-Expression between α-Synuclein and IFN-γ Signaling Genes across Development and in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115029. [PMID: 25493648 PMCID: PMC4262449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression patterns of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) were studied across anatomy, development, and disease to better characterize its role in the brain. In this postmortem study, negative spatial co-expression between SNCA and 73 interferon-γ (IFN-γ) signaling genes was observed across many brain regions. Recent animal studies have demonstrated that IFN-γ induces loss of dopamine neurons and nigrostriatal degeneration. This opposing pattern between SNCA and IFN-γ signaling genes increases with age (rho = −0.78). In contrast, a meta-analysis of four microarray experiments representing 126 substantia nigra samples reveals a switch to positive co-expression in Parkinson’s disease (p<0.005). Use of genome-wide testing demonstrates this relationship is specific to SNCA (p<0.002). This change in co-expression suggests an immunomodulatory role of SNCA that may provide insight into neurodegeneration. Genes showing similar co-expression patterns have been previously linked to Alzheimer’s (ANK1) and Parkinson’s disease (UBE2E2, PCMT1, HPRT1 and RIT2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Liscovitch
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Leon French
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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32
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Shared mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:648740. [PMID: 24900975 PMCID: PMC4037122 DOI: 10.1155/2014/648740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have markedly different clinical and pathological features, but these two diseases are the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies have showed that there are common mechanisms in AD and PD. Several genetic studies have revealed mutations in genes associated with the risk of AD and PD. Circumstantial evidences have shown that dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis leads to abnormal iron accumulation and results in AD as well as PD. α-Synuclein and tau take part in the mechanisms of these diseases by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Some studies indicated that the loss of LC noradrenergic neurons may occur early in the progression of AD and PD. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are members of the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels; some evidence showed that nicotinic receptors may be associated with AD and PD. These experimental and clinical studies may provide a scientific foundation for common shared mechanisms in AD and PD.
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33
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Mandas A, Dessì S. Mononuclear cells in dementia. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:278-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Park SB, Yoon JS, Jang SM, Lee KH, Shin SM. Computational Study on Oligomer Formation of Fibril-forming Peptide of α-Synuclein. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.3.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Postmortem Interval Influences α-Synuclein Expression in Parkinson Disease Brain. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:614212. [PMID: 22530163 PMCID: PMC3317023 DOI: 10.1155/2012/614212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Duplications and triplications of the α-synuclein (SNCA) gene increase risk for PD, suggesting increased expression levels of the gene to be associated with increased PD risk. However, past SNCA expression studies in brain tissue report inconsistent results. We examined expression of the full-length SNCA transcript (140 amino acid protein isoform), as well as total SNCA mRNA levels in 165 frontal cortex samples (101 PD, 64 control) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship of eight SNPs in both 5′ and 3′ regions of SNCA with the gene expression levels. The association between postmortem interval (PMI) and SNCA expression was different for PD and control samples: SNCA expression decreased with increasing PMI in cases, while staying relatively constant in controls. For short PMI, SNCA expression was increased in PD relative to control samples, whereas for long PMI, SNCA expression in PD was decreased relative to control samples.
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36
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Sae-Ung K, Uéda K, Govitrapong P, Phansuwan-Pujito P. Melatonin reduces the expression of alpha-synuclein in the dopamine containing neuronal regions of amphetamine-treated postnatal rats. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:128-37. [PMID: 21851386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a neuronal protein that is involved in various degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. It is found in the presynaptic terminals and perinuclear zones of many brain regions. Amphetamine (AMPH), a psychostimulant drug abused progressively more commonly in recent years, has been known to induce neurotoxicity in the central dopaminergic pathway, which is associated with increased oxidative stress. Recently, AMPH has been shown to significantly increase the level of α-syn in dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell cultures. Melatonin is recognized as an antioxidant for the nervous system. This study tested whether melatonin can attenuate the effect of AMPH on the expression of α-syn in the dopaminergic pathway of the neonatal rat. Four-day old postnatal rats (P4) were injected subcutaneously with either AMPH (increasing dose, 5-10 mg/kg daily) alone or AMPH with melatonin (2 mg/kg) daily at 10:00 AM for 7 consecutive days. As determined using Western blot, the level of α-syn was significantly increased in the substantia nigra, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex of the AMPH-treated group, while melatonin treatment either prior to AMPH or alone decreased the accumulation of the protein to 77%, 96%, 78%, and 77% of the control value, respectively. Furthermore, an immunofluorescent study showed that the α-syn-immunoreactivity increased noticeably in the nuclei of cell bodies and nerve terminals of the AMPH-treated group. Again, melatonin lowered this immunoreactivity. These results indicate that melatonin has a direct or indirect effect in reducing the expression of α-syn in the postnatal rat. The exact mechanism of this mitigation should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwankanit Sae-Ung
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Wattana, Bangkok, Thailand
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37
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Das S, Mukhopadhyay D. Intrinsically unstructured proteins and neurodegenerative diseases: Conformational promiscuity at its best. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:478-88. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Roodveldt C, Labrador-Garrido A, Gonzalez-Rey E, Fernandez-Montesinos R, Caro M, Lachaud CC, Waudby CA, Delgado M, Dobson CM, Pozo D. Glial innate immunity generated by non-aggregated alpha-synuclein in mouse: differences between wild-type and Parkinson's disease-linked mutants. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13481. [PMID: 21048992 PMCID: PMC2964342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the presence in the brain of intracellular protein inclusions highly enriched in aggregated alpha-synuclein (α-Syn). Although it has been established that progression of the disease is accompanied by sustained activation of microglia, the underlying molecules and factors involved in these immune-triggered mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Lately, accumulating evidence has shown the presence of extracellular α-Syn both in its aggregated and monomeric forms in cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma. However, the effect of extracellular α-Syn on cellular activation and immune mediators, as well as the impact of familial PD-linked α-Syn mutants on this stimulation, are still largely unknown. METHODS AND FINDINGS In this work, we have compared the activation profiles of non-aggregated, extracellular wild-type and PD-linked mutant α-Syn variants on primary glial and microglial cell cultures. After stimulation of cells with α-Syn, we measured the release of Th1- and Th2- type cytokines as well as IP-10/CXCL10, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2 and MIP-1α/CCL3 chemokines. Contrary to what had been observed using cell lines or for the case of aggregated α-Syn, we found strong differences in the immune response generated by wild-type α-Syn and the familial PD mutants (A30P, E46K and A53T). CONCLUSIONS These findings might contribute to explain the differences in the onset and progression of this highly debilitating disease, which could be of value in the development of rational approaches towards effective control of immune responses that are associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Roodveldt
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicos, University
of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Adahir Labrador-Garrido
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicos, University
of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicos, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernandez-Montesinos
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicos, University
of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Caro
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicos, Granada, Spain
| | - Christian C. Lachaud
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicos, University
of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
| | - Christopher A. Waudby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicos, Granada, Spain
| | | | - David Pozo
- CABIMER-Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative
Medicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicos, University
of Seville-UPO-Junta de Andalucia, Seville, Spain
- * E-mail:
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39
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Pontieri FE, Colosimo C. Dopaminergic system in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25:125-6. [PMID: 19735069 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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40
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Duran R, Barrero FJ, Morales B, Luna JD, Ramirez M, Vives F. Plasma α-synuclein in patients with Parkinson's disease with and without treatment. Mov Disord 2010; 25:489-93. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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41
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Yoon J, Jang S, Lee K, Shin S. Simulation Studies on the Stabilities of Aggregates Formed by Fibril-Forming Segments of α-Synuclein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2009; 27:259-70. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2009.10507314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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42
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Djaldetti R, Lev N, Melamed E. Lesions outside the CNS in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:793-800. [PMID: 19224610 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is not a simple movement disorder induced just by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Apparently, the substantia nigra is not the only or the first brain region damaged in PD. Moreover, older and recent studies have shown that the degenerative process in PD is much more extensive and affects not only the central nervous system (CNS) but also the peripheral autonomic nervous system and the organs outside the brain that the latter innervates. These include mainly the gastrointestinal tract, the heart, kidneys, urogenital system, and skin. Additional extra-CNS organs that are involved in PD include the eye and the adrenal gland. This article reviews the anatomical, physiological, and clinical features of extracerebral manifestations of PD, and describes their relevance to the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease. It establishes this illness as a systemic CNS and peripheral disorder that warrants new hypotheses regarding its causation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Djaldetti
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel.
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Structural Properties of Fibril-forming Segments of α-Synuclein. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.3.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Finnegan S, Robson JL, Wylie M, Healy A, Stitt AW, Curry WJ. Protein expression profiling during chick retinal maturation: a proteomics-based approach. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:34. [PMID: 19077203 PMCID: PMC2648947 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying pathways that drive retinal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis are still relatively poorly understood. Protein expression analysis can provide direct insight into these complex developmental processes. The aim of this study was therefore to employ proteomic analysis to study the developing chick retina throughout embryonic (E) development commencing at day 12 through 13, 17, 19 and post-hatch (P) 1 and 33 days. Results 2D proteomic and mass spectrometric analysis detected an average of 1514 spots per gel with 15 spots demonstrating either modulation or constitutive expression identified via MS. Proteins identified included alpha and beta-tubulin, alpha enolase, B-creatine kinase, gamma-actin, platelet-activating factor (PAF), PREDICTED: similar to TGF-beta interacting protein 1, capping protein (actin filament muscle Z line), nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase, triosphoaphate isomerase, DJ1, stathmin, fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7/B-FABP), beta-synuclein and enhancer of rudimentary homologue. Conclusion This study builds upon previous proteomic investigations of retinal development and represents the addition of a unique data set to those previously reported. Based on reported bioactivity some of the identified proteins are most likely to be important to normal retinal development in the chick. Continued analysis of the dynamic protein populations present at the early stages and throughout retinal development will increase our understanding of the molecular events underpinning retinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha Finnegan
- Centre for Vision Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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45
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Brodacki B, Staszewski J, Toczyłowska B, Kozłowska E, Drela N, Chalimoniuk M, Stępien A. Serum interleukin (IL-2, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4), TNFα, and INFγ concentrations are elevated in patients with atypical and idiopathic parkinsonism. Neurosci Lett 2008; 441:158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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46
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Roodveldt C, Christodoulou J, Dobson CM. Immunological features of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1820-9. [PMID: 18671754 PMCID: PMC4506153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the presence, in the brain, of intra-cellular protein inclusions highly enriched in aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn), known as Lewy bodies. The onset of PD is accompanied by a local immune reaction in regions of the brain affected by the inclusions, although the mechanism that leads to pathogenesis is far from clear. It is, however, established that disease onset and progression are characterized by sustained activation of microglia, which is linked to significant dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. A recent body of evidence indicates that aggregated or modified αSyn can indeed trigger the activation of microglia, inducing a lethal cascade of neuroinflammation and eventually, neuronal loss, pointing at aggregated and modified forms of αSyn as a primary cause of PD pathogenesis. By releasing toxic factors, or by phagocy-tosing neighbouring cells, activated microglia and astrocytes may form a self-perpetuating cycle for neuronal degeneration. Additional findings suggest a link between αSyn and humoural-mediated mechanisms in PD. In this review, we attempt to recapitulate our current understanding of PD physiopathology focused on αSyn and its links with the immune system, as well as of novel and promising therapeutic avenues for the treatment of PD and of other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Roodveldt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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47
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Ahmad M, Attoub S, Singh MN, Martin FL, El-Agnaf OMA. Gamma-synuclein and the progression of cancer. FASEB J 2007; 21:3419-30. [PMID: 17567567 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-8379rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synucleins are a small, soluble, highly conserved group of neuronal proteins that have been implicated in both neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The synuclein family consists of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-synucleins (gamma-syn). They are a natively unfolded group of proteins that share sequence homologies and structural properties. So far, the biological functions of the synucleins are still unclear, but their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer may provide insights into the pathological processes that result from these two groups of debilitating diseases, and present the possibility to use them as potential targets for early diagnosis and treatment. Recently, elevated levels of gamma-syn proteins have been detected in various types of cancer, especially in advanced stages of the disease. Furthermore, studies to date indicate that overexpression of gamma-syn compromises normal mitotic checkpoint controls, resulting in multinucleation as well as faster cell growth. Gamma-syn has also been shown to promote invasion and metastasis in in vitro assays as well as in animal models. Overexpression of gamma-syn also interferes with drug-induced apoptotic responses. These observations raise questions about the involvement of gamma-syn in the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis, and efforts have already been made to use gamma-syn as a marker for assessing breast cancer progression. This review will discuss the involvement of gamma-syn in cancer progression, metastasis and its potential as a marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfika Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates, Al Ain, PO BOX 17666, United Arab Emirates
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Xu J, Wei C, Xu C, Bennett MC, Zhang G, Li F, Tao E. Rifampicin protects PC12 cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis and inhibits the expression of an alpha-Synuclein multimer. Brain Res 2007; 1139:220-5. [PMID: 17280646 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential cytoprotective effects of the anti-leprosy antibiotic rifampicin were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells prior to intoxication with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP(+)). MPP(+) induced both apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and increased the expression of a 57 kDa species of alpha-Synuclein. This species of alpha-Synuclein is larger than the monomer, and is therefore an oligomer or an aggregated form of the protein. Rifampicin significantly increased survival of these catecholaminergic cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of the higher molecular mass alpha-Synuclein was increased by MPP(+) exposure, and its expression was inversely related to cell survival in the rifampicin-treated cells. Importantly, rifampicin suppressed apoptosis almost completely, without shifting the death cascade to necrosis, which is a problem that has been reported with caspase inhibitors of apoptosis (Hartmann, A., Troadec, J.D., Hunot, S., Kikly, K., Faucheux, B.A., Mouatt-Prigent, A., Ruberg, M. Agid, Y., Hirsch, E.C., 2001. Caspase-8 is an effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, but pathway inhibition results in neuronal necrosis. J. Neurosci. 21, 2247-2255). These results suggest that rifampicin improves survival of catecholamine- and alpha-Synuclein-containing cells, which degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD), and thus may be therapeutic in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, McKeith IG. Pathophysiology of synuclein aggregation in Lewy body disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:188-202. [PMID: 16297436 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of synaptic pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and related neurodegenerative disorders that are characterised by intraneuronal accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates. The review addresses the clinico-neuropathological correlates of synaptic pathology in Lewy body disease, and concentrates on: altered alpha-synuclein metabolism, mechanisms leading to alpha-synuclein fibril formation (self-polymerisation, alpha-synuclein mutations and post-translational modifications) and how these influence the axonal transport and synaptic network in ageing and disease process. Understanding the mechanisms leading to intraneuronal alpha-synuclein accumulation are crucial for the development of novel therapies for treatment of Lewy body disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta B Mukaetova-Ladinska
- Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle General Hospital, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK.
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Brandt I, De Vriendt K, Devreese B, Van Beeumen J, Van Dongen W, Augustyns K, De Meester I, Scharpé S, Lambeir AM. Search for substrates for prolyl oligopeptidase in porcine brain. Peptides 2005; 26:2536-46. [PMID: 15996789 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The function of prolyl oligopeptidase (PO) has been associated with several disorders of the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to identify endogenous substrates for recombinant porcine PO in porcine brain. The smaller polypeptides were extracted from total brain homogenates and fractionated by two-dimensional chromatography prior to incubation with PO. Shifts in the mass spectrum between the control and the incubated sample, marked potential substrates. Using MSMS peptide sequencing techniques, we identified several fragments of intracellular proteins as potential substrates, which opens new perspectives for finding the function of PO in the intracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Brandt
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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