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Ecevitoglu A, Beard KR, Srynath S, Edelstein GA, Olivares-Garcia R, Martinez-Verdu A, Meka N, Correa M, Salamone JD. Pharmacological characterization of sex differences in the effects of dopaminergic drugs on effort-based decision making in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06615-8. [PMID: 38842701 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Motivational dysfunctions related to effort exertion are common in psychiatric disorders. Dopamine systems regulate exertion of effort and effort-based choice in humans and rodents. OBJECTIVES Previous rodent studies mainly employed male rats, and it is imperative to conduct studies in male and female rats. METHODS The present studies compared the effort-related effects of IP injections of the dopamine antagonists ecopipam and haloperidol, and the vesicular monoamine transport-2 inhibitor tetrabenazine (TBZ), in male and female rats using the fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice task. RESULTS Ecopipam (0.05-0.2 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.05-0.15 mg/kg) induced a low-effort bias, decreasing lever pressing and increasing chow intake in males and females in the same dose range. With lever pressing, there was a modest but significant dose x sex interaction after ecopipam injection, but there was no significant interaction after administration of haloperidol. In the first study with TBZ (0.25-1.0 mg/kg), there was a robust sex difference. TBZ shifted choice from lever pressing to chow intake in male rats, but was ineffective in females. In a second experiment, 2.0 mg/kg affected choice behavior in both males and females. TBZ increased accumbens c-Fos immunoreactivity in a sex-dependent manner, with males significantly increasing at 1.0 mg/kg, while females showed augmented immunoreactivity at 2.0 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS The neural and behavioral effects of TBZ differed across sexes, emphasizing the importance of conducting studies in male and female rats. This research has implications for understanding the effort-related motivational dysfunctions seen in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Ecevitoglu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kathryn R Beard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sonia Srynath
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Gayle A Edelstein
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Regulo Olivares-Garcia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Campus de Riu Sec, Castelló, 12071, Spain
| | - Andrea Martinez-Verdu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Campus de Riu Sec, Castelló, 12071, Spain
| | - Nicolette Meka
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Campus de Riu Sec, Castelló, 12071, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Sardi NF, Pescador AC, Azevedo EM, Pochapski JA, Kukolj C, Spercoski KM, Andrade AJM, da Cunha C, Fischer L. Sleep and Pain: A Role for the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens, and Dopamine in the Increased Pain Sensitivity Following Sleep Restriction. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:331-349. [PMID: 37673193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent pain conditions and sleep disorders are public health problems worldwide. It is widely accepted that sleep disruption increases pain sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we used a protocol of 6 hours a day of total sleep deprivation for 3 days in rats to advance the understanding of these mechanisms. We focused on gender differences and the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system. The findings demonstrated that sleep restriction (SR) increased pain sensitivity in a similar way in males and females, without inducing a significant stress response. This pronociceptive effect depends on a nucleus accumbens (NAc) neuronal ensemble recruited during SR and on the integrity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Data on indirect dopaminergic parameters, dopamine transporter glycosylation, and dopamine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-regulated phosphoprotein-32 phosphorylation, as well as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine levels, suggest that dopaminergic function decreases in the NAc and ACC after SR. Complementarily, pharmacological activation of dopamine D2, but not D1 receptors either in the ACC or in the NAc prevents SR from increasing pain sensitivity. The ACC and NAc are the main targets of dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic projections with a key role in pain modulation. This study showed their integrative role in the pronociceptive effect of SR, pointing to dopamine D2 receptors as a potential target for pain management in patients with sleep disorders. These findings narrow the focus of future studies on the mechanisms by which sleep impairment increases pain sensitivity. PERSPECTIVE: This study demonstrates that the pronociceptive effect of SR affects similarly males and females and depends on a NAc neuronal ensemble recruited during SR and on the integrity of the ACC. Findings on dopaminergic function support dopamine D2 receptors as targets for pain management in sleep disorders patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia F Sardi
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ana C Pescador
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Evellyn M Azevedo
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - José A Pochapski
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Caroline Kukolj
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Katherinne M Spercoski
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil; Division of Biosciences, Federal University of Parana, Palotina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Anderson J M Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Claudio da Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Luana Fischer
- Department of Physiology, Division of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Rotolo RA, Ecevitoglu A, Presby RE, Lindgren H, Mombereau C, Nicholas C, Moore A, Edelstein GA, Correa M, Salamone JD. Effort-related effects of chronic administration of the DA D 2 receptor antagonist haloperidol via subcutaneous programmable minipumps: Reversal by co-administration of the adenosine A2A antagonist istradefylline. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2173-2185. [PMID: 37615683 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Long-acting antipsychotics such as haloperidol decanoate are becoming more commonly used. Long-acting depot formulations have several advantages, but secondary negative effects of prolonged delivery, including motivational dysfunctions, could have debilitating effects. Assessing the behavioral changes that emerge during chronic antipsychotic administration in rats could provide insight regarding the development of motivational dysfunctions and drug tolerance. OBJECTIVES Acute administration of dopamine D2 antagonists such as haloperidol induce motivational deficits in rats, as marked by a shift towards a low-effort bias during effort-based choice tasks. In the present studies, programmable subcutaneous infusion pumps provided continuous and controlled drug delivery of haloperidol. Animals were assessed using a fixed ratio (FR) 5 lever pressing schedule and the FR5/chow feeding test of effort-based choice. The adenosine A2A antagonist istradefylline was studied for its ability to reverse the effects of chronic haloperidol. RESULTS Continuous chronic infusions of haloperidol produced significant reductions in FR5 performance and a shift from lever pressing to chow intake in rats tested on FR5/chow feeding choice, with no evidence of tolerance over the 4-week infusion period. Behavior returned to baseline during the vehicle-infusion washout period. Istradefylline significantly reversed the effects of haloperidol, increasing lever pressing and decreasing chow intake in haloperidol-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide an important behavioral characterization of the effects of chronically infused haloperidol, and demonstrate that A2A antagonism reverses the effects of chronic haloperidol. This research could contribute to the understanding and treatment of motivational dysfunctions seen in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders involving dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Rotolo
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
- Present Address: Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alev Ecevitoglu
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Rose E Presby
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
- Present Address: Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hanna Lindgren
- Symptom Biology, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Cyrene Nicholas
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Alana Moore
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Gayle A Edelstein
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Merce Correa
- Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
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Ecevitoglu A, Edelstein GA, Presby RE, Rotolo RA, Yang JH, Quiles T, Okifo K, Conrad RT, Kovach A, Correa M, Salamone JD. Effects of the atypical antipsychotic and D3/D2 dopamine partial agonist cariprazine on effort-based choice behavior: implications for modeling avolition. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1747-1757. [PMID: 37358806 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cariprazine is an atypical antipsychotic that acts as a D3/D2 receptor partial agonist. In addition to treating positive symptoms of schizophrenia, cariprazine may have utility for treating negative symptoms. Rodent studies have focused on the effects of cariprazine on cognitive functions and behaviors thought to be related to anhedonia. Avolition, which is characterized by reduced initiation and persistence of goal-directed behavior, is another important negative symptom. OBJECTIVES Effort-related choice tasks have been used as animal models of avolition. In these studies, cariprazine was assessed for its effects on effort-based choice in both rats and mice. Previous work has shown that D2 antagonists such as haloperidol and eticlopride produce a low-effort bias in rodents tested on effort-based choice tasks. RESULTS Low doses of cariprazine produced a low-effort bias in rats tested on the fixed ratio 5/chow feeding choice task, decreasing lever pressing for high carbohydrate pellets but increasing chow intake. Cariprazine did not alter preference or intake of these foods in free-feeding tests. The effort-related effects of cariprazine were reversed by co-administration of the adenosine A2A antagonist istradefylline, and cariprazine failed to reverse the effort-related effects of the dopamine-depleting agent tetrabenazine. In mouse touchscreen choice tests, low doses of cariprazine also produced a low-effort bias, shifting behavior away from panel pressing. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that with these rodent models of avolition, cariprazine appears to act like a D2-family antagonist even at very low doses. Furthermore, the pharmacological regulation of avolition may differ from that of other negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Ecevitoglu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Gayle A Edelstein
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Rose E Presby
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Renee A Rotolo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jen-Hau Yang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Taina Quiles
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Okifo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ryan T Conrad
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ashley Kovach
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Campus de Riu Sec, 12071, Castellón de La Plana, Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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5
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Treadway MT, Salamone JD. Vigor, Effort-Related Aspects of Motivation and Anhedonia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 58:325-353. [PMID: 35505057 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter we provide an overview of the pharmacological and circuit mechanisms that determine the willingness to expend effort in pursuit of rewards. A particular focus will be on the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system, as well the contributing roles of limbic and cortical brains areas involved in the evaluation, selection, and invigoration of goal-directed actions. We begin with a review of preclinical studies, which have provided key insights into the brain systems that are necessary and sufficient for effort-based decision-making and have characterized novel compounds that enhance selection of high-effort activities. Next, we summarize translational studies identifying and expanding this circuitry in humans. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this work for understanding common motivational impairments as part of the broader anhedonia symptom domain associated with mental illness, and the identification of new treatment targets within this circuitry to improve motivation and effort-expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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6
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Maya-Romero AM, Dodd GE, Landin JD, Zaremba HK, Allen OF, Bilbow MA, Hammaker RD, Santerre-Anderson JL. Adolescent high-fructose corn syrup consumption leads to dysfunction in adult affective behaviors and mesolimbic proteins in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113687. [PMID: 34838930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period of development, during which the brain undergoes rapid maturation. Problematically, adolescents are the top consumers of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) sweetened beverages and snacks, which may have neurodevelopmental consequences. While HFCS consumption has been linked to an increased likelihood of obesity and other physical health impairments, the link between HFCS and persistent behavioral changes is not yet fully established. The present study aimed to assess whether adolescent HFCS consumption could lead to alterations in adult behaviors and protein expression, following cessation. Adolescent HFCS-exposure contributed to deficits in learning and motivation on an effort-related T-Maze procedure, as well as increased immobility time in the forced swim paradigm during adulthood. Molecularly, protracted decreases in accumbal dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and protein kinase G (PKG), as well as increases in tyrosine hydroxylase and GluA2 receptor subunits, were observed following HFCS-exposure. Taken together, these data suggest that adolescent HFCS-consumption leads to protracted dysfunction in affective behaviors and alterations in accumbal proteins which persist following cessation of HFCS-consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Maya-Romero
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Gina E Dodd
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Justine D Landin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Helen K Zaremba
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Omar F Allen
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie A Bilbow
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Rhyce D Hammaker
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L Santerre-Anderson
- Department of Psychology, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA; Program in Neuroscience, King's College, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA.
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7
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Gomes JI, Farinha-Ferreira M, Rei N, Gonçalves-Ribeiro J, Ribeiro JA, Sebastião AM, Vaz SH. Of adenosine and the blues: The adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105363. [PMID: 33285234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the foremost cause of global disability, being responsible for enormous personal, societal, and economical costs. Importantly, existing pharmacological treatments for MDD are partially or totally ineffective in a large segment of patients. As such, the search for novel antidepressant drug targets, anchored on a clear understanding of the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MDD, becomes of the utmost importance. The adenosinergic system, a highly conserved neuromodulatory system, appears as a promising novel target, given both its regulatory actions over many MDD-affected systems and processes. With this goal in mind, we herein review the evidence concerning the role of adenosine as a potential player in pathophysiology and treatment of MDD, combining data from both human and animal studies. Altogether, evidence supports the assertions that the adenosinergic system is altered in both MDD patients and animal models, and that drugs targeting this system have considerable potential as putative antidepressants. Furthermore, evidence also suggests that modifications in adenosine signaling may have a key role in the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological antidepressant treatments with demonstrated efficacy, such as electroconvulsive shock, sleep deprivation, and deep brain stimulation. Lastly, it becomes clear from the available literature that there is yet much to study regarding the role of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD, and we suggest several avenues of research that are likely to prove fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nádia Rei
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim A Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Pardo M, Paul NE, Collins-Praino LE, Salamone JD, Correa M. The non-selective adenosine antagonist theophylline reverses the effects of dopamine antagonism on tremor, motor activity and effort-based decision-making. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173035. [PMID: 32910928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence indicates that adenosine and dopamine systems interact in the regulation of basal ganglia function. Nonselective adenosine antagonists such as the methylxanthine caffeine as well as selective adenosine A2A antagonists have been shown to produce antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effects in animal models. The present studies were conducted to assess if another methylxantine, theophylline, can reverse motor and motivational impairments induced by dopamine antagonism in rats. RESULTS: Theophylline (3.75-30.0 mg/kg, IP) reversed tremulous jaw movements (TJMs), catalepsy, and locomotor suppression induced by the dopamine D2 antagonist pimozide. It also reversed TJMs induced by the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine, which is a well-known tremorogenic agent. Parallel studies assessed the ability of theophylline (5.0-20.0 mg/kg, IP) to reverse the changes in effort-related choice behavior induced by the dopamine D1 antagonist ecopipam (0.2 mg/kg, IP) and the D2 antagonist haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, IP). Rats were tested on two different operant choice tasks which assess the tendency to work for a preferred reinforcer by lever pressing (for palatable pellets or a high 5% sucrose solution) vs. approaching and consuming a less preferred reinforcer (freely available lab chow or a less concentrated 0.3% sucrose solution). Theophylline restored food and sucrose-reinforced lever pressing in animals treated with the D2 antagonist. However, it was unable to reverse the effects of the D1 antagonist. Overall, the effects of theophylline resembled those previously reported for adenosine A2A antagonists, and suggest that theophylline could be clinically useful for the treatment of motor and motivational symptoms in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pardo
- Dept. Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Nicholas E Paul
- Dept. Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | | | - John D Salamone
- Dept. Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Mercè Correa
- Dept. Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain; Dept. Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
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9
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Adenosine A2A receptor as potential therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Salamone JD, Correa M, Ferrigno S, Yang JH, Rotolo RA, Presby RE. The Psychopharmacology of Effort-Related Decision Making: Dopamine, Adenosine, and Insights into the Neurochemistry of Motivation. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:747-762. [PMID: 30209181 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.015107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effort-based decision making is studied using tasks that offer choices between high-effort options leading to more highly valued reinforcers versus low-effort/low-reward options. These tasks have been used to study the involvement of neural systems, including mesolimbic dopamine and related circuits, in effort-related aspects of motivation. Moreover, such tasks are useful as animal models of some of the motivational symptoms that are seen in people with depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders. The present review will discuss the pharmacology of effort-related decision making and will focus on the use of these tasks for the development of drug treatments for motivational dysfunction. Research has identified pharmacological conditions that can alter effort-based choice and serve as models for depression-related symptoms (e.g., the vesicular monoamine transport-2 inhibitor tetrabenazine and proinflammatory cytokines). Furthermore, tests of effort-based choice have identified compounds that are particularly useful for stimulating high-effort work output and reversing the deficits induced by tetrabenazine and cytokines. These studies indicate that drugs that act by facilitating dopamine transmission, as well as adenosine A2A antagonists, are relatively effective at reversing effort-related impairments. Studies of effort-based choice may lead to the identification of drug targets that could be useful for treating motivational treatments that are resistant to commonly used antidepressants such as serotonin transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.D.S., S.F., J.-H.Y., R.A.R., R.E.P.); and Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló, Spain (M.C.)
| | - Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.D.S., S.F., J.-H.Y., R.A.R., R.E.P.); and Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló, Spain (M.C.)
| | - Sarah Ferrigno
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.D.S., S.F., J.-H.Y., R.A.R., R.E.P.); and Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló, Spain (M.C.)
| | - Jen-Hau Yang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.D.S., S.F., J.-H.Y., R.A.R., R.E.P.); and Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló, Spain (M.C.)
| | - Renee A Rotolo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.D.S., S.F., J.-H.Y., R.A.R., R.E.P.); and Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló, Spain (M.C.)
| | - Rose E Presby
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut (J.D.S., S.F., J.-H.Y., R.A.R., R.E.P.); and Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló, Spain (M.C.)
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Ferré S, Díaz-Ríos M, Salamone JD, Prediger RD. New Developments on the Adenosine Mechanisms of the Central Effects of Caffeine and Their Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018; 8:121-131. [PMID: 30596206 PMCID: PMC6306650 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2018.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on interactions between striatal adenosine and dopamine and one of its main targets, the adenosine A2A receptor–dopamine D2 receptor (A2AR–D2R) heteromer, have provided a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the psychostimulant effects of caffeine and have brought forward new data on the mechanisms of operation of classical orthosteric ligands within G protein-coupled receptor heteromers. The striatal A2AR–D2R heteromer has a tetrameric structure and forms part of a signaling complex that includes a Gs and a Gi protein and the effector adenyl cyclase (subtype AC5). Another target of caffeine, the adenosine A1 receptor–dopamine D1 receptor (A1R–D1R) heteromer, seems to have a very similar structure. Initially suggested to be localized in the striatum, the A1R–D1R heteromer has now been identified in the spinal motoneuron and shown to mediate the spinally generated caffeine-induced locomotion. In this study, we review the recently discovered properties of A2AR–D2R and A1R–D1R heteromers. Our studies demonstrate that these complexes are a necessary condition to sustain the canonical antagonistic interaction between a Gs-coupled receptor (A2AR or D1R) and a Gi-coupled receptor (D2R or A1R) at the adenylyl cyclase level, which constitutes a new concept in the field of G protein-coupled receptor physiology and pharmacology. A2AR antagonists targeting the striatal A2AR–D2R heteromer are already being considered as therapeutic agents in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we review the preclinical evidence that indicates that caffeine and A2AR antagonists could be used to treat the motivational symptoms of depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, while A1R antagonists selectively targeting the spinal A1R–D1R heteromer could be used in the recovery of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Manuel Díaz-Ríos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Dissociable roles of the nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 receptors in regulating cue-elicited approach-avoidance conflict decision-making. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2233-2244. [PMID: 29737363 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Approach and avoidance decisions are made when an animal experiences a state of motivational conflict inflicted by stimuli imbued with both positive and negative valences. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a site where valenced information and action selection converge, has recently been found to be critically involved in the resolution of approach-avoidance conflict. However, the individual roles of the region's dopamine receptor D1 (D1R)- and D2 (D2R)-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in regulating conflict resolution have not been well established. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined the roles of NAc D1R and D2R in cue-elicited approach-avoidance decision-making. METHODS Using a conditioned mixed-valence conflict paradigm, rats were initially trained in a radial maze to associate separate visuotactile cues with sucrose reward, foot shock punishment, and no outcome. Following acquisition of the cue-outcome associations, rats were subjected to a conditioned approach-avoidance conflict scenario, in which they were presented with a maze arm containing a superimposition of the reward and punishment cues, and another arm containing neutral cues. RESULTS Post-training intra-NAc D1R antagonism (SCH23390) led to an avoidance of the arm containing the mixed-valence cue over the neutral arm, whereas intra-NAc D2R antagonism (sulpiride) resulted in rats exhibiting a preference for the mixed-valence arm. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that NAc D1R and D2R exert differential control over decision-making involving cue-elicited approach-avoidance conflict resolution.
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López-Cruz L, San Miguel N, Carratalá-Ros C, Monferrer L, Salamone JD, Correa M. Dopamine depletion shifts behavior from activity based reinforcers to more sedentary ones and adenosine receptor antagonism reverses that shift: Relation to ventral striatum DARPP32 phosphorylation patterns. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:349-359. [PMID: 29408363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system plays a critical role in behavioral activation and effort-based decision-making. DA depletion produces anergia (shifts to low effort options) in animals tested on effort-based decision-making tasks. Caffeine, the most consumed stimulant in the world, acts as an adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist, and in striatal areas DA D1 and D2 receptors are co-localized with adenosine A1 and A2A receptors respectively. In the present work, we evaluated the effect of caffeine on anergia induced by the VMAT-2 inhibitor tetrabenazine (TBZ), which depletes DA. Anergia was evaluated in a three-chamber T-maze task in which animals can chose between running on a wheel (RW) vs. sedentary activities such as consuming sucrose or sniffing a neutral odor. TBZ-caffeine interactions in ventral striatum were evaluated using DARPP-32 phosphorylation patterns as an intracellular marker of DA-adenosine receptor interaction. In the T-maze, control mice spent more time running and much less consuming sucrose or sniffing. TBZ (4.0 mg/kg) reduced ventral striatal DA tissue levels as measured by HPLC, and also shifted preferences in the T-maze, reducing selection of the reinforcer that involved vigorous activity (RW), but increasing consumption of a reinforcer that required little effort (sucrose), at doses that had no effect on independent measures of appetite or locomotion in a RW. Caffeine at doses that had no effect on their own reversed the effects of TBZ on T-maze performance, and also suppressed TBZ-induced pDARPP-32(Thr34) expression as measured by western blot, suggesting a role for D2-A2A interactions. These results support the idea that DA depletion produces anergia, but does not affect the primary motivational effects of sucrose. Caffeine, possibly by acting on A2A receptors in ventral striatum, reversed the DA depletion effects. It is possible that caffeine, like selective adenosine A2A antagonists, could have some therapeutic benefit for treating effort-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Cruz
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Noemí San Miguel
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Carla Carratalá-Ros
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Lidón Monferrer
- Àrea de Didàctica Ciències Experimentals, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Behavioral Neuroscience Div., University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269-1020 CT, USA
| | - Mercè Correa
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain; Behavioral Neuroscience Div., University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269-1020 CT, USA.
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Cacciatore I, Ciulla M, Marinelli L, Eusepi P, Di Stefano A. Advances in prodrug design for Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:295-305. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1429400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Ciulla
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piera Eusepi
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University ‘G. D’Annunzio’ Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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15
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Yohn SE, Arif Y, Haley A, Tripodi G, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Miguel NS, Correa M, Salamone JD. Effort-related motivational effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6: pharmacological and neurochemical characterization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3575-86. [PMID: 27497935 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Motivational dysfunctions such as anergia, fatigue, and reduced effort expenditure are common in patients with depression and other disorders. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are implicated in depression, and cytokine administration induces motivational deficits in humans. OBJECTIVES These studies focused on the effects of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) on effort-related decision-making. METHODS Rats were assessed using the concurrent fixed ratio 5-lever pressing/chow feeding choice procedure, which measures the tendency of rats to work for a preferred food (high carbohydrate pellets) in the presence of a concurrently available but less preferred substitute (lab chow). RESULTS IL-6 (2.0-8.0 μg/kg IP) shifted choice behavior, significantly decreasing lever pressing and increasing chow intake. Further experiments showed that the adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 and the stimulant methylphenidate attenuated the effort-related impairments produced by IL-6, increasing lever pressing and decreasing chow intake in IL-6 treated rats. The same doses of IL-6 did not alter food intake or preference in parallel free-feeding choice studies, demonstrating that these low doses were not altering preference for the high carbohydrate pellets or generally suppressing appetite. Also, IL-6 did not affect body temperature. Microdialysis studies showed that 8.0 μg/kg IL-6 significantly decreased extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens core. CONCLUSIONS In summary, IL-6 reduces the tendency to work for food, even at low doses that do not produce fever or loss of appetite. Dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in these effort-related effects. This research has implications for the involvement of cytokines in motivational dysfunctions such as anergia and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Yohn
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Yumna Arif
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Allison Haley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Guiseppe Tripodi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Younis Baqi
- Universität Bonn, Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Christa E Müller
- Universität Bonn, Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Noemi San Miguel
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
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16
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Long LL, Podurgiel SJ, Haque AF, Errante EL, Chrobak JJ, Salamone JD. Subthalamic and Cortical Local Field Potentials Associated with Pilocarpine-Induced Oral Tremor in the Rat. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:123. [PMID: 27378874 PMCID: PMC4911403 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) are rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw that resemble chewing but are not directed at any particular stimulus. In rodents, TJMs are induced by neurochemical conditions that parallel those seen in human Parkinsonism, including neurotoxic or pharmacological depletion of striatal dopamine (DA), DA antagonism, and cholinomimetic administration. Moreover, TJMs in rodents can be attenuated by antiparkinsonian agents, including levodopa (L-DOPA), DA agonists, muscarinic antagonists, and adenosine A2A antagonists. In human Parkinsonian patients, exaggerated physiological synchrony is seen in the beta frequency band in various parts of the cortical/basal ganglia/thalamic circuitry, and activity in the tremor frequency range (3–7 Hz) also has been recorded. The present studies were undertaken to determine if tremor-related local field potential (LFP) activity could be recorded from motor cortex (M1) or subthalamic nucleus (STN) during the TJMs induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine, which is a well-known tremorogenic agent. Pilocarpine induced a robust TJM response that was marked by rhythmic electromyographic (EMG) activity in the temporalis muscle. Compared to periods with no tremor activity, TJM epochs were characterized by increased LFP activity in the tremor frequency range in both neocortex and STN. Tremor activity was not associated with increased synchrony in the beta frequency band. These studies identified tremor-related LFP activity in parts of the cortical/basal ganglia circuitry that are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism. This research may ultimately lead to identification of the oscillatory neural mechanisms involved in the generation of tremulous activity, and promote development of novel treatments for tremor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Long
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Aileen F Haque
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Errante
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - James J Chrobak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
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Lloyd K, Dayan P. Safety out of control: dopamine and defence. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2016; 12:15. [PMID: 27216176 PMCID: PMC4878001 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We enjoy a sophisticated understanding of how animals learn to predict appetitive outcomes and direct their behaviour accordingly. This encompasses well-defined learning algorithms and details of how these might be implemented in the brain. Dopamine has played an important part in this unfolding story, appearing to embody a learning signal for predicting rewards and stamping in useful actions, while also being a modulator of behavioural vigour. By contrast, although choosing correct actions and executing them vigorously in the face of adversity is at least as important, our understanding of learning and behaviour in aversive settings is less well developed. We examine aversive processing through the medium of the role of dopamine and targets such as D2 receptors in the striatum. We consider critical factors such as the degree of control that an animal believes it exerts over key aspects of its environment, the distinction between 'better' and 'good' actual or predicted future states, and the potential requirement for a particular form of opponent to dopamine to ensure proper calibration of state values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lloyd
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, 25 Howland Street, London, UK
| | - Peter Dayan
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, 25 Howland Street, London, UK
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18
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Salamone JD, Yohn SE, López-Cruz L, San Miguel N, Correa M. Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology. Brain 2016; 139:1325-47. [PMID: 27189581 PMCID: PMC5839596 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation has been defined as the process that allows organisms to regulate their internal and external environment, and control the probability, proximity and availability of stimuli. As such, motivation is a complex process that is critical for survival, which involves multiple behavioural functions mediated by a number of interacting neural circuits. Classical theories of motivation suggest that there are both directional and activational aspects of motivation, and activational aspects (i.e. speed and vigour of both the instigation and persistence of behaviour) are critical for enabling organisms to overcome work-related obstacles or constraints that separate them from significant stimuli. The present review discusses the role of brain dopamine and related circuits in behavioural activation, exertion of effort in instrumental behaviour, and effort-related decision-making, based upon both animal and human studies. Impairments in behavioural activation and effort-related aspects of motivation are associated with psychiatric symptoms such as anergia, fatigue, lassitude and psychomotor retardation, which cross multiple pathologies, including depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, this review also attempts to provide an interdisciplinary approach that integrates findings from basic behavioural neuroscience, behavioural economics, clinical neuropsychology, psychiatry, and neurology, to provide a coherent framework for future research and theory in this critical field. Although dopamine systems are a critical part of the brain circuitry regulating behavioural activation, exertion of effort, and effort-related decision-making, mesolimbic dopamine is only one part of a distributed circuitry that includes multiple neurotransmitters and brain areas. Overall, there is a striking similarity between the brain areas involved in behavioural activation and effort-related processes in rodents and in humans. Animal models of effort-related decision-making are highly translatable to humans, and an emerging body of evidence indicates that alterations in effort-based decision-making are evident in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. People with major depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease show evidence of decision-making biases towards a lower exertion of effort. Translational studies linking research with animal models, human volunteers, and clinical populations are greatly expanding our knowledge about the neural basis of effort-related motivational dysfunction, and it is hoped that this research will ultimately lead to improved treatment for motivational and psychomotor symptoms in psychiatry and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Samantha E Yohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Laura López-Cruz
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Noemí San Miguel
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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Salamone JD, Correa M, Yohn S, Lopez Cruz L, San Miguel N, Alatorre L. The pharmacology of effort-related choice behavior: Dopamine, depression, and individual differences. Behav Processes 2016; 127:3-17. [PMID: 26899746 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review paper is focused upon the involvement of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) and related brain systems in effort-based processes. Interference with DA transmission affects instrumental behavior in a manner that interacts with the response requirements of the task, such that rats with impaired DA transmission show a heightened sensitivity to ratio requirements. Impaired DA transmission also affects effort-related choice behavior, which is assessed by tasks that offer a choice between a preferred reinforcer that has a high work requirement vs. less preferred reinforcer that can be obtained with minimal effort. Rats and mice with impaired DA transmission reallocate instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response costs, and show increased selection of low reinforcement/low cost options. Tests of effort-related choice have been developed into models of pathological symptoms of motivation that are seen in disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. These models are being employed to explore the effects of conditions associated with various psychopathologies, and to assess drugs for their potential utility as treatments for effort-related symptoms. Studies of the pharmacology of effort-based choice may contribute to the development of treatments for symptoms such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue or anergia, which are seen in depression and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Salamone
- Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
| | - Merce Correa
- Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA; Area de Psicobiol., Dept. Psic., Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Samantha Yohn
- Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Laura Lopez Cruz
- Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA; Area de Psicobiol., Dept. Psic., Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló 12071, Spain
| | - Noemi San Miguel
- Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA; Area de Psicobiol., Dept. Psic., Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló 12071, Spain
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Correa M, Pardo M, Bayarri P, López-Cruz L, San Miguel N, Valverde O, Ledent C, Salamone JD. Choosing voluntary exercise over sucrose consumption depends upon dopamine transmission: effects of haloperidol in wild type and adenosine A₂AKO mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:393-404. [PMID: 26554387 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) regulates behavioral activation and effort-related decision-making in motivated behaviors. Mesolimbic DA D2 receptors are co-localized with adenosine A2A receptors, and they interact in an antagonistic manner. OBJECTIVES A T-maze task was developed to assess dopaminergic involvement in preference between a reinforcer that involves vigorous voluntary activity (running wheel) and a reinforcer that requires minimal behavioral activation (sucrose pellets). Haloperidol (D2 antagonist) was administered to adenosine A2A receptor knockout (A2AKO) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls to assess the involvement of these two receptors in the selection of running wheel activity versus sucrose consumption. RESULTS Under control conditions, mice spent more time running and less time eating. In WT mice, haloperidol reduced time running but actually increased time-consuming sucrose. However, A2AKO mice did not show the haloperidol-induced shift from running wheel activity to sucrose intake. Prefeeding reduced sucrose consumption in the T-maze in both strains, indicating that this paradigm is sensitive to motivational devaluation. Haloperidol increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACg) and nucleus accumbens (Acb) core of WT but not KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that after DA antagonism, the preference for vigorous physical activity is reduced, while palatable food selection increases. Adenosine A2A receptor deletion provides resistance to these effects of D2 receptor antagonism. These two receptors in Acb core and ACg seem to be involved in the regulation of the intrinsic reinforcing characteristics of voluntary exercise but not in the regulation of the primary reinforcing characteristics of palatable sedentary reinforcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Marta Pardo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Pilar Bayarri
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Laura López-Cruz
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Noemí San Miguel
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Olga Valverde
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Catherine Ledent
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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Podurgiel SJ, Spencer T, Kovner R, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Correa M, Salamone JD. Induction of oral tremor in mice by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine: Reversal with adenosine A2A antagonism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 140:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Yohn SE, Santerre JL, Nunes EJ, Kozak R, Podurgiel SJ, Correa M, Salamone JD. The role of dopamine D1 receptor transmission in effort-related choice behavior: Effects of D1 agonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 135:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Yohn SE, Thompson C, Randall PA, Lee CA, Müller CE, Baqi Y, Correa M, Salamone JD. The VMAT-2 inhibitor tetrabenazine alters effort-related decision making as measured by the T-maze barrier choice task: reversal with the adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 and the catecholamine uptake blocker bupropion. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1313-23. [PMID: 25323625 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depressed people show effort-related motivational symptoms, such as anergia, retardation, lassitude, and fatigue. Animal tests can model these motivational symptoms, and the present studies characterized the effort-related effects of the vesicular monoamine transport (VMAT-2) inhibitor tetrabenazine. Tetrabenazine produces depressive symptoms in humans and, at low doses, preferentially depletes dopamine. OBJECTIVES The current studies investigated the effects of tetrabenazine on effort-based decision making using the T-maze barrier task. METHODS Rats were tested in a T-maze in which the choice arms of the maze contain different reinforcement densities, and under some conditions, a vertical barrier was placed in the high-density arm to provide an effort-related challenge. The first experiment assessed the effects of tetrabenazine under different maze conditions: a barrier in the arm with 4 food pellets and 2 pellets in the no barrier arm (4-2 barrier), 4 pellets in one arm and 2 pellets in the other with no barrier in either arm (no barrier), and 4 pellets in the barrier arm with no pellets in the other (4-0 barrier). RESULTS Tetrabenazine (0.25-0.75 mg/kg IP) decreased selection of the high cost/high reward arm when the barrier was present, but had no effect on choice under the no barrier and 4-0 barrier conditions. The effects of tetrabenazine on barrier climbing in the 4-2 condition were reversed by the adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 and the catecholamine uptake inhibitor and antidepressant bupropion. CONCLUSIONS These studies have implications for the development of animal models of the motivational symptoms of depression and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Yohn
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
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Randall PA, Lee CA, Podurgiel SJ, Hart E, Yohn SE, Jones M, Rowland M, López-Cruz L, Correa M, Salamone JD. Bupropion increases selection of high effort activity in rats tested on a progressive ratio/chow feeding choice procedure: implications for treatment of effort-related motivational symptoms. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu017. [PMID: 25575584 PMCID: PMC4368885 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and related disorders are characterized by deficits in behavioral activation, exertion of effort, and other psychomotor/motivational dysfunctions. Depressed patients show alterations in effort-related decision making and a bias towards selection of low effort activities. It has been suggested that animal tests of effort-related decision making could be useful as models of motivational dysfunctions seen in psychopathology. METHODS Because clinical studies have suggested that inhibition of catecholamine uptake may be a useful strategy for treatment of effort-related motivational symptoms, the present research assessed the ability of bupropion to increase work output in rats responding on a test of effort-related decision-making (ie, a progressive ratio/chow feeding choice task). With this task, rats can choose between working for a preferred food (high-carbohydrate pellets) by lever pressing on a progressive ratio schedule vs obtaining a less preferred laboratory chow that is freely available in the chamber. RESULTS Bupropion (10.0-40.0 mg/kg intraperitoneal) significantly increased all measures of progressive ratio lever pressing, but decreased chow intake. These effects were greatest in animals with low baseline levels of work output on the progressive ratio schedule. Because accumbens dopamine is implicated in effort-related processes, the effects of bupropion on markers of accumbens dopamine transmission were examined. Bupropion elevated extracellular dopamine levels in accumbens core as measured by microdialysis and increased phosphorylated dopamine and cyclic-AMP related phosphoprotein 32 kDaltons (pDARPP-32) immunoreactivity in a manner consistent with D1 and D2 receptor stimulation. CONCLUSION The ability of bupropion to increase exertion of effort in instrumental behavior may have implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of effort-related motivational symptoms in humans.
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Salamone JD, Podurgiel S, Collins-Praino LE, Correa M. Physiological and Behavioral Assessment of Tremor in Rodents. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Salamone JD, Pardo M, Yohn SE, López-Cruz L, SanMiguel N, Correa M. Mesolimbic Dopamine and the Regulation of Motivated Behavior. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 27:231-57. [PMID: 26323245 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for some time that nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) is involved in aspects of motivation , but theoretical approaches to understanding the functions of DA have continued to evolve based upon emerging data and novel concepts. Although it has become traditional to label DA neurons as "reward" neurons, the actual findings are more complicated than that, because they indicate that DA neurons can respond to a variety of motivationally significant stimuli. Moreover, it is important to distinguish between aspects of motivation that are differentially affected by dopaminergic manipulations. Studies that involve nucleus accumbens DA antagonism or depletion indicate that accumbens DA does not mediate primary food motivation or appetite. Nevertheless, DA is involved in appetitive and aversive motivational processes including behavioral activation , exertion of effort, sustained task engagement, and Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer. Interference with accumbens DA transmission affects instrumental behavior in a manner that interacts with the response requirements of the task and also shifts effort-related choice behavior, biasing animals toward low-effort alternatives. Dysfunctions of mesolimbic DA may contribute to motivational symptoms seen in various psychopathologies, including depression , schizophrenia, parkinsonism, and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.
| | - Marta Pardo
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Samantha E Yohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA
| | - Laura López-Cruz
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Noemí SanMiguel
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, USA.,Àrea de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castelló, Spain
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Yuan G, Gedeon NG, Jankins TC, Jones GB. Novel approaches for targeting the adenosine A2Areceptor. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:63-80. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.971006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Schwartz N, Temkin P, Jurado S, Lim BK, Heifets BD, Polepalli JS, Malenka RC. Chronic pain. Decreased motivation during chronic pain requires long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens. Science 2014; 345:535-42. [PMID: 25082697 DOI: 10.1126/science.1253994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several symptoms associated with chronic pain, including fatigue and depression, are characterized by reduced motivation to initiate or complete goal-directed tasks. However, it is unknown whether maladaptive modifications in neural circuits that regulate motivation occur during chronic pain. Here, we demonstrate that the decreased motivation elicited in mice by two different models of chronic pain requires a galanin receptor 1-triggered depression of excitatory synaptic transmission in indirect pathway nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons. These results demonstrate a previously unknown pathological adaption in a key node of motivational neural circuitry that is required for one of the major sequela of chronic pain states and syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Schwartz
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Temkin
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra Jurado
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Boris D Heifets
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jai S Polepalli
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Randall PA, Lee CA, Nunes EJ, Yohn SE, Nowak V, Khan B, Shah P, Pandit S, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Correa M, Salamone JD. The VMAT-2 inhibitor tetrabenazine affects effort-related decision making in a progressive ratio/chow feeding choice task: reversal with antidepressant drugs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99320. [PMID: 24937131 PMCID: PMC4061002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral activation is a fundamental feature of motivation, and organisms frequently make effort-related decisions based upon evaluations of reinforcement value and response costs. Furthermore, people with major depression and other disorders often show anergia, psychomotor retardation, fatigue, and alterations in effort-related decision making. Tasks measuring effort-based decision making can be used as animal models of the motivational symptoms of depression, and the present studies characterized the effort-related effects of the vesicular monoamine transport (VMAT-2) inhibitor tetrabenazine. Tetrabenazine induces depressive symptoms in humans, and also preferentially depletes dopamine (DA). Rats were assessed using a concurrent progressive ratio (PROG)/chow feeding task, in which they can either lever press on a PROG schedule for preferred high-carbohydrate food, or approach and consume a less-preferred lab chow that is freely available in the chamber. Previous work has shown that the DA antagonist haloperidol reduced PROG work output on this task, but did not reduce chow intake, effects that differed substantially from those of reinforcer devaluation or appetite suppressant drugs. The present work demonstrated that tetrabenazine produced an effort-related shift in responding on the PROG/chow procedure, reducing lever presses, highest ratio achieved and time spent responding, but not reducing chow intake. Similar effects were produced by administration of the subtype selective DA antagonists ecopipam (D1) and eticlopride (D2), but not by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor neutral antagonist and putative appetite suppressant AM 4413, which suppressed both lever pressing and chow intake. The adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3, the antidepressant and catecholamine uptake inhibitor bupropion, and the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl, all reversed the impairments induced by tetrabenazine. This work demonstrates the potential utility of the PROG/chow procedure as a rodent model of the effort-related deficits observed in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. Randall
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christie A. Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Nunes
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Samantha E. Yohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Victoria Nowak
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bilal Khan
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Priya Shah
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Saagar Pandit
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - V. Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Younis Baqi
- Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Merce Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - John D. Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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López-Cruz L, Pardo M, Salamone JD, Correa M. Differences between the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists caffeine and theophylline in motor and mood effects: studies using medium to high doses in animal models. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:213-22. [PMID: 24859174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine and theophylline are methylxanthines that are broadly consumed, sometimes at high doses, and act as minor psychostimulants. Both are nonselective adenosine antagonists for A1 and A2A receptors, which are colocalized with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in striatal areas. Adenosine antagonists generally have opposite actions to those of dopamine antagonists. Although the effects of caffeine are widely known, theophylline has been much less well characterized, especially at high doses. METHODS Adult male CD1 mice were used to study the effect of a broad range of doses (25.0, 50.0 or 100.0mg/kg) of caffeine and theophylline on measures of spontaneous locomotion and coordination, as well as the pattern of c-Fos immunoreactivity in brain areas rich in adenosine and dopamine receptors. In addition, we evaluated possible anxiety and stress effects of these doses. RESULTS Caffeine, at these doses, impaired or suppressed locomotion in several paradigms. However, theophylline was less potent than caffeine at suppressing motor parameters, and even stimulated locomotion. Both drugs induced corticosterone release, however caffeine was more efficacious at intermediate doses. While caffeine showed an anxiogenic profile at all doses, theophylline only did so at the highest dose used (50mg/kg). Only theophylline increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in cortical areas. CONCLUSION Theophylline has fewer disruptive effects than caffeine on motor parameters and produces less stress and anxiety effects. These results are relevant for understanding the potential side effects of methylxanthines when consumed at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Cruz
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Marta Pardo
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Mercè Correa
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain; Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
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Nunes EJ, Randall PA, Estrada A, Epling B, Hart EE, Lee CA, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Correa M, Salamone JD. Effort-related motivational effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta: studies with the concurrent fixed ratio 5/ chow feeding choice task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:727-36. [PMID: 24136220 PMCID: PMC4468782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Effort-related motivational symptoms such as anergia and fatigue are common in patients with depression and other disorders. Research implicates pro-inflammatory cytokines in depression, and administration of cytokines can induce effort-related motivational symptoms in humans. OBJECTIVES The present experiments focused on the effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) on effort-related choice behavior. METHODS Rats were tested on a concurrent fixed ratio 5 lever pressing/chow feeding choice procedure, which assesses the tendency of rats to work for a preferred food (high carbohydrate pellets) in the presence of a concurrently available but less preferred substitute (laboratory chow). RESULTS IL-1β (1.0-4.0 μg/kg IP) shifted choice behavior, significantly decreasing lever pressing and increasing intake of the freely available chow. The second experiment assessed the ability of the adenosine A2A antagonist (E)-phosphoric acid mono-[3-[8-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]-7-methyl-2,6-dioxo-1-prop-2-ynyl-1,2,6,7-tetrahydropurin-3-yl] propyl] ester disodium salt (MSX-3) to reverse the behavioral effects of IL-1β. MSX-3 attenuated the effort-related impairments produced by IL-1β, increasing lever pressing and also decreasing chow intake. In the same dose range that shifted effort-related choice behavior, IL-1β did not alter food intake or preference in parallel free-feeding choice studies, indicating that these low doses were not generally suppressing appetite or altering preference for the high carbohydrate pellets. In addition, IL-1β did not affect core body temperature. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that IL-1β can reduce the tendency to work for food, even at low doses that do not produce a general sickness, malaise, or loss of appetite. This research has implications for the involvement of cytokines in motivational symptoms such as anergia and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Nunes
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Patrick A. Randall
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Alexavier Estrada
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Brian Epling
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Evan E. Hart
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Christie A. Lee
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | - Younis Baqi
- Universität Bonn, Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Universität Bonn, Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mercè Correa
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA,Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - John D. Salamone
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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Nunes EJ, Randall PA, Hart EE, Freeland C, Yohn SE, Baqi Y, Müller CE, López-Cruz L, Correa M, Salamone JD. Effort-related motivational effects of the VMAT-2 inhibitor tetrabenazine: implications for animal models of the motivational symptoms of depression. J Neurosci 2013; 33:19120-30. [PMID: 24305809 PMCID: PMC3850037 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2730-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated behaviors are often characterized by a high degree of behavioral activation, and work output and organisms frequently make effort-related decisions based upon cost/benefit analyses. Moreover, people with major depression and other disorders often show effort-related motivational symptoms such as anergia, psychomotor retardation, and fatigue. It has been suggested that tasks measuring effort-related choice behavior could be used as animal models of the motivational symptoms of depression, and the present studies characterized the effort-related effects of the vesicular monoamine transport (VMAT) inhibitor tetrabenazine. Tetrabenazine produces depressive symptoms in humans and, because of its selective inhibition of VMAT-2, it preferentially depletes dopamine (DA). Rats were assessed using a concurrent fixed-ratio 5/chow feeding choice task that is known to be sensitive to dopaminergic manipulations. Tetrabenazine shifted response choice in rats, producing a dose-related decrease in lever pressing and a concomitant increase in chow intake. However, it did not alter food intake or preference in parallel free-feeding choice studies. The effects of tetrabenazine on effort-related choice were reversed by the adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 and the antidepressant bupropion. A behaviorally active dose of tetrabenazine decreased extracellular DA in nucleus accumbens and increased expression of DARPP-32 in accumbens medium spiny neurons in a pattern indicative of reduced transmission at both D1 and D2 DA receptors. These experiments demonstrate that tetrabenazine, which is used in animal models to produce depression-like effects, can alter effort-related choice behavior. These studies have implications for the development of animal models of the motivational symptoms of depression and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Nunes
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
| | - Patrick A. Randall
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
| | - Evan E. Hart
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
| | - Charlotte Freeland
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
| | - Samantha E. Yohn
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
| | - Younis Baqi
- Universität Bonn, Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, 53121 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Universität Bonn, Pharma-Zentrum Bonn, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie, 53121 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Laura López-Cruz
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - Mercè Correa
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | - John D. Salamone
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-1020
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Podurgiel S, Nunes E, Yohn S, Barber J, Thompson A, Milligan M, Lee C, López-Cruz L, Pardo M, Valverde O, Lendent C, Baqi Y, Müller C, Correa M, Salamone J. The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT-2) inhibitor tetrabenazine induces tremulous jaw movements in rodents: Implications for pharmacological models of parkinsonian tremor. Neuroscience 2013; 250:507-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Collins-Praino LE, Paul NE, Ledgard F, Podurgiel SJ, Kovner R, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Senatus PB, Salamone JD. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus reverses oral tremor in pharmacological models of parkinsonism: interaction with the effects of adenosine A2Aantagonism. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2183-91. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; CT; USA
| | - Nicholas E. Paul
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; CT; USA
| | - Felicia Ledgard
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
| | - Samantha J. Podurgiel
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; CT; USA
| | - Rotem Kovner
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; CT; USA
| | - Younis Baqi
- Pharma-Zentrum Bonn; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharma-Zentrum Bonn; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Pharmazeutische Chemie; Universität Bonn; Bonn; Germany
| | - Patrick B. Senatus
- Division of Neurosurgery; Department of Surgery; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington; CT; USA
| | - John D. Salamone
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; CT; USA
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Nunes EJ, Randall PA, Podurgiel S, Correa M, Salamone JD. Nucleus accumbens neurotransmission and effort-related choice behavior in food motivation: effects of drugs acting on dopamine, adenosine, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2015-25. [PMID: 23583616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is a critical component of the brain circuitry regulating behavioral activation and effort-related processes. Although nucleus accumbens (NAc) DA depletions or antagonism leave aspects of appetite and primary food motivation intact, rats with impaired DA transmission reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response requirements, and instead select less effortful food-seeking behaviors. Previous work showed that adenosine A2A antagonists can reverse the effects of DA D2 antagonists on effort-related choice, and that stimulation of adenosine A2A receptors produces behavioral effects that are similar to those induced by DA antagonism. The present review summarizes the literature on the role of NAc DA and adenosine in effort-related processes, and also presents original data on the effects of local stimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in NAc core. Local injections of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine directly into NAc core produces shifts in effort-related choice behavior similar to those induced by DA antagonism or A2A receptor stimulation, decreasing lever pressing but increasing chow intake in rats responding on a concurrent fixed ratio/chow feeding choice task. In contrast, injections into a neostriatal control site dorsal to the NAc were ineffective. The actions of pilocarpine on this task were attenuated by co-administration of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. Thus, drugs that act on DA, adenosine A2A, and muscarinic receptors regulate effort-related choice behavior, which may have implications for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue or anergia that can be observed in depression and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
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Pardo M, López-Cruz L, Valverde O, Ledent C, Baqi Y, Müller CE, Salamone JD, Correa M. Effect of subtype-selective adenosine receptor antagonists on basal or haloperidol-regulated striatal function: studies of exploratory locomotion and c-Fos immunoreactivity in outbred and A(2A)R KO mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:217-26. [PMID: 23557694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral activation is regulated by dopamine (DA) in striatal areas. At low doses, while typical antipsychotic drugs produce psychomotor slowing, psychostimulants promote exploration. Minor stimulants such as caffeine, which act as adenosine receptor antagonists, can also potentiate behavioral activation. Striatal areas are rich in adenosine and DA receptors, and adenosine A2A receptors are mainly expressed in the striatum where they are co-localized with DA D2 receptors. Adenosine antagonists with different receptor-selectivity profiles were used to study spontaneous or haloperidol-impaired exploration and c-Fos expression in different striatal areas. Because A2A antagonists were expected to be more selective for reversing the effects of the D2 antagonist haloperidol, A2A receptor knockout (A2ARKO) mice were also assessed. CD1 and A2ARKO male mice were tested in an open field and in a running wheel. Only the A1/A2A receptor antagonist theophylline (5.0-15.0 mg/kg) and the A2A antagonist MSX-3 (2.0 mg/kg) increased spontaneous locomotion and rearing. Co-administration of theophylline (10.0-15.0 mg/kg), and MSX-3 (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) reversed haloperidol-induced suppression of locomotion. The A1 antagonist CPT was only marginally effective in reversing the effects of haloperidol. Although adenosine antagonists did not affect c-Fos expression on their own, theophylline and MSX-3, but not CPT, attenuated haloperidol induction of c-Fos expression. A2ARKO mice were resistant to the behavioral effects of haloperidol at intermediate doses (0.1 mg/kg) in the open field and in the running wheel. A2A receptors are important for regulating behavioral activation, and interact with D2 receptors in striatal areas to regulate neural processes involved in exploratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pardo
- Àrea de Psicobiologia, Campus de Riu Sec, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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