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Zhang H, Mu Y, Zhang H, Yu C. Maintenance of stem cell activity in plant development and stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1302046. [PMID: 38155857 PMCID: PMC10754534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells residing in plant apical meristems play an important role during postembryonic development. These stem cells are the wellspring from which tissues and organs of the plant emerge. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) governs the aboveground portions of a plant, while the root apical meristem (RAM) orchestrates the subterranean root system. In their sessile existence, plants are inextricably bound to their environment and must adapt to various abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, drought, temperature fluctuations, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to heavy metal ions. These environmental challenges exert profound effects on stem cells, potentially causing severe DNA damage and disrupting the equilibrium of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signaling in these vital cells, jeopardizing their integrity and survival. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved mechanisms to ensure the preservation, restoration, and adaptation of the meristematic stem cell niche. This enduring response allows plants to thrive in their habitats over extended periods. Here, we presented a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular intricacies surrounding the initiation and maintenance of the meristematic stem cell niche. We also delved into the mechanisms employed by stem cells to withstand and respond to abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huankai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yangwei Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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2
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Müller-Xing R, Xing Q. The plant stem-cell niche and pluripotency: 15 years of an epigenetic perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1018559. [PMID: 36388540 PMCID: PMC9659954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1018559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem-cells are slowly dividing cells giving rise to daughter cells that can either differentiate to new tissues and organs, or remain stem-cells. In plants, stem-cells are located in specific niches of the shoot and root apical meristems (SAMs and RAMs). After ablation of stem-cell niches, pluripotent meristematic cells can establish new stem-cells, whereas the removal of the whole meristem destructs the regeneration process. In tissue cultures, after detached plant organs are transferred to rooting or callus induction medium (G5 or CIM), vasculature-associated pluripotent cells (VPCs) immediately start proliferation to form adventitious roots or callus, respectively, while other cell types of the organ explants basically play no part in the process. Hence, in contrast to the widely-held assumption that all plant cells have the ability to reproduce a complete organism, only few cell types are pluripotent in practice, raising the question how pluripotent stem-cells differ from differentiated cells. It is now clear that, in addition to gene regulatory networks of pluripotency factors and phytohormone signaling, epigenetics play a crucial role in initiation, maintenance and determination of plant stem-cells. Although, more and more epigenetic regulators have been shown to control plant stem-cell fate, only a few studies demonstrate how they are recruited and how they change the chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation of pluripotency factors. Here, we highlight recent breakthroughs but also revisited classical studies of epigenetic regulation and chromatin dynamics of plant stem-cells and their pluripotent precursor-cells, and point out open questions and future directions.
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3
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Dong Y, Aref R, Forieri I, Schiel D, Leemhuis W, Meyer C, Hell R, Wirtz M. The plant TOR kinase tunes autophagy and meristem activity for nutrient stress-induced developmental plasticity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3814-3829. [PMID: 35792878 PMCID: PMC9516127 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, respond to environmental challenges with comprehensive developmental transitions that allow them to cope with these stresses. Here we discovered that antagonistic activation of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and shoots is essential for the nutrient deprivation-induced increase in the root-to-shoot ratio to improve foraging for mineral ions. We demonstrate that sulfate limitation-induced downregulation of TOR in shoots activates autophagy, resulting in enhanced carbon allocation to the root. The allocation of carbon to the roots is facilitated by the specific upregulation of the sucrose-transporter genes SWEET11/12 in shoots. SWEET11/12 activation is indispensable for enabling sucrose to act as a carbon source for growth and as a signal for tuning root apical meristem activity via glucose-TOR signaling. The sugar-stimulated TOR activity in the root suppresses autophagy and maintains root apical meristem activity to support root growth to enhance mining for new sulfate resources in the soil. We provide direct evidence that the organ-specific regulation of autophagy is essential for the increased root-to-shoot ratio in response to sulfur limitation. These findings uncover how sulfur limitation controls the central sensor kinase TOR to enable nutrient recycling for stress-induced morphological adaptation of the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Dong
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasha Aref
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ilaria Forieri
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Schiel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Leemhuis
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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Key regulatory pathways, microRNAs, and target genes participate in adventitious root formation of Acer rubrum L. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12057. [PMID: 35835811 PMCID: PMC9283533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Red maple (Acer rubrum L.) is a type of colorful ornamental tree with great economic value. Because this tree is difficult to root under natural conditions and the seedling survival rate is low, vegetative propagation methods are often used. Because the formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is essential for the asexual propagation of A. rubrum, it is necessary to investigate the molecular regulatory mechanisms of AR formation in A. rubrum. To address this knowledge gap, we sequenced the transcriptome and small RNAs (sRNAs) of the A. rubrum variety ‘Autumn Fantasy’ using high-throughput sequencing and explored changes in gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression in response to exogenous auxin treatment. We identified 82,468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the treated and untreated ARs, as well as 48 known and 95 novel miRNAs. We also identified 172 target genes of the known miRNAs using degradome sequencing. Two key regulatory pathways (ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and plant hormone signal transduction), Ar-miR160a and the target gene auxin response factor 10 (ArARF10) were selected based on KEGG pathway and cluster analyses. We further investigated the expression patterns and regulatory roles of ArARF10 through subcellular localization, transcriptional activation, plant transformation, qRT-PCR analysis, and GUS staining. Experiments overexpressing ArARF10 and Ar-miR160a, indicated that ArARF10 promoted AR formation, while Ar-miR160a inhibited AR formation. Transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs related to auxin regulation that promote AR formation in A. rubrum were identified. Differential expression patterns indicated the Ar-miR160a-ArARF10 interaction might play a significant role in the regulation of AR formation in A. rubrum. Our study provided new insights into mechanisms underlying the regulation of AR formation in A. rubrum.
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Ortigosa F, Lobato-Fernández C, Shikano H, Ávila C, Taira S, Cánovas FM, Cañas RA. Ammonium regulates the development of pine roots through hormonal crosstalk and differential expression of transcription factors in the apex. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:915-935. [PMID: 34724238 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is a prominent source of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition, but excessive amounts can be toxic for many species. However, most conifers are tolerant to ammonium, a relevant physiological feature of this ancient evolutionary lineage. For a better understanding of the molecular basis of this trait, ammonium-induced changes in the transcriptome of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) root apex have been determined by laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing. Ammonium promoted changes in the transcriptional profiles of multiple transcription factors, such as SHORT-ROOT, and phytohormone-related transcripts, such as ACO, involved in the development of the root meristem. Nano-PALDI-MSI and transcriptomic analyses showed that the distributions of IAA and CKs were altered in the root apex in response to ammonium nutrition. Taken together, the data suggest that this early response is involved in the increased lateral root branching and principal root growth, which characterize the long-term response to ammonium supply in pine. All these results suggest that ammonium induces changes in the root system architecture through the IAA-CK-ET phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortigosa
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - César Lobato-Fernández
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hitomi Shikano
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Concepción Ávila
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Shu Taira
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael A Cañas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
- Integrative Molecular Biology Lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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Micropropagation, Characterization, and Conservation of Phytophthora cinnamomi-Tolerant Holm Oak Mature Trees. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Holm oak populations have deteriorated drastically due to oak decline syndrome. The first objective of the present study was to investigate the use of axillary budding and somatic embryogenesis (SE) to propagate asymptomatic holm oak genotypes identified in disease hotspots in Spain. Axillary budding was achieved in two out of six tolerant genotypes from the south-western region and in two out of four genotypes from the Mediterranean region. Rooting of shoots cultured on medium supplemented with 3 mg L−1 of indole-3-acetic acid plus 0.1 mg L−1 α-naphthalene acetic acid was achieved, with rates ranging from 8 to 36%. Shoot cultures remained viable after cold storage for 9–12 months; this procedure is therefore suitable for medium-term conservation of holm oak germplasm. SE was induced in two out of the three genotypes tested, by using nodes and shoot tips cultured in medium without plant growth regulators. In vitro cloned progenies of the tolerant genotypes PL-T2 and VA5 inhibited growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi mycelia when exposed to the oomycete in vitro. Significant differences in total phenol contents and in the expression profiles of genes regulating phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were observed between in vitro cultured shoots derived from tolerant trees and cultures established from control genotypes.
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7
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Abstract
Plants exhibit remarkable lineage plasticity, allowing them to regenerate organs that differ from their respective origins. Such developmental plasticity is dependent on the activity of pluripotent founder cells or stem cells residing in meristems. At the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the constant flow of cells requires continuing cell specification governed by a complex genetic network, with the WUSCHEL transcription factor and phytohormone cytokinin at its core. In this review, I discuss some intriguing recent discoveries that expose new principles and mechanisms of patterning and cell specification acting both at the SAM and, prior to meristem organogenesis during shoot regeneration. I also highlight unanswered questions and future challenges in the study of SAM and meristem regeneration. Finally, I put forward a model describing stochastic events mediated by epigenetic factors to explain how the gene regulatory network might be initiated at the onset of shoot regeneration. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Eshed Williams
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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A single-cell analysis of the Arabidopsis vegetative shoot apex. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1056-1074.e8. [PMID: 33725481 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem allows for reiterative formation of new aerial structures throughout the life cycle of a plant. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to define the cellular taxonomy of the Arabidopsis vegetative shoot apex at the transcriptome level. We find that the shoot apex is composed of highly heterogeneous cells, which can be partitioned into 7 broad populations with 23 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters. We delineate cell-cycle continuums and developmental trajectories of epidermal cells, vascular tissue, and leaf mesophyll cells and infer transcription factors and gene expression signatures associated with cell fate decisions. Integrative analysis of shoot and root apical cell populations further reveals common and distinct features of epidermal and vascular tissues. Our results, thus, offer a valuable resource for investigating the basic principles underlying cell division and differentiation in plants at single-cell resolution.
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Wei J, Qi Y, Li M, Li R, Yan M, Shen H, Tian L, Liu Y, Tian S, Liu L, Zhang Y, Sun H, Bai Z, Zhang K, Li C. Low-cost and efficient confocal imaging method for arabidopsis flower. Dev Biol 2020; 466:73-76. [PMID: 32763233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
For an extensive period of time apical meristem (SAM) has been considered as a mysterious organ, due to its small, hidden and dynamic structure. Confocal imaging, combined with fluorescent reporters, enables researchers to unveil the mechanisms underlying cellular activities, such as gene expression, cell division, growth patterns and cell-cell communications. Recently, a series of protocols were developed for confocal imaging of inflorescence meristem (IM) and floral meristem (FM). However, the requirement of high configuration, such as the need of a water-dipping lens without coverslip and the specialized turrets associated with fixed-stage microscopes, impedes the wide adoption of these methods. We exploited an improved object slide and matching method aiming to decrease the configuration requirement. Following this protocol, various dry microscope lenses can be selected with flexibility for building 3D images of IM and FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Wei
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Yuqing Qi
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Mengna Li
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Ruoxuan Li
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Meng Yan
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Huabei Shen
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Lifeng Tian
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Yanmeng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Shijun Tian
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Liantao Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Yongjiang Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Hongchun Sun
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Zhiying Bai
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
| | - Cundong Li
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China.
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Vegetative Propagation of Phytophthora cinnamomi-Tolerant Holm Oak Genotypes by Axillary Budding and Somatic Embryogenesis. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is one of the most widely distributed tree species in the Mediterranean basin. High mortality rates have been observed in holm oak populations in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula as a result of oak decline syndrome. Selection and propagation of genotypes tolerant to this syndrome could aid the restoration of affected areas. In this article, we report micropropagation and conservation procedures based on axillary budding and somatic embryogenesis (SE) of holm oak plants, selected for their tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi—the main biotic factor responsible for oak decline. Forced shoots were obtained from potted plants of eight different genotypes, and used as stock material to establish in vitro shoot proliferation cultures. Reliable shoot proliferation was obtained in seven out the eight genotypes established in vitro, whereas multiplication rates were genotype-dependent. The highest rooting rates were obtained by culturing shoots for 24 h or 48 h on rooting induction medium containing 25 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid, followed by transfer to medium supplemented with 20 µM silver thiosulphate. Axillary shoot cultures can be successful conserved by cold storage for 12 months at 4 °C under dim lighting. Shoot tips, excised from axillary shoot cultures established from tolerant plants, were used as initial explants to induce SE. Somatic embryos and/or nodular embryogenic structures were obtained on induction medium with or without indole-acetic acid 4 mg L−1, in two out the three genotypes evaluated, and induction rates ranged between 2 and 4%. Plantlet recovery was 45% after two months cold stratification of somatic embryos and eight weeks of culture on germination medium. Vegetative propagation of P. cinnamomi-tolerant Q. ilex trees is a valuable milestone towards the restoration of disease-affected areas.
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11
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Regulation of Shoot Apical Meristem and Axillary Meristem Development in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082917. [PMID: 32326368 PMCID: PMC7216077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants retain the ability to produce new organs throughout their life cycles. Continuous aboveground organogenesis is achieved by meristems, which are mainly organized, established, and maintained in the shoot apex and leaf axils. This paper will focus on reviewing the recent progress in understanding the regulation of shoot apical meristem and axillary meristem development. We discuss the genetics of plant meristems, the role of plant hormones and environmental factors in meristem development, and the impact of epigenetic factors on meristem organization and function.
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12
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Ornelas-Ayala D, Vega-León R, Petrone-Mendoza E, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Sanchez MDLP. ULTRAPETALA1 maintains Arabidopsis root stem cell niche independently of ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1261-1272. [PMID: 31545512 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During plant development, morphogenetic processes rely on the activity of meristems. Meristem homeostasis depends on a complex regulatory network constituted by different factors and hormone signaling that regulate gene expression to coordinate the correct balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. ULTRAPETALA1, a transcriptional regulatory protein described as an Arabidopsis Trithorax group factor, has been characterized as a regulator of the shoot and floral meristems activity. Here, we highlight the role of ULTRAPETALA1 in root stem cell niche maintenance. We found that ULTRAPETALA1 is required to regulate both the quiescent center cell division rate and auxin signaling at the root tip. Furthermore, ULTRAPETALA1 regulates columella stem cell differentiation. These roles are independent of the ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX1, suggesting a different mechanism by which ULTRAPETALA1 can act in the root apical meristem of Arabidopsis. This work introduces a new component of the regulatory network needed for the root stem cell niche maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ornelas-Ayala
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosario Vega-León
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Emilio Petrone-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CdMex, 04510, Mexico
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13
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Singh S, Singh A, Singh A, Yadav S, Bajaj I, Kumar S, Jain A, Sarkar AK. Role of chromatin modification and remodeling in stem cell regulation and meristem maintenance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:778-792. [PMID: 31793642 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, pluripotent stem cells reside in the specialized microenvironment called stem cell niches (SCNs) harbored at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM), which give rise to the aerial and underground parts of a plant, respectively. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) has been extensively studied to decipher the intricate regulatory mechanisms involving some key transcriptions factors and phytohormones that play pivotal roles in stem cell homeostasis, meristem maintenance, and organ formation. However, there is increasing evidence to show the epigenetic regulation of the chromatin architecture, gene expression exerting an influence on an innate balance between the self-renewal of stem cells, and differentiation of the progeny cells to a specific tissue type or organ. Post-translational histone modifications, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and chromatin assembly/disassembly are some of the key features involved in the modulation of chromatin architecture. Here, we discuss the major epigenetic regulators and illustrate their roles in the regulation of stem cell activity, meristem maintenance, and related organ patterning in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Archita Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishita Bajaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar
- Amity School of Architecture and Planning, Amity University, Kant Kalwar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajay Jain
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kant Kalwar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ananda K Sarkar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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14
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Bacterial Shoot Apical Meristem Inoculation Assay. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31797286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0183-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
By virtue of their sessile nature, plants may not show the fight-and-flight response, but they are not devoid of protecting themselves from disease-causing agents, attack by herbivores, and damages that are caused by other environmental factors. Plants differentially protect their life-sustaining organs such as plant apexes from the attack by microbial pathogens. There are well-established methods to inoculate/infect various plant parts such as leaves, roots, and stems with various different pathogens. The plant shoot apical meristems (SAM) are a high-value plant target that provides niche to stem cell populations. These stem cells are instrumental in maintaining future plant progenies by giving birth to cells that culminate in flowers, leaves, and stems. There are hardly few protocols available that allow us to study immune dynamics of the plant stem cells as they are hindered by various layers of the SAM cell populations. Here, we describe a step-by-step method on how to inoculate the Arabidopsis SAM with model plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000.
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15
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Lee KH, Avci U, Qi L, Wang H. The α-Aurora Kinases Function in Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:188-201. [PMID: 30329113 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Aurora kinases are serine/threonine kinases with conserved functions in mitotic cell division in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, Aurora kinases play important roles in primary meristem maintenance, but their functions in vascular development are still elusive. We report a dominant xdi-d mutant showing the xylem development inhibition (XDI) phenotype. Gene identification and transgenic overexpression experiments indicated that the activation of the Arabidopsis Aurora 2 (AtAUR2) gene is responsible for the XDI phenotype. In contrast, the aur1-2 aur2-2 double mutant plants showed enhanced differentiation of phloem and xylem cells, indicating that the Aurora kinases negatively affect xylem differentiation. The transcript levels of key regulatory genes in vascular cell differentiation, i.e. ALTERED PHLOEM DEVELOPMENT (APL), VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN 6 (VND6) and VND7, were higher in the aur1-2 aur2-2 double mutant and lower in xdi-d mutants compared with the wild-type plants, further supporting the functions of α-Aurora kinases in vascular development. Gene mutagenesis and transgenic studies showed that protein phosphorylation and substrate binding, but not protein dimerization and ubiquitination, are critical for the biological function of AtAUR2. These results indicate that α-Aurora kinases play key roles in vascular cell differentiation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hee Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Liying Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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16
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Raya-González J, Oropeza-Aburto A, López-Bucio JS, Guevara-García ÁA, de Veylder L, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L. MEDIATOR18 influences Arabidopsis root architecture, represses auxin signaling and is a critical factor for cell viability in root meristems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:895-909. [PMID: 30270572 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Mediator (MED) complex plays a key role in the recruitment and assembly of the transcription machinery for the control of gene expression. Here, we report on the role of MEDIATOR18 (MED18) subunit in root development, auxin signaling and meristem cell viability in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Loss-of-function mutations in MED18 reduce primary root growth, but increase lateral root formation and root hair development. This phenotype correlates with alterations in cell division and elongation likely caused by an increased auxin response and transport at the root tip, as evidenced by DR5:GFP, pPIN1::PIN1-GFP, pPIN2::PIN2-GFP and pPIN3::PIN3-GFP auxin-related gene expression. Noteworthy, med18 seedlings manifest cell death in the root meristem, which exacerbates with age and/or exposition to DNA-damaging agents, and display high expression of the cell regeneration factor ERF115. Cell death in the root tip was reduced in med18 seedlings grown in darkness, but remained when only the shoot was exposed to light, suggesting that MED18 acts to protect root meristem cells from local cell death, and/or in response to root-acting signal(s) emitted by the shoot in response to light stimuli. These data point to MED18 as an important component for auxin-regulated root development, cell death and cell regeneration in root meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Raya-González
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Campus Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Araceli Oropeza-Aburto
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Campus Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Jesús S López-Bucio
- CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Ángel A Guevara-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lieven de Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Campus Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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17
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Kuluev B, Avalbaev A, Nikonorov Y, Ermoshin A, Yuldashev R, Akhiarova G, Shakirova F, Chemeris A. Effect of constitutive expression of Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 on cell growth and possible role of cytokinins in leaf size control in transgenic tobacco plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:244-250. [PMID: 30317073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We generated transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA3 (CLV3) gene which is known to be a negative regulator of cell division. Surprisingly, most of the 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants showed no phenotypic differences with the wild type plants. However, there were considerable changes in the morphological parameters between 35S::CLV3 overexpressors and wild type plants. As expected, the number of meristematic cells in the shoot apical meristem was reduced in 35S::CLV3 plants as compared to the wild type plants. Moreover, overexpression of CLV3 exerted morphological changes not only to shoot apical meristem but also to leaves and flowers. Thus, transgenic plants were characterized by reduced number of epidermal and mesophyll cells as well as stomatal pores in mature leaves. However, there was a compensatory increase in leaf cell size of 35S::CLV3 plants that contributed to maintenance of organ size within the normal range. We observed that expression of cell expansion-promoted genes, expansin NtEXPA4 and endo-xyloglucan transferase NtEXGT, were elevated in mature leaves. In contrast, there was a decrease in the transcript level of the cell division-related AINTEGUMENTA-like (NtANTL) gene in 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants. In addition, we detected an increase in cytokinin level without any changes in the contents of IAA and ABA in 35S::CLV3 overexpressors. Interestingly, cytokinin treatment was shown to stimulate the expression of NtEXPA4 and NtEXGT genes in 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants. We propose that observed compensatory cell expansion in leaves of 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants may be due, at least in part, to a possible link between cytokinin signalling and cell expansion-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kuluev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia.
| | - Azamat Avalbaev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia.
| | - Yuri Nikonorov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Alexander Ermoshin
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan Yuldashev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Akhiarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Farida Shakirova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Aleksey Chemeris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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18
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Chiatante D, Rost T, Bryant J, Scippa GS. Regulatory networks controlling the development of the root system and the formation of lateral roots: a comparative analysis of the roles of pericycle and vascular cambium. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:697-710. [PMID: 29394314 PMCID: PMC6215048 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The production of a new lateral root from parental root primary tissues has been investigated extensively, and the most important regulatory mechanisms are now well known. A first regulatory mechanism is based on the synthesis of small peptides which interact ectopically with membrane receptors to elicit a modulation of transcription factor target genes. A second mechanism involves a complex cross-talk between plant hormones. It is known that lateral roots are formed even in parental root portions characterized by the presence of secondary tissues, but there is not yet agreement about the putative tissue source providing the cells competent to become founder cells of a new root primordium. Scope We suggest models of possible regulatory mechanisms for inducing specific root vascular cambium (VC) stem cells to abandon their activity in the production of xylem and phloem elements and to start instead the construction of a new lateral root primordium. Considering the ontogenic nature of the VC, the models which we suggest are the result of a comparative review of mechanisms known to control the activity of stem cells in the root apical meristem, procambium and VC. Stem cells in the root meristems can inherit various competences to play different roles, and their fate could be decided in response to cross-talk between endogenous and exogenous signals. Conclusions We have found a high degree of relatedness among the regulatory mechanisms controlling the various root meristems. This fact suggests that competence to form new lateral roots can be inherited by some stem cells of the VC lineage. This kind of competence could be represented by a sensitivity of specific stem cells to factors such as those presented in our models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Chiatante
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Thomas Rost
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Bryant
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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19
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Cui Y, Liu Z, Chen Z, He Y, Mei J, Xiong Q, Li X, Qian W. Genetic characterization and fine mapping for multi-inflorescence in Brassica napus L. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2018; 131:2311-2319. [PMID: 30073399 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A major QTL for multi-inflorescence was mapped to a 27.18-kb region on A05 in Brassica napus by integrating QTL mapping, microarray analysis and whole-genome sequencing. Multi-inflorescence is a desirable trait for the genetic improvement of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). However, the genetic mechanism underlying the multi-inflorescence trait is not well understood. In the present study, a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between single- and multi-inflorescence lines was investigated for the penetrance of multi-inflorescence across 3 years and genotyped with 257 simple sequence repeat and sequence-related amplified polymorphism loci. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for penetrance of multi-inflorescence was mapped to a 9.31-Mb region on chromosome A05, explaining 45.81% of phenotypic variance on average. Subsequently, 13 single-inflorescence and 15 multi-inflorescence DH lines were genotyped with the Brassica microarray, and the QTL interval of multi-inflorescence was narrowed to a 0.74-Mb region with 37 successive single nucleotide polymorphisms between single- and multi-inflorescence groups. A 27.18-kb QTL interval was detected by screening 420 recessive F2 individuals with genome-specific markers. These results will be valuable for gene cloning and molecular breeding of multi-inflorescence in rapeseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qinfei Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yixin Cui
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhifu Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yajun He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Xiong
- College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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20
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Shimotohno A, Heidstra R, Blilou I, Scheres B. Root stem cell niche organizer specification by molecular convergence of PLETHORA and SCARECROW transcription factor modules. Genes Dev 2018; 32:1085-1100. [PMID: 30018102 PMCID: PMC6075145 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314096.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, Shimotohno et al. investigated how upstream factors that regulate WUS and WOX genes converge to position organizer cells during embryogenesis, initiation of new lateral organs, and regeneration after tissue damage in Arabodopsis. Here, they show that PLT and SCR genes genetically and physically interact with plant-specific teosinte-branched cycloidea PCNA (TCP) transcription factors to specify the stem cell niche during embryogenesis and maintain organizer cells post-embryonically. Continuous formation of somatic tissues in plants requires functional stem cell niches where undifferentiated cells are maintained. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PLETHORA (PLT) and SCARECROW (SCR) genes are outputs of apical–basal and radial patterning systems, and both are required for root stem cell specification and maintenance. The WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) gene is specifically expressed in and required for functions of a small group of root stem cell organizer cells, also called the quiescent center (QC). PLT and SCR are required for QC function, and their expression overlaps in the QC; however, how they specify the organizer has remained unknown. We show that PLT and SCR genetically and physically interact with plant-specific teosinte-branched cycloidea PCNA (TCP) transcription factors to specify the stem cell niche during embryogenesis and maintain organizer cells post-embryonically. PLT–TCP–SCR complexes converge on PLT-binding sites in the WOX5 promoter to induce expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Shimotohno
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.,Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.,Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.,Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
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22
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Tognetti VB, Bielach A, Hrtyan M. Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2586-2605. [PMID: 28708264 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To maintain the activity of meristems is an absolute requirement for plant growth and development, and the role of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in apical meristem function is well established. Only little attention has been given, however, to the function of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) gradient along meristematic tissues and its interplay with hormonal regulatory networks. The interdependency between auxin-related, cytokinin-related and ROS-related circuits controls primary growth and development while modulating plant morphology in response to detrimental environmental factors. Because ROS interaction with redox-active compounds significantly affects the cellular redox gradient, the latter constitutes an interface for crosstalk between hormone and ROS signalling pathways. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying ROS-dependent interactions with redox and hormonal components in shoot and root apical meristems which are crucial for meristems maintenance when plants are exposed to environmental hardships. We also emphasize the importance of cell type and the subcellular compartmentalization of ROS and redox networks to obtain a holistic understanding of how apical meristems adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Zhu C, Wang L, Chen J, Liu C, Zeng H, Wang H. Over-expression of KdSOC1 gene affected plantlet morphogenesis in Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5629. [PMID: 28717174 PMCID: PMC5514138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kalanchoe daigremontiana reproduces asexually by producing plantlets along the leaf margin. The aim of this study was to identify the function of the SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 gene in Kalanchoe daigremontiana (KdSOC1) during plantlet morphogenesis. In this study, KdSOC1 gene expression was detected at stem cell niche during in vitro somatic embryogenesis and plantlet morphogenesis. Disrupting endogenous auxin transportation suppressed the KdSOC1 gene response. Knockdown of the KdSOC1 gene caused a defect in cotyledon formation during the early heart stage of somatic embryogenesis. Over-expression (OE) of the KdSOC1 gene resulted in asymmetric plantlet distribution, a reduced number of plantlets, thicker leaves, and thicker vascular fibers. Higher KdPIN1 gene expression and auxin content were found in OE plant compared to those of wild-type plant leaves, which indicated possible KdSOC1 gene role in affecting auxin distribution and accumulation. KdSOC1 gene OE in DR5-GUS Arabidopsis reporting lines resulted in an abnormal auxin response pattern during different stages of somatic embryogenesis. In summary, the KdSOC1 gene OE might alter auxin distribution and accumulation along leaf margin to initiate plantlet formation and distribution, which is crucial for plasticity during plantlet formation under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Sivilculture Forestry department, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Turfgrass Management department, College of Forestry, Beijing forestry university, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Turfgrass Management department, College of Forestry, Beijing forestry university, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Zeng
- Turfgrass Management department, College of Forestry, Beijing forestry university, Beijing, China.
| | - Huafang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Sirtinol, a Sir2 protein inhibitor, affects stem cell maintenance and root development in Arabidopsis thaliana by modulating auxin-cytokinin signaling components. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42450. [PMID: 28195159 PMCID: PMC5307962 DOI: 10.1038/srep42450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, besides several key transcription factors and chromatin modifiers, phytohormones auxin and cytokinin play pivotal role in shoot and root meristem maintenance, and lateral root (LR) development. Sirtinol, a chemical inhibitor of Sir2 proteins, is known to promote some auxin induced phenotypes in Arabidopsis. However, its effect on plant stem cell maintenance or organ formation remained unaddressed. Here we show that sirtinol affects meristem maintenance by altering the expression of key stem cell regulators, cell division and differentiation by modulating both auxin and cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of shoot stem cell niche related genes WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) was upregulated, whereas SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) was downregulated in sirtinol treated seedlings. The expression level and domain of key root stem cell regulators PLETHORA (PLTs) and WUS-Related Homeobox 5 (WOX5) were altered in sirtinol treated roots. Sirtinol affects LR development by disturbing proper auxin transport and maxima formation, similar to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Sirtinol also affects LR formation by altering cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling genes in roots. Therefore, sirtinol affects shoot and root growth, meristem maintenance and LR development by altering the expression of cytokinin-auxin signaling components, and regulators of stem cells, meristems, and LRs.
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25
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Kucypera K, Lipowczan M, Piekarska-Stachowiak A, Nakielski J. A method to generate the surface cell layer of the 3D virtual shoot apex from apical initials. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:110. [PMID: 29238397 PMCID: PMC5725887 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of cell pattern in the surface cell layer of the shoot apex can be investigated in vivo by use of a time-lapse confocal images, showing naked meristem in 3D in successive times. However, how this layer is originated from apical initials and develops as a result of growth and divisions of their descendants, remains unknown. This is an open area for computer modelling. A method to generate the surface cell layer is presented on the example of the 3D paraboloidal shoot apical dome. In the used model the layer originates from three apical initials that meet at the dome summit and develops through growth and cell divisions under the isotropic surface growth, defined by the growth tensor. The cells, which are described by polyhedrons, divide anticlinally with the smallest division plane that passes depending on the used mode through the cell center, or the point found randomly near this center. The formation of the surface cell pattern is described with the attention being paid to activity of the apical initials and fates of their descendants. RESULTS The computer generated surface layer that included about 350 cells required about 1200 divisions of the apical initials and their derivatives. The derivatives were arranged into three more or less equal clonal sectors composed of cellular clones at different age. Each apical initial renewed itself 7-8 times to produce the sector. In the shape and location and the cellular clones the following divisions of the initial were manifested. The application of the random factor resulted in more realistic cell pattern in comparison to the pure mode. The cell divisions were analyzed statistically on the top view. When all of the division walls were considered, their angular distribution was uniform, whereas in the distribution that was limited to apical initials only, some preferences related to their arrangement at the dome summit were observed. CONCLUSIONS The realistic surface cell pattern was obtained. The present method is a useful tool to generate surface cell layer, study activity of initial cells and their derivatives, and how cell expansion and division are coordinated during growth. We expect its further application to clarify the question of a number and permanence or impermanence of initial cells, and possible relationship between their shape and oriented divisions, both on the ground of the growth tensor approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kucypera
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Lipowczan
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Nakielski
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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García-Cruz KV, García-Ponce B, Garay-Arroyo A, Sanchez MDLP, Ugartechea-Chirino Y, Desvoyes B, Pacheco-Escobedo MA, Tapia-López R, Ransom-Rodríguez I, Gutierrez C, Alvarez-Buylla ER. The MADS-box XAANTAL1 increases proliferation at the Arabidopsis root stem-cell niche and participates in transition to differentiation by regulating cell-cycle components. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:787-796. [PMID: 27474508 PMCID: PMC5055633 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Morphogenesis depends on the concerted modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Such modulation is dynamically adjusted in response to various external and internal signals via complex transcriptional regulatory networks that mediate between such signals and regulation of cell-cycle and cellular responses (proliferation, growth, differentiation). In plants, which are sessile, the proliferation/differentiation balance is plastically adjusted during their life cycle and transcriptional networks are important in this process. MADS-box genes are key developmental regulators in eukaryotes, but their role in cell proliferation and differentiation modulation in plants remains poorly studied. Methods We characterize the XAL1 loss-of-function xal1-2 allele and overexpression lines using quantitative cellular and cytometry analyses to explore its role in cell cycle, proliferation, stem-cell patterning and transition to differentiation. We used quantitative PCR and cellular markers to explore if XAL1 regulates cell-cycle components and PLETHORA1 (PLT1) gene expression, as well as confocal microscopy to analyse stem-cell niche organization. Key Results We previously showed that XAANTAL1 (XAL1/AGL12) is necessary for Arabidopsis root development as a promoter of cell proliferation in the root apical meristem. Here, we demonstrate that XAL1 positively regulates the expression of PLT1 and important components of the cell cycle: CYCD3;1, CYCA2;3, CYCB1;1, CDKB1;1 and CDT1a. In addition, we show that xal1-2 mutant plants have a premature transition to differentiation with root hairs appearing closer to the root tip, while endoreplication in these plants is partially compromised. Coincidently, the final size of cortex cells in the mutant is shorter than wild-type cells. Finally, XAL1 overexpression-lines corroborate that this transcription factor is able to promote cell proliferation at the stem-cell niche. Conclusion XAL1 seems to be an important component of the networks that modulate cell proliferation/differentiation transition and stem-cell proliferation during Arabidopsis root development; it also regulates several cell-cycle components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla V. García-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - María De La Paz Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Yamel Ugartechea-Chirino
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, México
| | - Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario A. Pacheco-Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Rosalinda Tapia-López
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Ivan Ransom-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, México
- *For correspondence. E-mail
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Barlow PW. Origin of the concept of the quiescent centre of plant roots. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1283-1297. [PMID: 26464188 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concepts in biology feed into general theories of growth, development and evolution of organisms and how they interact with the living and non-living components of their environment. A well-founded concept clarifies unsolved problems and serves as a focus for further research. One such example of a constructive concept in the plant sciences is that of the quiescent centre (QC). In anatomical terms, the QC is an inert group of cells maintained within the apex of plant roots. However, the evidence that established the presence of a QC accumulated only gradually, making use of strands of different types of observations, notably from geometrical-analytical anatomy, radioisotope labelling and autoradiography. In their turn, these strands contributed to other concepts: those of the mitotic cell cycle and of tissue-related cell kinetics. Another important concept to which the QC contributed was that of tissue homeostasis. The general principle of this last-mentioned concept is expressed by the QC in relation to the recovery of root growth following a disturbance to cell proliferation; the resulting activation of the QC provides new cells which not only repair the root meristem but also re-establish a new QC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Barlow
- School of Biological Sciences, Bristol Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
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Della Rovere F, Fattorini L, Ronzan M, Falasca G, Altamura MM. The quiescent center and the stem cell niche in the adventitious roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1176660. [PMID: 27089118 PMCID: PMC4973785 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1176660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious rooting is essential for the survival of numerous species from vascular cryptogams to monocots, and is required for successful micropropagation. The tissues involved in AR initiation may differ in planta and in in vitro systems. For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana, ARs originate from the hypocotyl pericycle in planta and the stem endodermis in in vitro cultured thin cell layers. The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) depends on numerous factors, among which the hormones, auxin, in particular. In both primary and lateral roots, growth depends on a functional stem cell niche in the apex, maintained by an active quiescent center (QC), and involving the expression of genes controlled by auxin and cytokinin. This review summarizes current knowledge about auxin and cytokinin control on genes involved in the definition and maintenance of QC, and stem cell niche, in the apex of Arabidopsis ARs in planta and in longitudinal thin cell layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Della Rovere
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Marilena Ronzan
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Altamura
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, Rome, Italy
- Maria Maddalena Altamura
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Li S, Pan Y, Wen C, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Behera TK, Xing G, Weng Y. Integrated analysis in bi-parental and natural populations reveals CsCLAVATA3 (CsCLV3) underlying carpel number variations in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1007-22. [PMID: 26883041 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carpel number variation in cucumber was controlled by a single gene, Cn . Linkage and association analysis revealed CsCLV3 as the candidate gene of the Cn locus. Carpel number (CN) is an important fruit quality trait of cucumber, but the genetic basis of CN variations is largely unknown. In the present study, segregating analysis in multiple bi-parental mapping populations (F2, F3, and RILs) derived from WI2757 (CN = 3) × True Lemon (CN = 5) suggested that CN is controlled by a simply inherited gene, Cn, with CN = 3 being incompletely dominant to CN = 5. Initial linkage mapping located Cn in a 1.9-Mb region of cucumber chromosome 1. Exploration of DNA sequence variations in this region with in silico bulked segregant analysis among eight re-sequenced lines allowed delimiting the Cn locus to a 16-kb region with five predicted genes including CsCLV3, a homolog of the Arabidopsis gene CLAVATA3. Fine genetic mapping in F2 and RIL populations and association analysis in natural populations confirmed CsCLV3 as the candidate gene for Cn, which was further evidenced from gene expression analysis and microscopic examination of floral meristem size in the two parent lines. This study highlights the importance of integrated use of linkage and association analysis as well as next-gen high-throughput sequencing in mapping and cloning genes that are difficult in accurate genotyping. The results provide new insights into the genetic control of CN variations in cucumber, which were discussed in the context of the well-characterized CLAVATA pathway for stem cell homeostasis and regulation of meristem sizes in plants. The associations of carpel number with fruit shape, size, and weight in cucumber and melon are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Horticulture College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tusar K Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 10012, India
| | - Guoming Xing
- Horticulture College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Bustamante M, Matus JT, Riechmann JL. Genome-wide analyses for dissecting gene regulatory networks in the shoot apical meristem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1639-1648. [PMID: 26956505 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristem activity is controlled by complex regulatory networks in which components such as transcription factors, miRNAs, small peptides, hormones, enzymes and epigenetic marks all participate. Many key genes that determine the inherent characteristics of the shoot apical meristem have been identified through genetic approaches. Recent advances in genome-wide studies generating extensive transcriptomic and DNA-binding datasets have increased our understanding of the interactions within the regulatory networks that control the activity of the meristem, identifying new regulators and uncovering connections between previously unlinked network components. In this review, we focus on recent studies that illustrate the contribution of whole genome analyses to understand meristem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bustamante
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Riechmann
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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31
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Poulios S, Vlachonasios KE. Synergistic action of histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and receptor CLAVATA1 negatively affects ethylene responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:905-18. [PMID: 26596766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
GENERAL CONTROL NON-REPRESSIBLE 5 (GCN5) is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and the catalytic subunit of several multicomponent HAT complexes that acetylate lysine residues of histone H3. Mutants in AtGCN5 display pleiotropic developmental defects including aberrant meristem function. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance is regulated by CLAVATA1 (CLV1), a receptor kinase that controls the size of the shoot and floral meristems. Upon activation through CLV3 binding, CLV1 signals to the transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS), restricting WUS expression and thus the meristem size. We hypothesized that GCN5 and CLV1 act together to affect SAM function. Using genetic and molecular approaches, we generated and characterized clv gcn5 mutants. Surprisingly, the clv1-1 gcn5-1 double mutant exhibited constitutive ethylene responses, suggesting that GCN5 and CLV signaling act synergistically to inhibit ethylene responses in Arabidopsis. This genetic and molecular interaction was mediated by ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3/ EIN3-LIKE1 (EIN3/EIL1) transcription factors. Our data suggest that signals from the CLV transduction pathway reach the GCN5-containing complexes in the nucleus and alter the histone acetylation status of ethylene-responsive genes, thus translating the CLV information to transcriptional activity and uncovering a link between histone acetylation and SAM maintenance in the complex mode of ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Poulios
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos E Vlachonasios
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis involves a broad repertoire of genes, and complex expression patterns controlled by a concerted gene regulatory network. The present work describes this regulatory network focusing on the main aspects involved, with the aim of providing a deeper insight into understanding the total reprogramming of cells into a new organism through a somatic way. To the aim, the chromatin remodeling necessary to totipotent stem cell establishment is described, as the activity of numerous transcription factors necessary to cellular totipotency reprogramming. The eliciting effects of various plant growth regulators on the induction of somatic embryogenesis is also described and put in relation with the activity of specific transcription factors. The role of programmed cell death in the process, and the related function of specific hemoglobins as anti-stress and anti-death compounds is also described. The tools for biotechnology coming from this information is highlighted in the concluding remarks.
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Rice osa-miR171c Mediates Phase Change from Vegetative to Reproductive Development and Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance by Repressing Four OsHAM Transcription Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125833. [PMID: 26023934 PMCID: PMC4449180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase change from vegetative to reproductive development is one of the critical developmental steps in plants, and it is regulated by both environmental and endogenous factors. The maintenance of shoot apical meristem (SAM) identity, miRNAs and flowering integrators are involved in this phase change process. Here, we report that the miRNA osa-miR171c targets four GRAS (GAI-RGA-SCR) plant-specific transcription factors (OsHAM1, OsHAM2, OsHAM3, and OsHAM4) to control the floral transition and maintenance of SAM indeterminacy in rice (Oryza sativa). We characterized a rice T-DNA insertion delayed heading (dh) mutant, where the expression of OsMIR171c gene is up-regulated. This mutant showed pleiotropic phenotypic defects, including especially prolonged vegetative phase, delayed heading date, and bigger shoot apex. Parallel expression analysis showed that osa-miR171c controlled the expression change of four OsHAMs in the shoot apex during floral transition, and responded to light. In the dh mutant, the expression of the juvenile-adult phase change negative regulator osa-miR156 was up-regulated, expression of the flowering integrators Hd3a and RFT1 was inhibited, and expression of FON4 negative regulators involved in the maintenance of SAM indeterminacy was also inhibited. From these data, we propose that the inhibition of osa-miR171c-mediated OsHAM transcription factors regulates the phase transition from vegetative to reproductive development by maintaining SAM indeterminacy and inhibiting flowering integrators.
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34
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Azizi P, Rafii M, Maziah M, Abdullah S, Hanafi M, Latif M, Rashid A, Sahebi M. Understanding the shoot apical meristem regulation: A study of the phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, in rice. Mech Dev 2015; 135:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Ckurshumova W, Smirnova T, Marcos D, Zayed Y, Berleth T. Irrepressible MONOPTEROS/ARF5 promotes de novo shoot formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:556-566. [PMID: 25274430 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In vitro regeneration of complete organisms from diverse cell types is a spectacular property of plant cells. Despite the great importance of plant regeneration for plant breeding and biotechnology, its molecular basis is still largely unclear and many important crop plants have remained recalcitrant to regeneration. Hormone-exposure protocols to trigger the de novo formation of either roots or shoots from callus tissue demonstrate the importance of auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways, and genetic differences in these pathways may contribute to the highly divergent responsiveness of plant species to regeneration protocols. In this study, we show that signaling through MONOPTEROS (MP)/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 is necessary for the formation of shoots from Arabidopsis calli. Most strikingly, an irrepressible variant of MP, MPΔ, is sufficient for promoting de novo shoot formation through pathways involving the genetically downstream functions of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and CYTOKININ RESPONSE FACTOR2 (CRF2). We conclude that the MPΔ genotype can promote de novo shoot formation and can be used to probe corresponding signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzislava Ckurshumova
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Tatiana Smirnova
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Danielle Marcos
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Yara Zayed
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Thomas Berleth
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Matos JL, Bergmann DC. Convergence of stem cell behaviors and genetic regulation between animals and plants: insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:53. [PMID: 25184043 PMCID: PMC4108953 DOI: 10.12703/p6-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plants and animals are two successful, but vastly different, forms of complex multicellular life. In the 1600 million years since they shared a common unicellular ancestor, representatives of these kingdoms have had ample time to devise unique strategies for building and maintaining themselves, yet they have both developed self-renewing stem cell populations. Using the cellular behaviors and the genetic control of stomatal lineage of Arabidopsis as a focal point, we find current data suggests convergence of stem cell regulation at developmental and molecular levels. Comparative studies between evolutionary distant groups, therefore, have the power to reveal the logic behind stem cell behaviors and benefit both human regenerative medicine and plant biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L. Matos
- Department of Biology371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305USA
| | - Dominique C. Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Biology371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305USA
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Retzer K, Butt H, Korbei B, Luschnig C. The far side of auxin signaling: fundamental cellular activities and their contribution to a defined growth response in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:731-46. [PMID: 24221297 PMCID: PMC4059964 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have provided us with spectacular insights into the biology of the plant hormone auxin, leaving the impression of a highly versatile molecule involved in virtually every aspect of plant development. A combination of genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology has established auxin signaling pathways, leading to the identification of two distinct modes of auxin perception and downstream regulatory cascades. Major targets of these signaling modules are components of the polar auxin transport machinery, mediating directional distribution of the phytohormone throughout the plant body, and decisively affecting plant development. Alterations in auxin transport, metabolism, or signaling that occur as a result of intrinsic as well as environmental stimuli, control adjustments in morphogenetic programs, giving rise to defined growth responses attributed to the activity of the phytohormone. Some of the results obtained from the analysis of auxin, however, do not fit coherently into a picture of highly specific signaling events, but rather suggest mutual interactions between auxin and fundamental cellular pathways, like the control of intracellular protein sorting or translation. Crosstalk between auxin and these basic determinants of cellular activity and how they might shape auxin effects in the control of morphogenesis are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Haroon Butt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600 Pakistan
| | - Barbara Korbei
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Wien Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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Ragni L, Hardtke CS. Small but thick enough--the Arabidopsis hypocotyl as a model to study secondary growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:164-71. [PMID: 24128126 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The continuous production of vascular tissues through secondary growth results in radial thickening of plant organs and is pivotal for various aspects of plant growth and physiology, such as water transport capacity or resistance to mechanical stress. It is driven by the vascular cambium, which produces inward secondary xylem and outward secondary phloem. In the herbaceous plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), secondary growth occurs in stems, in roots and in the hypocotyl. In the latter, radial growth is most prominent and not obscured by parallel ongoing elongation growth. Moreover, its progression is reminiscent of the secondary growth mode of tree trunks. Thus, the Arabidopsis hypocotyl is a very good model to study basic molecular mechanisms of secondary growth. Genetic approaches have succeeded in the identification of various factors, including peptides, receptors, transcription factors and hormones, which appear to participate in a complex network that controls radial growth. Many of these players are conserved between herbaceous and woody plants. In this review, we will focus on what is known about molecular mechanisms and regulators of vascular secondary growth in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragni
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Arnaud N, Pautot V. Ring the BELL and tie the KNOX: roles for TALEs in gynoecium development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:93. [PMID: 24688486 PMCID: PMC3960571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carpels are leaf-like structures that bear ovules, and thus play a crucial role in the plant life cycle. In angiosperms, carpels are the last organs produced by the floral meristem and they differentiate a specialized meristematic tissue from which ovules develop. Members of the three-amino-acid-loop-extension (TALE) class of homeoproteins constitute major regulators of meristematic activity. This family contains KNOTTED-like (KNOX) and BEL1-like (BLH or BELL) homeodomain proteins, which function as heterodimers. KNOX proteins can have different BELL partners, leading to multiple combinations with distinct activities, and thus regulate many aspects of plant morphogenesis, including gynoecium development. TALE proteins act primarily through direct regulation of hormonal pathways and key transcriptional regulators. This review focuses on the contribution of TALE proteins to gynoecium development and connects TALE transcription factors to carpel gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arnaud
- UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Versailles, France
| | - Véronique Pautot
- UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Versailles, France
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40
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Li H, Soriano M, Cordewener J, Muiño JM, Riksen T, Fukuoka H, Angenent GC, Boutilier K. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin a promotes totipotency in the male gametophyte. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:195-209. [PMID: 24464291 PMCID: PMC3963568 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The haploid male gametophyte, the pollen grain, is a terminally differentiated structure whose function ends at fertilization. Plant breeding and propagation widely use haploid embryo production from in vitro-cultured male gametophytes, but this technique remains poorly understood at the mechanistic level. Here, we show that histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate the switch to haploid embryogenesis. Blocking HDAC activity with trichostatin A (TSA) in cultured male gametophytes of Brassica napus leads to a large increase in the proportion of cells that switch from pollen to embryogenic growth. Embryogenic growth is enhanced by, but not dependent on, the high-temperature stress that is normally used to induce haploid embryogenesis in B. napus. The male gametophyte of Arabidopsis thaliana, which is recalcitrant to haploid embryo development in culture, also forms embryogenic cell clusters after TSA treatment. Genetic analysis suggests that the HDAC protein HDA17 plays a role in this process. TSA treatment of male gametophytes is associated with the hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4. We propose that the totipotency of the male gametophyte is kept in check by an HDAC-dependent mechanism and that the stress treatments used to induce haploid embryo development in culture impinge on this HDAC-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Soriano
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Cordewener
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose M. Muiño
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tjitske Riksen
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuoka
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Plant Research International, Bioscience, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to
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41
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Bozorg B, Krupinski P, Jönsson H. Stress and strain provide positional and directional cues in development. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003410. [PMID: 24415926 PMCID: PMC3886884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of organs necessarily involves mechanical interactions and changes in mechanical properties of a tissue. A long standing question is how such changes are directed on a cellular scale while being coordinated at a tissular scale. Growing evidence suggests that mechanical cues are participating in the control of growth and morphogenesis during development. We introduce a mechanical model that represents the deposition of cellulose fibers in primary plant walls. In the model both the degree of material anisotropy and the anisotropy direction are regulated by stress anisotropy. We show that the finite element shell model and the simpler triangular biquadratic springs approach provide equally adequate descriptions of cell mechanics in tissue pressure simulations of the epidermis. In a growing organ, where circumferentially organized fibers act as a main controller of longitudinal growth, we show that the fiber direction can be correlated with both the maximal stress direction and the direction orthogonal to the maximal strain direction. However, when dynamic updates of the fiber direction are introduced, the mechanical stress provides a robust directional cue for the circumferential organization of the fibers, whereas the orthogonal to maximal strain model leads to an unstable situation where the fibers reorient longitudinally. Our investigation of the more complex shape and growth patterns in the shoot apical meristem where new organs are initiated shows that a stress based feedback on fiber directions is capable of reproducing the main features of in vivo cellulose fiber directions, deformations and material properties in different regions of the shoot. In particular, we show that this purely mechanical model can create radially distinct regions such that cells expand slowly and isotropically in the central zone while cells at the periphery expand more quickly and in the radial direction, which is a well established growth pattern in the meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behruz Bozorg
- Computational Biology & Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pawel Krupinski
- Computational Biology & Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Computational Biology & Biological Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kierzkowski D, Lenhard M, Smith R, Kuhlemeier C. Interaction between meristem tissue layers controls phyllotaxis. Dev Cell 2013; 26:616-28. [PMID: 24091013 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phyllotaxis and vein formation are among the most conspicuous patterning processes in plants. The expression and polarization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 is the earliest marker for both processes, with mathematical models indicating that PIN1 can respond to auxin gradients and/or auxin flux. Here, we use cell-layer-specific PIN1 knockouts and partial complementation of auxin transport mutants to examine the interaction between phyllotactic patterning, which occurs primarily in the L1 surface layer of the meristem, and midvein specification in the inner tissues. We show that PIN1 expression in the L1 is sufficient for correct organ positioning, as long as the L1-specific influx carriers are present. Thus, differentiation of inner tissues can proceed without PIN1 or any of the known polar transporters. On theoretical grounds, we suggest that canalization of auxin flux between an auxin source and an auxin sink may involve facilitated diffusion rather than polar transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern CH-3013, Switzerland
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43
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Wong CE, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Spatial expression of CLAVATA3 in the shoot apical meristem suggests it is not a stem cell marker in soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5641-9. [PMID: 24179098 PMCID: PMC3871822 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA3 (CLV3), a stem cell marker in Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes a secreted peptide that maintains the stem cell population within the shoot apical meristem. This work investigated the CLV3 orthologue in a major legume crop, soybean (GmCLV3). Instead of being expressed in the three outermost layers of the meristem as in Arabidopsis, GmCLV3 was expressed deeper in the central zone beneath the fourth layer (L4) of the meristem, overlapping with the expression of soybean WUSCHEL. Subsequent investigation using an alternative stem cell marker (GmLOG1) revealed its expression within layers L2-L4, indicating that GmCLV3 is not a stem cell marker. Overexpression studies of GmCLV3 in Arabidopsis and complementation of clv3-2 mutant suggest similar functional capacity to that of Arabidopsis CLV3. The expression of soybean CLV1, which encodes a receptor for CLV3 in Arabidopsis, was not detectable in the central zone of the meristem via reverse-transcription PCR analysis of amplified RNA from laser-microdissected samples or in situ, implicating a diverged pathway in soybean. This study also reports the novel expression of GmLOG1 in initials of axillary meristem in the boundary region between the SAM and developing leaf primordia, before the expression of GmWUS or GmCLV3, indicating cytokinin as one of the earliest signals in initiating and specifying the stem cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui E. Wong
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mohan B. Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Prem L. Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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44
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Uchida N, Tasaka M. Regulation of plant vascular stem cells by endodermis-derived EPFL-family peptide hormones and phloem-expressed ERECTA-family receptor kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5335-43. [PMID: 23881395 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant vasculatures are complex tissues consisting of (pro)cambium, phloem, and xylem. The (pro)cambium serves as vascular stem cells that produce all vascular cells. The Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER) receptor kinase is known to regulate the architecture of inflorescence stems. It was recently reported that the er mutation enhances a vascular phenotype induced by a mutation of TDR/PXY, which plays a significant role in procambial proliferation, suggesting that ER participates in vascular development. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of the ER-dependent vascular regulation are largely unknown. Here, this work found that ER and its paralogue, ER-LIKE1, were redundantly involved in procambial development of inflorescence stems. Interestingly, their activity in the phloem was sufficient for vascular regulation. Furthermore, two endodermis-derived peptide hormones, EPFL4 and EPFL6, were redundantly involved in such regulation. It has been previously reported that EPFL4 and EPFL6 act as ligands of phloem-expressed ER for stem elongation. Therefore, these findings indicate that cell-cell communication between the endodermis and the phloem plays an important role in procambial development as well as stem elongation. Interestingly, similar EPFL-ER modules control two distinct developmental events by slightly changing their components: the EPFL4/6-ER module for stem elongation and the EPFL4/6-ER/ERL1 module for vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Uchida
- WPI-Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Moubayidin L, Di Mambro R, Sozzani R, Pacifici E, Salvi E, Terpstra I, Bao D, van Dijken A, Dello Ioio R, Perilli S, Ljung K, Benfey PN, Heidstra R, Costantino P, Sabatini S. Spatial coordination between stem cell activity and cell differentiation in the root meristem. Dev Cell 2013; 26:405-15. [PMID: 23987513 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical issue in development is the coordination of the activity of stem cell niches with differentiation of their progeny to ensure coherent organ growth. In the plant root, these processes take place at opposite ends of the meristem and must be coordinated with each other at a distance. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, the gene SCR presides over this spatial coordination. In the organizing center of the root stem cell niche, SCR directly represses the expression of the cytokinin-response transcription factor ARR1, which promotes cell differentiation, controlling auxin production via the ASB1 gene and sustaining stem cell activity. This allows SCR to regulate, via auxin, the level of ARR1 expression in the transition zone where the stem cell progeny leaves the meristem, thus controlling the rate of differentiation. In this way, SCR simultaneously controls stem cell division and differentiation, ensuring coherent root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Moubayidin
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma, Sapienza, via dei Sardi, 70-00185 Rome, Italy
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Xu P, Yuan D, Liu M, Li C, Liu Y, Zhang S, Yao N, Yang C. AtMMS21, an SMC5/6 complex subunit, is involved in stem cell niche maintenance and DNA damage responses in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1755-68. [PMID: 23426194 PMCID: PMC3613453 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants maintain stem cells in meristems to sustain lifelong growth; these stem cells must have effective DNA damage responses to prevent mutations that can propagate to large parts of the plant. However, the molecular links between stem cell functions and DNA damage responses remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that the small ubiquitin-related modifier E3 ligase AtMMS21 (for methyl methanesulfonate sensitivity gene21) acts to maintain the root stem cell niche by mediating DNA damage responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Mutation of AtMMS21 causes defects in the root stem cell niche during embryogenesis and postembryonic stages. AtMMS21 is essential for the proper expression of stem cell niche-defining transcription factors. Moreover, mms21-1 mutants are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents, have a constitutively increased DNA damage response, and have more DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the roots. Also, mms21-1 mutants exhibit spontaneous cell death within the root stem cell niche, and treatment with DSB-inducing agents increases this cell death, suggesting that AtMMS21 is required to prevent DSB-induced stem cell death. We further show that AtMMS21 functions as a subunit of the STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES5/6 complex, an evolutionarily conserved chromosomal ATPase required for DNA repair. These data reveal that AtMMS21 acts in DSB amelioration and stem cell niche maintenance during Arabidopsis root development.
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47
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Oliva M, Farcot E, Vernoux T. Plant hormone signaling during development: insights from computational models. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:19-24. [PMID: 23219863 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen an impressive increase in our knowledge of the topology of plant hormone signaling networks. The complexity of these topologies has motivated the development of models for several hormones to aid understanding of how signaling networks process hormonal inputs. Such work has generated essential insights into the mechanisms of hormone perception and of regulation of cellular responses such as transcription in response to hormones. In addition, modeling approaches have contributed significantly to exploring how spatio-temporal regulation of hormone signaling contributes to plant growth and patterning. New tools have also been developed to obtain quantitative information on hormone distribution during development and to test model predictions, opening the way for quantitative understanding of the developmental roles of hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Oliva
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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48
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Azpeitia E, Weinstein N, Benítez M, Mendoza L, Alvarez-Buylla ER. Finding Missing Interactions of the Arabidopsis thaliana Root Stem Cell Niche Gene Regulatory Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:110. [PMID: 23658556 PMCID: PMC3639504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the Arabidopsis thaliana root stem cell niche (RSCN) has become a model system for the study of plant development and stem cell niche dynamics. Currently, many of the molecular mechanisms involved in RSCN maintenance and development have been described. A few years ago, we published a gene regulatory network (GRN) model integrating this information. This model suggested that there were missing components or interactions. Upon updating the model, the observed stable gene configurations of the RSCN could not be recovered, indicating that there are additional missing components or interactions in the model. In fact, due to the lack of experimental data, GRNs inferred from published data are usually incomplete. However, predicting the location and nature of the missing data is a not trivial task. Here, we propose a set of procedures for detecting and predicting missing interactions in Boolean networks. We used these procedures to predict putative missing interactions in the A. thaliana RSCN network model. Using our approach, we identified three necessary interactions to recover the reported gene activation configurations that have been experimentally uncovered for the different cell types within the RSCN: (1) a regulation of PHABULOSA to restrict its expression domain to the vascular cells, (2) a self-regulation of WOX5, possibly by an indirect mechanism through the auxin signaling pathway, and (3) a positive regulation of JACKDAW by MAGPIE. The procedures proposed here greatly reduce the number of possible Boolean functions that are biologically meaningful and experimentally testable and that do not contradict previous data. We believe that these procedures can be used on any Boolean network. However, because the procedures were designed for the specific case of the RSCN, formal demonstrations of the procedures should be shown in future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Azpeitia
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria, México DF, México
- C3, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico DF, México
| | - Nathan Weinstein
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria, México DF, México
| | - Mariana Benítez
- C3, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico DF, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCd. Universitaria, México DF, México
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria, México DF, México
- *Correspondence: Luis Mendoza, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510, México. e-mail: ; Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla, Laboratorio Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circ. Exterior anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 México DF, México. e-mail:
| | - Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad Universitaria, México DF, México
- C3, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico DF, México
- *Correspondence: Luis Mendoza, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México DF 04510, México. e-mail: ; Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla, Laboratorio Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circ. Exterior anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 México DF, México. e-mail:
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Miyashima S, Sebastian J, Lee JY, Helariutta Y. Stem cell function during plant vascular development. EMBO J 2012; 32:178-93. [PMID: 23169537 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant vascular system, composed of xylem and phloem, evolved to connect plant organs and transport various molecules between them. During the post-embryonic growth, these conductive tissues constitutively form from cells that are derived from a lateral meristem, commonly called procambium and cambium. Procambium/cambium contains pluripotent stem cells and provides a microenvironment that maintains the stem cell population. Because vascular plants continue to form new tissues and organs throughout their life cycle, the formation and maintenance of stem cells are crucial for plant growth and development. In this decade, there has been considerable progress in understanding the molecular control of the organization and maintenance of stem cells in vascular plants. Noticeable advance has been made in elucidating the role of transcription factors and major plant hormones in stem cell maintenance and vascular tissue differentiation. These studies suggest the shared regulatory mechanisms among various types of plant stem cell pools. In this review, we focus on two aspects of stem cell function in the vascular cambium, cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Miyashima
- Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Azpeitia E, Alvarez-Buylla ER. A complex systems approach to Arabidopsis root stem-cell niche developmental mechanisms: from molecules, to networks, to morphogenesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:351-63. [PMID: 22945341 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that the molecular mechanisms involved in root stem-cell niche development in Arabidopsis thaliana are complex and contain several feedback loops and non-additive interactions that need to be analyzed using computational and formal approaches. Complex systems cannot be understood in terms of the behavior of their isolated components, but they emerge as a consequence of largely non-linear interactions among their components. The study of complex systems has provided a useful approach for the exploration of system-level characteristics and behaviors of the molecular networks involved in cell differentiation and morphogenesis during development. We analyzed the complex molecular networks underlying stem-cell niche patterning in the A. thaliana root in terms of some of the key dynamic traits of complex systems: self-organization, modularity and structural properties. We use these analyses to integrate the available root stem-cell niche molecular mechanisms data and postulate novel hypotheses, missing components and interactions and explain apparent contradictions in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Azpeitia
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico, DF, Mexico
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