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Guarneri N, Willig JJ, Willemsen V, Goverse A, Sterken MG, Nibbering P, Lozano Torres JL, Smant G. WOX11-mediated cell size control in Arabidopsis attenuates growth and fecundity of endoparasitic cyst nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39276334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes establish permanent feeding structures called syncytia inside the host root vasculature, disrupting the flow of water and minerals. In response, plants form WOX11-mediated adventitious lateral roots at nematode infection sites. WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting modulates tolerance to nematode infections; however, whether this also benefits nematode parasitism remains unknown. Here, we report on bioassays using a 35S::WOX11-SRDX transcriptional repressor mutant to investigate whether WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting promotes syncytium development and thereby female growth and fecundity. Moreover, we chemically inhibited cellulose biosynthesis to verify if WOX11 directly modulates cell wall plasticity in syncytia. Finally, we performed histochemical analyses to test if WOX11 mediates syncytial cell wall plasticity via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Repression of WOX11-mediated transcription specifically enhanced the radial expansion of syncytial elements, increasing both syncytium size and female offspring. The enhanced syncytial hypertrophy observed in the 35S::WOX11-SRDX mutant could be phenocopied by chemical inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis and was associated with elevated levels of ROS at nematode infection sites. We, therefore, conclude that WOX11 restricts radial expansion of nematode-feeding structures and female growth and fecundity, likely by modulating ROS-mediated cell wall plasticity mechanisms. Remarkably, this novel role of WOX11 in plant cell size control is distinct from WOX11 adventitious lateral rooting underlying disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guarneri
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap-Jan Willig
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Nibbering
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - José L Lozano Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
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2
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Ge S, Sun P, Wu W, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Huang J, Liang YK. COBL7 is required for stomatal formation via regulation of cellulose deposition in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:227-242. [PMID: 37853545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of plant photosynthesis, water use efficiency and immunity, stomata are specialized cellular structures that adopt defined shapes. However, our knowledge about the genetic players of stomatal pore formation and stomatal morphogenesis remains limited. Forward genetic screening, positional cloning, confocal and electron microscopy, physiological and pharmacological assays were employed for isolation and characterization of mutants and genes. We identified a mutant, dsm1, with impaired cytokinesis and deformed stomata. DSM1 is highly expressed in guard mother cells and guard cells, and encodes COBRA-LIKE 7 (COBL7), a plant-specific glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. COBRA-LIKE 7 and its closest homologue, COBL8, are first enriched on the forming cell plates during cytokinesis, and then their subcellular distribution and abundance change are correlated with the progressive stages of stomatal pore formation. Both COBL7 and COBL8 possess an ability to bind cellulose. Perturbing the expression of COBL7 and COBL8 leads to a decrease in cellulose content and inhibition of stomatal pore development. Moreover, we found that COBL7, COBL8 and CSLD5 have synergistic effects on stomatal development and plant growth. Our findings reveal that COBL7 plays a predominant and functionally redundant role with COBL8 in stomatal formation through regulating cellulose deposition and ventral wall modification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Pengyue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xinhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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3
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Murshed M, Wei D, Gu Y, Wang J. Simulation of microtubule-cytoplasm interaction revealed the importance of fluid dynamics in determining the organization of microtubules. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e505. [PMID: 37502315 PMCID: PMC10368657 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Although microtubules in plant cells have been extensively studied, the mechanisms that regulate the spatial organization of microtubules are poorly understood. We hypothesize that the interaction between microtubules and cytoplasmic flow plays an important role in the assembly and orientation of microtubules. To test this hypothesis, we developed a new computational modeling framework for microtubules based on theory and methods from the fluid-structure interaction. We employed the immersed boundary method to track the movement of microtubules in cytoplasmic flow. We also incorporated details of the encounter dynamics when two microtubules collide with each other. We verified our computational model through several numerical tests before applying it to the simulation of the microtubule-cytoplasm interaction in a growing plant cell. Our computational investigation demonstrated that microtubules are primarily oriented in the direction orthogonal to the axis of cell elongation. We validated the simulation results through a comparison with the measurement from laboratory experiments. We found that our computational model, with further calibration, was capable of generating microtubule orientation patterns that were qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with the experimental results. The computational model proposed in this study can be naturally extended to many other cellular systems that involve the interaction between microstructures and the intracellular fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Murshed
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Donghui Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
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4
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Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Cai J, Qiu Y, Li L, Gao C, Gao Y, Ke M, Wu S, Wei C, Chen J, Xu T, Friml J, Wang J, Li R, Chao D, Zhang B, Chen X, Gao Z. Multi-copper oxidases SKU5 and SKS1 coordinate cell wall formation using apoplastic redox-based reactions in roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad207. [PMID: 37010107 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The primary cell wall is a fundamental plant constituent that is flexible but sufficiently rigid to support the plant cell shape. Although many studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as important signaling messengers to modify the cell wall structure and affect cellular growth, the regulatory mechanism underlying the spatial-temporal regulation of ROS activity for cell wall maintenance remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate a role of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) multi-copper oxidase-like protein skewed 5 (SKU5) and its homolog SKU5-similar 1 (SKS1) in root cell wall formation through modulating ROS homeostasis. Loss of SKU5 and SKS1 function resulted in aberrant division planes, protruding cell walls, ectopic deposition of iron, and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS overproduction in the root epidermis-cortex and cortex-endodermis junctions. A decrease of ROS level or inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity rescued the cell wall defects of sku5 sks1 double mutants. SKU5 and SKS1 proteins were activated by iron treatment, and iron over-accumulated in the walls between root epidermis and cortex cell layers of sku5 sks1. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored motif was crucial for membrane association and functionality of SKU5 and SKS1. Overall, our results identified SKU5 and SKS1 as regulators of ROS at the cell surface for regulation of cell wall structure and root cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Chen
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfa Cai
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuting Qiu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lihong Li
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqun Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Daiyin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xu Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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6
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Tseng YH, Scholz SS, Fliegmann J, Krüger T, Gandhi A, Furch ACU, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, Oelmüller R. CORK1, A LRR-Malectin Receptor Kinase, Is Required for Cellooligomer-Induced Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192960. [PMID: 36230919 PMCID: PMC9563578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance is central for plant cells. Mechanical and chemical distortions, pH changes, and breakdown products of cell wall polysaccharides activate plasma membrane-localized receptors and induce appropriate downstream responses. Microbial interactions alter or destroy the structure of the plant cell wall, connecting CWI maintenance to immune responses. Cellulose is the major polysaccharide in the primary and secondary cell wall. Its breakdown generates short-chain cellooligomers that induce Ca2+-dependent CWI responses. We show that these responses require the malectin domain-containing CELLOOLIGOMER-RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (CORK1) in Arabidopsis and are preferentially activated by cellotriose (CT). CORK1 is required for cellooligomer-induced cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, cellulose synthase phosphorylation, and the regulation of CWI-related genes, including those involved in biosynthesis of cell wall material, secondary metabolites and tryptophan. Phosphoproteome analyses identified early targets involved in signaling, cellulose synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi secretory pathway, cell wall repair and immune responses. Two conserved phenylalanine residues in the malectin domain are crucial for CORK1 function. We propose that CORK1 is required for CWI and immune responses activated by cellulose breakdown products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S. Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Fliegmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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7
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Duncombe SG, Chethan SG, Anderson CT. Super-resolution imaging illuminates new dynamic behaviors of cellulose synthase. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:273-286. [PMID: 34524465 PMCID: PMC8846172 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Confocal imaging has shown that CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) particles move through the plasma membrane as they synthesize cellulose. However, the resolution limit of confocal microscopy circumscribes what can be discovered about these tiny biosynthetic machines. Here, we applied Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM), which improves resolution two-fold over confocal or widefield imaging, to explore the dynamic behaviors of CESA particles in living plant cells. SIM imaging reveals that Arabidopsis thaliana CESA particles are more than twice as dense in the plasma membrane as previously estimated, helping explain the dense arrangement of cellulose observed in new wall layers. CESA particles tracked by SIM display minimal variation in velocity, suggesting coordinated control of CESA catalytic activity within single complexes and that CESA complexes might move steadily in tandem to generate larger cellulose fibrils or bundles. SIM data also reveal that CESA particles vary in their overlaps with microtubule tracks and can complete U-turns without changing speed. CESA track patterns can vary widely between neighboring cells of similar shape, implying that cellulose patterning is not the sole determinant of cellular growth anisotropy. Together, these findings highlight SIM as a powerful tool to advance CESA imaging beyond the resolution limit of conventional light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney G Duncombe
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Samir G Chethan
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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8
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Abstract
Plant epidermis are multifunctional surfaces that directly affect how plants interact with animals or microorganisms and influence their ability to harvest or protect from abiotic factors. To do this, plants rely on minuscule structures that confer remarkable properties to their outer layer. These microscopic features emerge from the hierarchical organization of epidermal cells with various shapes and dimensions combined with different elaborations of the cuticle, a protective film that covers plant surfaces. Understanding the properties and functions of those tridimensional elements as well as disentangling the mechanisms that control their formation and spatial distribution warrant a multidisciplinary approach. Here we show how interdisciplinary efforts of coupling modern tools of experimental biology, physics, and chemistry with advanced computational modeling and state-of-the art microscopy are yielding broad new insights into the seemingly arcane patterning processes that sculpt the outer layer of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Riglet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefano Gatti
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, CB2 1LR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Downing Site, CB2 3EJ, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Zhu X, Tellier F, Gu Y, Li S. Disruption of Very-Long-Chain-Fatty Acid Synthesis Has an Impact on the Dynamics of Cellulose Synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1599. [PMID: 33218005 PMCID: PMC7698757 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized by membrane-spanning large protein complexes named cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs). In this study, the Arabidopsis PASTICCINO2 (PAS2) was identified as an interacting partner of cellulose synthases. PAS2 was previously characterized as the plant 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydratase, an ER membrane-localized dehydratase that is essential for very-long-chain-fatty acid (VLCFA) elongation. The pas2-1 mutants show defective cell elongation and reduction in cellulose content in both etiolated hypocotyls and light-grown roots. Although disruption of VLCFA synthesis by a genetic alteration had a reduction in VLCFA in both etiolated hypocotyls and light-grown roots, it had a differential effect on cellulose content in the two systems, suggesting the threshold level of VLCFA for efficient cellulose synthesis may be different in the two biological systems. pas2-1 had a reduction in both CSC delivery rate and CSC velocity at the PM in etiolated hypocotyls. Interestingly, Golgi but not post-Golgi endomembrane structures exhibited a severe defect in motility. Experiments using pharmacological perturbation of VLCFA content in etiolated hypocotyls strongly indicate a novel function of PAS2 in the regulation of CSC and Golgi motility. Through a combination of genetic, biochemical and cell biology studies, our study demonstrated that PAS2 as a multifunction protein has an important role in the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Frédérique Tellier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE-AgroParisTech, 78000 Versailles, France;
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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11
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Thomas P, Duolikun T, Rumjit NP, Moosavi S, Lai CW, Bin Johan MR, Fen LB. Comprehensive review on nanocellulose: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Protoplast Isolation and Manipulation in the Unicellular Model Plant Penium margaritaceum. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2149:111-124. [PMID: 32617932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular freshwater green alga Penium margaritaceum has become a novel and valuable model organism for elucidating cell wall dynamics in plants. We describe a rapid and simple means for isolating protoplasts using commercial enzymes in a mannitol-based buffer. Protoplasts can be cultured and cell wall recovery can be monitored in sequentially diluted mannitol-based medium. We also describe an optimized protocol to prepare highly pure, organelle-free nuclei fractions from protoplasts using sucrose gradients. This technology provides a new and effective tool in Penium biology that can be used for analysis of cell wall polymer deposition, organelle isolation and characterization, and molecular research including genetic transformation and somatic hybridization.
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13
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Domozych DS, Sun L, Palacio-Lopez K, Reed R, Jeon S, Li M, Jiao C, Sørensen I, Fei Z, Rose JKC. Endomembrane architecture and dynamics during secretion of the extracellular matrix of the unicellular charophyte, Penium margaritaceum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3323-3339. [PMID: 31974570 PMCID: PMC7289721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of many charophytes, the assemblage of green algae that are the sister group to land plants, is complex, produced in large amounts, and has multiple essential functions. An extensive secretory apparatus and endomembrane system are presumably needed to synthesize and secrete the ECM, but structural details of such a system have not been fully characterized. Penium margaritaceum is a valuable unicellular model charophyte for studying secretion dynamics. We report that Penium has a highly organized endomembrane system, consisting of 150-200 non-mobile Golgi bodies that process and package ECM components into different sets of vesicles that traffic to the cortical cytoplasm, where they are transported around the cell by cytoplasmic streaming. At either fixed or transient areas, specific cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete their constituents. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was observed to occur in one location of the Golgi body and sometimes in unique Golgi hybrids. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A caused disruption of the Golgi body, and inhibition of EPS secretion and cell wall expansion. The structure of the endomembrane system in Penium provides mechanistic insights into how extant charophytes generate large quantities of ECM, which in their ancestors facilitated the colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | | | - Reagan Reed
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Susan Jeon
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Mingjia Li
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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14
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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15
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Nielsen E. The Small GTPase Superfamily in Plants: A Conserved Regulatory Module with Novel Functions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:247-272. [PMID: 32442390 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-112619-025827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small GTP-binding proteins represent a highly conserved signaling module in eukaryotes that regulates diverse cellular processes such as signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and cell polarity, cell proliferation and differentiation, intracellular membrane trafficking and transport vesicle formation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. These proteins function as molecular switches that cycle between active and inactive states, and this cycle is linked to GTP binding and hydrolysis. In this review, the roles of the plant complement of small GTP-binding proteins in these cellular processes are described, as well as accessory proteins that control their activity, and current understanding of the functions of individual members of these families in plants-with a focus on the model organism Arabidopsis-is presented. Some potential novel roles of these GTPases in plants, relative to their established roles in yeast and/or animal systems, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nielsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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16
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Chen D, Melton LD, McGillivray DJ, Ryan TM, Harris PJ. Changes in the orientations of cellulose microfibrils during the development of collenchyma cell walls of celery (Apium graveolens L.). PLANTA 2019; 250:1819-1832. [PMID: 31463558 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During development, cellulose microfibrils in collenchyma walls become increasingly longitudinal, as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, despite the walls maintaining a fine structure indicative of a crossed-polylamellate structure. Collenchyma cells have thickened primary cell walls and provide mechanical support during plant growth. During their development, these cells elongate and their walls thicken considerably. We used microscopy and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering to study changes in the orientations of cellulose microfibrils that occur during development in the walls of collenchyma cells present in peripheral strands in celery (Apium graveolens) petioles. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the walls consisted of many lamellae (polylamellate), with lamellae containing longitudinally oriented cellulose microfibrils alternating with microfibrils oriented at higher angles. The lamellae containing longitudinally oriented microfibrils predominated at later stages of development. Nevertheless, transmission electron microscopy of specially stained, oblique sections provided evidence that the cellulose microfibrils were ordered throughout development as crossed-polylamellate structures. These results are consistent with our synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering results that showed the cellulose microfibrils become oriented increasingly longitudinally during development. Some passive reorientation of cellulose microfibrils may occur during development, but extensive reorientation throughout the wall would destroy ordered structures. Atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the orientations of newly deposited cellulose microfibrils. These were found to vary widely among different cells, which could be consistent with the formation of crossed-polylamellate structures. These newly deposited cellulose microfibrils are deposited in a layer of pectic polysaccharides that lies immediately outside the plasma membrane. Overall, our results show that during development of collenchyma walls, the cellulose microfibrils become increasingly longitudinal in orientation, yet organized, crossed-polylamellate structures are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Laurence D Melton
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Duncan J McGillivray
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
- The Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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17
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Park S, Song B, Shen W, Ding SY. A mutation in the catalytic domain of cellulose synthase 6 halts its transport to the Golgi apparatus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6071-6083. [PMID: 31559423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils, which form the mechanical framework of the plant cell wall, are synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex in the plasma membrane. Here, we introduced point mutations into the catalytic domain of cellulose synthase 6 (CESA6) in Arabidopsis to produce enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP)-tagged CESA6D395N, CESA6Q823E, and CESA6D395N+Q823E, which were exogenously produced in a cesa6 null mutant, prc1-1. Comparison of these mutants in terms of plant phenotype, cellulose content, cellulose synthase complex dynamics, and organization of cellulose microfibrils showed that prc1-1 expressing EYFP:CESA6D395N or CESA6D395N+Q823E was nearly the same as prc1-1, whereas prc1-1 expressing EYFP:CESA6Q823E was almost identical to wild type and prc1-1 expressing EYFP:WT CESA6, indicating that CESA6D395N and CESA6D395N+Q823E do not function in cellulose synthesis, while CESA6Q823E is still functionally active. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy were used to monitor the subcellular localization of these proteins. We found that EYFP:CESA6D395N and EYFP:CESA6D395N+Q823E were absent from subcellular regions containing the Golgi and the plasma membrane, and they appeared to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. By contrast, EYFP:CESA6Q823E had a normal localization pattern, like that of wild-type EYFP:CESA6. Our results demonstrate that the D395N mutation in CESA6 interrupts its normal transport to the Golgi and its eventual participation in cellulose synthase complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, USA
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18
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Vaahtera L, Schulz J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity maintenance during plant development and interaction with the environment. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:924-932. [PMID: 31506641 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are highly dynamic structures that provide mechanical support for plant cells during growth, development and adaptation to a changing environment. Thus, it is important for plants to monitor the state of their cell walls and ensure their functional integrity at all times. This monitoring involves perception of physical forces at the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase. These forces are altered during cell division and morphogenesis, as well as in response to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Mechanisms responsible for the perception of physical stimuli involved in these processes have been difficult to separate from other regulatory mechanisms perceiving chemical signals such as hormones, peptides or cell wall fragments. However, recently developed technologies in combination with more established genetic and biochemical approaches are beginning to open up this exciting field of study. Here, we will review our current knowledge of plant cell wall integrity signalling using selected recent findings and highlight how the cell wall-plasma membrane interphase can act as a venue for sensing changes in the physical forces affecting plant development and stress responses. More importantly, we discuss how these signals may be integrated with chemical signals derived from established signalling cascades to control specific adaptive responses during exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Schulz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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19
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Abstract
In plants, one of the most understated developmental phenomena is that of straightness - a root will grow down, a petal will grow flat. A new mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana that displays twisting in petals and roots, at the organ and cell level, has been investigated. Strikingly, the twisting is always left-handed and is not due to underlying cytoskeletal skewing, as is the case in other known, phenotypically similar, mutants.
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20
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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21
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Huang X, Maisch J, Nick P. Sensory role of actin in auxin-dependent responses of tobacco BY-2. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 218:6-15. [PMID: 28763708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport depends on the polar localization of auxin-efflux carriers. The cycling of these carriers between cell interior and plasma membrane depends on actin. The dynamic of actin not only affects auxin transport, but also changes the auxin-responsiveness. To study the potential link between auxin responsiveness and actin dynamics, we investigated developmental responses of the non-transformed BY-2 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow 2) cell line and the transgenic BY-2 strain GF11 (stably transformed BY-2 cells with a GFP-fimbrin actin-binding domain 2 construct). The developmental process was divided into three distinct stages: cell cycling, cell elongation and file disintegration. Several phenotypes were measured to monitor the cellular responses to different concentrations of exogenous natural auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). We found that auxin stimulated and prolonged the mitotic activity, and delayed the exit from the proliferation phase. However, both responses were suppressed in the GF11 line. At the stationary phase of the cultivation cycle, auxin strongly accelerated the cell file disintegration. Interestingly, it was not suppressed but progressed to a more complete disintegration in the GF11 line. During the cultivation cycle, we also followed the organization of actin in the GF11 line and did not detect any significant difference in actin organization from untreated control or exogenous IAA treatment. Therefore, our findings indicate that the specific differences observed in the GF11 line must be linked with a function of actin that is not structural. It means that there is a sensory role of actin for auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg. 4, Gbd. 30.43, (5. OG), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Jan Maisch
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg. 4, Gbd. 30.43, (5. OG), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg. 4, Gbd. 30.43, (5. OG), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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22
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Hassan AS, Houston K, Lahnstein J, Shirley N, Schwerdt JG, Gidley MJ, Waugh R, Little A, Burton RA. A Genome Wide Association Study of arabinoxylan content in 2-row spring barley grain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182537. [PMID: 28771585 PMCID: PMC5542645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In barley endosperm arabinoxylan (AX) is the second most abundant cell wall polysaccharide and in wheat it is the most abundant polysaccharide in the starchy endosperm walls of the grain. AX is one of the main contributors to grain dietary fibre content providing several health benefits including cholesterol and glucose lowering effects, and antioxidant activities. Due to its complex structural features, AX might also affect the downstream applications of barley grain in malting and brewing. Using a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method we quantified AX amounts in mature grain in 128 spring 2-row barley accessions. Amounts ranged from ~ 5.2 μg/g to ~ 9 μg/g. We used this data for a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) that revealed three significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with grain AX levels which passed a false discovery threshold (FDR) and are located on two of the seven barley chromosomes. Regions underlying the QTLs were scanned for genes likely to be involved in AX biosynthesis or turnover, and strong candidates, including glycosyltransferases from the GT43 and GT61 families and glycoside hydrolases from the GH10 family, were identified. Phylogenetic trees of selected gene families were built based on protein translations and were used to examine the relationship of the barley candidate genes to those in other species. Our data reaffirms the roles of existing genes thought to contribute to AX content, and identifies novel QTL (and candidate genes associated with them) potentially influencing the AX content of barley grain. One potential outcome of this work is the deployment of highly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms markers in breeding programs to guide the modification of AX abundance in barley grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saleh Hassan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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23
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Wege S, Gilliham M, Henderson SW. Chloride: not simply a 'cheap osmoticum', but a beneficial plant macronutrient. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3057-3069. [PMID: 28379459 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
At macronutrient levels, chloride has positive effects on plant growth, which are distinct from its function in photosynthesis..
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wege
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Sam W Henderson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology & The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, PMB1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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24
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Griffiths JS, North HM. Sticking to cellulose: exploiting Arabidopsis seed coat mucilage to understand cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall polysaccharide interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:959-966. [PMID: 28191645 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall defines the shape of cells and ultimately plant architecture. It provides mechanical resistance to osmotic pressure while still being malleable and allowing cells to grow and divide. These properties are determined by the different components of the wall and the interactions between them. The major components of the cell wall are the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Cellulose biosynthesis has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and more recently in the mucilage-producing epidermal cells of the seed coat. The latter has emerged as an excellent system to study cellulose biosynthesis and the interactions between cellulose and other cell wall polymers. Here we review some of the major advances in our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis in the seed coat, and how mucilage has aided our understanding of the interactions between cellulose and other cell wall components required for wall cohesion. Recently, 10 genes involved in cellulose or hemicellulose biosynthesis in mucilage have been identified. These discoveries have helped to demonstrate that xylan side-chains on rhamnogalacturonan I act to link this pectin directly to cellulose. We also examine other factors that, either directly or indirectly, influence cellulose organization or crystallization in mucilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Griffiths
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, F-78000, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, F-78000, France
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25
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Xi W, Song D, Sun J, Shen J, Li L. Formation of wood secondary cell wall may involve two type cellulose synthase complexes in Populus. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:419-429. [PMID: 27987127 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis is mediated by cellulose synthases (CesAs), which constitute into rosette-like cellulose synthase complexe (CSC) on the plasma membrane. Two types of CSCs in Arabidopsis are believed to be involved in cellulose synthesis in the primary cell wall and secondary cell walls, respectively. In this work, we found that the two type CSCs participated cellulose biosynthesis in differentiating xylem cells undergoing secondary cell wall thickening in Populus. During the cell wall thickening process, expression of one type CSC genes increased while expression of the other type CSC genes decreased. Suppression of different type CSC genes both affected the wall-thickening and disrupted the multilaminar structure of the secondary cell walls. When CesA7A was suppressed, crystalline cellulose content was reduced, which, however, showed an increase when CesA3D was suppressed. The CesA suppression also affected cellulose digestibility of the wood cell walls. The results suggest that two type CSCs are involved in coordinating the cellulose biosynthesis in formation of the multilaminar structure in Populus wood secondary cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dongliang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiayan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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26
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Domozych D, Lietz A, Patten M, Singer E, Tinaz B, Raimundo SC. Imaging the Dynamics of Cell Wall Polymer Deposition in the Unicellular Model Plant, Penium margaritaceum. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1563:91-105. [PMID: 28324604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6810-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular green alga, Penium margaritaceum, represents a novel and valuable model organism for elucidating cell wall dynamics in plants. This organism's cell wall contains several polymers that are highly similar to those found in the primary cell walls of land plants. Penium is easily grown in laboratory culture and is effectively manipulated in various experimental protocols including microplate assays and correlative microscopy. Most importantly, Penium can be live labeled with cell wall-specific antibodies or other probes and returned to culture where specific cell wall developmental events can be monitored. Additionally, live cells can be rapidly cryo-fixed and cell wall surface microarchitecture can be observed with variable pressure scanning electron microscopy. Here, we describe the methodology for maintaining Penium for experimental cell wall enzyme studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Anna Lietz
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Molly Patten
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Emily Singer
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Berke Tinaz
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Sandra C Raimundo
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
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