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Han M, Chen Z, Sun G, Feng Y, Guo Y, Bai S, Yan X. Nano-Fe 3O 4: Enhancing the tolerance of Elymus nutans to Cd stress through regulating programmed cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124711. [PMID: 39128602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to plant growth and the environment. Nano-Fe3O4 is effective in alleviating Cd stress in plants. Elymus nutans Griseb. is an important fodder crop on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). However, the potential mechanism by which nano-Fe3O4 alleviates Cd stress in E. nutans is not well understood. E. nutans were subjected to single Cd, single nano-Fe3O4, and co-treatment with nano-Fe3O4 and Cd, and the effects on morphology, Cd uptake, antioxidant enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and programmed cell death (PCD) were studied to clarify the regulatory mechanism of nano-Fe3O4. The results showed that Cd stress significantly decreased the germination percentage and biomass of E. nutans. The photosynthetic pigment content decreased significantly under Cd stress. Cd stress also caused oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, accumulation of excessive ROS, resulting in PCD, but the effect of nano-Fe3O4 was different. Seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological processes were analyzed to elucidate the regulatory role of nano-Fe3O4 nanoparticles in promoting photosynthesis, reducing Cd accumulation, scavenging ROS, and regulating PCD, to promote seed germination and seedling growth in E. nutans. This report provides a scientific basis for improving the tolerance of Elymus to Cd stress by using nano-Fe3O4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yuxi Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuxia Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xuebing Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Ferreira SS, Pandey S, Hemminger J, Bozdag S, Antunes MS. Early changes in microRNA expression in Arabidopsis plants infected with the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596347. [PMID: 39149262 PMCID: PMC11326132 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Plants respond to biotic stressors by modulating various processes in an attempt to limit the attack by a pathogen or herbivore. Triggering these different defense processes requires orchestration of a network of proteins and RNA molecules that includes microRNAs (miRNAs). These short RNA molecules (20-22 nucleotides) have been shown to be important players in the early responses of plants to stresses because they can rapidly regulate the expression levels of a network of downstream genes. The ascomycete Fusarium graminearum is an important fungal pathogen that causes significant losses in cereal crops worldwide. Using the well-characterized Fusarium-Arabidopsis pathosystem, we investigated how plants change expression of their miRNAs globally during the early stages of infection by F. graminearum. In addition to miRNAs that have been previously implicated in stress responses, we have also identified evolutionarily young miRNAs whose levels change significantly in response to fungal infection. Some of these young miRNAs have homologs present in cereals. Thus, manipulating expression of these miRNAs may provide a unique path toward development of plants with increased resistance to fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio S. Ferreira
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- Current address: Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Suman Pandey
- Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- Center for Computational Life Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
| | - Jesseca Hemminger
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
| | - Serdar Bozdag
- Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- Dept. of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- Center for Computational Life Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
| | - Mauricio S. Antunes
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
- Center for Computational Life Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
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3
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Geng R, Li X, Huang J, Zhou W. The chloroplast singlet oxygen-triggered biosynthesis of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid is mediated by EX1 and GUN1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2852-2864. [PMID: 38600785 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defence hormones like salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play pivotal roles in triggering cell death. However, the precise mechanism governing the interaction between ROS and SA/JA remains elusive. Recently, our research revealed that RNAi mutants with suppressed expression of PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH8 (PCD8) exhibit an overabundance of tetrapyrrole intermediates, particularly uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III), leading to the accumulation of singlet oxygen (1O2) during the transition from darkness to light, thereby instigating leaf necrosis. In this investigation, we uncovered that 1O2 stimulates biosynthesis of SA and JA, activating SA/JA signalling and the expression of responsive genes in PCD8 RNAi (pcd8) mutants. Introducing NahG or knocking out PAD4 or NPR1 significantly alleviates the cell death phenotype of pcd8 mutants, while coi1 partially mitigates the pcd8 phenotype. Further exploration revealed that EX1 and GUN1 can partially rescue the pcd8 phenotype by reducing the levels of Uro III and 1O2. Notably, mutations in EX1 mutations but not GUN1, substantially diminish SA content in pcd8 mutants compared to the wild type, implying that EX1 acts as the primary mediator of 1O2 signalling-mediated SA biosynthesis. Moreover, the triple ex1 gun1 pcd8 displays a phenotype similar to ex1. Overall, our findings underscore that the 1O2-induced cell death phenotype requires EX1/GUN1-mediated retrograde signalling in pcd8 mutants, providing novel insights into the interplay between ROS and SA/JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Geng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Situ J, Huang J, Li M, Xi P, Jiang Z, Kong G. Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2682-2701. [PMID: 38622771 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell death is regulated in plant-pathogen interactions. While some aspartic proteases (APs) participate in regulating programmed cell death or defense responses, the defense functions of most APs remain largely unknown. Here, we report on a virulence factor, PlPeL8, which is a pectate lyase found in the hemibiotrophic pathogen Peronophythora litchii. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we confirmed the interaction between PlPeL8 and LcAP1 from litchi, and identified LcAP1 as a positive regulator of plant immunity. PlPeL8 induced cell death associated with NbSOBIR1 and NbMEK2. The 11 conserved residues of PlPeL8 were essential for inducing cell death and enhancing plant susceptibility. Twenty-three LcAPs suppressed cell death induced by PlPeL8 in Nicotiana benthamiana depending on their interaction with PlPeL8. The N-terminus of LcAP1 was required for inhibiting PlPeL8-triggered cell death and susceptibility. Furthermore, PlPeL8 led to higher susceptibility in NbAPs-silenced N. benthamiana than the GUS-control. Our results indicate the crucial roles of LcAP1 and its homologs in enhancing plant resistance via suppression of cell death triggered by PlPeL8, and LcAP1 represents a promising target for engineering disease resistance. Our study provides new insights into the role of plant cell death in the arms race between plants and hemibiotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Backer R, Swart V. Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi CRN effectors and their roles in manipulating cell death during Persea americana infection. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:435. [PMID: 38698341 PMCID: PMC11064341 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi is a devastating plant pathogen with a notably broad host range. It is the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot (PRR), arguably the most economically important yield-limiting disease in Persea americana (avocado). Despite this, our understanding of the mechanisms P. cinnamomi employs to infect and successfully colonize avocado remains limited, particularly regarding the pathogen's ability to maintain its biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles during infection. The pathogen utilises a large repertoire of effector proteins which function in facilitating and establishing disease in susceptible host plants. Crinkling and necrosis effectors (CRN/Crinklers) are suspected to manipulate cell death to aid in maintenance of the pathogens biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles during different stages of infection. The current study identified 25 P. cinnamomi CRN effectors from the GKB4 genome using an HMM profile and assigned putative function to them as either cell death inducers or suppressors. Function was assigned to 10 PcinCRNs by analysing their RNA-seq expression profiles, relatedness to other functionally characterised Phytophthora CRNs and tertiary protein predictions. The full-length coding sequences for these PcinCRNs were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, six of which were found to have two divergent alleles. The presence of alleles indicates that the proteins encoded may perform contradicting functions in cell death manipulation, or function in different host plant species. Overall, this study provides a foundation for future research on P. cinnamomi infection and cell death manipulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Midgley
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Robert Backer
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Velushka Swart
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Department of Biochemistry; Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
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Delmer D, Dixon RA, Keegstra K, Mohnen D. The plant cell wall-dynamic, strong, and adaptable-is a natural shapeshifter. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1257-1311. [PMID: 38301734 PMCID: PMC11062476 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability and assume many different forms-with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, assume many shapes, and perform many functions. In this review, we cover the evolution of knowledge of the structures, biosynthesis, and functions of the 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along the way, we recognize some of the colorful historical figures who shaped cell wall research over the past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly as we examine the evolving proposals for how cell walls are constructed to allow growth while remaining strong, the complex signaling involved in maintaining cell wall integrity and defense against disease, and the ways cell walls adapt as they progress from birth, through growth to maturation, and in the end, often function long after cell death. We predict the next century of progress will include deciphering cell type-specific wall polymers; regulation at all levels of polymer production, crosslinks, and architecture; and how walls respond to developmental and environmental signals to drive plant success in diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Delmer
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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7
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Chakraborty S. Don't fear the reaper: Tracing the organized breakdown of dying cells in the lateral root cap. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:799-800. [PMID: 38142232 PMCID: PMC10980337 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonhita Chakraborty
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Linnaeus väg 6, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Wang J, Bollier N, Buono RA, Vahldick H, Lin Z, Feng Q, Hudecek R, Jiang Q, Mylle E, Van Damme D, Nowack MK. A developmentally controlled cellular decompartmentalization process executes programmed cell death in the Arabidopsis root cap. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:941-962. [PMID: 38085063 PMCID: PMC7615778 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process crucial to development, homeostasis, and immunity in multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast to our knowledge on the regulation of diverse animal cell death subroutines, information on execution of PCD in plants remains fragmentary. Here, we make use of the accessibility of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cap to visualize the execution process of developmentally controlled PCD. We identify a succession of selective decompartmentalization events and ion fluxes as part of the terminal differentiation program that is orchestrated by the NO APICAL MERISTEM, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA ACTIVATING FACTOR, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (NAC) transcription factor SOMBRERO. Surprisingly, the breakdown of the large central vacuole is a relatively late and variable event, preceded by an increase of intracellular calcium levels and acidification, release of mitochondrial matrix proteins, leakage of nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum lumina, and release of fluorescent membrane reporters into the cytosol. In analogy to animal apoptosis, the plasma membrane remains impermeable for proteins during and after PCD execution. Elevated intracellular calcium levels and acidification are sufficient to trigger cell death execution specifically in terminally differentiated root cap cells, suggesting that these ion fluxes act as PCD-triggering signals. This detailed information on the cellular processes occurring during developmental PCD in plants is a pivotal prerequisite for future research into the molecular mechanisms of cell death execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert Bollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rafael Andrade Buono
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Vahldick
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zongcheng Lin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qiangnan Feng
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudecek
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Singh SP, Verma RK, Goel R, Kumar V, Singh RR, Sawant SV. Arabidopsis BECLIN1-induced autophagy mediates reprogramming in tapetal programmed cell death by altering the gross cellular homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108471. [PMID: 38503186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In flowering plants, the tapetum degeneration in post-meiotic anther occurs through developmental programmed cell death (dPCD), which is one of the most critical and sensitive steps for the proper development of male gametophytes and fertility. Yet the pathways of dPCD, its regulation, and its interaction with autophagy remain elusive. Here, we report that high-level expression of Arabidopsis autophagy-related gene BECLIN1 (BECN1 or AtATG6) in the tobacco tapetum prior to their dPCD resulted in developmental defects. BECN1 induces severe autophagy and multiple cytoplasm-to-vacuole pathways, which alters tapetal cell reactive oxygen species (ROS)-homeostasis that represses the tapetal dPCD. The transcriptome analysis reveals that BECN1- expression caused major changes in the pathway, resulting in altered cellular homeostasis in the tapetal cell. Moreover, BECN1-mediated autophagy reprograms the execution of tapetal PCD by altering the expression of the key developmental PCD marker genes: SCPL48, CEP1, DMP4, BFN1, MC9, EXI1, and Bcl-2 member BAG5, and BAG6. This study demonstrates that BECN1-mediated autophagy is inhibitory to the dPCD of the tapetum, but the severity of autophagy leads to autophagic death in the later stages. The delayed and altered mode of tapetal degeneration resulted in male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
| | - Rishi Kumar Verma
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Ridhi Goel
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Verandra Kumar
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| | | | - Samir V Sawant
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSIR National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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10
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Karimian P, Trusov Y, Botella JR. Conserved Role of Heterotrimeric G Proteins in Plant Defense and Cell Death Progression. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:115. [PMID: 38255003 PMCID: PMC10815853 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a critical process in plant immunity, enabling the targeted elimination of infected cells to prevent the spread of pathogens. The tight regulation of PCD within plant cells is well-documented; however, specific mechanisms remain elusive or controversial. Heterotrimeric G proteins are multifunctional signaling elements consisting of three distinct subunits, Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. In Arabidopsis, the Gβγ dimer serves as a positive regulator of plant defense. Conversely, in species such as rice, maize, cotton, and tomato, mutants deficient in Gβ exhibit constitutively active defense responses, suggesting a contrasting negative role for Gβ in defense mechanisms within these plants. Using a transient overexpression approach in addition to knockout mutants, we observed that Gβγ enhanced cell death progression and elevated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in a similar manner across Arabidopsis, tomato, and Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting a conserved G protein role in PCD regulation among diverse plant species. The enhancement of PCD progression was cooperatively regulated by Gβγ and one Gα, XLG2. We hypothesize that G proteins participate in two distinct mechanisms regulating the initiation and progression of PCD in plants. We speculate that G proteins may act as guardees, the absence of which triggers PCD. However, in Arabidopsis, this G protein guarding mechanism appears to have been lost in the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Ramon Botella
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.K.); (Y.T.)
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11
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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Situ J, He Z, Zhou W, Li M, Xi P, Liang X, Kong G, Jiang Z. A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:22. [PMID: 38167822 PMCID: PMC10761943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall degrading enzymes, including pectate lyases (PeLs), released by plant pathogens, break down protective barriers and/or activate host immunity. The direct interactions between PeLs and plant immune-related proteins remain unclear. We identify two PeLs, PlPeL1 and PlPeL1-like, critical for full virulence of Peronophythora litchii on litchi (Litchi chinensis). These proteins enhance plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens in a PeL enzymatic activity-dependent manner. However, LcPIP1, a plant immune regulator secreted by litchi, binds to PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like, and attenuates PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like induced plant susceptibility to Phytophthora capsici. LcPIP1 also induces cell death and various immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Conserved in plants, LcPIP1 homologs bear a conserved "VDMASG" motif and exhibit immunity-inducing activity. Furthermore, SERK3 interacts with LcPIP1 and is required for LcPIP1-induced cell death. NbPIP1 participates in immune responses triggered by the PAMP protein INF1. In summary, our study reveals the dual roles of PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like in plant-pathogen interactions: enhancing pathogen virulence through PeL enzymatic activity while also being targeted by LcPIP1, thus enhancing plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyuan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Guo QQ, Li YZ, Shi HB, Yi AY, Xu XL, Wang HH, Deng X, Wu ZB, Cui ZN. Novel mandelic acid derivatives suppress virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum via type III secretion system. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4626-4634. [PMID: 37442803 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial wilt induced by Ralstonia solanacearum is regarded as one of the most devastating diseases. However, excessive and repeated use of the same bactericides has resulted in development of bacterial resistance. Targeting bacterial virulence factors, such as type III secretion system (T3SS), without inhibiting bacterial growth is a possible assay to discover new antimicrobial agents. RESULTS In this work, identifying new T3SS inhibitors, a series of mandelic acid derivatives with 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiazole moiety was synthesized. One of them, F-24, inhibited the transcription of hrpY gene significantly. The presence of this compound obviously attenuated hypersensitive response (HR) without inhibiting bacterial growth of R. solanacearum. The transcription levels of those typical T3SS genes were reduced to various degrees. The test of the ability of F-24 in protecting plants demonstrated that F-24 protected tomato plants against bacterial wilt without restricting the multiplication of R. solanacearum. The mechanism of this T3SS inhibition is through the PhcR-PhcA-PrhG-HrpB pathway. CONCULSION The screened F-24 could inhibit R. solanacearum T3SS and showed better inhibitory activity than previously reported inhibitors without affecting the growth of the strain, and F-24 is a compound with good potential in the control of R. solanacearum. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Bin Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ao-Yun Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zi-Ning Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Barghahn S, Saridis G, Mantz M, Meyer U, Mellüh JC, Misas Villamil JC, Huesgen PF, Doehlemann G. Combination of transcriptomic, proteomic, and degradomic profiling reveals common and distinct patterns of pathogen-induced cell death in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:574-596. [PMID: 37339931 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is crucial for plant development, as well as in decision-making in plant-microbe interactions. Previous studies revealed components of the molecular network controlling RCD, including different proteases. However, the identity, the proteolytic network as well as molecular components involved in the initiation and execution of distinct plant RCD processes, still remain largely elusive. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome, proteome, and N-terminome of Zea mays leaves treated with the Xanthomonas effector avrRxo1, the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1), or the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) to dissect plant cellular processes related to cell death and plant immunity. We found highly distinct and time-dependent biological processes being activated on transcriptional and proteome levels in response to avrRxo1, FB1, and SA. Correlation analysis of the transcriptome and proteome identified general, as well as trigger-specific markers for cell death in Zea mays. We found that proteases, particularly papain-like cysteine proteases, are specifically regulated during RCD. Collectively, this study characterizes distinct RCD responses in Z. mays and provides a framework for the mechanistic exploration of components involved in the initiation and execution of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Barghahn
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georgios Saridis
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Meyer
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Johana C Misas Villamil
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Li P, Li W, Zhou X, Situ J, Xie L, Xi P, Yang B, Kong G, Jiang Z. Peronophythora litchii RXLR effector P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 destabilizes a host ethylene biosynthesis enzyme. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:756-774. [PMID: 37232407 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens can secrete hundreds of effectors into plant cells to interfere with the plant immune system during infection. Here, we identified a Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector protein from the most destructive pathogen of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), Peronophythora litchii, and named it P. litchii avirulence homolog 202 (PlAvh202). PlAvh202 could suppress cell death triggered by infestin 1 or avirulence protein 3a/resistance protein 3a in Nicotiana benthamiana and was essential for P. litchii virulence. In addition, PlAvh202 suppressed plant immune responses and promoted the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora capsici. Further research revealed that PlAvh202 could suppress ethylene (ET) production by targeting and destabilizing plant S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key enzyme in the ET biosynthesis pathway, in a 26S proteasome-dependent manner without affecting its expression. Transient expression of LcSAMS3 induced ET production and enhanced plant resistance, whereas inhibition of ET biosynthesis promoted P. litchii infection, supporting that litchi SAMS (LcSAMS) and ET positively regulate litchi immunity toward P. litchii. Overall, these findings highlight that SAMS can be targeted by the oomycete RXLR effector to manipulate ET-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhu Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control/Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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15
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Kaźmierczak A, Tarkowská D, Plačková L, Doniak M, Doležal K. Hormonal crosstalk controls cell death induced by kinetin in roots of Vicia faba ssp. minor seedlings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11661. [PMID: 37468550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of vitality/mortality of cortex cells, as well as of the concentrations of ethylene (ETH), gibberellins (GAs), indolic compounds/auxins (ICs/AUXs) and cytokinins (CKs), were undertaken to explain the hormonal background of kinetin (Kin)-regulated cell death (RCD), which is induced in the cortex of the apical parts of roots of faba bean (Vicia faba ssp. minor) seedlings. Quantification was carried out with fluorescence microscopy, ETH sensors, spectrophotometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‒MS/MS). The results indicated that Kin was metabolized to the transport form, i.e., kinetin-9-glucoside (Kin9G) and kinetin riboside (KinR). KinR was then converted to cis-zeatin (cZ) in apical parts of roots with meristems, to cis-zeatin riboside (cZR) in apical parts of roots without meristems and finally to cis-zeatin riboside 5'-monophosphate (cZR5'MP), which is indicated to be a ligand of cytokinin-dependent receptors inducing CD. The process may be enhanced by an increase in the amount of dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR) as a byproduct of the pathway of zeatin metabolism. It seems that crosstalk of ETH, ICs/AUXs, GAs and CKs with the cZR5'MP, the cis-zeatin-dependent pathway, but not the trans-zeatin-dependent pathway, is responsible for Kin-RCD, indicating that the process is very specific and offers a useful model for studies of CD hallmarks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Center of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Zhang Y, Tian H, Chen D, Zhang H, Sun M, Chen S, Qin Z, Ding Z, Dai S. Cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinases: emerging regulators of plant stress responses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:776-794. [PMID: 37105805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) belong to a large DUF26-containing receptor-like kinase (RLK) family. They play key roles in immunity, abiotic stress response, and growth and development. How CRKs regulate diverse processes is a long-standing question. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CRK functions in Ca2+ influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade activation, callose deposition, stomatal immunity, and programmed cell death (PCD). We review the CRK structure-function relationship with a focus on the roles of CRKs in immunity, the abiotic stress response, and the growth-stress tolerance tradeoff. We provide a critical analysis and synthesis of how CRKs control sophisticated regulatory networks that determine diverse plant phenotypic outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxue Zhang
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haodong Tian
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Daniel Chen
- MD Program of Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Meihong Sun
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zhi Qin
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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17
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Zakharova E, Khanina T, Knyazev A, Milyukova N, Kovaleva LV. Hormonal Signaling during dPCD: Cytokinin as the Determinant of RNase-Based Self-Incompatibility in Solanaceae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1033. [PMID: 37509069 PMCID: PMC10377171 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into molecular mechanisms of self-incompatibility (SI) in plants can be observed in representatives of various families, including Solanaceae. Earlier studies of the mechanisms of S-RNase-based SI in petunia (Petunia hybrida E. Vilm.) demonstrate that programmed cell death (PCD) is an SI factor. These studies suggest that the phytohormon cytokinin (CK) is putative activator of caspase-like proteases (CLPs). In this work, data confirming this hypothesis were obtained in two model objects-petunia and tomato (six Solanaceae representatives). The exogenous zeatin treatment of tomato and petunia stigmas before a compatible pollination activates CLPs in the pollen tubes in vivo, as shown via the intravital imaging of CLP activities. CK at any concentration slows down the germination and growth of petunia and tomato male gametophytes both in vitro and in vivo; shifts the pH of the cytoplasm (PHc) to the acid region, thereby creating the optimal conditions for CLP to function and inhibiting the F-actin formation and/or destructing the cytoskeleton in pollen tubes to point foci during SI-induced PCD; and accumulates in style tissues during SI response. The activity of the ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE 5 (IPT5) gene at this moment exceeds its activity in a cross-compatible pollination, and the levels of expression of the CKX1 and CKX2 genes (CK OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE) are significantly lower in self-incompatible pollination. All this suggests that CK plays a decisive role in the mechanism underlying SI-induced PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Zakharova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Khanina
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Knyazev
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Milyukova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia V Kovaleva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 191186 Moscow, Russia
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18
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Fan S, Xu Y, Bai M, Luo F, Yu J, Yang G. Integrated Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Revealed the Causal Agent of Primary Bud Necrosis in 'Summer Black' Grape. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10410. [PMID: 37373557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary bud necrosis of grape buds is a physiological disorder that leads to decreased berry yield and has a catastrophic impact on the double cropping system in sub-tropical areas. The pathogenic mechanisms and potential solutions remain unknown. In this study, the progression and irreversibility patterns of primary bud necrosis in 'Summer Black' were examined via staining and transmission electron microscopy observation. Primary bud necrosis was initiated at 60 days after bud break and was characterized by plasmolysis, mitochondrial swelling, and severe damage to other organelles. To reveal the underlying regulatory networks, winter buds were collected during primary bud necrosis progression for integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent signaling cascades disrupted the regulation systems for cellular protein quality. ROS cascade reactions were related to mitochondrial stress that can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation causing damage to membrane structure, and endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to misfolded protein aggregates. All these factors ultimately resulted in primary bud necrosis. Visible tissue browning was associated with the oxidation and decreased levels of flavonoids during primary bud necrosis, while the products of polyunsaturated fatty acids and stilbenes exhibited an increasing trend, leading to a shift in carbon flow from flavonoids to stilbene. Increased ethylene may be closely related to primary bud necrosis, while auxin accelerated cell growth and alleviated necrosis by co-chaperone VvP23-regulated redistribution of auxin in meristem cells. Altogether, this study provides important clues for further study on primary bud necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Fan
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yanshuai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Miao Bai
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feixiong Luo
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jun Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guoshun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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19
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Geng R, Pang X, Li X, Shi S, Hedtke B, Grimm B, Bock R, Huang J, Zhou W. PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH8 interacts with tetrapyrrole biosynthesis enzymes and ClpC1 to maintain homeostasis of tetrapyrrole metabolites in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2545-2560. [PMID: 36967598 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS) is a dynamically and strictly regulated process. Disruptions in tetrapyrrole metabolism influence many aspects of plant physiology, including photosynthesis, programmed cell death (PCD), and retrograde signaling, thus affecting plant growth and development at multiple levels. However, the genetic and molecular basis of TBS is not fully understood. We report here PCD8, a newly identified thylakoid-localized protein encoded by an essential gene in Arabidopsis. PCD8 knockdown causes a necrotic phenotype due to excessive chloroplast damage. A burst of singlet oxygen that results from overaccumulated tetrapyrrole intermediates upon illumination is suggested to be responsible for cell death in the knockdown mutants. Genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that PCD8 interacts with ClpC1 and a number of TBS enzymes, such as HEMC, CHLD, and PORC of TBS. Taken together, our findings uncover the function of chloroplast-localized PCD8 and provide a new perspective to elucidate molecular mechanism of how TBS is finely regulated in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudan Geng
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Pang
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin, 10115, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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20
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Kaźmierczak A, Siatkowska E, Li R, Bothe S, Nick P. Kinetin induces microtubular breakdown, cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:787-806. [PMID: 36239807 PMCID: PMC10125952 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells can undergo regulated cell death in response to exogenous factors (often in a stress context), but also as regular element of development (often regulated by phytohormones). The cellular aspects of these death responses differ, which implies that the early signalling must be different. We use cytokinin-induced programmed cell death as paradigm to get insight into the role of the cytoskeleton for the regulation of developmentally induced cell death, using tobacco BY-2 cells as experimental model. We show that this PCD in response to kinetin correlates with an arrest of the cell cycle, a deregulation of DNA replication, a loss of plasma membrane integrity, a subsequent permeabilisation of the nuclear envelope, an increase of cytosolic calcium correlated with calcium depletion in the culture medium, an increase of callose deposition and the loss of microtubule and actin integrity. We discuss these findings in the context of a working model, where kinetin, mediated by calcium, causes the breakdown of the cytoskeleton, which, either by release of executing proteins or by mitotic catastrophe, will result in PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Cytophysiology, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ewa Siatkowska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Cytophysiology, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ruoxi Li
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophie Bothe
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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21
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Rahikainen M. sic-4 reports in sick! Loss of SICKLE induces salicylic acid-dependent cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad237. [PMID: 37070866 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moona Rahikainen
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Clavijo-Buriticá DC, Sosa CC, Heredia RC, Mosquera AJ, Álvarez A, Medina J, Quimbaya M. Use of Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to understand specific carcinogenic events: Comparison of the molecular machinery associated with cancer-hallmarks in plants and humans. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15367. [PMID: 37101642 PMCID: PMC10123165 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Model organisms are fundamental in cancer research given that they rise the possibility to characterize in a quantitative-objective fashion the organisms as a whole in ways that are infeasible in humans. From this perspective, model organisms with short generation times and established protocols for genetic manipulation allow the understanding of basic biology principles that might guide carcinogenic onset. The cancer-hallmarks (CHs) approach, a modular perspective for cancer understanding, stands that underlying the variability among different cancer types, critical events support the carcinogenic origin and progression. Thus, CHs as interconnected genetic circuitry, have a causal effect over cancer biogenesis and might represent a comparison scaffold among model organisms to identify and characterize evolutionarily conserved modules to understand cancer. Nevertheless, the identification of novel cancer regulators by comparative genomics approaches relies on selecting specific biological processes or related signaling cascades that limit the type of detected regulators, even more, holistic analysis from a systemic perspective is absent. Similarly, although the plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been used as a model organism to dissect specific disease-associated mechanisms, given the evolutionary distance between plants and humans, a general concern about the utility of using A. thaliana as a cancer model persists. In the present research, we take advantage of the CHs paradigm as a framework to establish a functional systemic comparison between plants and humans, that allowed the identification not only of specific novel key genetic regulators, but also, biological processes, metabolic systems, and genetic modules that might contribute to the neoplastic transformation. We propose five cancer-hallmarks that overlapped in conserved mechanisms and processes between Arabidopsis and human and thus, represent mechanisms which study can be prioritized in A. thaliana as an alternative model for cancer research. Additionally, derived from network analyses and machine learning strategies, a new set of potential candidate genes that might contribute to neoplastic transformation is described. These findings postulate A. thaliana as a suitable model to dissect, not all, but specific cancer properties, highlighting the importance of using alternative complementary models to understand carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrystian C. Sosa
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación EECO, Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnologías, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Rafael Cárdenas Heredia
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Arlen James Mosquera
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés Álvarez
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jan Medina
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Quimbaya
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Cali, Colombia
- Corresponding author.
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23
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The role of Atg16 in autophagy, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and programmed cell death in leaves of the lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281668. [PMID: 36795694 PMCID: PMC9934333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aponogeton madagascariensis, commonly known as the lace plant, produces leaves that form perforations by programmed cell death (PCD). Leaf development is divided into several stages beginning with "pre-perforation" furled leaves enriched with red pigmentation from anthocyanins. The leaf blade is characterized by a series of grids known as areoles bounded by veins. As leaves develop into the "window stage", anthocyanins recede from the center of the areole towards the vasculature creating a gradient of pigmentation and cell death. Cells in the middle of the areole that lack anthocyanins undergo PCD (PCD cells), while cells that retain anthocyanins (non-PCD cells) maintain homeostasis and persist in the mature leaf. Autophagy has reported roles in survival or PCD promotion across different plant cell types. However, the direct involvement of autophagy in PCD and anthocyanin levels during lace plant leaf development has not been determined. Previous RNA sequencing analysis revealed the upregulation of autophagy-related gene Atg16 transcripts in pre-perforation and window stage leaves, but how Atg16 affects PCD in lace plant leaf development is unknown. In this study, we investigated the levels of Atg16 in lace plant PCD by treating whole plants with either an autophagy promoter rapamycin or inhibitors concanamycin A (ConA) or wortmannin. Following treatments, window and mature stage leaves were harvested and analyzed using microscopy, spectrophotometry, and western blotting. Western blotting showed significantly higher Atg16 levels in rapamycin-treated window leaves, coupled with lower anthocyanin levels. Wortmannin-treated leaves had significantly lower Atg16 protein and higher anthocyanin levels compared to the control. Mature leaves from rapamycin-treated plants generated significantly fewer perforations compared to control, while wortmannin had the opposite effect. However, ConA treatment did not significantly change Atg16 levels, nor the number of perforations compared to the control, but anthocyanin levels did increase significantly in window leaves. We propose autophagy plays a dual role in promoting cell survival in NPCD cells by maintaining optimal anthocyanin levels and mediating a timely cell death in PCD cells in developing lace plant leaves. How autophagy specifically affects anthocyanin levels remained unexplained.
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D'Incà E, Foresti C, Orduña L, Amato A, Vandelle E, Santiago A, Botton A, Cazzaniga S, Bertini E, Pezzotti M, Giovannoni J, Vrebalov J, Matus JT, Tornielli GB, Zenoni S. The transcription factor VviNAC60 regulates senescence- and ripening-related processes in grapevine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad050. [PMID: 36718552 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops because the winemaking industry has huge economic relevance worldwide. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms controlling the developmental progression of plant organs will prove essential for maintaining high-quality grapes, expressly in the context of climate change, which impairs the ripening process. Through a deep inspection of transcriptomic data, we identified VviNAC60, a member of the NAC transcription factor family, as a putative regulator of grapevine organ maturation. We explored VviNAC60 binding landscapes through DNA affinity purification followed by sequencing and compared bound genes with transcriptomics datasets from grapevine plants stably and transiently overexpressing VviNAC60 to define a set of high-confidence targets. Among these, we identified key molecular markers associated with organ senescence and fruit ripening. Physiological, metabolic, and promoter activation analyses showed that VviNAC60 induces chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin accumulation through the up-regulation of STAY-GREEN PROTEIN 1 (VviSGR1) and VviMYBA1, respectively, with the latter being up-regulated through a VviNAC60-VviNAC03 regulatory complex. Despite sharing a closer phylogenetic relationship with senescence-related homologues to the NAC transcription factor AtNAP, VviNAC60 complemented the non-ripening(nor) mutant phenotype in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), suggesting a dual role as an orchestrator of both ripening- and senescence-related processes. Our data support VviNAC60 as a regulator of processes initiated in the grapevine vegetative- to mature-phase organ transition and therefore as a potential target for enhancing the environmental resilience of grapevine by fine-tuning the duration of the vegetative phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D'Incà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Foresti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luis Orduña
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46908, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Santiago
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46908, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Botton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - James Giovannoni
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julia Vrebalov
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46908, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
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25
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Aguilera A, Distéfano A, Jauzein C, Correa-Aragunde N, Martinez D, Martin MV, Sueldo DJ. Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7219-7242. [PMID: 36179088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as 'survival' or 'death' signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either 'survival' or 'death' molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO-Pelagos, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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26
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Cao S, Guo M, Cheng J, Cheng H, Liu X, Ji H, Liu G, Cheng Y, Yang C. Aspartic proteases modulate programmed cell death and secondary cell wall synthesis during wood formation in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6876-6890. [PMID: 36040843 PMCID: PMC9629783 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for wood development in trees. However, the determination of crucial factors involved in xylem PCD of wood development is still lacking. Here, two Populus trichocarpa typical aspartic protease (AP) genes, AP17 and AP45, modulate xylem maturation, especially fibre PCD, during wood formation. AP17 and AP45 were dominantly expressed in the fibres of secondary xylem, as suggested by GUS expression in APpro::GUS transgenic plants. Cas9/gRNA-induced AP17 or AP45 mutants delayed secondary xylem fibre PCD, and ap17ap45 double mutants showed more serious defects. Conversely, AP17 overexpression caused premature PCD in secondary xylem fibres, indicating a positive modulation in wood fibre PCD. Loss of AP17 and AP45 did not alter wood fibre wall thickness, whereas the ap17ap45 mutants showed a low lignin content in wood. However, AP17 overexpression led to a significant decrease in wood fibre wall thickness and lignin content, revealing the involvement in secondary cell wall synthesis during wood formation. In addition, the ap17ap45 mutant and AP17 overexpression plants resulted in a significant increase in saccharification yield in wood. Overall, AP17 and AP45 are crucial modulators in xylem maturation during wood development, providing potential candidate genes for engineering lignocellulosic wood for biofuel utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huanhuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Lee S, Jo SH, Hong CE, Lee J, Cha B, Park JM. Plastid methylerythritol phosphate pathway participates in the hypersensitive response-related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1032682. [PMID: 36388595 PMCID: PMC9645581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1032682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), a characteristic feature of hypersensitive response (HR) in plants, is an important cellular process often associated with the defense response against pathogens. Here, the involvement of LytB, a gene encoding 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase that participates in the final step of the plastid methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, in plant HR cell death was studied. In Nicotiana benthmiana plants, silencing of the NbLytB gene using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) caused plant growth retardation and albino leaves with severely malformed chloroplasts. In NbLytB-silenced plants, HR-related cell death mediated by the expression of either the human proapoptotic protein gene Bax or an R gene with its cognate Avr effector gene was inhibited, whereas that induced by the nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 was enhanced. To dissect the isoprenoid pathway and avoid the pleiotropic effects of VIGS, chemical inhibitors that specifically inhibit isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants were employed. Treatment of N. benthamiana plants with fosmidomycin, a specific inhibitor of the plastid MEP pathway, effectively inhibited HR-related PCD, whereas treatment with mevinolin (a cytoplasmic mevalonate pathway inhibitor) and fluridone (a carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor) did not. Together, these results suggest that the MEP pathway as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the chloroplast play an important role in HR-related PCD, which is not displaced by the cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Hee Jo
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chi Eun Hong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Byeongjin Cha
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
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28
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Song G, Du S, Sun H, Liang Q, Wang H, Yan M, Zhang J. Antifungal mechanism of ( E)-2-hexenal against Botrytis cinerea growth revealed by transcriptome analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951751. [PMID: 36071976 PMCID: PMC9444101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic plant pathogen, is one of the most damaging diseases of tomato, resulting in both pre- and post-harvest losses. (E)-2-Hexenal dose-dependently inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, and caused distortion of mycelia and loss of the cytoplasm content, thus altering the morphology of B. cinerea hyphae. To understand molecular processes in response to (E)-2-hexenal, transcriptome sequencing was carried out using RNA-Seq technology. RNA-Seq results revealed that a total of 3,893 genes were differentially expressed in B. cinerea samples treated with (E)-2-hexenal fumigation. Among these genes, 1,949 were upregulated and 1,944 were downregulated. Moreover, further analysis results showed 2,113 unigenes were mapped onto 259 pathways in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Moreover, (E)-2-hexenal stress affected the expression of genes involved in the pathways of cell wall, cell membrane, and energy metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and steroid biosynthesis were the most enriched in ergosterol biosynthetic process transcriptome data. Particularly, (E)-2-hexenal fumigation had influenced ergosterol biosynthetic gene expression levels (e.g., ERG1, ERG3, ERG4, ERG7, ERG12, ERG13, ERG24, ERG25, ERG26, and ERG27), which were in good agreement with the experimental measurement results, and the ergosterol content decreased. Collectively, the results of this study increase our current understanding of (E)-2-hexenal inhibition mechanisms in B. cinerea and provide relevant information on postharvest shelf life extension and preservation of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Shenglong Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Helong Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Quanwu Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Mingli Yan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
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29
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Groux R, Fouillen L, Mongrand S, Reymond P. Sphingolipids are involved in insect egg-induced cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2535-2553. [PMID: 35608326 PMCID: PMC9342989 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In Brassicaceae, hypersensitive-like programmed cell death (HR-like) is a central component of direct defenses triggered against eggs of the large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae). The signaling pathway leading to HR-like in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is mainly dependent on salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, but downstream components are unclear. Here, we found that treatment with P. brassicae egg extract (EE) triggered changes in expression of sphingolipid metabolism genes in Arabidopsis and black mustard (Brassica nigra). Disruption of ceramide (Cer) synthase activity led to a significant decrease of EE-induced HR-like whereas SA signaling and reactive oxygen species levels were unchanged, suggesting that Cer are downstream activators of HR-like. Sphingolipid quantifications showed that Cer with C16:0 side chains accumulated in both plant species and this response was largely unchanged in the SA-induction deficient2 (sid2-1) mutant. Finally, we provide genetic evidence that the modification of fatty acyl chains of sphingolipids modulates HR-like. Altogether, these results show that sphingolipids play a key and specific role during insect egg-triggered HR-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Groux
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, University of Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, University of Bordeaux, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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30
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Alam MS, Maina AW, Feng Y, Wu LB, Frei M. Interactive effects of tropospheric ozone and blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) on different rice genotypes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48893-48907. [PMID: 35201578 PMCID: PMC9252976 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rising tropospheric ozone concentrations can cause rice yield losses and necessitate the breeding of ozone-tolerant rice varieties. However, ozone tolerance should not compromise the resistance to important biotic stresses such as the rice blast disease. Therefore, we investigated the interactive effects of ozone and rice blast disease on nine different rice varieties in an experiment testing an ozone treatment, blast inoculation, and their interaction. Plants were exposed to an ozone concentration of 100 ppb for 7 h per day or ambient air throughout the growth period. Half of the plants were simultaneously infected with rice blast inoculum. Grain yield was significantly reduced in the blast treatment (17%) and ozone treatment (37%), while the combination of both stresses did not further decrease grain yields compared to ozone alone. Similar trends occurred for physiological traits such as vegetation indices, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), Lichtenthaler index 2 (Lic2), and anthocyanin reflectance index 1 (ARI1), as well as stomatal conductance and lipid peroxidation. Ozone exposure mitigated the formation of visible blast symptoms, while blast inoculation did not significantly affect visible ozone symptoms. Although different genotypes showed contrasting responses to the two types of stresses, no systematic pattern was observed regarding synergies or trade-offs under the two types of stresses. Therefore, we conclude that despite the similarities in physiological stress responses to ozone and blast, the tolerance to these stresses does not appear to be genetically linked in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahedul Alam
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Yanru Feng
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Science, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lin-Bo Wu
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Frei
- Department of Agronomy and Crop Physiology, Institute for Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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31
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Swart V. Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061139. [PMID: 35744657 PMCID: PMC9229607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
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Feng J, Yang F, Wu H, Xing C, Xue H, Zhang L, Zhang C, Hu G, Cao H. Selenium protects against cadmium-induced cardiac injury by attenuating programmed cell death via PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1185-1197. [PMID: 35099092 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that has an enormous influence on agricultural production, but selenium (Se) can alleviate its toxicity. The present study aimed to illustrate the effects of Se on Cd-induced heart injury. All 40 rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: control group, Se [0.5 mg kg-1 ·body weight (BW)] group, Cd (1 mg kg-1 ·BW) group, and Se + Cd group. After 30 days of feeding, morphological changes, the levels of oxidative stress and myocardial enzyme, the content of cardiac troponin T, programmed cell death (pyroptosis, autophagy and apoptosis), and PI3K/AKT/PTEN transduction capacity were observed. The results showed that Cd destroyed the physiological balance of trace elements and caused myocardial damage, increased the cardiac oxidative damage and led to programmed cell death. Coadministration of Se prominently ameliorated histological lesions and improved cardiac function of hearts in Cd-induced rabbits. Furthermore, Se exerted detoxification and oxidation resistance, maintained trace element homeostasis, and alleviated the changes of mRNA and protein levels of pyroptosis-, autophagy- and apoptosis-controlling factors and PI3K/AKT/PTEN signal molecules caused by Cd. In conclusion, Se might protect against Cd-induced pyroptosis, autophagy and apoptosis by interfering with PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling in heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Feng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haotian Xue
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Linwei Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Xu G, Moeder W, Yoshioka K, Shan L. A tale of many families: calcium channels in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1551-1567. [PMID: 35134212 PMCID: PMC9048905 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants launch a concerted immune response to dampen potential infections upon sensing microbial pathogen and insect invasions. The transient and rapid elevation of the cytosolic calcium concentration [Ca2+]cyt is among the essential early cellular responses in plant immunity. The free Ca2+ concentration in the apoplast is far higher than that in the resting cytoplasm. Thus, the precise regulation of calcium channel activities upon infection is the key for an immediate and dynamic Ca2+ influx to trigger downstream signaling. Specific Ca2+ signatures in different branches of the plant immune system vary in timing, amplitude, duration, kinetics, and sources of Ca2+. Recent breakthroughs in the studies of diverse groups of classical calcium channels highlight the instrumental role of Ca2+ homeostasis in plant immunity and cell survival. Additionally, the identification of some immune receptors as noncanonical Ca2+-permeable channels opens a new view of how immune receptors initiate cell death and signaling. This review aims to provide an overview of different Ca2+-conducting channels in plant immunity and highlight their molecular and genetic mode-of-actions in facilitating immune signaling. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms that control the stability and activity of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Xu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
- Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Wang L, Liu S, Gao M, Wang L, Wang L, Wang Y, Dai L, Zhao J, Liu M, Liu Z. The Crosstalk of the Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Signaling Pathways Contributed to Different Resistance to Phytoplasma Infection Between the Two Genotypes in Chinese Jujube. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:800762. [PMID: 35369447 PMCID: PMC8971994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.800762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jujube witches’ broom disease (JWB), one of the most serious phytoplasma diseases, usually results in the destruction of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Although most jujube cultivars are sensitive to JWB, we found a few genotypes that are highly resistant to JWB. However, the molecular mechanism of phytoplasma resistance has seldom been studied. Here, we used Chinese jujube “T13,” which has strong resistance to JWB, and a typical susceptible cultivar, “Pozao” (“PZ”), as materials to perform comparative transcriptome, hormone, and regulation analyses. After phytoplasma infection, the differential expression genes (DEGs) were detected at all three growth phases (S1, S2, and S3) in “PZ,” but DEGs were detected only at the first growth phase in “T13.” Meanwhile, no phytoplasma was detected, and the symptoms especially witches’ broom caused by JWB were not observed at the last two growth phases (S2 and S3) in “T13.” Protein–protein interaction analysis also showed that the key genes were mainly involved in hormone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. In addition, during the recovered growth phase in “T13” from S1 to S2, the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was significantly increased and then decreased from S2 to S3. Moreover, jasmonic acid (JA) was significantly accumulated in “PZ” diseased plants, especially at the S2 phase and at the S2 phase in “T13,” while the content of salicylic acid (SA) decreased significantly at the S2 phase of “T13” compared to that in “PZ.” The changes in H2O2 and JA or SA were consistent with the changes in their key synthesis genes in the transcriptome data. Finally, exogenous application of an SA inhibitor [1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT)] rescued witches’ broom symptoms, while the contents of both JA and MeJA increased after ABT treatment compared to the control, demonstrating that exogenous application of an SA inhibitor rescued the symptoms of jujube after phytoplasma infection by decreasing the contents of SA and increasing the contents of JA and MeJA. Collectively, our study provides a new perspective on the transcriptional changes of Chinese jujube in response to JWB and novel insights that the crosstalk of JA and SA signaling communicated together to contribute to “T13” JWB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shiyan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengjiao Gao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lihu Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Linxia Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Li Dai
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Mengjun Liu,
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiguo Liu,
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Šoln K, Žnidaršič N, Dolenc Koce J. Root growth inhibition and ultrastructural changes in radish root tips after treatment with aqueous extracts of Fallopia japonica and F. ×bohemica rhizomes. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:343-355. [PMID: 34089092 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic compounds released by invasive alien plants can suppress the growth of plants in their vicinity. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in tissue and cell structure in roots of radish seedlings treated with 10% aqueous extracts of rhizomes from the invasive knotweeds Fallopia japonica and F. ×bohemica. After 7 days of growth without and with aqueous extracts from these rhizomes, the anatomical and ultrastructural changes in the radish seedling roots were analyzed with light and transmission electron microscopy, and hydrogen peroxide was localized with diaminobenzidine, to define oxidative stress. The roots of radish seedlings treated with the knotweed extracts were shorter and thicker, due to the shorter and wider shapes of their cortex cells, which were organized in more columns than the control roots. There were signs of cell damage and oxidative stress in the root cap cells, and to a lesser extent in the meristematic zone. As well as the irregularly shaped nuclei and plasma membrane detached from the cell wall, the most prominent ultrastructural effects in the root cap cells of these aqueous rhizome extracts were the ring-shaped form of the mitochondria and large endoplasmic reticulum bodies. Excessive vacuolization was seen for the cells of the root apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Šoln
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nada Žnidaršič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Dolenc Koce
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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36
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Penetration and Development of Meloidogyne Javanica on Four Pistachio Rootstocks and their Defense Responses. J Nematol 2022; 54:20220056. [PMID: 36879951 PMCID: PMC9984804 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2022-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pistachio yield is annually reduced due to root-knot nematode infections. In order to evaluate its resistance to Meloidogyne javanica, three domestic pistachio rootstocks, namely, Badami, Ghazvini and Sarakhs, and a wild pistachio, Baneh (Pistacia atlantica subsp. mutica), were selected. Their response to the nematode infection was evaluated based on different plant and nematode indexes, 120 days post-inoculation (dpi). The penetration and development rate of nematode in roots of these four pistachio rootstocks were evaluated at different time points by acid fuchsin staining. Based on the measured indexes, Badami, Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh rootstocks ranked as susceptible, moderately resistant, moderately resistant, and resistant, respectively. The penetration rate of second-stage nematode juveniles (J2) into four rootstocks was discussed. The first "midstage" or swollen juveniles appeared at 4 dpi but to a lesser extent in Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh cultivars. The first females were seen in Badami at 21 dpi, in Ghazvini and Sarakhs at 35 dpi, and in Baneh at 45 dpi. Three types of defense responses were distinguished and characterized in the examined pistachio rootstocks: (i) a hypersensitive response (HR)-like reaction in the cortex in Ghazvini, Sarakhs, and Baneh root tips at 4 dpi and 6 dpi; (ii) an HR response, degrading J2 which induce giant cells in the vascular cylinder of all rootstocks, at 6 dpi and 10 dpi; and (iii) an HR response, degrading females and giant cells in the vascular cylinder of all rootstocks at 15 dpi onward. These observations open new fields of study in breeding programs of this crop.
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Qi Y, Yang Z, Sun X, He H, Guo L, Zhou J, Xu M, Luo M, Chen H, Tian Z. Heterologous overexpression of StERF3 triggers cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111149. [PMID: 35067312 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a crucial role in plant development and disease defense. Here, we report that the expression of StERF3, a potato EAR motif-containing transcription factor, promotes Phytophthora infestans colonization in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient overexpression of StERF3 induces cell death in N. benthamiana leaves. The substitution of two key amino acids (14th and 19th) in its ERF domain (the DNA binding domain) dramatically altered its cell death-inducing ability. In addition, StERF3△EAR EAR motif-deletion or StERF3AAA mutation abolished the cell death-inducing ability. StERF3 interacted with the co-repressors Topless-related protein 1 (StTPL1) and Topless-related protein 3 (StTPL3) via the EAR motif. Moreover, cell death induced by StERF3 was facilitated by co-expression with StTPL1 or StTPL3. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of NbTPL1 and NbTPL3 in N. benthamiana compromised the cell death-inducing ability of StERF3. Furthermore, StERF3-induced cell death accompanied with ROS bursts and the upregulation of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) genes NbRbohA and NbRbohC. In addition, several cell death regulator genes, including NbCRTD, NbNCBP, and NbBCPL, and a hypersensitive cell death marker gene Hin1 were upregulated. StERF3 may positively regulate cell death through its EAR motif-mediated transcriptional repressor activity by inhibiting the expression of genes potentially coding the repressor of cell death (CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xinyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Zheng XR, Zhang MJ, Qiao YH, Li R, Alkan N, Chen JY, Chen FM. Cyclocarya paliurus Reprograms the Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway Against Colletotrichum fructicola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933484. [PMID: 35845688 PMCID: PMC9280340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus is an endemic Chinese tree species with considerable medicinal, timber, and horticultural value. The anthracnose disease of C. paliurus is caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum fructicola, which results in great losses in yield and quality. Here, resistance evaluation of six cultivars of C. paliurus exhibited varying degrees of resistance to C. fructicola infection, where Wufeng was the most resistant and Jinggangshan was the most susceptive. Physiological measurements and histochemical staining assays showed that the Wufeng cultivar exhibits intense reactive oxygen species accumulation and defense capabilities. A multiomics approach using RNA sequencing and metabolome analyses showed that resistance in C. paliurus (Wufeng) is related to early induction of reprogramming of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In vitro antifungal assays revealed that the flavonoid extracts from resistant cultivars strongly inhibited C. fructicola hyphal growth than susceptible cultivars. Relative gene expression analysis further demonstrated the pivotal antifungal role of C. paliurus flavonoids in targeting Colletotrichum appressorium formation. Together, these results represent a novel resistance mechanism of C. paliurus against anthracnose through the reprogramming of flavonoids, which will lay a foundation for breeding anthracnose-resistant varieties and the application of flavonoid extraction of C. paliurus as a natural antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rong Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao-Jiao Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Hang Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yin Chen,
| | - Feng-Mao Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Feng-Mao Chen,
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Wei J, Zhao Y, Liang H, Du W, Wang L. Preliminary evidence for the presence of multiple forms of cell death in diabetes cardiomyopathy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1-17. [PMID: 35127369 PMCID: PMC8799881 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a common degenerative chronic metabolic disease often accompanied by severe cardiovascular complications (DCCs) as major causes of death in diabetic patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) as the most common DCC. The metabolic disturbance in DCM generates the conditions/substrates and inducers/triggers and activates the signaling molecules and death executioners leading to cardiomyocyte death which accelerates the development of DCM and the degeneration of DCM to heart failure. Various forms of programmed active cell death including apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and entosis have been identified and characterized in many types of cardiac disease. Evidence has also been obtained for the presence of multiple forms of cell death in DCM. Most importantly, published animal experiments have demonstrated that suppression of cardiomyocyte death of any forms yields tremendous protective effects on DCM. Herein, we provide the most updated data on the subject of cell death in DCM, critical analysis of published results focusing on the pathophysiological roles of cell death, and pertinent perspectives of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yongting Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Weijie Du
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Kaźmierczak A, Kunikowska A, Doniak M, Kornaś A. Mechanism of kinetin-induced death of Vicia faba ssp. minor root cortex cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23746. [PMID: 34887458 PMCID: PMC8660813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death (CD) may be induced by endogenous or exogenous factors and contributes to all the steps of plant development. This paper presents results related to the mechanism of CD regulation induced by kinetin (Kin) in the root cortex of Vicia faba ssp. minor. To explain the process, 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55), adenine (Ad), 5'-amine-5'-deoxyadenosine (Ado) and N-(2-chloro-4-piridylo)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) were applied to (i) block cytokinin receptors (CKs) and inhibit the activities of enzymes of CK metabolism, i.e., (ii) phosphoribosyltransferase, (iii) kinases, and (iv) oxidases, respectively. Moreover, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), ruthenium red (RRed) and cyclosporine A (CS-A) were applied to (i) chelate extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) as well as blocks of (ii) plasma-, (iii) endoplasmic reticulum- (ER) membrane Ca2+ ion channels and (iv) mitochondria- (MIT) Ca2+ ions release by permeability transition por (PTP), respectively. The measured physiological effectiveness of these factors was the number of living and dying cortex cells estimated with orange acridine (OA) and ethidium bromide (EB), the amounts of cytosolic Ca2+ ions with chlortetracycline (CTC) staining and the intensity of chromatin and Ca2+-CTC complex fluorescence, respectively. Moreover, the role of sorafenib, an inhibitor of RAF kinase, on the vitality of cortex cells and ethylene levels as well as the activities of RAF-like kinase and MEK2 with Syntide-2 and Mek2 as substrates were studied. The results clarified the previously presented suggestion that Kin is converted to appropriate ribotides (5'-monophosphate ribonucleotides), which cooperate with the ethylene and Ca2+ ion signalling pathways to transduce the signal of kinetin-programmed cell death (Kin-PCD). Based on the present and previously published results related to Kin-PCD, the crosstalk between ethylene and MAP kinase signalling, as well as inhibitors of CK receptors and enzymes of their metabolism, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anita Kunikowska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
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Photoprotection during iron deficiency is mediated by the bHLH transcription factors PYE and ILR3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024918118. [PMID: 34580211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024918118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient whose availability is limiting in many soils. During Fe deficiency, plants alter the expression of many genes to increase Fe uptake, distribution, and utilization. In a genetic screen for suppressors of Fe sensitivity in the E3 ligase mutant bts-3, we isolated an allele of the bHLH transcription factor (TF) ILR3, ilr3-4 We identified a striking leaf bleaching phenotype in ilr3 mutants that was suppressed by limiting light intensity, indicating that ILR3 is required for phototolerance during Fe deficiency. Among its paralogs that are thought to be partially redundant, only ILR3 was required for phototolerance as well as repression of genes under Fe deficiency. A mutation in the gene-encoding PYE, a known transcriptional repressor under Fe deficiency, also caused leaf bleaching. We identified singlet oxygen as the accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ilr3-4 and pye, suggesting photosensitivity is due to a PSII defect resulting in ROS production. During Fe deficiency, ilr3-4 and pye chloroplasts retain normal ultrastructure and, unlike wild type (WT), contain stacked grana similar to Fe-sufficient plants. Additionally, we found that the D1 subunit of PSII is destabilized in WT during Fe deficiency but not in ilr3-4 and pye, suggesting that PSII repair is accelerated during Fe deficiency in an ILR3- and PYE-dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that ILR3 and PYE confer photoprotection during Fe deficiency to prevent the accumulation of singlet oxygen, potentially by promoting reduction of grana stacking to limit excitation and facilitate repair of the photosynthetic machinery.
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Kacprzyk J, Burke R, Schwarze J, McCabe PF. Plant programmed cell death meets auxin signalling. FEBS J 2021; 289:1731-1745. [PMID: 34543510 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both auxin signalling and programmed cell death (PCD) are essential components of a normally functioning plant. Auxin underpins plant growth and development, as well as regulating plant defences against environmental stresses. PCD, a genetically controlled pathway for selective elimination of redundant, damaged or infected cells, is also a key element of many developmental processes and stress response mechanisms in plants. An increasing body of evidence suggests that auxin signalling and PCD regulation are often connected. While generally auxin appears to suppress cell death, it has also been shown to promote PCD events, most likely via stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Intriguingly, certain cells undergoing PCD have also been suggested to control the distribution of auxin in plant tissues, by either releasing a burst of auxin or creating an anatomical barrier to auxin transport and distribution. These recent findings indicate novel roles of localized PCD events in the context of plant development such as control of root architecture, or tissue regeneration following injury, and suggest exciting possibilities for incorporation of this knowledge into crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Burke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Wang H, Zhang S, Qu Y, Gao R, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Zhai R, Yang C, Xu L. Jasmonic Acid and Ethylene Participate in the Gibberellin-Induced Ovule Programmed Cell Death Process in Seedless Pear '1913' ( Pyrus hybrid). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189844. [PMID: 34576007 PMCID: PMC8466629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedless fruit is a feature appreciated by consumers. The ovule abortion process is highly orchestrated and controlled by numerous environmental and endogenous signals. However, the mechanisms underlying ovule abortion in pear remain obscure. Here, we found that gibberellins (GAs) have diverse functions during ovules development between seedless pear '1913' and seeded pear, and that GA4+7 activates a potential programmed cell death process in '1913' ovules. After hormone analyses, strong correlations were determined among jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) in seedless and seeded cultivars, and GA4+7 treatments altered the hormone accumulation levels in ovules, resulting in significant correlations between GA and both JA and ethylene. Additionally, SA contributed to ovule abortion in '1913'. Exogenously supplying JA, SA or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid promoted 'Bartlett' seed death. The regulatory mechanism in which ethylene controls ovule death has been demonstrated; therefore, JA's role in regulating '1913' ovule abortion was investigated. A further study identified that the JA signaling receptor MYC2 bound the SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED 39 promoter and triggered its expression to regulate ovule abortion. Thus, we established ovule abortion-related relationships between GA and the hormones JA, ethylene and SA, and we determined their synergistic functions in regulating ovule death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shichao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yingying Qu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rui Gao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuxiong Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-29-8708-1023 (L.X.); Fax: +86-29-8708-2613 (L.X.)
| | - Rui Zhai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chengquan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Lingfei Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road. 3, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (H.W.); (S.Z.); (Y.Q.); (R.G.); (Y.X.); (R.Z.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-29-8708-1023 (L.X.); Fax: +86-29-8708-2613 (L.X.)
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Jiang C, Wang J, Leng HN, Wang X, Liu Y, Lu H, Lu MZ, Zhang J. Transcriptional Regulation and Signaling of Developmental Programmed Cell Death in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702928. [PMID: 34394156 PMCID: PMC8358321 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programmed cell death (dPCD) has multiple functions in plant growth and development, and is of great value for industrial production. Among them, wood formed by xylem dPCD is one of the most widely used natural materials. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the molecular mechanism of plant dPCD. The dPCD process is tightly regulated by genetic networks and is involved in the transduction of signaling molecules. Several key regulators have been identified in diverse organisms and individual PCD events. However, complex molecular networks controlling plant dPCD remain highly elusive, and the original triggers of this process are still unknown. This review summarizes the recent progress on the transcriptional regulation and signaling of dPCD during vegetative and reproductive development. It is hoped that this review will provide an overall view of the molecular regulation of dPCD in different developmental processes in plants and identify specific mechanisms for regulating these dPCD events. In addition, the application of plants in industrial production can be improved by manipulating dPCD in specific processes, such as xylogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ni Leng
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xiaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Jacob P, Kim NH, Wu F, El-Kasmi F, Chi Y, Walton WG, Furzer OJ, Lietzan AD, Sunil S, Kempthorn K, Redinbo MR, Pei ZM, Wan L, Dangl JL. Plant "helper" immune receptors are Ca 2+-permeable nonselective cation channels. Science 2021; 373:420-425. [PMID: 34140391 PMCID: PMC8939002 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) regulate immunity and cell death. In Arabidopsis, a subfamily of "helper" NLRs is required by many "sensor" NLRs. Active NRG1.1 oligomerized, was enriched in plasma membrane puncta, and conferred cytoplasmic calcium ion (Ca2+) influx in plant and human cells. NRG1.1-dependent Ca2+ influx and cell death were sensitive to Ca2+ channel blockers and were suppressed by mutations affecting oligomerization or plasma membrane enrichment. Ca2+ influx and cell death mediated by NRG1.1 and ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (ADR1), another helper NLR, required conserved negatively charged N-terminal residues. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings demonstrated that Arabidopsis helper NLRs form Ca2+-permeable cation channels to directly regulate cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels and consequent cell death. Thus, helper NLRs transduce cell death signals directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Jacob
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Feihua Wu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Farid El-Kasmi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yuan Chi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam D Lietzan
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sruthi Sunil
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Korina Kempthorn
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Britto DT, Coskun D, Kronzucker HJ. Potassium physiology from Archean to Holocene: A higher-plant perspective. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 262:153432. [PMID: 34034042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we discuss biological potassium acquisition and utilization processes over an evolutionary timescale, with emphasis on modern vascular plants. The quintessential osmotic and electrical functions of the K+ ion are shown to be intimately tied to K+-transport systems and membrane energization. Several prominent themes in plant K+-transport physiology are explored in greater detail, including: (1) channel mediated K+ acquisition by roots at low external [K+]; (2) K+ loading of root xylem elements by active transport; (3) variations on the theme of K+ efflux from root cells to the extracellular environment; (4) the veracity and utility of the "affinity" concept in relation to transport systems. We close with a discussion of the importance of plant-potassium relations to our human world, and current trends in potassium nutrition from farm to table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev T Britto
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Qu J, Dry I, Liu L, Guo Z, Yin L. Transcriptional profiling reveals multiple defense responses in downy mildew-resistant transgenic grapevine expressing a TIR-NBS-LRR gene located at the MrRUN1/MrRPV1 locus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:161. [PMID: 34193844 PMCID: PMC8245497 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00597-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew (DM) is a destructive oomycete disease of viticulture worldwide. MrRPV1 is a typical TIR-NBS-LRR type DM disease resistance gene cloned from the wild North American grapevine species Muscadinia rotundifolia. However, the molecular basis of resistance mediated by MrRPV1 remains poorly understood. Downy mildew-susceptible Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz was transformed with a genomic fragment containing MrRPV1 to produce DM-resistant transgenic Shiraz lines. Comparative transcriptome analysis was used to compare the transcriptome profiles of the resistant and susceptible genotypes after DM infection. Transcriptome modulation during the response to P. viticola infection was more rapid, and more genes were induced in MrRPV1-transgenic Shiraz than in wild-type plants. In DM-infected MrRPV1-transgenic plants, activation of genes associated with Ca2+ release and ROS production was the earliest transcriptional response. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that key genes related to multiple phytohormone signaling pathways and secondary metabolism were highly induced during infection. Coexpression network and motif enrichment analysis showed that WRKY and MYB transcription factors strongly coexpress with stilbene synthase (VvSTS) genes during defense against P. viticola in MrRPV1-transgenic plants. Taken together, these findings indicate that multiple pathways play important roles in MrRPV1-mediated resistance to downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Qu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Ian Dry
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Wine Innovation West Building, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Lulu Liu
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zexi Guo
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Wojciechowska N, Michalak KM, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Autophagy-an underestimated coordinator of construction and destruction during plant root ontogeny. PLANTA 2021; 254:15. [PMID: 34184131 PMCID: PMC8238727 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Autophagy is a key but undervalued process in root ontogeny, ensuring both the proper development of root tissues as well as the senescence of the entire organ. Autophagy is a process which occurs during plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions as well as during plant ontogeny. Autophagy is also engaged in plant root development, however, the limitations of belowground studies make it challenging to understand the entirety of the developmental processes. We summarize and discuss the current data pertaining to autophagy in the roots of higher plants during their formation and degradation, from the beginning of root tissue differentiation and maturation; all the way to the aging of the entire organ. During root growth, autophagy participates in the processes of central vacuole formation in cortical tissue development, as well as vascular tissue differentiation and root senescence. At present, several key issues are still not entirely understood and remain to be addressed in future studies. The major challenge lies in the portrayal of the mechanisms of autophagy on subcellular events in belowground plant organs during the programmed control of cellular degradation pathways in roots. Given the wide range of technical areas of inquiry where root-related research can be applied, including cutting-edge cell biological methods to track, sort and screen cells from different root tissues and zones of growth, the identification of several lines of evidence pertaining to autophagy during root developmental processes is the most urgent challenge. Consequently, a substantial effort must be made to ensure whether the analyzed process is autophagy-dependent or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Kornel M Michalak
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Minina EA, Dauphinee AN, Ballhaus F, Gogvadze V, Smertenko AP, Bozhkov PV. Apoptosis is not conserved in plants as revealed by critical examination of a model for plant apoptosis-like cell death. BMC Biol 2021; 19:100. [PMID: 33980238 PMCID: PMC8117276 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals and plants diverged over one billion years ago and evolved unique mechanisms for many cellular processes, including cell death. One of the most well-studied cell death programmes in animals, apoptosis, involves gradual cell dismantling and engulfment of cellular fragments, apoptotic bodies, through phagocytosis. However, rigid cell walls prevent plant cell fragmentation and thus apoptosis is not applicable for executing cell death in plants. Furthermore, plants are devoid of the key components of apoptotic machinery, including phagocytosis as well as caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins. Nevertheless, the concept of plant "apoptosis-like programmed cell death" (AL-PCD) is widespread. This is largely due to superficial morphological resemblances between plant cell death and apoptosis, and in particular between protoplast shrinkage in plant cells killed by various stimuli and animal cell volume decrease preceding fragmentation into apoptotic bodies. RESULTS Here, we provide a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of cytological and biochemical events occurring in plant cells subjected to heat shock at 40-55 °C and 85 °C, the experimental conditions typically used to trigger AL-PCD and necrotic cell death, respectively. We show that cell death under both conditions was not accompanied by membrane blebbing or formation of apoptotic bodies, as would be expected during apoptosis. Instead, we observed instant and irreversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane and ATP depletion. These processes did not depend on mitochondrial functionality or the presence of Ca2+ and could not be prevented by an inhibitor of ferroptosis. We further reveal that the lack of protoplast shrinkage at 85 °C, the only striking morphological difference between cell deaths induced by 40-55 °C or 85 °C heat shock, is a consequence of the fixative effect of the high temperature on intracellular contents. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that heat shock-induced cell death is an energy-independent process best matching definition of necrosis. Although the initial steps of this necrotic cell death could be genetically regulated, classifying it as apoptosis or AL-PCD is a terminological misnomer. Our work supports the viewpoint that apoptosis is not conserved across animal and plant kingdoms and demonstrates the importance of focusing on plant-specific aspects of cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
- COS, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adrian N Dauphinee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florentine Ballhaus
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Gogvadze
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei P Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Human, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Sun Y, Ruan X, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Wang F, Ma L, Wang Z, Gao X. Integrated Gene Co-expression Analysis and Metabolites Profiling Highlight the Important Role of ZmHIR3 in Maize Resistance to Gibberella Stalk Rot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664733. [PMID: 34046051 PMCID: PMC8144520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases causing significant yield loss of maize, and GSR resistance is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Although a few quantitative trait loci/resistance genes have been identified, the molecular mechanisms underlying GSR resistance remain largely unexplored. To identify potential resistance genes and to better understand the molecular mechanism of GSR resistance, a joint analysis using a comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches was conducted using two inbred lines with contrasting GSR resistance, K09 (resistant) and A08 (susceptible), upon infection with F. graminearum. While a substantial number of differentially expressed genes associated with various defense-related signaling pathways were identified between two lines, multiple hub genes likely associated with GSR resistance were pinpointed using Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis and K-means clustering. Moreover, a core set of metabolites, including anthocyanins, associated with the hub genes was determined. Among the complex co-expression networks, ZmHIR3 showed strong correlation with multiple key genes, and genetic and histological studies showed that zmhir3 mutant is more susceptible to GSR, accompanied by enhanced cell death in the stem in response to infection with F. graminearum. Taken together, our study identified differentially expressed key genes and metabolites, as well as co-expression networks associated with distinct infection stages of F. graminearum. Moreover, ZmHIR3 likely plays a positive role in disease resistance to GSR, probably through the transcriptional regulation of key genes, functional metabolites, and the control of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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