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Padilla S, Prado R, Anitua E. An evolutionary history of F12 gene: Emergence, loss, and vulnerability with the environment as a driver. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300077. [PMID: 37750435 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of macroevolutionary transitions, environmental changes prompted vertebrates already bearing genetic variations to undergo gradual adaptations resulting in profound anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. The emergence of new genes led to the genetic variation essential in metazoan evolution, just as was gene loss, both sources of genetic variation resulting in adaptive phenotypic diversity. In this context, F12-coding protein with defense and hemostatic roles emerged some 425 Mya, and it might have contributed in aquatic vertebrates to the transition from water-to-land. Conversely, the F12 loss in marine, air-breathing mammals like cetaceans has been associated with phenotypic adaptations in some terrestrial mammals in their transition to aquatic lifestyle. More recently, the advent of technological innovations in western lifestyle with blood-contacting devices and harmful environmental nanoparticles, has unfolded new roles of FXII. Environment operates as either a positive or a relaxed selective pressure on genes, and consequently genes are selected or lost. FXII, an old dog facing environmental novelties can learn new tricks and teach us new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Padilla
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Roberto Prado
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
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Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Pate RR. Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents With Obesity: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Lifestyle Med 2022; 16:485-510. [PMID: 35860364 PMCID: PMC9290181 DOI: 10.1177/1559827620988839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in children and adolescents with obesity. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise ≥4 weeks in children and adolescents with obesity were included if one or more CVD risk factors were included as an outcome. Studies were retrieved by searching 7 electronic databases, cross-referencing, and expert review. Data were pooled using the inverse-variance heterogeneity (IVhet) model and strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) instrument. Thirty-nine studies representing 1548 participants (847 exercise, 701 control) met the inclusion criteria. Aerobic exercise improved 10 of 12 (83.3%) outcomes (P < .05 for all) while combined aerobic and strength training improved 5 of 8 (62.5%) outcomes (P < .05 for all). The strength of evidence ranged from "very low" to "moderate." It was concluded that aerobic exercise, as well as combined aerobic and strength training, is associated with improvements in multiple CVD risk factors among children and adolescents with obesity. However, the generally low strength of evidence suggests a need for future well-designed and conducted RCTs on the effects of exercise, especially strength training, in children and adolescents with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Kelley
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kristi S. Kelley
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Russell R. Pate
- Children’s Physical Activity Research Group, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Jiao F, Guo R, Beckmann JS, Yan Z, Yang Y, Hu J, Wang X, Xie S. Great future or greedy venture: Precision medicine needs philosophy. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e376. [PMID: 34541334 PMCID: PMC8439431 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, we have witnessed the initiation and implementation of precision medicine (PM), a discipline that promises to individualize and personalize medical management and treatment, rendering them ultimately more precise and effective. Despite of the continuing advances and numerous clinical applications, the potential of PM remains highly controversial, sparking heated debates about its future. METHOD The present article reviews the philosophical issues and practical challenges that are critical to the feasibility and implementation of PM. OUTCOME The explanation and argument about the relations between PM and computability, uncertainty as well as complexity, show that key foundational assumptions of PM might not be fully validated. CONCLUSION The present analysis suggests that our current understanding of PM is probably oversimplified and too superficial. More efforts are needed to realize the hope that PM has elicited, rather than make the term just as a hype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Ruoyu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | - Zhonghai Yan
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Center of Health Service Training970 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support ForceYantaiChina
| | - Shuyang Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBinzhou Medical UniversityYantaiChina
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Singh A, Babyak MA, Sims M, Musani SK, Brummett BH, Jiang R, Kraus WE, Shah SH, Siegler IC, Hauser ER, Williams RB. Evaluating the precision of EBF1 SNP x stress interaction association: sex, race, and age differences in a big harmonized data set of 28,026 participants. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:351. [PMID: 33077726 PMCID: PMC7572375 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In prior work, we identified a novel gene-by-stress association of EBF1's common variation (SNP rs4704963) with obesity (i.e., hip, waist) in Whites, which was further strengthened through multiple replications using our synthetic stress measure. We now extend this prior work in a precision medicine framework to find the risk group using harmonized data from 28,026 participants by evaluating the following: (a) EBF1 SNPxSTRESS interaction in Blacks; (b) 3-way interaction of EBF1 SNPxSTRESS with sex, race, and age; and (c) a race and sex-specific path linking EBF1 and stress to obesity to fasting glucose to the development of cardiometabolic disease risk. Our findings provided additional confirmation that genetic variation in EBF1 may contribute to stress-induced human obesity, including in Blacks (P = 0.022) that mainly resulted from race-specific stress due to "racism/discrimination" (P = 0.036) and "not meeting basic needs" (P = 0.053). The EBF1 gene-by-stress interaction differed significantly (P = 1.01e-03) depending on the sex of participants in Whites. Race and age also showed tentative associations (Ps = 0.103, 0.093, respectively) with this interaction. There was a significant and substantially larger path linking EBF1 and stress to obesity to fasting glucose to type 2 diabetes for the EBF1 minor allele group (coefficient = 0.28, P = 0.009, 95% CI = 0.07-0.49) compared with the same path for the EBF1 major allele homozygotes in White females and also a similar pattern of the path in Black females. Underscoring the race-specific key life-stress indicators (e.g., racism/discrimination) and also the utility of our synthetic stress, we identified the potential risk group of EBF1 and stress-induced human obesity and cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanish Singh
- Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Michael A. Babyak
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Mario Sims
- grid.410721.10000 0004 1937 0407Department of Medicine of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Solomon K. Musani
- grid.410721.10000 0004 1937 0407Department of Medicine of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Beverly H. Brummett
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Rong Jiang
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - William E. Kraus
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Svati H. Shah
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ilene C. Siegler
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Hauser
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Redford B. Williams
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
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Stein R, Beuren T, Cela LR, Ferrari F. Farmacogenômica e Doença Cardiovascular: Onde Estamos e Para Onde Vamos. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 115:690-700. [PMID: 33111871 PMCID: PMC8386961 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A farmacogenômica (FGx) investiga a interação entre genes e medicamentos. Através da análise de regiões específicas do DNA, informações sobre o perfil de metabolização do paciente para um determinado fármaco podem ser descritas, assim como o perfil esperado de resposta ao tratamento. Objetivamente, esse tipo de teste pode ter impacto no tratamento de pacientes que não estão respondendo adequadamente a um determinado medicamento, seja pela ausência dos efeitos esperados ou em virtude do aparecimento de efeitos adversos. Neste cenário, o objetivo desta revisão é o de informar o cardiologista clínico sobre esta importante área do conhecimento e atualizá-lo sobre o tema, procurando preencher as lacunas no que diz respeito à relação custo-benefício da aplicação da FGx nas doenças cardiovasculares, além de fornecer informações para a implementação da terapia guiada pela FGx na prática clínica.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review examines how targeted approaches to care, based on individual variability in patient characteristics, could be applied in the perioperative setting. Such an approach would enhance individualized risk assessment and allow for targeted preventive and therapeutic decision-making in patients at increased risk for adverse perioperative events. RECENT FINDINGS Prior and current studies highlight valuable lessons on how future investigations attempting to link specific patient-related characteristics or treatment modalities with outcomes and adverse drug responses might be designed in the perioperative setting. SUMMARY Our review highlights the past, present, and future directions of perioperative precision medicine. Current evidence provides important lessons on how a specific patient and disease tailored approach can help perioperative physicians in delivering the most appropriate and safest perioperative care.
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Alvarez-Collazo J, López-Requena A, Alvarez JL, Talavera K. The Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin Has an Inadequate Anti-Arrhythmic Profile in the ΔKPQ Na V1.5 Mutant of the Long QT Type 3 Syndrome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060952. [PMID: 32599724 PMCID: PMC7355927 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 3 long QT syndromes (LQT3) are associated with arrhythmogenic gain-of-function mutations in the cardiac voltage-gated Na+ channel (hNaV1.5). The citrus flavanone hesperetin (HSP) was previously suggested as a template molecule to develop new anti-arrhythmic drugs, as it blocks slowly-inactivating currents carried by the LQT3-associated hNaV1.5 channel mutant R1623Q. Here we investigated whether HSP also has potentially beneficial effects on another LQT3 hNaV1.5 channel variant, the ΔKPQ, which is associated to lethal ventricular arrhythmias. We used whole-cell patch-clamp to record Na+ currents (INa) in HEK293T cells transiently expressing hNaV1.5 wild type or ΔKPQ mutant channels. HSP blocked peak INa and the late INa carried by ΔKPQ mutant channels with an effective concentration of ≈300 μM. This inhibition was largely voltage-independent and tonic. HSP decreased the rate of inactivation of ΔKPQ channels and, consequently, was relatively weak in reducing the intracellular Na+ load in this mutation. We conclude that, although HSP has potential value for the treatment of the R1623Q LQT3 variant, this compound is inadequate to treat the LQT3 associated to the ΔKPQ genetic variant. Our results underscore the precision medicine rationale of better understanding the basic pathophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms to provide phenotype- genotype-directed individualization of treatment.
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8
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Gaedigk A. Pharmacogenetics: Chasing Perfection. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 106:265-270. [PMID: 31355458 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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9
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Zhu Y, Swanson KM, Rojas RL, Wang Z, St Sauver JL, Visscher SL, Prokop LJ, Bielinski SJ, Wang L, Weinshilboum R, Borah BJ. Systematic review of the evidence on the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics-guided treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Genet Med 2019; 22:475-486. [PMID: 31591509 PMCID: PMC7056639 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the evidence on the cost-effectiveness of implementing pharmacogenomics (PGx) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) care. METHODS We conducted a systematic review using multiple databases from inception to 2018. The titles and abstracts of cost-effectiveness studies on PGx-guided treatment in CVD care were screened, and full texts were extracted. RESULTS We screened 909 studies and included 46 to synthesize. Acute coronary syndrome and atrial fibrillation were the predominantly studied conditions (59%). Most studies (78%) examined warfarin-CYP2C9/VKORC1 or clopidogrel-CYP2C19. A payer's perspective was commonly used (39%) for cost calculations, and most studies (46%) were US-based. The majority (67%) of the studies found PGx testing to be cost-effective in CVD care, but cost-effectiveness varied across drugs and conditions. Two studies examined PGx panel testing, of which one examined pre-emptive testing strategies. CONCLUSION We found mixed evidence on the cost-effectiveness of PGx in CVD care. Supportive evidence exists for clopidogrel-CYP2C19 and warfarin-CYP2C9/VKORC1, but evidence is limited in other drug-gene combinations. Gaps persist, including unclear explanation of perspective and cost inputs, underreporting of study design elements critical to economic evaluations, and limited examination of PGx panel and pre-emptive testing for their cost-effectiveness. This review identifies the need for further research on economic evaluations of PGx implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhu
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristi M Swanson
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ricardo L Rojas
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer L St Sauver
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sue L Visscher
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Larry J Prokop
- Library Public Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suzette J Bielinski
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bijan J Borah
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Ioannidis JPA. Guidelines Do Not Entangle Practitioners With Unavoidable Conflicts as Authors, and When There Is No Evidence, Just Say So. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2019; 11:e005205. [PMID: 30354581 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.118.005205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John P A Ioannidis
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research and Policy, Department of Biomedical Data Science, and Department of Statistics, Stanford University, CA
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Bouvier S, Bastide S, Chouirfa S, Nouvellon É, Mercier É, Bigot L, Lavigne G, Cayla G, Pérez-Martin A, Gris JC. Reliability of hemostasis biomarkers is affected by time-dependent intra-patient variability. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02218-8. [PMID: 29883046 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Nucleosomes and free DNA are two newly described biomarkers in venous thromboembolism (VTE). Reliability of nucleosomes, plasma free DNA and conventional hemostasis markers were studied. Hemostasis biological parameters vary over a short time-frame in VTE patients. Hemostasis biological parameters also vary over a short time-frame in healthy controls. SUMMARY Background Previous studies have associated neutrophil-derived circulating nucleosomes and plasma free DNA with venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, there are few data concerning these two biomarkers and no studies have compared the reliability of nucleosomes and plasma free DNA against that of conventional hemostasis markers. Objectives We performed a 3-year prospective study of nucleosomes and plasma free DNA levels in comparison with conventional hemostatic biomarkers and blood cells. Patients/Methods Fifteen healthy controls and 22 randomly selected patients with a history of VTE were followed monthly for 6 months. The reliability of these markers was evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCs). Results and Conclusions In healthy controls and patients, we found a low reliability for nucleosomes and plasma free DNA, with ICCs at 0.538 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.334-0.764) and 0.091 (95% CI, -0.026-0.328), respectively, in the healthy controls, and at 0.213 (95% CI, 0.042-0.463) and 0.161 (CI 95%, 0.008-0.398) in the patient group. For the conventional hemostasis biomarkers and for blood cells, reliability ranged from poor to good in the healthy volunteers and from poor to acceptable in the patient group. Our study shows for the first time that hemostasis biological parameters spontaneously vary over a short time-frame in VTE patients and, more surprisingly, in normal individuals. The clinical value of such intra-individual variations is currently unknown. This variability might mean reinterpreting diagnostic or prognostic models based on static evaluation of individuals. Studying the intrinsic value of individual patterns of markers' variability is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bouvier
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Laboratory EA 2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bastide
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health and Innovation in Methodology, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Laboratory EA 2415, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - S Chouirfa
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - É Nouvellon
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Laboratory EA 2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - É Mercier
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Laboratory EA 2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - L Bigot
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - G Lavigne
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Laboratory EA 2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - G Cayla
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - A Pérez-Martin
- Research Laboratory EA 2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - J-C Gris
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Research Laboratory EA 2992, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Precision medicine is an integrative approach to cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment that considers an individual's genetics, lifestyle, and exposures as determinants of their cardiovascular health and disease phenotypes. This focus overcomes the limitations of reductionism in medicine, which presumes that all patients with the same signs of disease share a common pathophenotype and, therefore, should be treated similarly. Precision medicine incorporates standard clinical and health record data with advanced panomics (ie, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics) for deep phenotyping. These phenotypic data can then be analyzed within the framework of molecular interaction (interactome) networks to uncover previously unrecognized disease phenotypes and relationships between diseases, and to select pharmacotherapeutics or identify potential protein-drug or drug-drug interactions. In this review, we discuss the current spectrum of cardiovascular health and disease, population averages and the response of extreme phenotypes to interventions, and population-based versus high-risk treatment strategies as a pretext to understanding a precision medicine approach to cardiovascular disease prevention and therapeutic interventions. We also consider the search for resilience and Mendelian disease genes and argue against the theory of a single causal gene/gene product as a mediator of the cardiovascular disease phenotype, as well as an Erlichian magic bullet to solve cardiovascular disease. Finally, we detail the importance of deep phenotyping and interactome networks and the use of this information for rational polypharmacy. These topics highlight the urgent need for precise phenotyping to advance precision medicine as a strategy to improve cardiovascular health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- From the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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de Miguel-Yanes JM, Ezpeleta D. Medicina de precisión: precisamente ahora. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 150:240-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rey-López JP, de Sá TH, de Rezende LFM. Why precision medicine is not the best route to a healthier world. Rev Saude Publica 2018; 52:12. [PMID: 29412370 PMCID: PMC5802713 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine has been announced as a new health revolution. The term precision implies more accuracy in healthcare and prevention of diseases, which could yield substantial cost savings. However, scientific debate about precision medicine is needed to avoid wasting economic resources and hype. In this commentary, we express the reasons why precision medicine cannot be a health revolution for population health. Advocates of precision medicine neglect the limitations of individual-centred, high-risk strategies (reduced population health impact) and the current crisis of evidence-based medicine. Overrated "precision medicine" promises may be serving vested interests, by dictating priorities in the research agenda and justifying the exorbitant healthcare expenditure in our finance-based medicine. If societies aspire to address strong risk factors for non-communicable diseases (such as air pollution, smoking, poor diets, or physical inactivity), they need less medicine and more investment in population prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rey-López
- University of Sydney. School of Public Health. Prevention Research Collaboration. Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thiago Herick de Sá
- Universidade de São Paulo. Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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15
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Marcon AR, Bieber M, Caulfield T. Representing a "revolution": how the popular press has portrayed personalized medicine. Genet Med 2018; 20:950-956. [PMID: 29300377 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the portrayal of "personalized" and "precision" medicine (PM) in North American news over the past decade. Content analysis of print and online news was conducted to determine how PM has been defined and to identify the frames used to discuss PM, including associated topics, benefits, and concerns. METHODS A data set was built using the FACTIVA database, searching for popular North American publications with the terms "personalized (personalised) medicine" and/or "precision medicine" from 1 January 2005 to 15 March 2016. The final set of publications totaled 774. RESULTS PM is almost exclusively defined as related to genetics and is often part of a story related to cancer. The PM story is overwhelmingly one of highlighting (potential) benefits and optimism, especially in shorter publications, and ones where PM is not the main focus. This promotional PM discourse has remained fairly consistent over the past decade. CONCLUSION The numerous concerns associated with PM have received little attention over the past decade, especially in articles more likely to be encountered by a more general audience. This promotion of PM serves as an example of the science hyping that takes place in science reportage and may have implications for consumers, public expectations, and related health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro R Marcon
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Bieber
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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16
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Booth FW, Roberts CK, Thyfault JP, Ruegsegger GN, Toedebusch RG. Role of Inactivity in Chronic Diseases: Evolutionary Insight and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1351-1402. [PMID: 28814614 PMCID: PMC6347102 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that physical inactivity could be considered a behavior selected by evolution for resting, and also selected to be reinforcing in life-threatening situations in which exercise would be dangerous. Underlying the notion are human twin studies and animal selective breeding studies, both of which provide indirect evidence for the existence of genes for physical inactivity. Approximately 86% of the 325 million in the United States (U.S.) population achieve less than the U.S. Government and World Health Organization guidelines for daily physical activity for health. Although underappreciated, physical inactivity is an actual contributing cause to at least 35 unhealthy conditions, including the majority of the 10 leading causes of death in the U.S. First, we introduce nine physical inactivity-related themes. Next, characteristics and models of physical inactivity are presented. Following next are individual examples of phenotypes, organ systems, and diseases that are impacted by physical inactivity, including behavior, central nervous system, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolism, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, bone, immunity, digestion, and cancer. Importantly, physical inactivity, itself, often plays an independent role as a direct cause of speeding the losses of cardiovascular and strength fitness, shortening of healthspan, and lowering of the age for the onset of the first chronic disease, which in turn decreases quality of life, increases health care costs, and accelerates mortality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gregory N Ruegsegger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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17
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Banerjee A. Challenges for learning health systems in the NHS. Case study: electronic health records in cardiology. Future Healthc J 2017; 4:193-197. [PMID: 31098470 PMCID: PMC6502575 DOI: 10.7861/futurehosp.4-3-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic health records (EHRs) are at the centre of advances in health informatics, but also many other innovations in healthcare. However, there are still obstacles to implementation and realisation of the full potential of EHRs as there are with learning health systems (LHS). Cardiovascular disease, in the UK and globally, carries greater morbidity and mortality than any other disease. Therefore, planning and delivery of health services represent major costs to individuals and populations. Both the scale of disease burden and the growing role of technology in cardiology practice make analysis of experiences with EHRs in cardiology a useful lens through which to view achievements and gaps to date. In this article regarding LHS, EHRs in cardiology are used as a case study of LHS in the NHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Banerjee
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Corella D, Ordovas JM. Conceptos básicos en biología molecular relacionados con la genética y la epigenética. Rev Esp Cardiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2017.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Lourenço AP, Leite-Moreira AF. Cardiovascular precision medicine: Bad news from the front? Porto Biomed J 2017; 2:99-101. [PMID: 32258597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André P Lourenço
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anaesthesiology, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino F Leite-Moreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Portugal.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Corella D, Ordovas JM. Basic Concepts in Molecular Biology Related to Genetics and Epigenetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28623160 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The observation that "one size does not fit all" for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, among other diseases, has driven the concept of precision medicine. The goal of precision medicine is to provide the best-targeted interventions tailored to an individual's genome. The human genome is composed of billions of sequence arrangements containing a code that controls how genes are expressed. This code depends on other nonstatic regulators that surround the DNA and constitute the epigenome. Moreover, environmental factors also play an important role in this complex regulation. This review provides a general perspective on the basic concepts of molecular biology related to genetics and epigenetics and a glossary of key terms. Several examples are given of polymorphisms and genetic risk scores related to cardiovascular risk. Likewise, an overview is presented of the main epigenetic regulators, including DNA methylation, methylcytosine-phosphate-guanine-binding proteins, histone modifications, other histone regulations, micro-RNA effects, and additional emerging regulators. One of the greatest challenges is to understand how environmental factors (diet, physical activity, smoking, etc.) could alter the epigenome, resulting in healthy or unhealthy cardiovascular phenotypes. We discuss some gene-environment interactions and provide a methodological overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Corella
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Departamento de Epidemiología Cardiovascular y Genética de Poblaciones, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Alimentación, Madrid, Spain; Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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21
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Mody RJ, Prensner JR, Everett J, Parsons DW, Chinnaiyan AM. Precision medicine in pediatric oncology: Lessons learned and next steps. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:10.1002/pbc.26288. [PMID: 27748023 PMCID: PMC5683396 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The maturation of genomic technologies has enabled new discoveries in disease pathogenesis as well as new approaches to patient care. In pediatric oncology, patients may now receive individualized genomic analysis to identify molecular aberrations of relevance for diagnosis and/or treatment. In this context, several recent clinical studies have begun to explore the feasibility and utility of genomics-driven precision medicine. Here, we review the major developments in this field, discuss current limitations, and explore aspects of the clinical implementation of precision medicine, which lack consensus. Lastly, we discuss ongoing scientific efforts in this arena, which may yield future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen J. Mody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John R. Prensner
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Everett
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D. Williams Parsons
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Texas Children’s Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Pathology and Michigan Center for Translational Pathology (MCTP), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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22
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Aron DC. Multimorbidity: an endocrinologist looks at multi-level network disruption and at what gets diabetes? J Eval Clin Pract 2017; 23:225-229. [PMID: 27440485 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Aron
- VA Quality Scholars Program, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.,School of Medicine, and Adjunct Professor of Organizational Behavior, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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