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Lewek J, Niedziela J, Desperak P, Dyrbuś K, Osadnik T, Jankowski P, Witkowski A, Bielecka‐Dąbrowa A, Dudek D, Gierlotka M, Gąsior M, Banach M. Intensive Statin Therapy Versus Upfront Combination Therapy of Statin and Ezetimibe in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis Based on the PL-ACS Data. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030414. [PMID: 37671618 PMCID: PMC10547305 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to compare statin monotherapy and upfront combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). Methods and Results The study included consecutive patients with ACS included in the PL-ACS (Polish Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes), which is a national, multicenter, ongoing, prospective observational registry that is mandatory for patients with ACS hospitalized in Poland. Data were matched using the Mahalanobis distance within propensity score matching calipers. Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis, including all variables, was next used in propensity score matching analysis. Finally, 38 023 consecutive patients with ACS who were discharged alive were included in the analysis. After propensity score matching, 2 groups were analyzed: statin monotherapy (atorvastatin or rosuvastatin; n=768) and upfront combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe (n=768 patients). The difference in mortality between groups was significant during the follow-up and was present at 1 (5.9% versus 3.5%; P=0.041), 2 (7.8% versus 4.3%; P=0.019), and 3 (10.2% versus 5.5%; P=0.024) years of follow-up in favor of the upfront combination therapy, as well as for the overall period. For the treatment, rosuvastatin significantly improved prognosis compared with atorvastatin (odds ratio [OR], 0.790 [95% CI, 0.732-0.853]). Upfront combination therapy was associated with a significant reduction of all-cause mortality in comparison with statin monotherapy (OR, 0.526 [95% CI, 0.378-0.733]), with absolute risk reduction of 4.7% after 3 years (number needed to treat=21). Conclusions The upfront combination lipid-lowering therapy is superior to statin monotherapy for all-cause mortality in patients with ACS. These results suggest that in high-risk patients, such an approach, rather than a stepwise therapy approach, should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lewek
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and LipidologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of AdultsPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodzPoland
| | - Jacek Niedziela
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
- 3rd Department of CardiologySilesian Centre for Heart DiseaseZabrzePoland
| | - Piotr Desperak
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
| | - Krzysztof Dyrbuś
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
- 3rd Department of CardiologySilesian Centre for Heart DiseaseZabrzePoland
| | - Tadeusz Osadnik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric CardiologyCentre of Postgraduate Medical EducationWarsawPoland
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Center of Postgraduate Medical EducationSchool of Public HealthWarszawaPoland
| | - Adam Witkowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and AngiologyNational Institute of CardiologyWarszawaPoland
| | - Agata Bielecka‐Dąbrowa
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and LipidologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of AdultsPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodzPoland
| | - Dariusz Dudek
- Interventional Cardiology UnitGVM Care and Research, Maria Cecilia HospitalCotignolaItaly
- Institute of CardiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakowPoland
| | - Marek Gierlotka
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of OpoleOpolePoland
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in ZabrzeMedical University of SilesiaKatowicePoland
- 3rd Department of CardiologySilesian Centre for Heart DiseaseZabrzePoland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and LipidologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of AdultsPolish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research InstituteLodzPoland
- Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of Zielona GoraZielona GoraPoland
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Lis A, Lis P, Łowicka W, Grabarczyk M, Wita M, Żarczyński P, Żarczyńska M, Haberka M. Lipid-Lowering Treatment and the Lipid Goals Attainment in Patients with a Very High Cardiovascular Risk. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:329. [PMID: 37623342 PMCID: PMC10456080 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10080329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is the main cardiovascular (CV) risk factor with a large body of evidence. Our aim was to assess the achievement of the main therapeutic goal of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with a very high CV risk and a high-dose statin therapy. The study group consisted of 1413 consecutive patients hospitalised at the Upper-Silesian Medical Centre in Katowice due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with atorvastatin ≥ 40 mg or rosuvastatin ≥ 20 mg. The lipid profile was performed on admission and within 12 months after AMI. The main therapeutic goal was defined as LDL-C < 55 mg%. The study group (n = 1413) included 979 males (69.3%) with arterial hypertension (83.3%), diabetes (33.5%), peripheral artery disease (13.6%) and nicotinism (46.2%). In the study group, only 61 patients (4.3%) were additionally taking ezetimibe. During hospitalisation, the primary LDL-C goal was found in only 186 patients (13.2%). Subsequently, a follow-up lipidogram within 12 months was performed in 652 patients (46%), and the therapeutic goal was achieved in 255 patients (39%). There were 258 (18.26%) patients who died within 12 months after myocardial infarction. The lowest mortality rate was found in the subgroup of patients with LDL-C < 55 mg% during follow-up (11.02%). The primary lipid goal attainment among patients with a high-dose statin and a very high CV risk is low and far from the expected rate. Patients hospitalised for AMI should be given a combination of statin and ezetimibe more frequently. Low LDL-C levels measured at follow-up predict a lower risk of death at 12-month follow-up in a large group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lis
- Cardiology Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Lis
- Cardiology Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Weronika Łowicka
- Cardiology Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Health Promotion and Obesity Management Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Wita
- Cardiology Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Żarczyński
- Cardiology Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Żarczyńska
- Cardiology Students’ Scientific Association, Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Haberka
- Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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Wang TY, Chang WL, Wei CY, Liu CH, Tzeng RC, Chiu PY. Cholesterol Paradox in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Regardless of Lipid-Lowering Drug Use: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3270. [PMID: 37513689 PMCID: PMC10384075 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-lowering drugs (LLDs) have protective effects against coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD); however, a paradoxical association with cholesterol has been identified in several diseases, such as diabetes, dementia, and atrial fibrillation. We aimed to analyze the association between LLDs and cholesterol levels in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive patients aged ≥50 years from three centers in Taiwan. A multiple logistic regression model was used, and odds ratios (ORs) for different levels of total cholesterol (TC) or low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared with the highest level were adjusted for age, triglyceride level, sex, comorbidities, and medications. Among the 3688 participants, 572 with and 676 without T2DM used LLDs. After adjusting for age and sex, the non-T2DM group demonstrated better medical conditions, cognition, and daily function than the T2DM group, regardless of LLD use. Compared to the highest TC level (≥240 mg/dL), ORs were significantly increased as TC levels decreased. A similar pattern of T2DM prevalence was observed in LDL-C levels. Older people with T2DM demonstrated low cognitive and daily functions. Significantly reduced TC and LDL levels were associated with a higher T2DM prevalence in older adults regardless of LLD use. T2DM was associated with impaired cognitive and daily functioning. A higher prevalence of T2DM in older people with low cholesterol levels raises doubt surrounding cognition and daily function being jeopardized when the "lower is better" strategy is applied for the secondary prevention of CAD or CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Chang
- Department of Neurology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Wei
- Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 505, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiang Liu
- Division of Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Chang Tzeng
- Department of Neurology, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Yi Chiu
- Department of Neurology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Cosin-Sales J, Sidelnikov E, Villamayor S, Fernández M, Merino-Montero S, Zamora A. Identification of Secondary Prevention Patients Eligible for PCSK9 Inhibitors Therapy According to the Routine Clinical Practice in Spain. Adv Ther 2023; 40:2710-2724. [PMID: 36525203 PMCID: PMC10220136 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many patients at very high risk of cardiovascular (CV) events would benefit from lipid-lowering therapies (LLT) intensification to decrease their risk. This study aimed to identify the real-world secondary prevention patients potentially eligible for proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) in Spain. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included adult patients registered in the IQVIA Spanish Electronic Medical Records outpatient database (2014-2020), diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI), unstable angina (UA), ischaemic stroke (IS), transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or peripheral artery disease (PAD) and with ≥ 1 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) or total cholesterol measurements. Longitudinal data were collected from the initial diagnosis to the end of the study period or follow-up loss. RESULTS The study included 9516 patients, 63.9% male, mean (SD) age 67.7 (12.5) years and mean LDL-C 117.3 (38.8) mg/dL. MI, IS and PAD were the most severe events reported during the study period (28.5%, 18.7% and 29.3% of patients, respectively). At the time of last available LDL-C assessment (≥ 3 months post-event), 64.4% patients were on LLT. Of those, 45.4%, 46.9% and 7.7% were on high-, moderate- and low-intensity LLT. Overall, 9.6% patients achieved LDL-C < 55 mg/dL (24.2% LDL-C < 70 mg/dL). Furthermore, 17.9% patients receiving optimized oral LLT showed LDL-C > 100 mg/dL (LDL-C reimbursement threshold for PCSK9i in Spain). CONCLUSION Up to 82% of patients with atherosclerotic CV disease do not achieve LDL-C levels recommended by the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines despite being on optimized oral LLT therapy. In 17.9% of these patients LDL-C levels exceed 100 mg/dL, being eligible for PCSK9i in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cosin-Sales
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Carrer de Sant Clement, 12, 46015, Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrena, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Zamora
- Unidad de Riesgo Vascular y Lípidos Corporació de Salut del Maresme i la Selva, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Haskiah F, Khaskia A. Lipid treatment status and goal attainment among patients with premature acute coronary syndrome in Israel. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:367-375. [PMID: 37120357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are significant health gaps between Arabs and Jews in Israel. However, there are limited data on the management and treatment of dyslipidemia among Israeli adults who experience premature acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study aimed to assess the differences between Arabs and Jews with regard to lipid-lowering therapy administration and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels goal attainment at 1 year post-ACS. METHODS This study included patients aged ≤55 years who had been hospitalized for ACS at Meir Medical Center between 2018 and 2019. Outcomes included the rate of use of lipid-lowering medications, LDL-C levels 1 year post-admission, and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) during 30 months of follow-up. RESULTS The study population comprised 687 young adults with a median age of 48.5 years. 81.9% of the Arab patients and 79.8% of the Jewish patients were discharged on high intensity statins. At 1 year of follow-up, the proportions of Arab patients who had LDL-C levels <70 mg/dL and <55 mg/dL were lower than those of Jewish patients (43.8% vs. 58%, p < 0.001 and 34.5% vs. 45.3%, p < 0.001, respectively). At 1 year of follow-up, only 25% and 4% of both groups were treated with ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor. The incidence of MACCE was significantly higher among Arab patients. CONCLUSION Our study highlighted the need for a more aggressive lipid-lowering strategy in both Arab and Jewish populations. Culturally adapted interventions are required to reduce gaps between Arab and Jewish patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Haskiah
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Abid Khaskia
- Department of Cardiology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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6
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Banach M, Catapano AL, Cicero AFG, Escobar C, Foger B, Katsiki N, Latkovskis G, Rakowski M, Reiner Z, Sahebkar A, Sikand G, Penson PE, On Behalf Of The International Lipid Expert Panel Ilep. Red yeast rice for dyslipidaemias and cardiovascular risk reduction: A position paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106370. [PMID: 35901940 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is strongly related to lifetime exposure to low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in longitudinal studies. Lipid-lowering therapy (using statins, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors) substantially ameliorates the risk and is associated with long-term reduction in cardiovascular (CV) events. The robust evidence supporting these therapies supports their continued (and expanding) role in risk reduction. In addition to these 'conventional' therapeutics, while waiting for other innovative therapies, growing evidence supports the use of a range of 'nutraceuticals' (constituents of food prepared as pharmaceutical formulations) including preparations of red yeast rice (RYR), the product of yeast (Monascus purpureus) grown on rice, which is a constituent of food and is used in traditional Chinese medicine. The major active ingredient, monacolin K, is chemically identical to lovastatin. RYR preparations have been demonstrated to be safe and effective in reducing LDL-C, and CV events. However, surprisingly, RYR has received relatively little attention in international guidelines - and conventional drugs with the strongest evidence for event reduction should always be preferred in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the absence of recommendations relating to RYR may preclude the use of a product which may have clinical utility in particular groups of patients (who may anyway self-prescribe this product), what in the consequence might help to reduce population CV risk. This Position Paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) will use the best available evidence to give advice on the use of red-yeast rice in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland; Department of Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Excellence of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Atherosclerosis and Dyslipidemia Research Unit, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Group, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Bernhard Foger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rottal-Inn Klinik Pfarrkirchen, Germany
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gustavs Latkovskis
- Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michal Rakowski
- The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Cytometry Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zeljko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Geeta Sikand
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
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Penson PE, Bruckert E, Marais D, Reiner Ž, Pirro M, Sahebkar A, Bajraktari G, Mirrakhimov E, Rizzo M, Mikhailidis DP, Sachinidis A, Gaita D, Latkovskis G, Mazidi M, Toth PP, Pella D, Alnouri F, Postadzhiyan A, Yeh HI, Mancini GBJ, von Haehling S, Banach M, Al‐Khnifsawi M, Alnouri F, Amar F, Atanasov AG, Bajraktari G, Banach M, Bhaskar S, Bytyçi I, Bjelakovic B, Bruckert E, Cafferata A, Ceska R, Cicero AF, Collet X, Daccord M, Descamps O, Djuric D, Durst R, Ezhov MV, Fras Z, Gaita D, Hernandez AV, Jones SR, Jozwiak J, Kakauridze N, Kallel A, Katsiki N, Khera A, Kostner K, Kubilius R, Latkovskis G, Mancini GJ, Marais AD, Martin SS, Martinez JA, Mazidi M, Mikhailidis DP, Mirrakhimov E, Miserez AR, Mitchenko O, Mitkovskaya NP, Moriarty PM, Nabavi SM, Nair D, Panagiotakos DB, Paragh G, Pella D, Penson PE, Petrulioniene Z, Pirro M, Postadzhiyan A, Puri R, Reda A, Reiner Ž, Radenkovic D, Rakowski M, Riadh J, Richter D, Rizzo M, Ruscica M, Sahebkar A, Sattar N, Serban M, Shehab AM, Shek AB, Sirtori CR, Stefanutti C, Tomasik T, Toth PP, Viigimaa M, Valdivielso P, Vinereanu D, Vohnout B, von Haehling S, Vrablik M, Wong ND, Yeh H, Zhisheng J, Zirlik A. Step-by-step diagnosis and management of the nocebo/drucebo effect in statin-associated muscle symptoms patients: a position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1596-1622. [PMID: 35969116 PMCID: PMC9178378 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin intolerance is a clinical syndrome whereby adverse effects (AEs) associated with statin therapy [most commonly statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS)] result in the discontinuation of therapy and consequently increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, complete statin intolerance occurs in only a small minority of treated patients (estimated prevalence of only 3-5%). Many perceived AEs are misattributed (e.g. physical musculoskeletal injury and inflammatory myopathies), and subjective symptoms occur as a result of the fact that patients expect them to do so when taking medicines (the nocebo/drucebo effect)-what might be truth even for over 50% of all patients with muscle weakness/pain. Clear guidance is necessary to enable the optimal management of plasma in real-world clinical practice in patients who experience subjective AEs. In this Position Paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), we present a step-by-step patient-centred approach to the identification and management of SAMS with a particular focus on strategies to prevent and manage the nocebo/drucebo effect and to improve long-term compliance with lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Pitié-Salpetrière Hospital and Sorbonne University, Cardio metabolic Institute, Paris, France
| | - David Marais
- Chemical Pathology Division of the Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town Health Science Faculty, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Gani Bajraktari
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Internal Disease, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Erkin Mirrakhimov
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Alexandros Sachinidis
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,2nd Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dan Gaita
- Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania.,Clinica de Cardiologie, Institutul de Boli Cardiovasculare Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gustavs Latkovskis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.,Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Pella
- 2nd Department of Cardiology of the East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Fahad Alnouri
- Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Adult Cardiology Department, Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arman Postadzhiyan
- Department of General Medicine, Emergency University Hospital 'St. Anna', Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - G B John Mancini
- Department of General Medicine, Emergency University Hospital 'St. Anna', Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maciej Banach
- Polish Moother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.,Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Walker HE, Rizzo M, Fras Z, Jug B, Banach M, Penson PE. CRISPR Gene Editing in Lipid Disorders and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Opportunities. Metabolites 2021; 11:857. [PMID: 34940615 PMCID: PMC8707018 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have been conclusively demonstrated in epidemiological and intervention studies to be causally associated with the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Enormous advances in LDL-C reduction have been achieved through the use of statins, and in recent years, through drugs targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a key regulator of the hepatic LDL-receptor. Existing approaches to PCSK9 targeting have used monoclonal antibodies or RNA interference. Although these approaches do not require daily dosing, as statins do, repeated subcutaneous injections are nevertheless necessary to maintain effectiveness over time. Recent experimental studies suggest that clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) gene-editing targeted at PCSK9 may represent a promising tool to achieve the elusive goal of a 'fire and forget' lifelong approach to LDL-C reduction. This paper will provide an overview of CRISPR technology, with a particular focus on recent studies with relevance to its potential use in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry E. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Zlatko Fras
- Centre for Preventive Cardiology, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Jug
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, 93338 Lodz, Poland;
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, 65046 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Peter E. Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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9
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Banach M, Burchardt P, Chlebus K, Dobrowolski P, Dudek D, Dyrbuś K, Gąsior M, Jankowski P, Jóźwiak J, Kłosiewicz-Latoszek L, Kowalska I, Małecki M, Prejbisz A, Rakowski M, Rysz J, Solnica B, Sitkiewicz D, Sygitowicz G, Sypniewska G, Tomasik T, Windak A, Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz D, Cybulska B. PoLA/CFPiP/PCS/PSLD/PSD/PSH guidelines on diagnosis and therapy of lipid disorders in Poland 2021. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1447-1547. [PMID: 34900032 PMCID: PMC8641518 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/141941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Poland there are still nearly 20 million individuals with hypercholesterolaemia, most of them are unaware of their condition; that is also why only ca. 5% of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia have been diagnosed; that is why other rare cholesterol metabolism disorders are so rarely diagnosed in Poland. Let us hope that these guidelines, being an effect of work of experts representing 6 main scientific societies, as well as the network of PoLA lipid centers being a part of the EAS lipid centers, certification of lipidologists by PoLA, or the growing number of centers for rare diseases, with a network planned by the Ministry of Health, improvements in coordinated care for patients after myocardial infarction (KOS-Zawał), reimbursement of innovative agents, as well as introduction in Poland of an effective primary prevention program, will make improvement in relation to these unmet needs in diagnostics and treatment of lipid disorders possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Congenital Diseases of Adults, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI) in Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Burchardt
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology, and Internal Medicine, K. Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Unit, J. Strus Hospital, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Chlebus
- First Department and Chair of Cardiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Dudek
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dyrbuś
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, Poland
| | - Piotr Jankowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Cardiology and Arterial Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Jóźwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Małecki
- Department and Chair of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Prejbisz
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Rakowski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Chair of Nephrology, Arterial Hypertension, and Family Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Solnica
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Sitkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Sygitowicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Sypniewska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, L. Rydygier Medical College in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tomasik
- Chair of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Windak
- Chair of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz
- Department and Chair of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, K. Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Cybulska
- National Institute of Public Health NIH – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Penson PE, Henney NC. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-Stoking the fire of residual risk? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:534-535. [PMID: 34560202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Neil C Henney
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
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Fras Z, Jug B, Penson PE, Rizzo M. Challenges and Opportunities on Lipid Metabolism Disorders Diagnosis and Therapy: Novel Insights and Future Perspective. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090611. [PMID: 34564427 PMCID: PMC8469479 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Fras
- Centre for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.F.); (B.J.)
- Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Jug
- Centre for Preventive Cardiology, Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Z.F.); (B.J.)
- Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter E. Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (Promise), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(091)-655-2945
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12
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Penson PE, Banach M. Nutraceuticals for the Control of Dyslipidaemias in Clinical Practice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092957. [PMID: 34578834 PMCID: PMC8467462 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemias result in the deposition of cholesterol and lipids in the walls of blood vessels, chronic inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which impede blood flow and (when they rupture) result in acute ischaemic episodes. Whilst recent years have seen enormous success in the reduction of cardiovascular risk using conventional pharmaceuticals, there is increasing interest amongst patients and practitioners in the use of nutraceuticals to combat dyslipidaemias and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. Nutraceutical is a portmanteau term: ‘ceutical’ indicate pharmaceutical-grade preparations, and ‘nutra’ indicates that the products contain nutrients from food. Until relatively recently, little high-quality evidence relating to the safety and efficacy of nutraceuticals has been available to prescribers and policymakers. However, as a result of recent randomised-controlled trials, cohort studies and meta-analyses, this situation is changing, and nutraceuticals are now recommended in several mainstream guidelines relating to dyslipidaemias and atherosclerosis. This article will summarise recent clinical-practice guidance relating to the use of nutraceuticals in this context and the evidence which underlies them. Particular attention is given to position papers and recommendations from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), which has produced several practical and helpful recommendations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Penson
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-42-639-37-71
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13
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Switching, Persistence and Adherence to Statin Therapy: a Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Australian National Pharmacy Data. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:867-877. [PMID: 34097194 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are widely prescribed for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their effectiveness is dependent on the level of adherence and persistence. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the patterns of switching, adherence and persistence among the Australian general population with newly dispensed statins. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a random sample of data from the Australian national prescription claims data. Switching, adherence to and persistence with statins were assessed for people starting statins from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019. Switching was defined as either switching to another intensity of statin, to another statin or to a non-statin agent. Non-persistence to treatment was defined as discontinuation (i.e. ≥90 days with no statin) of coverage. Adherence was measured using proportion of days covered (PDC), and patients with PDC < 0.80 were considered non-adherent. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare discontinuation, switching and reinitiation between different statins. RESULTS A cohort of 141,062 people dispensed statins and followed over a median duration of 2.5 years were included. Of the cohort, 29.3% switched statin intensity, 28.4% switched statin type, 3.7% switched to ezetimibe and in 2.7%, ezetimibe was added as combination therapy during the study period. Overall, 58.8% discontinued statins based on the 90-day gap criteria, of whom 55.2% restarted. The proportion of people non-adherent was 24.0% at 6 months to 49.0% at 5 years. People on low and moderate intensity statins were more likely to discontinue compared to those on high-intensity statins (hazard ratio [HR] 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.31), (HR 1.28, 95%CI 1.14-1.42), respectively. Compared to maintaining same statin type and intensity, switching statins, which includes up-titration (HR 0.77, 95%CI 0.70 to 0.86) was associated with less likelihood of discontinuation after reinitiation. CONCLUSIONS Long-term persistence and adherence to statins remains generally poor among Australians, which limits the effectiveness of these medicines and the consequent health impact they may provide for individuals (and by extension, the population impact when poor persistence and adherence is considered in the statin-taking population). Switching between statins is prevalent in one third of statin users, although any clinical benefit of the observed switching trend is unknown. This, combined with the high volume of statin prescriptions, highlights the need for better strategies to address poor persistence and adherence.
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14
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Banach M. The International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)-the role of 'optimal' collaboration in the effective diagnosis and treatment of lipid disorders. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:3817-3820. [PMID: 34079998 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Banach M, Penson PE. Colchicine and Cardiovascular Outcomes: a Critical Appraisal of Recent Studies. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2021; 23:32. [PMID: 33970350 PMCID: PMC8108024 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-021-00932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Recent studies have demonstrated an important role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of colchicine (a widely used and safe anti-inflammatory drug) in patients with atherosclerosis. This review explains the rationale for the use of colchicine in this setting and critically appraises recent outcome trials. Recent Findings Two large randomised-controlled trials LoDoCo2 (included patients with chronic coronary syndromes) and COLCOT (acute coronary syndromes) have demonstrated reductions in atherosclerotic cardiovascular events, but not mortality. A smaller study (COPS) found no beneficial effect of colchicine but was probably underpowered. Summary Colchicine is effective at reducing cardiovascular events in chronic and acute coronary syndromes, although reductions in all-cause mortality have not been demonstrated during the period of follow-up in trials to date. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms are the most commonly reported adverse effects, although in well-designed randomised controlled trials these are relatively uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Rzgowska 281/289, 93-338, Lodz, Poland. .,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland. .,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Centre For Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
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Banach M, Penson PE, Vrablik M, Bunc M, Dyrbus K, Fedacko J, Gaita D, Gierlotka M, Jarai Z, Magda SL, Margetic E, Margoczy R, Durak-Nalbantic A, Ostadal P, Pella D, Trbusic M, Udroiu CA, Vlachopoulos C, Vulic D, Fras Z, Dudek D, Reiner Ž. Optimal use of lipid-lowering therapy after acute coronary syndromes: A Position Paper endorsed by the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP). Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105499. [PMID: 33607265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and consequent acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are substantial contributors to morbidity and mortality across Europe. Much of these diseases burden is modifiable, in particular by lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Current guidelines are based on the sound premise that with respect to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), "lower is better for longer", and the recent data have strongly emphasized the need of also "the earlier the better". In addition to statins, which have been available for several decades, the availability of ezetimibe and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) are additional very effective approach to LLT, especially for those at very high and extremely high cardiovascular risk. LLT is initiated as a response to an individual's calculated risk of future ASCVD and is intensified over time in order to meet treatment goals. However, in real-life clinical practice goals are not met in a substantial proportion of patients. This Position Paper complements existing guidelines on the management of lipids in patients following ACS. Bearing in mind the very high risk of further events in ACS, we propose practical solutions focusing on immediate combination therapy in strict clinical scenarios, to improve access and adherence to LLT in these patients. We also define an 'Extremely High Risk' group of individuals following ACS, completing the attempt made in the recent European guidelines, and suggest mechanisms to urgently address lipid-medicated cardiovascular risk in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michal Vrablik
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matjaz Bunc
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krzysztof Dyrbus
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, School of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jan Fedacko
- MEDIPARK, University Research Park for Preclinical and Clinical Research, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Dan Gaita
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marek Gierlotka
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital in Opole, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Zoltan Jarai
- Department of Cardiology, Saint Imre University Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefania Lucia Magda
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" and University and Emergency Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eduard Margetic
- Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Roman Margoczy
- Middle Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Azra Durak-Nalbantic
- Department for Cardiology, Clinic for Heart, Blood Vessel and Rheumatic Diseases, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Petr Ostadal
- Cardiovascular Center, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Pella
- 2nd Department of Cardiology Clinic of PJ Safarik University and East Slovak Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Matias Trbusic
- Department of Cardiology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cristian Alexandru Udroiu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" and University and Emergency Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Charalambos Vlachopoulos
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dusko Vulic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zlatko Fras
- Preventive Cardiology Unit, Department of Vascular Medicine, Division of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dariusz Dudek
- Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland.
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, UK
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Banach M, Penson PE. Drucebo effect - the challenge we should all definitely face! Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:542-543. [PMID: 33747289 PMCID: PMC7959055 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/132304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland
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