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Cruz CFDS, Araújo DCSAD, Santos CTDJ, Onozato T, Araújo-Neto FDC, Lyra DPD. Effectiveness of teaching and evaluation methods of clinical competencies for pharmacy: A systematic review. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:102182. [PMID: 39241580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the teaching and assessment methodologies used to develop fundamental clinical skills in pharmacist who are training in patient care. METHODS SCOPUS, EMBASE, ERIC, and PubMed were searched for original studies that featured randomized controlled trials as the study design published until March 2024. The search and extraction process followed PRISMA Guidelines. RESULTS The database search resulted in 2954 articles, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Four studies developed and tested interactive web-based software as the teaching methodologies. Eight studies applied simulation to their teaching and/or evaluation strategies. Two articles used high fidelity simulation, and the remaining studies used standardized patients associated with other teaching and evaluation techniques. The simulation methodologies were more effective than the conventional ones in three studies. In the other studies, the interventions were as effective or better than the control, albeit there no meaningful differences between the methods. In the studies that focused on the assessment methods, immediate feedback was preferred by students over delayed feedback. Additionally, the tested assessment tool, General Level Framework, proposed a pragmatic assessment from which the individual's training needs were identified. CONCLUSION Few studies involved the objective quantification of learning beyond pre- and post-intervention knowledge tests. Proper assessment in pharmaceutical education requires expansion beyond the administration of student satisfaction, self-efficacy research tools, and knowledge assessments, and should encompass an examination of clinical performance and critical thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Francisca Dos Santos Cruz
- Health Sciences Graduate Program. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Tatiane de Jesus Santos
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Thelma Onozato
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Health Sciences Graduate Program. Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Lim A, Krishnan S, Singh H, Furletti S, Sarkar M, Stewart D, Malone D. Linking assessment to real life practice - comparing work based assessments and objective structured clinical examinations using mystery shopping. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2024; 29:859-878. [PMID: 37728720 PMCID: PMC11208193 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and Work Based Assessments (WBAs) are the mainstays of assessing clinical competency in health professions' education. Underpinned by the extrapolation inference in Kane's Validity Framework, the purpose of this study is to determine whether OSCEs translate to real life performance by comparing students' OSCE performance to their performance in real-life (as a WBA) using the same clinical scenario, and to understand factors that affect students' performance. A sequential explanatory mixed methods approach where a grade comparison between students' performance in their OSCE and WBA was performed. Students were third year pharmacy undergraduates on placement at a community pharmacy in 2022. The WBA was conducted by a simulated patient, unbeknownst to students and indistinguishable from a genuine patient, visiting the pharmacy asking for health advice. The simulated patient was referred to as a 'mystery shopper' and the process to 'mystery shopping' in this manuscript. Community pharmacy is an ideal setting for real-time observation and mystery shopping as staff can be accessed without appointment. The students' provision of care and clinical knowledge was assessed by the mystery shopper using the same clinical checklist the student was assessed from in the OSCE. Students who had the WBA conducted were then invited to participate in semi-structured interviews to discuss their experiences in both settings. Overall, 92 mystery shopper (WBA) visits with students were conducted and 36 follow-up interviews were completed. The median WBA score was 41.7% [IQR 28.3] and significantly lower compared to the OSCE score 80.9% [IQR 19.0] in all participants (p < 0.001). Interviews revealed students knew they did not perform as well in the WBA compared to their OSCE, but reflected that they still need OSCEs to prepare them to manage real-life patients. Many students related their performance to how they perceived their role in OSCEs versus WBAs, and that OSCEs allowed them more autonomy to manage the patient as opposed to an unfamiliar workplace. As suggested by the activity theory, the performance of the student can be driven by their motivation which differed in the two contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sunanthiny Krishnan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, LE3 9QP, Leicester, UK
| | - Harjit Singh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Furletti
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahbub Sarkar
- Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Monash University, 3806, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Malone
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Sisson EM, Pamulapati LG, Bucheit JD, Zimmerman KM, Dixon DL, Holdford DA, Salgado TM. Integrating real-world skills and diabetes lifestyle coach training into a revised health promotion and communications course. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:445-452. [PMID: 38631946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Effective communication skills are essential for all pharmacists, regardless of practice setting. An implicit need in pharmacy education is to emphasize direct application of these skills to future healthcare practice prior to experiential rotations. The aim of this article is to describe how we revised a required first professional year (P1) doctor of pharmacy course to achieve two main goals: 1) improve the course relevance by connecting content to real-world skills; and 2) qualify all pharmacy students at our institution as certified National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) lifestyle coaches upon course completion. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Lifestyle coach training approved by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was integrated into a P1 communications course consisting of 14 modules that include: review of diabetes pathophysiology, group facilitation skills, social determinants of health, food tracking, action planning, participant retention and program administration. This content serves as a direct application of pre-existing course objectives related to knowledge (evidence-based theory) and skills (technical and counseling) required for effective communication with patients, families, and health professionals. FINDINGS Between 2019 and 2022, the redesigned course was offered to 373 P1 students. Course evaluations during this time were consistently positive. The average evaluation score since DPP activities were integrated into the course was 3.41 (on a 4-point scale). Based upon course evaluations, students appreciated three main benefits of incorporating lifestyle coach certification into the pharmacy curriculum: 1) a certified skill that can differentiate them in the job market; 2) practice of skills on real patients under faculty supervision in the community setting; 3) early exposure to pharmacy patient care topics, thus contributing to professional identity. SUMMARY Integration of lifestyle coach training into an existing core P1 pharmacy course increased application and assessment of communications skills and allowed wider availability of trained coaches to deliver DPP in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Sisson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
| | - Lauren G Pamulapati
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - John D Bucheit
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Kristin M Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Dave L Dixon
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - David A Holdford
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Teresa M Salgado
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Center for Pharmacy Practice Innovation, VCU School of Pharmacy, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
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Briceland LL, Dudla C, Watson A, Denvir P. Exploring the Impact of a Vicarious Learning Approach on Student Pharmacists' Professional Identity Formation Using a Simulated Pharmacist-Patient Encounter. PHARMACY 2023; 11:177. [PMID: 37987387 PMCID: PMC10661241 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purposefully developed professional identity formation (PIF) learning activities within the didactic curriculum provide crucial groundwork to complement PIF within authentic settings. The aim of this didactic exercise was to explore the impact upon student pharmacists' PIF after viewing, analyzing, and reflecting upon a simulated pharmacist-patient encounter (PPE). A 12 min role-play video was created, featuring a pharmacist counseling a standardized patient on a new medication regimen; foundational principles of medication safety, health literacy, social determinants of health, empathic communication, and motivational interviewing were included in the counseling, with some aspects intentionally performed well, others in need of improvement. Also included were the patient's varied reactions to the counseling. Students assumed the observer role and learned vicariously through viewing the PPE. Postactivity debriefs included justifying a foundational principle performed well by the pharmacist, and another in need of improvement, and a self-reflection essay expressing the impact of viewing the PPE on their PIF, from which extracts were thematically analyzed for impact. The main themes of the impact included increased awareness of counseling techniques, patient-friendly medical jargon, patient perspectives/empathy, positive and negative pharmacist role-modeling, and the value of the observer role. This PPE exercise enhanced PIF in terms of students thinking, acting, and feeling like a pharmacist, based on students' self-reflections, which most often referenced effective pharmacist-patient communication and enacting optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L. Briceland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | | | - Alexandra Watson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Community Care Physicians, Latham, NY 12110, USA;
| | - Paul Denvir
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
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Kunow C, Langer B. Using the Simulated Patient Methodology in the Form of Mystery Calls in Community Pharmacy Practice Research: A Scoping Review Protocol. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020047. [PMID: 36961025 PMCID: PMC10037651 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacies (CPs) play a major role in health care delivery. The simulated patient methodology (SPM), which is considered the "gold standard", is recommended for studying CP practice. SPM can be applied in different forms, which include visits and also calls ("mystery calls"). So far, only the role of visits in the investigation of CP practice is known. As the first study worldwide, a systematic map of such reports will be provided, which applies calls in the context of the SPM for the study of CP practice. Reports with the pharmacy staff as the population under study should be included. Reports should be included that conduct an investigation using the SPM in the form of calls to simulate patients and other customers. Reports should be included that examine CP practice as defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation and the World Health Organization (FIP/WHO). The scoping review methodology will be applied using the associated guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PRISMA extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). The search will be for both published and unpublished original research in English with transparent information on SPM until the end of 2022. The plan is to search Embase, MEDLINE via PubMed, and Web of Science. Directly afterward, the respective literature collection of the reviewers and the reference lists of suitable international reviews will be searched. This will be followed by a forward and backward snowballing in Google Scholar. For the inclusion of reports, a selection process and for the data extraction a data charting process with the help of variables derived from related reviews and from two SPM-form spanning international guidelines will be performed. The data extracted from the included reports should be synthesized and presented in MS Excel tabular form using the previously determined variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kunow
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Langer
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Brodaer Straße 2, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
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Huang YM, Chan HY, Wang YH, Ho YF. Effects of a blended multimedia teaching approach on self-efficacy and skills in over-the-counter medication counselling versus a lecture-based approach: protocol for a prospective cohort study of undergraduate students from a pharmacy school in Taiwan. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068738. [PMID: 36697044 PMCID: PMC9884897 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Addressing communication skills in pharmacy curricula is one of the effective tactics to equip future pharmacists with better skillsets for medication counselling. To achieve this, blended teaching of PowerPoint slides and videos holds great potential for undergraduate pharmacy education majors by integrating multimedia and performance feedback into instruction. This study will develop a blended teaching programme featuring didactic lectures with video-based materials to improve students' self-efficacy and skills in medication counselling. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study applies critical principles and effects outlined in multimedia learning by Richard Mayer et al to develop teaching materials and perform skill evaluation for two undergraduate cohorts (class of 2025 and 2026) enrolled in Introduction to Community Pharmacy separately in 2022 and 2023. Students will receive different teaching approaches to medication counselling. In the control cohort (ie, class of 2025), students will receive a 4-week PowerPoint slides-based instruction in communication skills. We will develop six videos illustrating common scenarios of over-the-counter (OTC) medication counselling in community pharmacies. In the intervention cohort (ie, class of 2026), students will receive a 3-week PowerPoint slides-based instruction and a week-long video-based instruction in communication skills. A pre-and-post survey will be administered to evaluate students' self-efficacy in OTC counselling. In addition, each student will be evaluated through one-on-one role-playing with standardised patients in the final to demonstrate their skills in OTC counselling. A structured checklist will be used to assess students' counselling skills. T-tests will be applied to examine differences in self-efficacy of OTC counselling. Multivariate regression analyses will determine which teaching approach better facilitates the development of self-efficacy and performance in OTC counselling. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Research Ethics Committee of the National Taiwan University Hospital approved this study. The findings will be shared with pharmacy educators and contribute to existing instructional methods to facilitate the competence of pharmacy students in OTC counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ming Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yu Chan
- Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsing Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Profession and Quality Pharmacy, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yunn-Fang Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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de Souza EV, Vieira LJSC, dos Santos SNP, Cerqueira-Santos S, Rocha KSS, de Oliveira Santos Silva R, de Lyra Jr DP. Evaluation of pharmacist's practices regarding the antimicrobials dispensing: a simulated patient study. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:1576. [PMID: 36564839 PMCID: PMC9788868 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials is considered a major contributing factor to the increase in antimicrobial resistance. Community pharmacies are the main source of access to antimicrobials, and pharmacists are in a strategic position to promote rational use of these medicines. Therefore, it is important to know dispensing service quality. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the behavior of pharmacists in dispensing antimicrobials in community pharmacies in northeast Brazil. METHODS This cross-sectional pilot study was conducted from August to October 2021 in a private community pharmacy chain in Sergipe. Dispensing was evaluated using the simulated patient (SP) technique. Two SP asked the pharmacists for the antimicrobials (case clinic 1: upper respiratory infection; case clinic 2: urinary tract infection) and recorded the service through audio. Dispensing practices were independently analyzed by two researchers based on the tools available in the literature. Data were presented using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 54 simulated patient visits were conducted. Based on the 12 steps recommended by the research team for good dispensing, pharmacists asked an average of 1 (±1.17) question for upper respiratory infections and 0.3 (±0.54) for urinary tract infections, as well as provided counseling (mean number of recommendations, 2.6 (±1.44) and 4.5 (±2.35), respectively). As for communication skills, pharmacists had a regular score (3.07 ± 0.34). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the number of steps and counseling recommendations by pharmacists in dispensing clinical cases 1 and 2 (p = 0.0674). CONCLUSION The quality of antimicrobial dispensing was evaluated as suboptimal, requiring improvements in practice and multifaceted strategies to promote continuing education of these professionals. In addition, awareness actions for the population must be implemented to promote the rational use of antimicrobials and reduce microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elindayane Vieira de Souza
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Lara Joana Santos Caxico Vieira
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Sylmara Nayara Pereira dos Santos
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Sabrina Cerqueira-Santos
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Kérilin Stancine Santos Rocha
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Rafaella de Oliveira Santos Silva
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra Jr
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, Jd. Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe State 49100-000 Brazil
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Nakagawa N, Odanaka K, Ohara H, Kisara S. Communication training for pharmacy students with standard patients using artificial intelligence. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:854-862. [PMID: 35914846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is among validated approaches used to assess clinical competence through structured and practical evaluation. Most studies of OSCE have used standardized patients (SPs). However, to our knowledge, there is limited information regarding the specific communication skills enhanced by providing communication training (CT) with SPs. Recently, an artificial intelligence (AI) technology was developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the experience and outcomes of CT with SPs and impact of using AI for this training. METHODS This study targeted fourth-year students participating in a pre-learning course for pharmacy practice experience offered at a Japanese university in 2020. The ENcode, Decode, Control, and REgulate model, which evaluates 24 communication skills, was utilized as a questionnaire-based survey. The survey was conducted prior to CT, following CT, and after a second CT session six weeks later with AI. RESULTS Seven skills, namely "desire suppression," "expectation acceptance," "facial expression," "emotional communication," "dominance," "maintaining relationships," and "dealing with disagreements," were enhanced by the CT with SPs. These skills were included in the broad categories of "management" and "expression" skills. They were not significantly enhanced by following AI training. However, differences observed between the students who underwent AI training and those who did not demonstrated a positive effect in almost all skills, suggesting that AI training can enhance certain skills. CONCLUSIONS CT with SPs enhances students' "management" and "expression" skills. Additionally, AI shows potential for improving the effect of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Nakagawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Keita Odanaka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ohara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Kisara
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomita-machi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
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Boura F, Al-Tabakha M, Hassan N, Darwich M. Critical appraisal of simulated patient methodology to assess the practice of community pharmacist in the Middle East and North Africa region: A systematic review. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2701. [PMID: 36733522 PMCID: PMC9851829 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.3.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of simulated patient (SP) methodology in pharmacy practice settings has increased recently. However, its applications can vary significantly within a region, hence affecting the quality of the SP methodology. Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to critically assess the use of the SP methodology for assessing the practice of community pharmacists (CP) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using EMBASE, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and SCOPUS to identify articles published from 2011 to 2022. The selection of relevant studies for inclusion in the systematic review was based on the pre-determined inclusion criteria. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Results Electronic search yielded 478 publications. A total of 45 studies were reviewed. The studies were conducted in 12 countries of the MENA region. The sample size between the reviewed articles ranged from 20 to 1000 (median= 129). A greater number of the included studies measured the adequacy of skill (pre-dispensing and/or post-dispensing) 38 (84.4%). The vast majority of the studies reported unsatisfactory results regarding the competencies of CP. The number of the SP ranged from 1 to 37 (median= 2). Most of the studies recruited only one SP per pharmacy 35 (77.8%). The most common data collection method was written data collection form 42 (93.3%). Few studies only had a detection system for SP visits 11 (24.4%), and only six studies incorporated performance feedback (13.3%). More than two-thirds of the studies provided a training session for SP 37 (82.2%). There was variation in the symptoms and drugs used in the SP scenarios in the studies. Conclusion Although the results demonstrate the growth in the use of the SP method in MENA region countries, studies showed high variability in the level of reporting the study methodology. Consequently, we argue the need for standardized reporting of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Boura
- BSc, MSc. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Moawia Al-Tabakha
- BPharm, PhD. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Nageeb Hassan
- MBBS., MSc, PhD. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamad Darwich
- MD, MRCPH. Department of pediatrics. Medcare Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Rauch M, Bettermann V, Tipold A, Wissing S, Kleinsorgen C. Use of Actors or Peers as Simulated Clients in Veterinary Communication Training. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 50:e20210055. [PMID: 35617632 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using simulated clients is an effective teaching method for training and assessing communication skills in veterinary education. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of actors and peers in communication skills training in veterinary medicine. For this purpose, the subjective perception of the use of actors was assessed in a first study using a paper-based self-evaluation survey. In a second study, different groups of veterinary students who trained their communication skills with actors or peers were compared in an electronic Objective Structured Clinical Examination (eOSCE) assessment with regard to their outcomes of communication proficiency. All participants reported the actors to be helpful and supportive in learning communication skills. Above all, participants highly rated the achieved authenticity when using actors as well as feedback sessions. Regarding the comparison of actors and peers as teaching methods, no significant difference in the performance of veterinary students in an eOSCE was identified. Despite the lack of objective evidence, both methods may be considered valuable and accepted teaching tools. Training with peers gives students an opportunity to learn how to conduct structured history interviews and to understand pet owners' motives at an early stage of undergraduate veterinary training. Change of perspective is considered a positive training element. However, when portraying authentic and standardized emotions and reactions and giving formative feedback based on the pet owners' internal perspectives, actors are beneficial for training advanced veterinary students and graduates in difficult conversation topics.
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Kerr A, Kelleher C, Pawlikowska T, Strawbridge J. How can pharmacists develop patient-pharmacist communication skills? A realist synthesis. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:2467-2479. [PMID: 33726988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand how pharmacists develop patient-pharmacist communication skills. METHODS A realist synthesis approach was used to understand how educational interventions work to improve patient-pharmacist communication. Initial programme theories were developed through a scoping search and stakeholder focus groups (faculty, students, patients and public). A systematic search was then conducted for evidence to test initial theories. Included papers were assessed for relevance and rigour. Extracted data was synthesised to refine the initial programme theories and develop modified programme theories. RESULTS Forty-seven papers were included in the final synthesis. Role-play with simulated patients and peers, video recording and lectures were the most widely reported interventions. Repeated practice, feedback, reflection and confidence were among the mechanisms by which interventions work. Modified programme theories relating to interactions of role-play, experiential learning, video recording, self-assessment and workshops were developed. CONCLUSIONS Outcomes of communication education interventions are influenced by the level of learner. Educational interventions that promote reflection are particularly useful. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS There are a wide range of theory-informed interventions, which should be used in a programmatic approach to communications education. A longitudinal programme of communication skills training, with intervention choice based on level of learning, is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Kerr
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Caroline Kelleher
- Department of Psychology, Division of Population Health Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Teresa Pawlikowska
- Health Professions Education Centre (HPEC), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
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Depasquale C, Brown A, Arnold A, Drummond N, Tonna A. Developing, piloting and evaluating a Medicines Safety School Programme to be delivered by student pharmacists. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:1319-1323. [PMID: 34521526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This project aimed to develop content, pilot delivery, and evaluate effectiveness of an innovative Medicines Safety School Programme delivered by student pharmacists to primary school pupils. METHODS A collaborative approach between academic staff and a primary school guided programme content. The interactive workshop focused on benefits of medicines when used correctly and harmful effects associated with misuse. Delivery was piloted by academic staff in this same school. Following the pilot, student pharmacists delivered the programme to primary school children. A post-placement online survey explored student pharmacists' views on how involvement supported their professional development. RESULTS The pilot was delivered to 72 pupils between eight- and nine-years-old. Results from pre- and post-workshop surveys completed by pupils showed an increased understanding post-workshop of the benefits and potential risks associated with medicines. Post-workshop evaluations completed by class teachers rated the workshop as excellent in aspects such as presentation of the topic and effective linking to school and national curricula. Seventy-seven student pharmacists were involved in delivering the programme to 296 primary school children. Results of a post-placement online survey showed that student pharmacists felt that completing this placement had benefited their professional development and increased their confidence when interacting with young children. CONCLUSIONS The Medicines Safety School Programme has been well received by the pupils, school staff, and student pharmacists involved in the pilot study. Development of the programme is ongoing and is now progressing to embed this innovative educational initiative into the pharmacy undergraduate curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Depasquale
- School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Alyson Brown
- School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Amy Arnold
- School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie Drummond
- School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Antonella Tonna
- School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Staudacher P, Brugger C, Winkler MS, Stamm C, Farnham A, Mubeezi R, Eggen RIL, Günther I. What agro-input dealers know, sell and say to smallholder farmers about pesticides: a mystery shopping and KAP analysis in Uganda. Environ Health 2021; 20:100. [PMID: 34470641 PMCID: PMC8411546 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides can have negative effects on human and environmental health, especially when not handled as intended. In many countries, agro-input dealers sell pesticides to smallholder farmers and are supposed to provide recommendations on application and handling. This study investigates the role of agro-input dealers in transmitting safety information from chemical manufacturers to smallholder farmers, assesses the safety of their shops, what products they sell, and how agro-input dealers abide by laws and recommendations on best practices for preventing pesticide risk situations. METHODS Applying a mixed-methods approach, we studied agro-input dealers in Central and Western Uganda. Structured questionnaires were applied to understand agro-input dealers' knowledge, attitude and practices on pesticides (n = 402). Shop layout (n = 392) and sales interaction (n = 236) were assessed through observations. Actual behavior of agro-input dealers when selling pesticides was revealed through mystery shopping with local farmers buying pesticides (n = 94). RESULTS While 97.0% of agro-input dealers considered advising customers their responsibility, only 26.6% of mystery shoppers received any advice from agro-input dealers when buying pesticides. 53.2% of products purchased were officially recommended. Sales interactions focused mainly on product choice and price. Agro-input dealers showed limited understanding of labels and active ingredients. Moreover, 25.0% of shops were selling repackaged products, while 10.5% sold unmarked or unlabeled products. 90.1% of shops were lacking safety equipment. Pesticides of World Health Organization toxicity class I and II were sold most frequently. Awareness of health effects seemed to be high, although agro-input dealers showed incomplete hygiene practices and were lacking infrastructure. One reason for these findings might be that only 55.7% of agro-input dealers held a certificate of competency on safe handling of pesticides and even fewer (5.7%) were able to provide a government-approved up-to-date license. CONCLUSION The combination of interviews, mystery shopping and observations proved to be useful, allowing the comparison of stated and actual behavior. While agro-input dealers want to sell pesticides and provide the corresponding risk advice, their customers might receive neither the appropriate product nor sufficient advice on proper handling. In light of the expected increase in pesticide use, affordable, accessible and repeated pesticide training and shop inspections are indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Staudacher
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, Universitätsstrasse 16, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Curdin Brugger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirko S. Winkler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Farnham
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Mubeezi
- School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rik I. L. Eggen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, CHN, Universitätsstrasse 16, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Günther
- Development Economics Group & Center for Development and Cooperation (NADEL), ETH Zürich, Clausiusstrasse 37, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Jelić AG, Tasić L, Škrbić R, Marinković V, Šatara SS, Stojaković N, Peković VM, Godman B. Pharmacists' clinical knowledge and practice in the safe use of contraceptives: real knowledge vs. self-perception and the implications. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:430. [PMID: 34399761 PMCID: PMC8365278 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists are often the first healthcare professionals that patients contact with their illnesses and requests for medical information, which is enhanced following the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Community pharmacists are expected and required to possess a broad spectrum of knowledge and skills. Self-assessment of these competencies is needed for their self-improvement. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To assess pharmacists' clinical knowledge and practice in the safe use of contraceptives, and to compare the scores obtained by external observation with pharmacists' self-assessment of their knowledge as well as investigate the significance of preceptorship experiences. Contraceptives was chosen as the subject area in view of high rates of abortions as a means of contraception in Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS A questionnaire approach was used. The questionnaire included the following: the first domain contained two case scenarios (safe use of contraceptives), which evaluated clinical knowledge, a second domain in which pharmacists self-assessed their knowledge to resolve cases from the first domain and a third domain that measured the demographics of pharmacists (including experience in preceptorship). Dispensing practice was evaluated in the second domain. The questionnaires were distributed to a convenient sample of 100 pharmacists at the Annual Meeting of Bosnia and Herzegovina Pharmacists. The results were presented as counts (%). The groups (preceptors and non-preceptors) were compared using Mann-Whitney U test, paired assessments were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman's correlation was used to assess the correlation between variables. RESULTS Of the 100 pharmacists invited to participate, 84 completed the questionnaire (84 % response rate). There was no agreement between pharmacists' real knowledge (average score - case 1: 2.71, case 2: 3.3) and their self-assessment (average score - case 1: 3.77, case 2: 3.91). There was no statistically significant difference in the actual knowledge of pharmacists (experienced/non-experienced in precepting), while the difference in the self-assessment was significant between these two groups. CONCLUSION Pharmacists appear to overrate themselves, which leads to self-enhancement bias, in which the experience in precepting has some influence. Pharmacists' capability in performing an objective self-assessment of their clinical knowledge needs to be carefully studied in the future to fully benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Golić Jelić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Banja Luka – Medical Faculty, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social pharmacy and Pharmaceutical legislation, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Tasić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social pharmacy and Pharmaceutical legislation, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Banja Luka – Medical Faculty, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Valentina Marinković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social pharmacy and Pharmaceutical legislation, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svjetlana Stoisavljević Šatara
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Banja Luka – Medical Faculty, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nataša Stojaković
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Banja Luka – Medical Faculty, Save Mrkalja 14, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vanda Marković Peković
- Medical Faculty, Department of Social Pharmacy, University of Banja Luka, Save Mrkalja 14, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Brian Godman
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Scotland Glasgow, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Kerr A, Strawbridge J, Kelleher C, Barlow J, Sullivan C, Pawlikowska T. A realist evaluation exploring simulated patient role-play in pharmacist undergraduate communication training. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:325. [PMID: 34092216 PMCID: PMC8180382 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective communication between pharmacists and patients is essential and improves health outcomes. Simulated patients (SPs) are trained to reproduce real-life situations and can help pharmacy students to develop and adapt their communication skills in a safe, learner-centred environment. The aim of this research was to explore how SP and pharmacy student role-play supports communication training. METHODS A mixed methods realist evaluation approach was adopted to test an initial theory relating to SP role-play for pharmacy students. The intervention tested involved complex communication cases in a men's and women's health module in year three of a new MPharm programme. This SP session was the first such session, of the programme which exclusively focused on complex communication skills for the students. Data collected comprised video-recordings of both training and mock OSCE sessions, and from student focus groups. Communication videos were scored using the Explanation and Planning Scale (EPSCALE) tool. Scores from SP and mock OSCE sessions were compared using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test. Focus groups were conducted with students about their experience of the training and analysed thematically, through a realist lens. Data was analysed for Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations to produce modified programme theories. RESULTS Forty-six students (n = 46/59, 78 %) consented to their video-recorded interactions to be used. Students identified contextual factors relating to the timing within the course and the setting of the intervention, the debrief and student individual contexts. Mechanisms included authenticity, feedback, reflection, self-awareness and confidence. Negative responses included embarrassment and nervousness. They distinguished outcomes including increased awareness of communication style, more structured communication and increased comfort. However quantitative data showed a decrease (p < 0.001) in communication scores in the mock OSCE compared with scores from training sessions. Modified programme theories relating to SP training for pharmacy students were generated. CONCLUSIONS SP role-play is a valuable communication skills training approach. Emphasis should be placed on multiple stakeholder feedback and promotion of reflection. Time limits need to be considered in this context and adjusted to meet student needs, especially for students with lower levels of communication comfort and those communicating in languages different to their first language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Kerr
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI School of Medicine and Health Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1st floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St, Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI School of Medicine and Health Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1st floor Ardilaun House Block B, 111 St, Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Caroline Kelleher
- Division of Population Health Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Clare Sullivan
- Department of Simulation, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Teresa Pawlikowska
- Health Professions Education Centre (HPEC), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Al-Qudah RA, Abu Farha R, Al Ali MM, Jaradaneh NS, Mohamed Ibrahim MI. Evaluation of Community Pharmacists' Professional Practice and Management of Patient's Respiratory Conditions. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:212-219. [PMID: 34349482 PMCID: PMC8291102 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_534_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We assessed the extent of community pharmacists managing respiratory conditions and their ability to make differential diagnoses between the common cold and allergic rhinitis. Methods: A simulated patient technique was used to achieve the study objectives. Thirty community pharmacies were randomized to be visited by a patient with allergic rhinitis symptoms, followed by a patient with common cold symptoms, and vice versa. One simulated patient visited the 15 pharmacies assigned to allergic rhinitis. Then, after 3–4 days, the pharmacies were revisited by a second simulated patient using the same symptoms; likewise, a simulated patient visited the other 15 pharmacies with common cold symptoms. Then, these pharmacies were revisited by the other simulated patient with the common cold symptoms. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were carried out using SPSS at alpha 0.05. Results: Fifteen pharmacies were used for the common cold scenario and 15 for the allergic rhinitis scenario (a total of 30 visits per scenario). Pharmacists showed overall poor skills in asking questions for differential diagnosis between the two conditions. No significant difference was found in the overall differential diagnosis score between the two groups (P = 0.744). The overall adherence to the labeling standard score was low, with an average of 2.38 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.50) out of 11, with no significant difference between the two scenarios (P = 0.332). The overall adherence score to the counseling standard was low, with an average of 2.93 (SD = 3.74) out of 15, with no significant difference between the two scenarios (P = 0.586). Conclusion: The simulated patient technique approach revealed a lack of ability of pharmacists in Amman, Jordan, to make differential diagnoses between the common cold and allergic rhinitis. In addition, pharmacists lacked the ability to carry out their role with respect to the management of the common cold and allergic rhinitis, including treatment recommendations, adherence to medicine labeling standards, and adherence to the counseling standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja'a A Al-Qudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rana Abu Farha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maram M Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nour S Jaradaneh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Siew AL, Wong JW, Chan EY. Effectiveness of simulated patients in geriatric education: A scoping review. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2021; 100:104856. [PMID: 33740706 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global healthcare systems are adapting to meet the demands of an aging population. It is essential to prepare our healthcare workers on complex and unique issues in the treatment of older adults. Past studies have shown that simulated patients are a valuable teaching tool in training current and prospective healthcare professionals. Few studies have examined its use in the geriatric context. OBJECTIVES This scoping review presents the effectiveness of simulated patients in healthcare education for geriatric care and eldercare purposes among current and prospective healthcare professionals. DATA SOURCES Search on CINAHL, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Medline were completed on studies published between January 2009 to January 2020. A manual hand searching of reference lists for relevant articles was also conducted. REVIEW METHODS This scoping review follows the methods of Arksey and O-Malley to synthesize the literature on simulated patients in the teaching of geriatric care to current and prospective healthcare professionals. Inclusion criteria were, primary studies, with full-text articles, and in English. RESULTS Fifteen articles were included in this review. These articles were of wide variation by study design, settings, populations. Four broad themes were identified from existing literature: (i) improvement in geriatric knowledge, (ii) improvement in technical and non-technical skills, (iii) greater confidence in clinical and non-clinical skills, and (iv) learners' perception towards simulation as a learning pedagogy. CONCLUSION Simulated patients may have potential in improving geriatric education. Students generally enjoyed the learning methodology, finding it engaging and easy to learn by practising. Future studies could consider engaging simulated patients in the teaching pedagogy of geriatric teaching for current or prospective healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Ling Siew
- Department of Nursing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jing Wen Wong
- Faculty of Arts and Social Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ee-Yuee Chan
- Department of Nursing Service, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore; Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Collins JC, Chong WW, de Almeida Neto AC, Moles RJ, Schneider CR. The simulated patient method: Design and application in health services research. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 17:2108-2115. [PMID: 33972178 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The simulated patient method is becoming increasingly popular in health services research to observe the behaviour of healthcare practitioners in a naturalistic setting. This method involves sending a trained individual (simulated patient among other names), who is indistinguishable from a regular consumer, into a healthcare setting with a standardised scripted request. This paper provides an overview of the method, a brief history of its use in health services research, comparisons with other methods, ethical considerations, and considerations for the development of studies using the simulated patient method in health services research, with examples from pharmacy and other fields. Methods of analysis, mixed-methods, and the use of simulated patients with feedback are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Collins
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wei Wen Chong
- Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Rebekah J Moles
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl R Schneider
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Gülpınar G, Özçelikay G. Development of a Structured Communication and Counseling Skills Course for Pharmacy Students: A Simulation-based Approach. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:176-184. [PMID: 33902256 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.93709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to develop a structured communication and counseling education program to improve pharmacy students' skills. Then, we objectively assessed this program by using simulated patients. The program aims to improve pharmacy students' communication and counseling skills by using a patient-centered approach. Materials and Methods The study was conducted in three stages. First, a "Pharmacist-Patient Communication and Counseling Skills" education program was developed. Second, this program was implemented for pharmacy students. Third, the program was tested on volunteer students and evaluated for its effectiveness. Results The education program had a very large effect (Cohen's dz: 6.074) on improving students' communication and counseling skills, especially their empathy skills. Conclusion The education program achieved its goals. After demonstrating the program's success, a course was added to the pharmacy curriculum, and a communication skills laboratory was established in the school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Gülpınar
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülbin Özçelikay
- Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, Ankara, Turkey
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Szilvay A, Somogyi O, Meskó A, Szűcs-Polonkai K, Zelkó R, Hankó B. Establishment of a communication environment supporting low-health literacy in the Hungarian community pharmacies: the introduction of a methodological recommendation: a before-after study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039603. [PMID: 33293390 PMCID: PMC7725086 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The research aimed to support the effectiveness and necessity of the communication training and methodology introduced in the postgraduate pharmacy training and community pharmacy practice in Hungary. DESIGN Two cross-sectional questionnaire surveys before and after the introduction of a methodological recommendation. SETTING 69 Hungarian community pharmacies. PARTICIPANTS The study included 333 pharmacists and pharmacy technicians from community pharmacies, 890 and 847 patients (over 18 who bought their prescribed medication) at the beginning and the end of the project, respectively. INTERVENTIONS A 3-day postgraduate health literacy-focused communication training followed by the 'Train the trainer' teaching method at pharmacies, then the introduction of the learnt methodology using uniform information materials and a communication checklist. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Primary: total score of the staff and patient questionnaires and the change in score due to the intervention, total and for each question. Secondary: the differences between sexes, age groups, marital statuses, educational attainments and types of settlement. RESULTS The mean score of the preintervention patient group was 64.07% which increased to 72.72% by the end of the project (p<0.001). For staff, the mean score of the initial questionnaires was 74.47%, and that of the final questionnaires was 85.21% (p<0.001). According to both groups, professionals made the most progress in encouraging patients to ask questions. CONCLUSIONS It can be stated that the presented methodology can be used to develop the communication skills of a large number of professionals in a short time, using a small number of instructors, so it is worthwhile to introduce this methodology as part of compulsory postgraduate training.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szilvay
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Somogyi
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attiláné Meskó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Szűcs-Polonkai
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Hankó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University Faculty of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
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Boulliat C, Darlington E, Faure MA, Massoubre B, Dussart C. The Contribution of the Humanities and Social Sciences to Pharmacy Education: Literature Review and Perspectives. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8040227. [PMID: 33255161 PMCID: PMC7712405 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Healthcare systems worldwide adapt to patients’ needs and expectations, following social evolutions. Pharmaceutical practice has shifted towards activities such as therapeutic education. Such new missions require to prioritize human and social sciences, which now play a predominant role in training. Objective: This work consists of assessing the contribution of human and social sciences to the field of pharmacy, with a twofold focus on practice and training. Method: A literature review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines focusing on the last 10 years. Selected full texts were read and analyzed to elicit the contribution of human and social sciences to pharmacy. Results: Overall 36 articles were included. Three specific topics were identified during an inductive process of full text analysis: public health policy, patient care, and interprofessional collaboration. Conclusions: Although human and social sciences are essential to the evolution of the pharmacist profession, their impact on health care costs remains difficult to evaluate. Moreover, teaching human and social sciences can prove difficult to standardize. Such approaches must be supported and organized by governments and universities with a view of upscaling practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boulliat
- Pharmacie à Usage Intérieur and Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.-A.F.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +334-72-36-60-12
| | - Emily Darlington
- Laboratoire Parcours Santé Systémique (P2S) EA 4129 and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Marie-Ange Faure
- Pharmacie à Usage Intérieur and Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.-A.F.); (B.M.)
| | - Bernard Massoubre
- Pharmacie à Usage Intérieur and Hôpital d’Instruction des Armées Desgenettes, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.-A.F.); (B.M.)
| | - Claude Dussart
- Pharmacie et Stérilisation Centrales and Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69230 Sainte-Genis-Laval, France;
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Packeiser PB, Castro MS. Evaluation of simulated drug dispensing and patient counseling in the course of pharmaceutical improvement: 2009 to 2015. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2020; 18:1865. [PMID: 33149791 PMCID: PMC7603655 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aiming to facilitate the drug dispensing process and patient counseling, specific professional skills are required. The knowledge, skills and attitudes involved in this process can be improved. From 2012 to 2015, a nationwide course was held, in partnership with the Ministry of Health and the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) - Brazil, to train pharmacists working in primary health care through the development of their clinical and communication skills. One of the steps in this process involved the simulation of the drug dispensing process and patient counseling. Objective To evaluate the performance of pharmacists in drug dispensing and counseling through patient simulation role-playing held in a face-to-face meeting at the end of a training course. Methods A cross-sectional and retrospective study with analysis of patient simulation recordings and data collection using an assessment instrument with scores ranging from 0 to 10 points to assess pharmacist's behavior, skills, and technical knowledge. Results Participants presented poor-to-regular performance, with median scores equal to or lower than six. The median time of the drug dispensing simulation was five minutes and the patient counseling was eight minutes. Pharmacists had better scores in the simulation of asthma cases. In drug dispensing, 99.5% of pharmacists had difficulty checking the patient's time availability, 98.5% did not know how to use the devices, and 94.7% did not advise the patient on what to do if they forgot to take a dose. In patient counseling simulation, 1.18% of pharmacists remembered to advise on what do with medication leftovers, and 50.6% asked questions that induced the patient's responses. Conclusions The low-to-regular performance showed that pharmacists had difficulties at improving their skills in the performance of complete and effective drug dispensing and patient counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila B Packeiser
- Pharmaceutical Services Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil).
| | - Mauro S Castro
- Department of Drug Production and Control, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil).
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Lee KA, Harnett JE, Lam Ung CO, Chaar B. The provision of care provided by the pharmacy workforce in relation to complementary medicines in Australia. Res Social Adm Pharm 2020; 17:763-770. [PMID: 32800460 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of complementary medicines (CMs) is prevalent across the world. Some CMs, such as St John's Wort, when taken with specific pharmaceutical medicines, may cause drug-herb interactions. In this context, pharmacists have the opportunity to play an important role in preventing harm to patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore real-life pharmacy practice in relation to CMs in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS The study design involved 'pseudo-patient' pharmacy visits while posing as a patient's relative requesting St John's Wort and using a standardized set of questions to document details of the interaction with a range of pharmacy staff. RESULTS Of the 110 metropolitan pharmacy visits made, the pharmacy workforce who were involved in assisting the pseudo-patient's request included 51 pharmacists (46.4%), 57 pharmacy assistants (51.8%) and 1 naturopath (0.9%). Advice that may have resulted in harm to the patient, was offered by pharmacists in 11.8% (n = 13) of the encounters, and 20.9% (n = 23) by pharmacy assistants. Conversely, advice that prevented harm was provided by only 17.3% (n = 19) pharmacists and 10.9% (n = 12) pharmacy assistants. History-taking was not attempted by 84 pharmacy staff. CONCLUSION The majority of pharmacy staff involved in this study did not manage a request for a CM with known drug-herb interactions in a way that would prevent harm. These findings highlight the need for the pharmacy workforce to engage in education and training in CMs, with a focus on how to consult evidence-based resources regarding interactions in the interest of patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristenbella Ayr Lee
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Joanna E Harnett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Betty Chaar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Reeves NE, Waite MC, Tuttle N, Bialocerkowski A. Simulated patient contributions to enhancing exercise physiology student clinical assessment skills. Adv Simul (Lond) 2019; 4:15. [PMID: 31890315 PMCID: PMC6923845 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-019-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise physiology students' perceptions of two simulation-based learning modules focused on communication and interpersonal skills during history taking. Methods A prospective, repeated-measures cohort study was conducted with 15 participants. The study evaluated two simulation-based learning modules in a 1-year Graduate Diploma of Exercise Science program. Surveys were administered at four time points: prior to each module and following each module. Students rated their confidence in communication and history taking, and perception of preparedness for practice, motivation for learning, and benefits of undertaking simulation-based learning. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively and by using repeated measures tests. Qualitative data underwent thematic analyses. Results Students reported a significant improvement in their confidence in communication (P = 0.043) and in two parameters related to history taking (P = 0.034 and 0.035) following the completion of the two modules. There was 96% agreement that the simulation-based learning better prepared students for practice as an exercise physiologist. Significant changes occurred in all aspects of motivation for learning (P ranging from < 0.001 to 0.036) except for usefulness, where there was a ceiling effect (medians of 7 on a 7-point scale). Qualitative analysis demonstrated benefit to participants around themes of experiential learning, realism, opportunity to develop clinical skills, and debriefing. Students also made suggestions with respect to the activity structure of the simulation-based learning modules. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that simulation-based learning employing SPs increased the confidence and preparedness of exercise physiology students for conducting history taking, a requisite exercise physiology skill. Future studies should include behavioral measures of skill attainment and include follow-up evaluation to appraise the application of these skills into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Reeves
- 1School of Allied Health Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Monique C Waite
- 2School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Neil Tuttle
- 3Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Andrea Bialocerkowski
- 1School of Allied Health Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222 Australia
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Wazaify M, Elayeh E, Tubeileh R, Hammad EA. Assessing insomnia management in community pharmacy setting in Jordan: A simulated patient approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226076. [PMID: 31834888 PMCID: PMC6910704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia is one of the most common minor ailments to which patients seek advice in a community pharmacy setting. Due to the availability of a wide variety of over-the-counter (OTC) products, community pharmacists are in the front line to safe-guard patients looking for self-medication or advice for treatment of insomnia. The purpose of this study was to assess the content of community pharmacists' interactions with patients seeking advice for insomnia in Jordan. A cross-sectional study using a simulated patient methodology was conducted across a stratified convenience sample of community pharmacies in three major cities in Jordan. The visits were evaluated using pre-defined criteria adapted from published literature relating to content and counseling skills. Visits were audio-recorded using a hidden microphone and the simulated patient completed a data collection form immediately after each visit. A total of 67 community pharmacies (response rate = 93.0%) agreed to participate and were all visited once by the simulated patient. The median duration of the visit was 2 minutes (range: 0.2-4 minutes). The majority (86.6%) of visits resulted in the sale of a drug, most commonly a combination product (paracetamol and diphenhydramine) for 30 recommendations (44.8%). This was followed by a natural plant extract combination product, namely valerian and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) for 23 (34.3%). Pharmacists often did not question medical history or other symptoms prior to product sale. Frequently, the recommended dose (49.3%) and administration time (38.8%) were the only information provided to the patient. No information was provided in relation to potential drug interactions or contraindications. No advice was offered on lifestyle or good sleeping hygiene. This study provided evidence that community pharmacists in Jordan in general did not offer adequate counseling for patients seeking advice for insomnia. Exploration of the reasons and factors contributing to this practice and highlighting professional opportunity and responsibility is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayyada Wazaify
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman Elayeh
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Razan Tubeileh
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman A. Hammad
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Langer B, Kunow C. Do north-eastern German pharmacies recommend a necessary medical consultation for acute diarrhoea? Magnitude and determinants using a simulated patient approach. F1000Res 2019; 8:1841. [PMID: 32089826 PMCID: PMC7014574 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21045.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: To determine if pharmacy staff in Germany referred patients to a medical consultation for a scenario in which consulting a doctor was mandatory ('appropriate outcome') and what the quality of questioning and - if a medication was dispensed - the quality of information provided were in this context. Moreover, to determine which factors predicted a necessary referral to a doctor. Methods: A cross-sectional covert simulated patient study was conducted in a random sample of community pharmacies stratified by location in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Each pharmacy was visited once by one of four trained investigators. They simulated a symptom-based request involving a grandmother with acute diarrhoea. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis using potential variables from bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the predictors for a referral to a doctor. Results: All 199 planned visits were conducted. A necessary referral to a doctor was recommended in 59.8% (n=119) of all test purchases. Multivariate analysis revealed that a non-pharmacist as opposed to a pharmacist and two or more questions as opposed to no questions were significantly associated with a referral to a doctor. Conclusions: Regarding the necessary referral to a doctor, an enormous potential for improvement was revealed for community pharmacies in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The results should make both the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern pharmacy association and legislators aware of the need to significantly escalate their quality management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Langer
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kunow
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
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Langer B, Kunow C. Do north-eastern German pharmacies recommend a necessary medical consultation for acute diarrhoea? Magnitude and determinants using a simulated patient approach. F1000Res 2019; 8:1841. [PMID: 32089826 PMCID: PMC7014574 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21045.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In Germany, non-pharmacists (pharmacy technicians and pharmaceutical technical assistants) are permitted to advise on and sell medications in addition to pharmacists. The aim of this study was to determine if pharmacists and non-pharmacists referred patients to a medical consultation for a scenario in which consulting a doctor was mandatory ('appropriate outcome') and what the quality of questioning and - if a medication was dispensed - the quality of information provided were in this context. The study also aimed to determine which factors predicted a necessary referral to a doctor. Methods: A cross-sectional, covert simulated patient study was conducted in a random sample of community pharmacies stratified by location in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Each pharmacy was visited once by one of four trained investigators. They simulated a symptom-based request involving a grandmother with acute diarrhoea. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis using potential variables from bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the predictors for a referral to a doctor. Results: All 199 planned visits were conducted. A necessary referral to a doctor was recommended in 59.8% (n=119) of all visits. The most commonly asked question was 'for whom is the medication?' (75.4%, n=150), while 'clarification by a doctor' was asked the least (17.6%, n=35). In 87.9% (n=175) of all visits a medication was dispensed. Multivariate analysis revealed that, unlike pharmacists, non-pharmacists have a 2.446 times higher likelihood of recommending a referral to a doctor (p = 0.044; 95% CI = 1.025-5.835). Conclusions: In almost half of the visits a necessary referral to a doctor was not recommended. Furthermore, the quality of questioning and the quality of information were below expectations. Moreover, involvement of non‑pharmacists was surprisingly identified as a relevant factor influencing the appropriate outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Langer
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kunow
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
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Björnsdottir I, Granas AG, Bradley A, Norris P. A systematic review of the use of simulated patient methodology in pharmacy practice research from 2006 to 2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2019; 28:13-25. [PMID: 31397533 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Simulated patient (SP) methodology (mystery shopping) is used increasingly to assess quality of pharmacy services, and evaluate impact of interventions. Our objective was to review papers reporting on the use of SP methodology in pharmacy practice research 2006-2016 in community pharmacies worldwide. METHODS We searched EMBASE and MEDLINE for papers reporting on the use of mystery shopping in pharmacy settings, using a wide range of terms for SPs, based on previous review. We removed irrelevant papers, duplicates, papers not written in English, and review papers and reviewed remaining papers. Two reviewers carried out data abstraction, using the same tool as the previous review and inserting data into Excel, focusing on how the SP methodology is used. KEY FINDINGS A total of 148 papers from 52 countries from all regions of the world were included in the review. A wide range of terms described the method, and simulated patient was the most common (49 papers). Most studies were cross-sectional (124), and most investigated only community pharmacies (115). The most common aim was to evaluate some aspect of pharmacists' or other staff's advice and counselling (94). Number of visits is 2-7785. Many papers did not cover details, such as number of visits planned, and carried out, scenario used, training and background of SPs, and ethical approval for the study. CONCLUSIONS The use of SP methodology has increased substantially in the field of pharmacy over the past decade. This is a useful method in a wide range of countries and settings. Greater detail is required in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Bradley
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Pauline Norris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Langer B, Kunow C. Medication dispensing, additional therapeutic recommendations, and pricing practices for acute diarrhoea by community pharmacies in Germany: a simulated patient study. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2019; 17:1579. [PMID: 31592298 PMCID: PMC6763311 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2019.3.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Germany over-the-counter medications (OTC) - which since 2004 are no longer subject to binding prices - can only be purchased in pharmacies. Pharmacy owners and their staff therefore have a special responsibility when dispensing, advising on and setting the prices of medications. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess medication dispensing, additional therapeutic recommendations and pricing practices for acute diarrhoea in adults and to evaluate the role of the patient's approach (symptom-based versus medication-based request) in determining the outcome of these aspects. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 May to 31 July 2017 in all 21 community pharmacies in a medium-sized German city. Symptom-based and medication-based scenarios related to self-medication of acute diarrhoea were developed and used by five simulated patients (SPs) in all of the pharmacies (a total of 84 visits). Differentiating between the different test scenarios in terms of the commercial and active ingredient names and also the prices of the medications dispensed, the SPs recorded on collection forms whether the scenario involved generic products or original preparations as well as whether recommendations were made during the test purchases regarding an additional intake of fluids. RESULTS In each of the 84 test purchases one preparation was dispensed. However, a preparation for oral rehydration was not sold in a single test purchase. On the other hand, in 74/84 (88%) of test purchases, medications with the active ingredient loperamide were dispensed. In only 35/84 (42%) of test purchases, the patient was also recommended to ensure an 'adequate intake of fluids' in addition to being dispensed a medication. In symptom-based scenarios significantly more expensive medications were dispensed compared to the medication-based scenarios (Wilcoxon signed rank test: z = -4.784, p < 0.001, r = 0.738). Also within the different scenarios there were enormous price differences identified - for example, in the medication-based scenarios, even for comparable loperamide generics the cheapest preparation cost EUR 1.99 and the most expensive preparation cost EUR 4.53. CONCLUSIONS Oral rehydration was not dispensed and only occasionally was an adequate intake of fluids recommended. There were also enormous price differences both between and within the scenarios investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Langer
- Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg. Neubrandenburg (Germany).
| | - Christian Kunow
- Research Associate. Department of Health, Nursing, Management, University of Applied Sciences Neubrandenburg. Neubrandenburg (Germany).
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Duijm NP, Svensberg K, Larsen C, Kälvemark Sporrong S. A Qualitative Study on Danish Student Pharmacists' Attitudes Towards and Experience of Communication Skills Training. PHARMACY 2019; 7:E48. [PMID: 31117241 PMCID: PMC6630439 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the pharmacy profession evolves, good communication skills are vital for securing the safer and more rational use of medicines. Currently there is a lack of qualitative studies researching European student pharmacists' and their experience with communication skills training (CST). This qualitative study aimed to fill this gap by exploring Danish student pharmacists' attitudes towards, and experiences of, CST. Focus group interviews were conducted with a heterogeneous sample of Danish student pharmacists in 2016. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed inductively. Fifteen students participated in three focus groups. Five categories identified as key aspects were: professional communication vs. normal conversation, motivation to engage in training, how to learn communication skills, experience with CST and universities' role in teaching communication skills. In conclusion, there were both positive and negative attitudes towards CST among the participants. However, they had little experience with CST. Bloom's taxonomy of the affective domain and Kolb's experiential learning model appear to be useful in understanding students' attitudes towards CST. Pharmacy educators can use this study to structure and improve their CST curricula by knowing what influences students' attitudes towards CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje P Duijm
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Karin Svensberg
- Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, PharmaSafe Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Casper Larsen
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sofia Kälvemark Sporrong
- Social and Clinical Pharmacy Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jacob SA, Larter J, Blair A, Boyter AC. Using forum theatre to teach communication skills within an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum: A qualitative evaluation of students' feedback. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:373-381. [PMID: 31040013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacists need to learn communication styles which adopt a more consultative model. The objectives of this paper are to describe the use of forum theatre facilitated by actors to teach communication skills to pharmacy students and to highlight perceptions of the workshops. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING During the actor-led forum theatre, students redirected scenes depicting pharmacist-patient consultations. Students also learned about their own communication styles and role-played consultations and interview situations with actors. Pharmacy undergraduate students enrolled in years 2, 3, and 4 answered open-ended questions online at the end of workshops. All responses were coded to identify themes. FINDINGS Five themes emerged from 752 comments: (1) workshops were useful in facilitating communication skills development, (2) workshops encouraged reflection, (3) appreciation of feedback provided, (4) the live, interactive nature of the workshop enhanced learning, and (5) suggestions for improvement. There were requests for more varied scenarios involving different patient groups and more opportunities to participate in the role-plays. Students also requested smaller groups, which would encourage participation from those who were reticent and allow more personal feedback. SUMMARY The use of forum theatre employing role-play, small group coaching on consultation and interview skills, and emphasizing feedback was perceived as an effective and engaging method to teach communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Anne Jacob
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - James Larter
- RoleplayUK, 22 St Peters Street, Stamford Lincolnshire PE9 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Andrew Blair
- RoleplayUK, 22 St Peters Street, Stamford Lincolnshire PE9 2PF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - Anne C Boyter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Aziz MM, Yang S, Masood I, Zhu S, Raza MA, Ji W, Anwar N, Saeed A, Fang Y. An assessment of counseling quality provided by community pharmacies to type 2 diabetic adult patients for oral therapy: a simulated patient study from Pakistan. Endocr J 2019; 66:233-239. [PMID: 30726787 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej18-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess quality of counseling provided to type 2 diabetic patients. For this cross-sectional study, a simulated patient method was applied in 562 selected community pharmacies of Punjab, Pakistan. A scenario for the metformin oral therapy was developed that illustrates direct counseling for adult diabetic patients. Counseling and communication skills were also assessed. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used for analysis. Only 29.4% of simulated patients received medication counseling directly; 47.6% received it on request. About 32.8% of clients were referred to a physician without counseling. The most frequently provided information was dietary instruction (94.8%) and dose of therapy (84.5%). Only one quarter (25.3%) of simulated patients were asked about disease duration and similar rate (25.0%) was found for discussions of special warnings. The side effects, drug storage, drug-drug interactions and duration of therapy were ignored. Minimal information was provided about other medication during therapy (0.2%) and effect of medicine withdrawal (2.7%). About 59.5% simulated patients were instructed for compliance to medication. Counseling to type 2 diabetic patients in Pakistani community pharmacies is not very satisfactory. Pharmacies' staff have little focus on counseling. Professional training of staff could improve counseling and communication skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Majid Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Shimin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Imran Masood
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, Railway Road Campus, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Wenjing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Naveed Anwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Saeed
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- The Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Brenner AT. Beginning with high value care in mind: A scoping review and toolkit to support the content, delivery, measurement, and sustainment of high value care. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:238-252. [PMID: 30553576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create a shared vision for the content, delivery, measurement, and sustainment of patient-centered high value care. METHODS We performed a scoping review and translated findings into toolkit for system leaders. For our scoping review, we searched Medline, 2005-November 2015, for literature on patient-centered care (PCC) and its relationship to a high value care change model. We supplemented searches with key author, Google Scholar, and key website searches. One author reviewed all titles, abstracts, and articles for inclusion; another reviewed a random 20%. To develop our toolkit, we translated evidence into simple, actionable briefs on key topics and added resources. We then iteratively circulated briefs and the overall toolkit to potential users, making updates as needed. RESULTS In our scoping review, we found multiple interventions and measures to support the components of PCC and our change model. We found little on the overall effects of PCC or how PCC creates value. Potential users reported our toolkit was simple, understandable, thorough, timely, and likely to be globally useful. CONCLUSIONS Considerable evidence supports patient-centered high value care and a toolkit garnered enthusiasm. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The toolkit is ready for use, but needs comparison to other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrina E Donahue
- Reaching for High Value Care Team, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alison T Brenner
- Reaching for High Value Care Team, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Abraham O, Feathers A, Mook H, Korenoski A. The perceived benefits of student pharmacists educating children about over-the-counter medication safety. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2019; 11:184-191. [PMID: 30733016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To characterize the perceived impact of a student pharmacist-led over-the-counter (OTC) medication safety program for children. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING An OTC medication safety program was implemented by student pharmacists at a western Pennsylvania pharmacy school by educating fifth and sixth graders for three years. An online survey and follow-up interviews were conducted to examine the program's perceived effectiveness and usefulness. FINDINGS 23% of program participants completed the survey and 18 follow-up interviews were conducted. Most participants were female, white, and student pharmacists. Respondents were satisfied with the program and perceived that it was useful (97%) and effective (94%) in teaching children OTC medication safety. Most participants (97%) reported that OTC medication safety is an important issue that children should learn about, expressed interest in participating in the program again, and recommended expanding the program. Children learned appropriate medication use, the Poison Control Center as a resource, and pharmacists' role in medication safety. Student pharmacists developed pediatric communication and community engagement skills, while learning about children's medication knowledge and interests. Program improvements included educating parents, expanding the program, and incorporating the use of technology. SUMMARY The student pharmacist-led program was perceived to be effective in communicating with fifth and sixth grade children about OTC medication safety. The program provided experiential opportunities for student pharmacists to practice counseling skills with children regarding safe and appropriate use of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilola Abraham
- University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Social and Administrative Sciences Division, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Alison Feathers
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Hailey Mook
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Amanda Korenoski
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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Wilbur K, Sahal A, Elgaily D. Communicating medication risk to cardiovascular patients in Qatar. Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2018; 31:10-19. [PMID: 29504846 PMCID: PMC5925853 DOI: 10.1108/ijhcqa-10-2016-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Patient safety is gaining prominence in health professional curricula. Patient safety must be complemented by teaching and skill development in practice settings. The purpose of this paper is to explore how experienced pharmacists identify, prioritize and communicate adverse drug effects to patients. Design/methodology/approach A focus group discussion was conducted with cardiology pharmacy specialists working in a Doha hospital, Qatar. The topic guide sought to explore participants’ views, experiences and approaches to educating patients regarding specific cardiovascular therapy safety and tolerability. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded and organized around identified themes and sub-themes. Working theories were developed by the three authors based on relevant topic characteristics associated with the means in which pharmacists prioritize and choose adverse effect information to communicate to patients. Findings Nine pharmacists participated in the discussion. The specific adverse effects prioritized were consistent with the reported highest prevalence. Concepts and connections to three main themes described how pharmacists further tailored patient counseling: potential adverse effects and their perceived importance; patient encounter; and cultural factors. Pharmacists relied on initial patient dialogue to judge an individual’s needs and capabilities to digest safety information, and drew heavily upon experience with other counseling encounters to further prioritize this information, processes dependent upon development and accessing exemplar cases. Originality/value The findings underscore practical experience as a critical instructional element of undergraduate health professional patient safety curricula and for developing associated clinical reasoning.
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Langer B, Bull E, Burgsthaler T, Glawe J, Schwobeda M, Simon K. Assessment of counselling for acute diarrhoea in German pharmacies: a simulated patient study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2018; 26:310-317. [PMID: 28925071 PMCID: PMC6055702 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the quality of counselling provided for acute diarrhoea and to evaluate the role of the patient's approach and different user groups in determining the outcome of counselling. METHODS The simulated patient methodology was used in all 21 community pharmacies in a north-eastern German city. Four different scenarios related to self-medication of acute diarrhoea were developed and used in all the pharmacies (a total of 84 visits). The assessment form, completed immediately postvisit by the simulated patient, included 9 objective items scored using dichotomous scales to produce a scale from 0 to 9. After evaluating the data, every pharmacy received individual performance feedback to encourage behavioural changes and improve the quality of the counselling provided. KEY FINDINGS Overall, the quality of counselling was poor (mean score of 3.3/9 (37%)). The most common information provided was about dosage (87% of interactions), while the least common information given was about side effects (4% of interactions). The main effect was seen when comparing the product and symptom requests (F(1,60) = 24.748, P < 0.001, ωp2 = 0.277). There was no effect resulting from different user groups (F(1,28) = 0.237, P = 0.630, ωp2 = -0.026) and no interaction between the type of request and different user groups (F(1,28) = 3.395, P = 0.076, ωp2 = 0.073). CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the current deficits in appropriate counselling provided by community pharmacies in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Langer
- Faculty of HealthNursingAdministrationUniversity of Applied Sciences NeubrandenburgNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Elisa Bull
- Faculty of HealthNursingAdministrationUniversity of Applied Sciences NeubrandenburgNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Tina Burgsthaler
- Faculty of HealthNursingAdministrationUniversity of Applied Sciences NeubrandenburgNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Julia Glawe
- Faculty of HealthNursingAdministrationUniversity of Applied Sciences NeubrandenburgNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Monique Schwobeda
- Faculty of HealthNursingAdministrationUniversity of Applied Sciences NeubrandenburgNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Karen Simon
- Faculty of HealthNursingAdministrationUniversity of Applied Sciences NeubrandenburgNeubrandenburgGermany
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Jin HK, Choi JH, Kang JE, Rhie SJ. The effect of communication skills training on patient-pharmacist communication in pharmacy education: a meta-analysis. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2018; 23:633-652. [PMID: 28918571 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-017-9791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Communication skills in pharmacy education and practice are increasingly regarded as a crucial component. However, thus far, estimating of the overall communication skills training (CST) effects in a variety of outcomes is lacking. The aim of this study was to synthesize the effects of CST in pharmacy education by performing a meta-analysis of CST studies. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Communication and Mass Media Complete (CMMC), key journals, and bibliographic databases. The effect sizes (ESs) were extracted and pooled in random effects meta-analyses. We assessed the quality of the study using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). From 34,737 articles, 9 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall effect size for CST was 0.611 (95% CI 0.327-0.895), and it was statistically significant (p = 0.000). We found based on the subgroup analyses that CST has a large effect size when it used stand-alone courses, lecture-lab based courses, video recordings, feedback, training for 2 or more semesters, hours per week ≥5 h and external assessments. For the CST effect, the effect sizes were ranked in order of confidence, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The result of the meta-regression is that the total number of attendees is significantly negatively correlated with the effect sizes of the CST. The findings of the present meta-analysis provide evidence that CST in pharmacy education may act as an efficient way to improve the communication competency of students, and it may serve as a guide for pharmacy educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Choi
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, 05030, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, National Medical Center, Seoul, 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandy Jeong Rhie
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
- Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea.
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A simulated patient study assessing over the counter supply and counseling in Jordan: responding to headache complaints. Int J Clin Pharm 2018; 40:982-986. [PMID: 29967966 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-018-0679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are the most accessible health professionals for patients seeking advice on minor ailments and over the counter supply. Objectives To assess the management of patients seeking advice for headache in community pharmacies in Jordan. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted using simulated patient in three cities in Jordan. A trained simulated patient enacted an advice-seeking scenario for the treatment of a headache. The visits were evaluated using pre-defined criteria relating to content and communication skills. Results Of 72 community pharmacies invited, 50 (69.4%) agreed to participate. Of these, 38 (76%) pharmacies were visited. The median duration of the visit was 2 min (20 s-4 min). All visits resulted in selling a drug. Paracetamol combinations often with caffeine were recommended in over 50% of visits. Drug sale recommendations were often made without obtaining essential information about symptoms or patient medical history. Only brand names and doses were often highlighted to the simulated patient. No written information was offered. Conclusion Community pharmacies in Jordan appear not to offer adequate counseling for patients seeking advice for headache. Both counseling and communication skills are suboptimal. Exploration of factors and reasons of suboptimal practice is recommended.
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Al Aqeel S, Abanmy N, AlShaya H, Almeshari A. Interventions for improving pharmacist-led patient counselling in the community setting: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2018; 7:71. [PMID: 29720247 PMCID: PMC5932789 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacist counselling is an important service that has been associated with improved outcomes. The primary aim of this review was to identify, describe, and determine the effectiveness of interventions for improving the counselling practice of community pharmacists. METHODS We searched PubMed (from January 1990 to June 2017) and the Cochrane Library (June 2017). To supplement our database searches, we searched Google Scholar for papers that cited the identified studies. We included only studies that reported the impact of the intervention on pharmacists' behaviour during counselling. We searched for data from studies with randomised trials, non-randomised trials, controlled before-after studies, or interrupted time series study designs. Parameters including selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, and attrition bias were assessed. The data were narratively synthesised. RESULTS We screened 2335 abstracts and 59 full-text articles and included 17 RCTs. Overall, three studies were determined to have a high risk of bias, and 14 studies were determined to have an unclear risk of bias. Fifteen studies investigated multifaceted interventions that included two or more components. The most commonly used interventions were educational meetings (n = 14), educational materials (n = 9), educational outreach visits (n = 5), feedback (n = 5), guidelines (n = 5), and local opinion leaders (n = 2). Outcomes were measured using simulated patient visits (n = 10), and the self-reported outcomes of patient or pharmacists (n = 6). Most of the included studies (n = 11) reported some degree of improvement in counselling practices. CONCLUSIONS The included studies showed that educational meetings combined with educational materials, outreach visits, and feedback can improve pharmacist counselling in community settings. However, the unclear risk of bias and poor quality of reporting intervention components necessitate caution in interpreting the findings. Recommendations for future studies based on the evidence gap identified in this review are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinaa Al Aqeel
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Abanmy
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba AlShaya
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Albatoul Almeshari
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, PO Box 376316, Riyadh, 11335 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Practice of community pharmacists related to multivitamin supplements: a simulated patient study in Iran. Int J Clin Pharm 2017; 40:190-195. [PMID: 29270735 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Multivitamin supplements are a subset of dietary supplements sold in pharmacies as over-the-counter medicines. Community pharmacists are regarded as responsible professionals and relied on for their safe practice and efficacy. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the counselling practices of community pharmacists relating to typical use, interactions, contraindications, and side effects of multivitamin supplements using simulated patients. Setting Ninety-seven community pharmacies in Kerman, Iran. Method Two male students acted as simulated patients who role-played a scenario in the community pharmacies in two steps. In step 1, they spontaneously mentioned they were a student and did not eat properly through lack of time and requested a multivitamin supplement. In Step 2, if the pharmacists did not request a drug history, they would explain that they had severe acne and had been taking oral isotretinoin for a month. The counselling practice of the pharmacists was audio recorded. Main outcome measure The number of pharmacists who provided information about multivitamin use and identified isotretinoin-vitamin A interaction. Results Thirteen pharmacists in charge were absent at the time of the purchases. None of the pharmacists provided information about contraindications and side effects of multivitamin products. Twenty pharmacists provided instruction for multivitamin use, and two pharmacists took a drug history. In Step 1, only two pharmacists identified isotretinoin-vitamin A interaction, but in Step 2, this number increased to 15. Conclusion The counselling practice of pharmacists should be improved to promote effective and safe use of multivitamin supplements.
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Grice GR, Gattas NM, Prosser T, Voorhees M, Kebodeaux C, Tiemeier A, Berry TM, Wilson AG, Mann J, Juang P. Design and Validation of Patient-Centered Communication Tools (PaCT) to Measure Students' Communication Skills. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2017; 81:5927. [PMID: 29200447 PMCID: PMC5701322 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To develop a comprehensive instrument specific to student pharmacist-patient communication skills, and to determine face, content, construct, concurrent, and predictive validity and reliability of the instrument. Methods. A multi-step approach was used to create and validate an instrument, including the use of external experts for face and content validity, students for construct validity, comparisons to other rubrics for concurrent validity, comparisons to other coursework for predictive validity, and extensive reliability and inter-rater reliability testing with trained faculty assessors. Results. Patient-centered Communication Tools (PaCT) achieved face and content validity and performed well with multiple correlation tests with significant findings for reliability testing and when compared to an alternate rubric. Conclusion. PaCT is a useful instrument for assessing student pharmacist communication skills with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Clark Kebodeaux
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Amy Tiemeier
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Janelle Mann
- Washington University Infusion Center Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul Juang
- St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri
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Self-medication and non-prescription drug counseling: Illustrating profession uncertainty within Turkish pharmacy practice. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:718-726. [PMID: 29017755 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recommending effective minor ailment treatments and using non-prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medicines is a pharmacist's duty. Although common in most European countries, self-medication counseling practices may differ from country to country. OBJECTIVES This study explored Turkish community pharmacists' attitudes concerning the present self-medication market, professional responsibilities toward patients' self-care, and the usefulness of e-learning for patients' counseling education. METHODS The study was comprised of three phases: initially, a document content analysis searched for relevant OTC regulatory and/or practice frameworks; secondly, qualitative individual interviews on self-medication with purposively selected Turkish community pharmacists were performed; finally, a focus group with practitioners and continuing education experts was conducted to deepen previous results. A thematic data analysis, based on the attitudinal theory, was conducted, supported by MAXQDA v12 software. RESULTS Sixteen documental sources allowed the extraction of three initial main themes: self-medication, classification of medicines and pharmacists' role. Individual interviews outlined four themes that informed the focus group discussion, which produced four new themes. Themes and their codes reflected dissimilar practitioners' cognitions towards OTCs, OTC usage and self-medication, particularly if compared to other European conceptualizations. Contradictory feelings towards the value of OTCs for professional development, e.g., patient counseling influenced by profit-based expectations, were identified. CONCLUSION Turkish community pharmacists and their minor ailments treatment competences have yet to thrive as a relevant professional intervention. There are risks of missing the best pharmacy practice standards, thus losing their contribution to rational self-care. Besides weakening the societal recognition of the profession to help individuals' everyday health decisions and well-being, there might be a reduced active role in public health.
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Paravattil B, Kheir N, Yousif A. Utilization of simulated patients to assess diabetes and asthma counseling practices among community pharmacists in Qatar. Int J Clin Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28466396 DOI: 10.1007/s11096‐017‐0469‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Patient counseling is one of the most important services a pharmacist can provide to patients. Studies have shown that counseling provided by pharmacists may prevent medication related problems and improve adherence to medication therapy. Objective To explore counseling practices among community pharmacists using simulated patients and to determine if patient, pharmacist, and pharmacy characteristics influence the counseling provided by community pharmacists. Setting Private community pharmacies within Qatar. Method This is a randomized, cross sectional study where simulated patients visited community pharmacies and presented the pharmacist with a new prescription or requested a refill for either a diabetes or asthma medication. Pharmacists completed a questionnaire at the end of the simulated interaction, which was utilized to determine if patient, pharmacist, or pharmacy characteristics had any influence on the counseling provided to patients. A scoring system was devised to assess the pharmacist's counseling practices. Main outcome measure To evaluate the type of information provided by community pharmacists to the simulated patient regarding diabetes and asthma. Results One hundred and twenty-nine pharmacists were enrolled in the study. Eighty one percent of pharmacists had a score <35%. Medication name (95%), directions (47%), indication (43%), and dose (41%) were the most frequently counseled components by pharmacists during the simulated interaction. Male patients received better counseling compared to the female patients (t = 6.177; p < 0.0001). Pharmacists with a master of pharmacy degree provided significantly better counseling (f = 3.261; p = 0.042). Many pharmacists (65%) provided hypoglycemia management to patients, however, 63% referred the patient to the physician when the patient experienced hypoglycemia from inappropriate medication administration. Only 2 (7%) pharmacists correctly counseled the patient on all 8 inhaler administration steps. Majority of pharmacists (50%) educated on the role of the rescue and controller therapy in asthma, however, 33% referred the patient to the physician when the patient inquired about controller therapy use. Conclusion Patient counseling was substandard with the majority of community pharmacists focusing on the name of the medication. Pharmacists rarely assessed patient's medical history or medication use. Disease management and problem solving skills of pharmacists were suboptimal with many referring patients back to the physician.
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Utilization of simulated patients to assess diabetes and asthma counseling practices among community pharmacists in Qatar. Int J Clin Pharm 2017; 39:759-768. [PMID: 28466396 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Patient counseling is one of the most important services a pharmacist can provide to patients. Studies have shown that counseling provided by pharmacists may prevent medication related problems and improve adherence to medication therapy. Objective To explore counseling practices among community pharmacists using simulated patients and to determine if patient, pharmacist, and pharmacy characteristics influence the counseling provided by community pharmacists. Setting Private community pharmacies within Qatar. Method This is a randomized, cross sectional study where simulated patients visited community pharmacies and presented the pharmacist with a new prescription or requested a refill for either a diabetes or asthma medication. Pharmacists completed a questionnaire at the end of the simulated interaction, which was utilized to determine if patient, pharmacist, or pharmacy characteristics had any influence on the counseling provided to patients. A scoring system was devised to assess the pharmacist's counseling practices. Main outcome measure To evaluate the type of information provided by community pharmacists to the simulated patient regarding diabetes and asthma. Results One hundred and twenty-nine pharmacists were enrolled in the study. Eighty one percent of pharmacists had a score <35%. Medication name (95%), directions (47%), indication (43%), and dose (41%) were the most frequently counseled components by pharmacists during the simulated interaction. Male patients received better counseling compared to the female patients (t = 6.177; p < 0.0001). Pharmacists with a master of pharmacy degree provided significantly better counseling (f = 3.261; p = 0.042). Many pharmacists (65%) provided hypoglycemia management to patients, however, 63% referred the patient to the physician when the patient experienced hypoglycemia from inappropriate medication administration. Only 2 (7%) pharmacists correctly counseled the patient on all 8 inhaler administration steps. Majority of pharmacists (50%) educated on the role of the rescue and controller therapy in asthma, however, 33% referred the patient to the physician when the patient inquired about controller therapy use. Conclusion Patient counseling was substandard with the majority of community pharmacists focusing on the name of the medication. Pharmacists rarely assessed patient's medical history or medication use. Disease management and problem solving skills of pharmacists were suboptimal with many referring patients back to the physician.
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Mafinejad MK, Rastegarpanah M, Moosavi F, Shirazi M. Training and Validation of Standardized Patients for Assessing Communication and Counseling Skills of Pharmacy Students: A Pilot Study. J Res Pharm Pract 2017; 6:83-88. [PMID: 28616430 PMCID: PMC5463554 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_17_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to describe the process of training valid simulated patients (SPs) for assessing communication and counseling skills of pharmacy students' performance. METHODS This is a cross-sectional and correlational study. Psychometric properties of checklist and SPs' portrayals and their filling of the checklist regarding assessing pharmacy students were assessed. Five SPs who were working in the simulated patient's pool were volunteered to take part in the project, which one of the SPs failed. Three scenarios, along with corresponding checklists, were developed based on the usual medications of different diseases consisting of asthma, respiratory infections, and osteoporosis. The SPs' role-play performance was video-recorded and rated independently by two experts according to an observational rating scale to assess validity. The role-play was repeated after 1 week with the same scenario and the same doctor, to assess test-retest reliability. The inter-rater agreement between SPs and experts was determined by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient. FINDINGS The four eligible SPs were all women, with an average age of 37 years. The correlation between mean scores of raters and mean scores of SPs was 0.91 and 0.85, respectively. The Pearson's correlation between mean scores of raters with SPs was 0.75. The checklists' reliability, Cronbach's alpha, was calculated to be 0.72. The measured weighted Cohen's kappa for the ratings of by each SP, and the gold standard was between 0.53 and 0.57, indicating a moderate agreement. The inter-rater reliability kappa coefficient between raters was 0.75 (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION The authors have demonstrated the technique of using standardized patients to evaluate communication and counseling skills of pharmacy students. The findings indicated that trained SPs can be used as an effective tool to assess pharmacy students' communication and counseling skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Khabaz Mafinejad
- Education Development Center, Health Professions Education Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Moosavi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Shirazi
- Department of Medical Education, Education Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Soder Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Byrne GA, Wood PJ, Spark MJ. Non-prescription supply of combination analgesics containing codeine in community pharmacy: A simulated patient study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:96-105. [PMID: 28283305 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inappropriate use of non-prescription combination analgesics containing codeine (NP-CACC) has become a significant health issue in Australia. OBJECTIVE To investigate the current management of NP-CACC direct product requests in community pharmacies located in Victoria, Australia. METHODS A covert simulated patient (SP) method was used to observe the responses of pharmacy staff during an NP-CACC request. Four SPs were trained to complete 1 of 2 scenarios. Each scenario involved a direct product request for Nurofen Plus (200 mg ibuprofen, 12.8 mg codeine) with identical reason for use, symptoms, and medical history but varied previous product use. Scenario One (Sc1) involved a first time NP-CACC user and in Scenario Two (Sc2) the SP had used NP-CACC regularly for the past month. Each visit was documented by the SP immediately after they left the pharmacy. A NP-CACC supply score, created from 4 outcomes (pharmacist involvement, establishment of therapeutic need, establishment of safety and provision of counselling), was given to each pharmacy visit (maximum of 8) during data analysis. RESULTS 145 pharmacy visits were completed. Both scenarios were performed in most of the 75 pharmacies visited (73 Sc1 and 72 Sc2). Treatment was provided in the majority of visits but refused in 37(24%) because the SP was unable to provide photo identification. A pharmacist was involved (directly or indirectly) in 77% of visits. Adequate questioning to establish therapeutic need occurred in 50% of pharmacy visits, safety was established in 17% of visits, and adequate counselling provided in 17% of visits. The SP scenario did not significantly affect the NP-CACC supply outcomes. NP-CACC supply scores ranged from 1 to 8, (Md = 5) with only 1 pharmacy visit achieving the maximum score of 8. CONCLUSIONS The majority of pharmacy visits did not achieve a full score relating to NP-CACC supply, illustrating the need for improved awareness of how to assess and manage patients requesting NP-CACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia A Byrne
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, LaTrobe University Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia
| | - Penelope J Wood
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, LaTrobe University Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia
| | - M Joy Spark
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, LaTrobe University Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia.
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Kerr A, Strawbridge J, Kelleher C, Mertens F, Pype P, Deveugele M, Pawlikowska T. How can pharmacists develop patient-pharmacist communication skills? A realist review protocol. Syst Rev 2017; 6:14. [PMID: 28115005 PMCID: PMC5260031 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-016-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good patient-pharmacist communication improves health outcomes. There is, however, room for improving pharmacists' communication skills. These develop through complex interactions during undergraduate pharmacy education, practice-based learning and continuing professional development. Research is needed to determine how best to approach teaching patient-pharmacist communication. METHODS The aim of the research is to understand how educational interventions develop patient-pharmacist interpersonal communication skills produce their effects. A realist review approach will be used to synthesise the literature to make sense of the complexities of educational interventions. Our review will iteratively progress through the various stages of clarifying scope, locating existing theories, searching for evidence, appraisal of papers, data extraction and synthesis. A scoping review revealed a number of substantive theories, which will be used to build an initial programme theory. This will be explored through available published evidence, which we will find by searching databases such as Medline, EMBASE, PsychInfo, ERIC, Scopus and Web of Science. Judgements will be made on the relevance and rigour of the retrieved literature and will be taken into consideration during analysis and synthesis. Synthesis, testing and refinement of the theories will describe and explain the links between contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of educational interventions for communication development in pharmacy. DISCUSSION The realist review will provide an analysis of what works when, for whom, how and why, for educational interventions for interpersonal patient-pharmacist communication development. We will also explore barriers to successful communications training and acknowledge any limitations. Ultimately, we plan to provide pharmacy educators with evidence for how best to incorporate educational interventions for communications skills development into pharmacy curricula and for life-long learning opportunities for pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Kerr
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Kelleher
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fien Mertens
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Peter Pype
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Deveugele
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Chauhan BF, Jeyaraman MM, Mann AS, Lys J, Skidmore B, Sibley KM, Abou-Setta AM, Zarychanski R. Behavior change interventions and policies influencing primary healthcare professionals' practice-an overview of reviews. Implement Sci 2017; 12:3. [PMID: 28057024 PMCID: PMC5216570 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-016-0538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a plethora of interventions and policies aimed at changing practice habits of primary healthcare professionals, but it is unclear which are the most appropriate, sustainable, and effective. We aimed to evaluate the evidence on behavior change interventions and policies directed at healthcare professionals working in primary healthcare centers. METHODS Study design: overview of reviews. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), The Cochrane Library (Wiley), CINAHL (EbscoHost), and grey literature (January 2005 to July 2015). STUDY SELECTION two reviewers independently, and in duplicate, identified systematic reviews, overviews of reviews, scoping reviews, rapid reviews, and relevant health technology reports published in full-text in the English language. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS two reviewers extracted data pertaining to the types of reviews, study designs, number of studies, demographics of the professionals enrolled, interventions, outcomes, and authors' conclusions for the included studies. We evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies using the AMSTAR scale. For the comparative evaluation, we classified interventions according to the behavior change wheel (Michie et al.). RESULTS Of 2771 citations retrieved, we included 138 reviews representing 3502 individual studies. The majority of systematic reviews (91%) investigated behavior and practice changes among family physicians. Interactive and multifaceted continuous medical education programs, training with audit and feedback, and clinical decision support systems were found to be beneficial in improving knowledge, optimizing screening rate and prescriptions, enhancing patient outcomes, and reducing adverse events. Collaborative team-based policies involving primarily family physicians, nurses, and pharmacists were found to be most effective. Available evidence on environmental restructuring and modeling was found to be effective in improving collaboration and adherence to treatment guidelines. Limited evidence on nurse-led care approaches were found to be as effective as general practitioners in patient satisfaction in settings like asthma, cardiovascular, and diabetes clinics, although this needs further evaluation. Evidence does not support the use of financial incentives to family physicians, especially for long-term behavior change. CONCLUSIONS Behavior change interventions including education, training, and enablement in the context of collaborative team-based approaches are effective to change practice of primary healthcare professionals. Environmental restructuring approaches including nurse-led care and modeling need further evaluation. Financial incentives to family physicians do not influence long-term practice change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendrasinh F Chauhan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Maya M Jeyaraman
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Justin Lys
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Kathryn M Sibley
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ahmed M Abou-Setta
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Foroutan N, Dabaghzadeh F. Evaluating the practice of Iranian community pharmacists regarding oral contraceptive pills using simulated patients. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2016; 14:745. [PMID: 28042350 PMCID: PMC5184372 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2016.04.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As oral contraceptive pills are available over the counter in pharmacies, pharmacists are professionally responsible for checking and informing patients about every aspect of taking these drugs. Simulated patient method is a new and robust way to evaluate professional performance of pharmacists. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacy practice of Iranian pharmacists regarding over-the-counter use of oral contraceptive pills using simulated patient method. METHODS Simulated patients visited pharmacy with a prescription containing ciprofloxacin and asked for oral contraceptive pills. The pharmacist was expected to ask important questions for using these drugs and to inform the patient about them properly. Moreover, the Pharmacists should advise patients in regard to the possible interaction. RESULTS Ninety four pharmacists participated in this study. In 24 (25.3%) visits, the liable pharmacist was not present at the time of purchase. Furthermore, In 13 (18.57 %) visits by the simulated patients, the liable pharmacists did not pay any attention to the simulated patients even when they asked for consultation. Twenty nine (41.43%) pharmacists did not ask any question during dispensing. Nausea was the most frequent described side effect by pharmacists (27 (38.57%)). Yet important adverse effects of oral contraceptive pills were not mentioned by the pharmacists except for few ones. Only twelve (17.14%) pharmacists mentioned the possible interaction. There was a significant relation between the pharmacists' gender and detection of possible interaction (p value= 0.048). CONCLUSION The quality of the pharmacists' consultations regarding the over the counter use of oral contraceptive pills was not satisfactory and required improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Foroutan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences . Kerman ( Iran ).
| | - Fatemeh Dabaghzadeh
- Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences . Kerman ( Iran ).
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Luctkar-Flude M, Hopkins-Rosseel D, Jones-Hiscock C, Pulling C, Gauthier J, Knapp A, Pinchin S, Brown CA. Interprofessional infection control education using standardized patients for nursing, medical and physiotherapy students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xjep.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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