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Vivekanandhan P, Alahmadi TA, Ansari MJ, Subala SP. Biocontrol efficacy of cajeput oil against Anopheles stephensi L. mosquito and its effect on non-target species. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1357411. [PMID: 38496298 PMCID: PMC10941012 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1357411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical insecticides are effective at controlling mosquito populations, but their excessive use can pollute the environment and harm non-target organisms. Mosquitoes can also develop resistance to these chemicals over time, which makes long-term mosquito control efforts challenging. In this study, we assessed the phytochemical, biochemical, and insecticidal properties of the chemical constituents of cajeput oil. Results show that Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil may exhibit mosquito larvicidal properties against Anopheles stephensi larvae (second-fourth instar) at 24 h post-treatment. At 24 h post-exposure, the essential oil resulted in a significant decrease in detoxifying enzymes. All of these findings indicate that cajeput oil infects An. stephensi larvae directly affect the immune system, leading to decreased immune function. Cajeput oil significantly affects the second, third, and fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi, according to the bioassay results. Cajeput oil does not induce toxicity in non-target Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm species, as indicated by a histological study of earthworms. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of several major phytochemicals that contribute to mosquito larvicidal activity. The importance of cajeput oil as an effective candidate for biological control of the malarial vector An. stephensi is supported by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Vivekanandhan
- Department of General Pathology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Tahani Awad Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad, India
| | - S. P. Subala
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, India
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Wu Y, Yin Y, Chen X, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Zhang M, Cai G, Gao Q. Effect of novel botanical synergist on the effectiveness and residue behavior of prothioconazole in wheat field. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20353. [PMID: 37990106 PMCID: PMC10663447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a critical fungal disease causes serious grain yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations. Currently, utilization of chemical fungicides is the main control method which has led to serious resistance. Development of novel synergist is an important strategy to reduce the usage of chemical fungicides and postpone the development of resistance, while natural components are interesting resources. In this study, the synergistic effect of Taxodium 'zhongshansha' essential oil (TZEO) was determined and the best synergistic ratio (SR) of 3.96 in laboratory which was observed when the weight ratio of TZEO and prothioconazole was 1 : 1 with the corresponding EC50 (half maximal effective concentration) value of Fusarium graminearum was 0.280 mg L-1. Subsequently, an increase of 6.31% on the control effect to FHB index in field test was observed when compared to the treatment with prothioconazole alone, though there was no significant difference between these treatments. Furthermore, we established an effective method to detect the mycotoxin contaminations in wheat grain with the limits of quantifications (LOQs) value of 5 µg kg-1 (DON, ZEN, 3-DON, and 15-DON) and 1 µg kg-1 (OTA) and the contents were less to the maximum residue limit (MRL) values. It was also shown that the application of 20% TZEO EW led to a 20% reduction in the use of prothioconazole, which was calculated based on the control effect values of 86.41% and 90.20% between the treatments of 30% prothioconazole OD (225 g a.i ha-1, recommend dosage) and 30% prothioconazole OD (180 g a.i ha-1) + 20% TZEO EW (225 mL ha-1), significantly. The initial residue of prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio was increased in the treatment with TZEO, which may play an important role in the synergistic effect on FHB. Moreover, none of the treatments posed a prothioconazole residue risk in the wheat grain and the environment. In addition, the essential oil has no any negative influence on wheat growth, which was revealed by a study of the chlorophyll content. These results provide an important botanical synergist for use with prothioconazole to control Fusarium head blight, and in-depth study to the synergistic mechanism of this oil is necessary in our future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanjian Yin
- Comprehensive Agricultural Service Station of Huoqiu County, Luan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yeping Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Fengtai Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Huainan, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Fengtai Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Huainan, China
| | - Guangcheng Cai
- Fengtai Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Huainan, China
| | - Quan Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Johnson EJ, McComic SE, Rault LC, Swale DR, Anderson TD. Bioinsecticidal activity of cajeput oil to pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant mosquitoes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105458. [PMID: 37248001 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are a significant threat to human health. The frequent and repetitive application of insecticides can result in the selection of resistant mosquito populations leading to product failures for reducing community disease transmission. It is important that new interventions are discovered and developed for reducing mosquito populations and, in turn, protecting human health. Plant essential oils are promising chemical interventions for reducing mosquito populations. The myrtle family, Myrtaceae, has numerous species to be studied as potential bioinsecticides. Here, we combined toxicological, biochemical, and neurophysiological approaches to provide evidence for cajeput oil and terpene constituents to elicit bioinsecticidal activity to pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant Aedes aegypti. We show cajeput oil terpenes to enhance cAMP production, increase ACh levels, inhibit in vivo and in vitro AChE activity, and disrupt spike discharge frequencies of the mosquito CNS. This study presents the first report on the bioinsecticidal activity of cajeput oil terpenes to pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant mosquitoes and provides comparative data for the octopaminergic system as a putative molecular target for the bioinsecticides with implications for resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis J Johnson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, 1700 East Campus Mall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Sarah E McComic
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, 1700 East Campus Mall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, PO Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, 103 Entomology Hall, 1700 East Campus Mall, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Rahman A, Pittarate S, Perumal V, Rajula J, Thungrabeab M, Mekchay S, Krutmuang P. Larvicidal and Antifeedant Effects of Copper Nano-Pesticides against Spodoptera  frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and Its Immunological Response. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111030. [PMID: 36354854 PMCID: PMC9692944 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate the efficacy of CuO NPs (copper oxide nanoparticles) with varying test concentrations (10−500 ppm) against larvicidal, antifeedant, immunological, and enzymatic activities against larvae of S. frugiperda at 24 h of treatment. Copper nanoparticles were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDaX) analysis. The EDaX analysis results clearly show that the synthesized copper nanoparticles contain copper as the main element, and the SEM analysis results show nanoparticle sizes ranging from 29 to 45 nm. The CuO NPs showed remarkable larvicidal activity (97%, 94%, and 81% were observed on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae, respectively). The CuO NPs produced high antifeedant activity (98.25%, 98.01%, and 98.42%), which was observed on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae, respectively. CuO NPs treatment significantly reduced larval hemocyte levels 24 h after treatment; hemocyte counts and sizes changed in the CuO NPs treatment compared to the control. After 24 h of treatment with CuO NPs, the larval acetylcholinesterase enzyme levels decreased with dose-dependent activity. The present findings conclude that CuO NPs cause remarkable larvicidal antifeedant activity and that CuO NPs are effective, pollution-free green nano-insecticides against S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroja Rahman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarayut Pittarate
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Vivekanandhan Perumal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Julius Rajula
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Malee Thungrabeab
- Agriculture Technology Research Institute, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Lampang 50200, Thailand
| | - Supamit Mekchay
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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5
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Fellows CJ, Anderson TD, Swale DR. Acute toxicity of atrazine, alachlor, and chlorpyrifos mixtures to honey bees. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105271. [PMID: 36464376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon (organophosphorothioate insecticides) was examined alone and in combination with atrazine (triazine herbicide) and alachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide) to honey bees (Apis mellifera). Atrazine and alachlor were observed to not be acutely toxic to bees at doses up to 10 and 4 μg per bee, respectively. However, atrazine significantly increased chlorpyrifos toxicity by 3-fold while reducing chlorpyrifos-oxon toxicity by 1.8-fold. These changes in toxicity are correlated with significant 1.3- and 1.2-fold inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in bees exposed to chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon, respectively. Atrazine significantly increased cytochrome P450, general esterase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities by 1.5-, 1.2-, and 1.2- fold respectively, in bees compared to untreated individuals. Alachlor increased chlorpyrifos toxicity by 2.5-fold but did not affect the toxicity of chlorpyrifos-oxon. Exposure to alachlor and chlorpyrifos did not affect AChE compared to chlorpyrifos alone. However, exposure to chlorpyrifos-oxon and alachlor significantly increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 1.4-fold. GST activity, but not P450 or general esterases, was significantly increased in bees exposed to alachlor. These data provide evidence that triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicide exposure alters detoxification enzyme activity and, in turn, alters the sensitivity of bees to organophosphorothioate insecticides. Importantly, these data can be used to guide future studies aiming to test safety profiles for pollinators and expand regulatory framework required for pesticide registration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Daniel R Swale
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Department of Entomology and Nematology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Goharrostami M, Sendi JJ, Hosseini R, Allah Mahmoodi NO. Effect of thyme essential oil and its two components on toxicity and some physiological parameters in mulberry pyralid Glyphodes pyloalis Walker. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105220. [PMID: 36464385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Extensive usage of synthetic pesticides has proved to be destructive to all living being and the resurgence of pest resistance. Compounds derived from certain plants are usually safer compared to chemical control of pest. The present study thus intended to use Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO) and two of its derivatives including thymol and carvacrol in order to see their deleterious effects on Glyphodes pyloalis (Walker). We also studied the oil components. This pest has recently become a serious concern for the silk industry. Our results showed that the thyme EO contain several components including thymol (26.9%), ρ-Cymene (14.54%), linalool (13.39%) and carvacrol (5.7%). Our toxicity tests revealed an estimated LD50 values for thyme EO, thymol and carvacrol 2.82, 32.18 and 56.54 μg/larva, respectively. However, the thyme EO was more toxic than its two tested compounds. The activity of certain detoxifying enzymes such as α- and β-esterase, glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 were significantly inhibited by thymol-treated larvae compared to the control group. Similarly, the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatases enzymes in thymol-treated larvae decreased while the activity of acid phosphatases increased. Our results suggest that thyme EO and its components have potential for the control of G. pyloalis larvae in mulberry orchards, where no synthetic chemicals are allowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Goharrostami
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 416351314, Iran
| | - Jalal Jalali Sendi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 416351314, Iran; Department of Silk Research, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Reza Hosseini
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 416351314, Iran
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Gonzaga BCF, de Moraes NR, Gomes GW, Coutinho AL, Vale FL, E Sousa LJMP, Marreto L, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Azevedo Prata MC, Marchesini P, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Combination of synthetic acaricides with (E)-cinnamaldehyde to control Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:191-207. [PMID: 36346558 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work had the objectives to (1) evaluate the susceptibility of various Rhipicephalus microplus populations to commercial acaricides, and (2) select commercial acaricides (50-80% effective) and evaluate the effects of binary combinations of the phenylpropanoid (E)-cinnamaldehyde with selected commercial acaricides to control R. microplus under laboratory and field conditions. Using adult immersion tests with 116 populations and 14 commercial acaricides, products showing 50-80% effectiveness (percent control) with the lowest number of active ingredients were selected. Acaricides containing amitraz or chlorfenvinphos were tested in combination with (E)-cinnamaldehyde on a field population (strain CM). We found that (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of both commercial acaricides against R. microplus larvae; however, the enhancement was more accentuated when using amitraz. Experiments combining (E)-cinnamaldehyde + amitraz on unfed larvae and engorged females from another population (strain Gyn) were performed, verifying (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of amitraz. In the field experiment, the application of (E)-cinnamaldehyde appeared toxic to the tick hosts (cattle). We concluded that (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of amitraz against unfed larvae and engorged females of R. microplus; however, in the field test this phenylpropanoid caused intoxication in the cattle. Studies searching for new combinations of compounds from essential oils with amitraz deserve attention, as well as studies to develop formulations using amitraz + (E)-cinnamaldehyde that will be efficient and will not have toxic effects in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
| | - Nélio Roberto de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Webert Gomes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia - Goiânia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, esq. com 5ª avenida - Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- MSD Saúde Animal, Avenida Doutor Chucri Zaidan, 296, 9º Andar, 04583-110, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n.º - Setor Leste Universitário, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n.º - Setor Leste Universitário, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
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Krueger AJ, Rault LC, Robinson EA, Weissling TJ, Vélez AM, Anderson TD. Pyrethroid insecticide and milkweed cardenolide interactions on detoxification enzyme activity and expression in monarch caterpillars. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105173. [PMID: 36127039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Declines of the monarch butterfly population have prompted large-scale plantings of milkweed to restore the population. In North America, there are >73 species of milkweed to choose from for these nationwide plantings. However, it is unclear how different milkweed species affect monarch caterpillar physiology, particularly detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression, given the highly variable cardenolide composition across milkweed species. Here, we investigate the effects of a high cardenolide, tropical milkweed species and a low cardenolide, swamp milkweed species on pyrethroid sensitivity as well as detoxification enzyme activity and expression in monarch caterpillars. Caterpillars fed on each species through the fifth-instar stage and were topically treated with bifenthrin after reaching this final-instar stage. Esterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activities were quantified as well as the expression of selected esterase, glutathione S-transferase, ABC transporter, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase transcripts. There were no significant differences in survival 24 h after treatment with bifenthrin. However, bifenthrin significantly increased glutathione S-transferase activity in caterpillars feeding on tropical milkweed and significantly decreased esterase activity in caterpillars feeding on tropical and swamp milkweed. Significant differential expression of ABC transporter, glutathione S-transferase, and esterase genes was observed for caterpillars feeding on tropical and swamp milkweed and not receiving bifenthrin treatment. Furthermore, significant differential expression of glutathione S-transferase and esterase genes was observed for bifenthrin-treated and -untreated caterpillars feeding on tropical milkweed relative to swamp milkweed. These results suggest that feeding on different milkweed species can affect detoxification and development mechanisms with which monarch caterpillars rely on to cope with their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie J Krueger
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Leslie C Rault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Emily A Robinson
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thomas J Weissling
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ana M Vélez
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Troy D Anderson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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9
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Ahmadi E, Khajehali J, Jonckheere W, Van Leeuwen T. Biochemical and insecticidal effects of plant essential oils on insecticide resistant and susceptible populations of Musca domestica L. point to a potential cross-resistance risk. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 184:105115. [PMID: 35715054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) can provide important alternatives to chemical insecticides in the control of pests. In this study, 12 EOs of native plant species from Iran were evaluated for their adulticidal activity against the house fly. In addition, we examined the insecticidal activity of Zataria multiflora and Rosmarinus officinalis EOs on adult female house flies from pyrethroid and organophosphate resistant and susceptible populations, using both fumigant and topical bioassays. The involvement of detoxification enzymes in susceptibility was investigated with synergism experiments in vivo, while the inhibitory effects of R. officinalis and Zataria multiflora EOs on the activities of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (P450s), carboxylesterases (CarEs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were determined by enzymatic inhibition assays in vitro. The EOs of Z. multiflora, Mentha pulegium, R. officinalis and Thymus vulgaris were the most effective against adults in contact topical assays, while oils extracted from Eucalyptus cinerea, Z. multiflora, Citrus sinensis, R. officinalis, Pinus eldarica and Lavandula angustifolia where the most effective in fumigant assays. Rosmarinus officinalis and Z. multiflora EOs were selected for further investigation and showed higher toxicity against a susceptible population, compared to two insecticide-resistant populations. Correlation analysis suggested cross-resistance between these EOs and pyrethroids in the resistant populations. The toxicity of both EOs on the resistant populations was synergized by three detoxification enzyme inhibitors. Further, in vitro inhibition studies showed that R. officinalis and Z. multiflora EOs more effectively inhibited the activities of the detoxification enzymes from flies of the susceptible population compared to those of the pyrethroid resistant populations. Synergistic and enzymatic assays further revealed that increased activities of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs are possibly involved in the cross-resistance between EOs and pyrethroids. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of P450s, GSTs, and CarEs in the resistance to EOs should be subject to further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Ahmadi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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da Trindade RCS, Xavier JKAM, Setzer WN, Maia JGS, da Silva JKR. Chemical Diversity and Therapeutic Effects of Essential Oils of Aniba Species from the Amazon: A Review. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091854. [PMID: 34579388 PMCID: PMC8468065 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Lauraceae families have great diversity in the world’s tropical regions and are represented mainly by aromatic shrubs and trees with significant production of essential oils (EOs). This work presents a review of the EO chemical profiles from specimens of Aniba, including their seasonal variations, geographical distributions, and biological activities in the Amazon biome. Based on the survey, 15 species were reviewed, representing 167 oil samples extracted from leaves, twig barks, and woods. Brazilian Amazon was the most representative geographic area in the number of specimens, highlighting the locations Belém, (Pará state, PA) (3 spp., 37 samples), Santarém (PA) (3 spp., 10 samples), Carajás (PA) (3 spp., 7 samples), and Manaus (Amazonas state, AM) (3 spp., 16 samples). The main compound classes identified in oils were benzenoids and phenylpropanoids, represented by 1-nitro-2-phenylethane, benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and methyleugenol, along with terpenoids, especially monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, such as linalool, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, β-selinene, and spathulenol. The EOs from Aniba showed considerable variation in the chemical profiles according to season and collection site. The hierarchical cluster analysis classified the samples into two main groups according to chemical composition. This review highlights its comprehensive and up-to-date information on history, conservation, traditional uses, chemosystematics, pharmacological potential of Aniba species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela C. S. da Trindade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil;
| | - Júlia Karla A. M. Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; (J.K.A.M.X.); (J.G.S.M.)
| | - William N. Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA;
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; (J.K.A.M.X.); (J.G.S.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Joyce Kelly R. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Brazil; (J.K.A.M.X.); (J.G.S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-3201-7297
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Qiao Y, Yu Z, Bai L, Li H, Zhang S, Liu J, Gao Z, Yang X. Chemical composition of essential oils from Thymus mongolicus, Cinnamomum verum, and Origanum vulgare and their acaricidal effects on Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112672. [PMID: 34416637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical acaricides are mainly used in traditional tick control, which leads to the emergence of tick resistance and concurrently results in environmental pollution. In the present study, the chemical constituents of essential oils (EOs) from Thymus mongolicus, Cinnamomum verum, and Origanum vulgare was analyzed, and their potential application was evaluated to control the vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, which is widely distributed over vast areas of Eurasia, Australia, and New Zealand. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the phenols thymol and carvacrol accounted for 34.66% and 75.72% of the EOs of T. mongolicus and O. vulgare, respectively, whereas trans-cinnamaldehyde (49.42%) was the main constituent of C. verum EO. Immersion tests showed that the EOs of C. verum and O. vulgare had significant acaricidal activity against larval H. longicornis, with the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) being 16.07 and 18.02 mg/mL, respectively, and the 95% lethal concentration (LC95) being 120.37 and 130.09 mg/mL, respectively. The EOs of O. vulgare and T. mongolicus showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed adult H. longicornis, with LC50 being 43.50 and 44.21 mg/mL, respectively, and LC95 being 113.66 and 137.99 mg/mL, respectively. The fumigant toxicity test showed significant acaricidal activity of the three EOs against both unfed and engorged nymphal and adult H. longicornis. Enzyme assays revealed that the EOs of both C. verum and O. vulgare significantly inhibited glutathione S-transferase activity (P < 0.05). In contrast, the activities of carboxylesterase and multifunction oxidases were significantly inhibited by EOs extracted from all three plants (P < 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that plant EOs may serve as an environment-friendly alternative for synthetic acaricides in future tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Lingqian Bai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hao Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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Gondhalekar AD, Appel AG, Thomas GM, Romero A. A Review of Alternative Management Tactics Employed for the Control of Various Cockroach Species (Order: Blattodea) in the USA. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060550. [PMID: 34204810 PMCID: PMC8231608 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Some cockroaches that live within and around human environments are considered pests of public health importance because they can carry and transfer human pathogenic microorganisms to food and food handling surfaces; infestations could result in cockroach allergen-induced allergic sensitization and asthma in sensitized individuals. In addition, cockroaches can cause psychological stress and stigma in people living in infested locations. Historically, cockroach control has been based on the use of insecticide sprays. However, in certain situations, sole dependence on insecticides for cockroach control can lead to issues such as pesticide resistance evolution and raises public concern due to the impact on the environment and human health. To overcome these problems, the use of reduced risk insecticide options (e.g., baits) and their combined use with alternative tactics is recommended. This review aims to examine alternative tactics used for cockroach control, with emphasis on those that are proven to be efficacious, and/or have potential for their incorporation in management programs of important domestic and peridomestic cockroaches in the USA. Remarkable examples of successful cockroach control programs are those that educate the public, promote cleanliness and hygiene, use traps to monitor infestation levels and utilize insecticide baits. Abstract Effective control of domestic and peridomestic cockroaches requires integrated approaches that emphasize concurrent use of chemicals with alternative control tactics. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is particularly justified in environments where satisfactory cockroach control cannot be achieved due to multiple factors including development of insecticide aversion and resistance in some cockroach species, and poor sanitation or structural issues that foster infestations. While a flurry of research effort has been devoted to study alternative tactics for cockroach control, only a few of them have been evaluated in the context of IPM programs. This review focuses on examining studies on alternative tactics that are proven efficacious, economical, and logistically feasible for their inclusion in IPM programs for important domestic and peridomestic cockroaches in the USA. Management programs that educate the public on cockroach biology, behavior, and the importance of sanitation; use of traps to monitor infestation levels; apply targeted low impact insecticides such as baits, have demonstrated a greater success for effective and sustainable control of cockroaches when compared to an insecticide-only approach. Incorporation of other alternative control methods to IPM programs will require more applied research that validates their use in real-world scenarios and demonstrates their cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D. Gondhalekar
- Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (A.G.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Arthur G. Appel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (A.G.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Gretchen M. Thomas
- Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Alvaro Romero
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (A.G.A.); (A.R.)
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Gaire S, Zheng W, Scharf ME, Gondhalekar AD. Plant essential oil constituents enhance deltamethrin toxicity in a resistant population of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104829. [PMID: 33993977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites derived from aromatic plants that are composed of complex mixtures of chemical constituents. EOs have been proposed as one of the alternative methods for bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) control. In insecticide resistant mosquitoes and tobacco cutworm, EOs synergize pyrethroid toxicity by inhibiting detoxification enzymes. However, whether EOs and their constituents enhance pyrethroid toxicity in C. lectularius has remained unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to (i) determine the effects of binary mixtures of deltamethrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) with EOs or EO constituents or EcoRaider® (an EO-based product) on mortality of insecticide resistant and susceptible bed bugs, and (ii) evaluate the effects of EO constituent pre-treatment on detoxification enzyme activities of resistant and susceptible populations. Topical bioassays with binary mixtures of deltamethrin and individual EOs (e.g., thyme, oregano, clove, geranium or coriander oils) or their major constituents (e.g., thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol or linalool) or EcoRaider® at doses that kill approximately 25% of bed bugs caused significant increases in mortality of resistant bed bugs. However, in the susceptible population, only coriander oil, EcoRaider®, thymol, and carvacrol significantly increased the toxicity of deltamethrin. Detoxification enzyme assays with protein extracts from bed bugs pre-treated with EO constituents suggested selective inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity in the resistant population, but no impacts were observed on esterase and glutathione transferase activities in either population. Inhibition of P450 activity by EO constituents thus appears to be one of the mechanisms of deltamethrin toxicity enhancement in resistant bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ameya D Gondhalekar
- Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Effects of Chemical Insecticide Residues and Household Surface Type on a Beauveria bassiana-Based Biopesticide (Aprehend ®) for Bed Bug Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030214. [PMID: 33802315 PMCID: PMC7998477 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biopesticide Aprehend, containing spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, is a biological control agent for the management of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). The spores are applied in strategically placed barriers, which bed bugs walk across as they search for a bloodmeal. Application of chemical insecticides by the general public and professional pest managers is common, which means that Aprehend may be sprayed on existing insecticide residues. We evaluated the effect of chemical residues, of 22 different chemical insecticides on different household surface types. We found that residues from 12 chemical pesticides significantly reduced spore viability measured 5 weeks after application in comparison to the control. However, efficacy of Aprehend, as measured by bed bug mortality and mean survival time after exposure to sprayed surfaces, seven weeks after application was not impacted detrimentally. Furthermore, in some cases, efficacy of old chemical residues was enhanced by the combination of chemical and Aprehend seven weeks after application. Surface type also played a role in the relative efficacy of all products and combinations, particularly as the residues aged.
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Gaire S, Lewis CD, Booth W, Scharf ME, Zheng W, Ginzel MD, Gondhalekar AD. Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., exhibiting metabolic and target site deltamethrin resistance are susceptible to plant essential oils. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104667. [PMID: 32828373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance has been a major hurdle limiting the effective control of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). Alternative approaches that include the use of plant essential oils (EOs) have been proposed for effective management of bed bugs. However, EO resistance level comparisons between pyrethroid susceptible and resistant bed bug populations have not been previously conducted. The goal of this study was twofold: (i) determine deltamethrin resistance levels and associated resistance mechanisms in the field-collected Knoxville strain and (ii) quantify resistance levels of the Knoxville strain to five EOs (thyme, oregano, clove, geranium and coriander), their major insecticidal constituents (thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol and linalool) and an EO-based product (EcoRaider®). First, we found that the Knoxville strain was 72,893 and 291,626 fold more resistant to topically applied deltamethrin in comparison to the susceptible Harlan strain at the LD25 and LD50 lethal dose levels, respectively. Synergist bioassays and detoxification enzyme assays revealed significantly higher activity of cytochrome P450 and esterase enzymes in the resistant Knoxville strain. Further, Sanger sequencing revealed the presence of the L925I mutation in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α subunit gene. The Knoxville strain that possesses both enzymatic and target site deltamethrin resistance, however, did not show any resistance to EOs, their major insecticidal constituents and EcoRaider® in topical bioassays (resistance ratio of ~1). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a deltamethrin-resistant strain of bed bugs is susceptible to EOs and their insecticidal constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Cari D Lewis
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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16
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Spochacz M, Szymczak M, Chowański S, Bufo SA, Adamski Z. Solanum Nigrum Fruit Extract Increases Toxicity of Fenitrothion-A Synthetic Insecticide, in the Mealworm Beetle Tenebrio Molitor Larvae. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E612. [PMID: 32987787 PMCID: PMC7598628 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides are widely used for crop protection both in the fields and in the food stored facilities. Due to their toxicity, and assumptions of Integrated Pest Management, we conducted two independent experiments, where we studied the influence of Solanum nigrum unripe fruit extract on the toxicity of an organophosphorus insecticide fenitrothion. In the first variant of the experiment, Tenebrio molitor larvae were fed with blended fenitrothion (LC50) and the extract in four concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) in ratio 1:1 for 3 days. In the second variant, a two-day application of fenitrothion (LC40) was preceded by a one-day extract treatment. The first variant did not show any increase in lethality compared to fenitrothion; however, ultrastructure observations exhibited swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes in the midgut and nuclear and cellular membranes in the fat body, after application of blended fenitrothion and extract. An increased amount of heterochromatin in the fat body was observed, too. In the second variant, pre-treatment of the extract increased the lethality of larvae, decreased the level of glycogen and lipids in the fat body and disrupted integrity of midgut cellular membranes. S. nigrum extract, applied prior to fenitrothion treatment can be a factor increasing fenitrothion toxicity in T. molitor larvae. Thus, this strategy may lead to decreased emission of synthetic insecticides to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Monika Szymczak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
| | - Sabino Aurelio Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (M.S.); (S.C.); (Z.A.)
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Xiao S, Cui P, Shi W, Zhang Y. Identification of essential oils with activity against stationary phase Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:99. [PMID: 32209108 PMCID: PMC7092464 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is the most dominant human pathogen, responsible for a variety of chronic and severe infections. There is mounting evidence that persisters are associated with treatment failure and relapse of persistent infections. While some essential oils were reported to have antimicrobial activity against growing S. aureus, activity of essential oils against the stationary phase S. aureus enriched in persisters has not been investigated. Methods In this study, we evaluated the activity of 143 essential oils against both growing and stationary phase S. aureus by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing and by colony forming unit assay. Results We identified 39 essential oils (Oregano, Cinnamon bark, Thyme white, Bandit “Thieves”, Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), Sandalwood oil, Health shield, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa, Cinnamon leaf, Clove bud, Citronella, Geranium bourbon, Marjoram, Peppermint, Lemongrass, Cornmint, Elemi, Ho wood, Head ease, Lemon eucalyptus, Litsea cubeba, Myrrh, Parsley seed, Coriander oil, Dillweed, Hyssop, Neroli, Rosewood oil, Tea tree, Cajeput, Clove bud, Lavender, Sleep tight, Vetiver, Palo santo, Sage oil, Yarrow) at 0.5% (v/v) concentration, 10 essential oils (Cinnamon bark, Oregano, Thyme white, Bandit “Thieves”, Lemongrass, Sandalwood oil, Health shield, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa at 0.25% (v/v) concentration, and 7 essential oils (Oregano, Cinnamon bark, Thyme white, Lemongrass, Allspice, Amyris, Palmarosa at 0.125% (v/v) concentration to have high activity against stationary phase S. aureus with no visible growth on agar plates after five-day exposure. Among the 10 essential oils which showed high activity at 0.25% (v/v) concentration, 9 (Oregano, Cinnamon bark, Thyme white, Bandit “Thieves”, Lemongrass, Health shield, Allspice, Palmarosa, Amyris showed higher activity than the known persister drug tosufloxacin, while Sandalwood oil had activity at a higher concentration. In Oregano essential oil combination studies with antibiotics, Oregano plus tosufloxacin (or levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) and rifampin completely eradicated stationary phase S. aureus cells, but had no apparent enhancement for linezolid, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin or gentamicin. Conclusions Our findings indicate that some essential oils have excellent activity against both growing and stationary phase S. aureus. Further studies are needed to identify the active components, evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and their activity to eradicate S. aureus infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Xiao
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Wanliang Shi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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18
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Gaire S, Scharf ME, Gondhalekar AD. Synergistic Toxicity Interactions between Plant Essential Oil Components Against the Common Bed Bug ( Cimex lectularius L.). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020133. [PMID: 32092969 PMCID: PMC7074276 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Management of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) necessitates the use of multiple control techniques. In addition to synthetic pesticides and mechanical interventions, plant-derived essential oils represent one of the control options. Mixtures of two or more essential oil components (monoterpenoids) exhibit synergistic toxicity effects against insects due to increased cuticular penetration. Monoterpenoids, such as carvacrol, eugenol and thymol, are neurologically active and inhibit the nerve firing activity of C. lectularius. However, the effects of mixtures of these monoterpenoids on their toxicity and neuroinhibitory potential against C. lectularius are not known. In this study, the toxicity levels of a tertiary mixture of carvacrol, eugenol and thymol (1:1:1 ratio) and a binary mixture of synthetic insecticides, bifenthrin and imidacloprid (1:1 ratio) were evaluated against C. lectularius through topical bioassays and electrophysiology experiments. Both a mixture of monoterpenoids and the mixture of synthetic insecticides exhibited synergistic effects in topical bioassays. In electrophysiology experiments, the monoterpenoid mixture led to greater neuroinhibitory effects, whereas a mixture of synthetic insecticides caused higher neuroexcitatory effects in comparison to single compounds. This study shows evidence for neurological mechanisms of synergistic interactions between monoterpenoids and provides information regarding the utilization of natural compound mixtures for C. lectularius management.
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