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Pinckaers NET, Blankesteijn WM, Mircheva A, Shi X, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Vrolijk MF. In Vitro Activation of Human Adrenergic Receptors and Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 by Phenethylamine Analogues Present in Food Supplements. Nutrients 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38892500 PMCID: PMC11174489 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-workout supplements are popular among sport athletes and overweight individuals. Phenethylamines (PEAs) and alkylamines (AA) are widely present in these supplements. Although the health effects of these analogues are not well understood yet, they are hypothesised to be agonists of adrenergic (ADR) and trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Therefore, we aimed to pharmacologically characterise these compounds by investigating their activating properties of ADRs and TAAR1 in vitro. The potency and efficacy of the selected PEAs and AAs was studied by using cell lines overexpressing human ADRα1A/α1B/α1D/α2a/α2B/β1/β2 or TAAR1. Concentration-response relationships are expressed as percentages of the maximal signal obtained by the full ADR agonist adrenaline or the full TAAR1 agonist phenethylamine. Multiple PEAs activated ADRs (EC50 = 34 nM-690 µM; Emax = 8-105%). Almost all PEAs activated TAAR1 (EC50 = 1.8-92 µM; Emax = 40-104%). Our results reveal the pharmacological profile of PEAs and AAs that are often used in food supplements. Several PEAs have strong agonistic properties on multiple receptors and resemble potencies of the endogenous ligands, indicating that they might further stimulate the already activated sympathetic nervous system in exercising athletes via multiple mechanisms. The use of supplements containing one, or a combination of, PEA(s) may pose a health risk for their consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. T. Pinckaers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Mircheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Shi
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F. Vrolijk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Fernandez-Sanjurjo M, Fernandez J, Martinez-Camblor P, Rodriguez-Alonso M, Ortolano-Rios R, Pinto-Hernandez P, Castilla-Silgado J, Coto-Vilcapoma A, Ruiz L, Villar CJ, Tomas-Zapico C, Margolles A, Fernandez-Garcia B, Iglesias-Gutierrez E, Lombó F. Dynamics of Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids during a Cycling Grand Tour Are Related to Exercise Performance and Modulated by Dietary Intake. Nutrients 2024; 16:661. [PMID: 38474789 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise has been described to modify both the diversity and the relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa. To our knowledge, the effect of a cycling stage race, which entails extreme physiological and metabolic demands, on the gut microbiota composition and its metabolic activity has not been analysed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this cohort study was to analyse the dynamics of faecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content of professional cyclists over a Grand Tour and their relationship with performance and dietary intake. METHODS 16 professional cyclists competing in La Vuelta 2019 were recruited. Faecal samples were collected at four time points: the day before the first stage (A); after 9 stages (B); after 15 stages (C); and on the last stage (D). Faecal microbiota populations and SCFA content were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography, respectively. A principal component analysis (PCA) followed by Generalised Estimating Equation (GEE) models were carried out to explore the dynamics of microbiota and SCFAs and their relationship with performance. RESULTS Bifidobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Sutterellaceae dynamics showed a strong final performance predictive value (r = 0.83, ranking, and r = 0.81, accumulated time). Positive correlations were observed between Coriobacteriaceae with acetate (r = 0.530) and isovalerate (r = 0.664) and between Bifidobacteriaceae with isobutyrate (r = 0.682). No relationship was observed between SCFAs and performance. The abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae at the beginning of La Vuelta was directly related to the previous intake of complex-carbohydrate-rich foods (r = 0.956), while during the competition, the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was negatively affected by the intake of simple carbohydrates from supplements (r = -0.650). CONCLUSIONS An ecological perspective represents more realistically the relationship between gut microbiota composition and performance compared to single-taxon approaches. The composition and periodisation of diet and supplementation during a Grand Tour, particularly carbohydrates, could be designed to modulate gut microbiota composition to allow better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Fernandez-Sanjurjo
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Interventions for Health (ITS) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier Fernandez
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds (BIONUC) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Martinez-Camblor
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia 7500912, Chile
| | | | - Raquel Ortolano-Rios
- Research Centre for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Paola Pinto-Hernandez
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Interventions for Health (ITS) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Castilla-Silgado
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Basic-Clinical Research in Neurology Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Almudena Coto-Vilcapoma
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Basic-Clinical Research in Neurology Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias-Spanish Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Claudio J Villar
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds (BIONUC) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Tomas-Zapico
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Interventions for Health (ITS) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute of Asturias-Spanish Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain
- Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microbes (MicroHealth) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Benjamin Fernandez-Garcia
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology (Anatomy), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias-Gutierrez
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Interventions for Health (ITS) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds (BIONUC) Group, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Nirmal S, Olatunde OO, Medhe S, Vitti S, Khemtong C, Nirmal NP. Betalains Alleviate Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Fatigue and Improve Sports Performance: an Update on Recent Advancement. Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:778-787. [PMID: 37824059 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Beetroot juice is a popular natural food supplement commonly consumed for its health and ergogenic benefits. It contains an abundance of phytochemical compounds, which have been shown to enhance sports endurance and recovery. Among them, nitrate is well-studied and known for improving performance during exercise. On the other hand, betalains, the bioactive pigment, have shown various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypertensive, which may improve exercise performance and post-exercise recovery. Additionally, free radical scavenging activities of betalains could increase nitric oxide availability in the blood, thereby improving blood flow and oxygen supply during strenuous exercise. This review article provides a critical discussion of the non-pathological conditions induced by prolonged or strenuous exercise and betalains' potential in reducing such conditions including muscle damage, inflammation, and fatigue. Additionally, the real-time application of betalains as an ergogenic compound in competitive athletes has been discussed. Finally, future directions and conclusions on the potential of betalains as a natural ergogenic aid in sport endurance are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Betalains in beetroot are the major water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigment possessing high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fatigue activities. Betalain supplementation could alleviate exercise-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fatigue in competitive athletes. Betalains have the potential to become a natural ergogenic aid or nutraceutical compound for sports people during exercise and competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nirmal
- Department of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Burapha University, 169 Long Had Bangsaen Road, Saen Suk, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Oladipupo Odunayo Olatunde
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Seema Medhe
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Steven Vitti
- Department of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Building, Drexel University, 3601 Filbert Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chutimon Khemtong
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nilesh Prakash Nirmal
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Rivero-Pino F, Casanova AG. Hepatotoxicity due to dietary supplements: state-of-the-art, gaps and perspectives. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:601-610. [PMID: 38062980 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2282415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Food supplements are products intended to complement the normal diet and consist of concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect. Although they are generally considered safe if the manufacturer's recommendations are followed, many of them have shown hepatotoxic properties. This can cause many diseases (e.g. steatohepatitis and cirrhosis) characterized by progressive damage and malfunction of the liver that in the long term can lead to death. A review of the literature was carried out to elucidate which dietary supplements have been associated with cases of hepatotoxicity in recent years, with emphasis on those relevant to the consumer and the new trends (e.g. cannabidiol). It has been reported that the supplements described as hepatotoxic are mainly of botanical origin (e.g. green tea or turmeric) and those used in sports (mainly anabolic androgenic steroids). There is a great variability of compounds described as causing liver damage, although sometimes it is not possible to identify them, because they are contaminants or adulterants of the products. In addition, the prevalence of toxic effects after the administration of supplements is difficult to define due to underreporting and the lack of specific studies. Globally regarding hepatotoxicity of dietary supplements, there is a paucity of well-conducted clinical trials on the efficacy of these compounds and the frequency of related liver damage, as the use of these products is largely uncontrolled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfredo G Casanova
- Toxicology Unit, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Group of Translational Research on Renal and Cardiovascular Diseases (TRECARD), Salamanca, Spain
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Djaoudene O, Romano A, Bradai YD, Zebiri F, Ouchene A, Yousfi Y, Amrane-Abider M, Sahraoui-Remini Y, Madani K. A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:3320. [PMID: 37571258 PMCID: PMC10421343 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the use of dietary supplements (DS) has continued to grow in many countries. Due to the public health crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and amidst fears regarding COVID-19 vaccines and their low supply in many regions of the world, there has been a marked interest in the use of DS as alternative means of protecting against and treating this emerging disease, as well as boosting the immune system and minimizing the risk of inflammation. Despite a lack of evidence to suggest their efficacy, a surge in the sales of DS has been reported in many parts of the world. Questions have also been raised about the health effects associated with DS due to their increased use during the health crisis. Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated their beneficial properties as well as some adverse and even toxic effects. In addition, given the current global interest in this issue, a review is needed to establish the status of dietary supplements before and during the health crisis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence on the impact of dietary supplements on the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their regulation and associated market trends. First, we provide an overview of DS, including a comprehensive review of the legislative and regulatory aspects of DS in the USA, China, the EU, and Algeria. Second, we describe the prevalence of the most commonly consumed DS and their efficacy as a prophylactic modality in the era of COVID-19. Additionally, we examine the structure and size of the DS market in the countries that predominantly produce and import them, its global market trend, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on market growth. Finally, in this review, we also discuss the profile of DS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouarda Djaoudene
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Yasmine Djedjiga Bradai
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Feriel Zebiri
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Amina Ouchene
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Yasmine Yousfi
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Meriem Amrane-Abider
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Yasmine Sahraoui-Remini
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Khodir Madani
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
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