1
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Yang X, Liu Q, Li Y, Ding Y, Zhao Y, Tang Q, Wu T, Chen L, Pu S, Cheng S, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Li R, Zhao Y, Zou M, Shi X, Jiang W, Wang R, He J. Inhibition of the sodium-glucose co-transporter SGLT2 by canagliflozin ameliorates diet-induced obesity by increasing intra-adipose sympathetic innervation. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1756-1771. [PMID: 33480065 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) induces hypoglycaemia by increasing urinary glucose excretion and increasing the use of fat. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study was aimed to determine the effects of canagliflozin, a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, on diet-induced obesity and the underlying mechanism(s). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult C57BL/6J male mice were fed with a standard chow diet or high-fat diet supplemented with vehicle or canagliflozin. Whole body energy expenditure was monitored by metabolic cages, noradrenaline levels were measured by HPLC, glucose uptake was measured by PET/CT, and mRNA and protein expression were measured by RT-PCR and western blotting analysis. KEY RESULTS Mice treated with canagliflozin were resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences. Canagliflozin treatment decreased fat mass and increased energy expenditure via increasing thermogenesis and lipolysis in adipose tissue. Mechanistically, SGLT2 inhibition by canagliflozin elevated adipose sympathetic innervation and fat mobilization via a β3 -adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA signalling pathway. Finally, we showed that canagliflozin improved insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in mice fed with a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic inhibition of SGLT2 increased energy consumption by increasing intra-adipose sympathetic innervation to counteract diet-induced obesity. The present study reveals a new therapeutic function for SGLT2 inhibitors in regulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyun Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingnan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiongjie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Sahu BS, Rodriguez P, Nguyen ME, Han R, Cero C, Razzoli M, Piaggi P, Laskowski LJ, Pavlicev M, Muglia L, Mahata SK, O'Grady S, McCorvy JD, Baier LJ, Sham YY, Bartolomucci A. Peptide/Receptor Co-evolution Explains the Lipolytic Function of the Neuropeptide TLQP-21. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2567-2580.e6. [PMID: 31484069 PMCID: PMC6753381 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional diversity of peptides and GPCR result from long evolutionary processes. Even small changes in sequence can alter receptor activation, affecting therapeutic efficacy. We conducted a structure-function relationship study on the neuropeptide TLQP-21, a promising target for obesity, and its complement 3a receptor (C3aR1). After having characterized the TLQP-21/C3aR1 lipolytic mechanism, a homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation identified the TLQP-21 binding motif and C3aR1 binding site for the human (h) and mouse (m) molecules. mTLQP-21 showed enhanced binding affinity and potency for hC3aR1 compared with hTLQP-21. Consistently, mTLQP-21, but not hTLQP-21, potentiates lipolysis in human adipocytes. These findings led us to uncover five mutations in the C3aR1 binding pocket of the rodent Murinae subfamily that are causal for enhanced calculated affinity and measured potency of TLQP-21. Identifying functionally relevant peptide/receptor co-evolution mechanisms can facilitate the development of innovative pharmacotherapies for obesity and other diseases implicating GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pedro Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Megin E Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ruijun Han
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren J Laskowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Mihaela Pavlicev
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Louis Muglia
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 480 Haecker Hall, 1364 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Leslie J Baier
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6(th) St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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3
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Gan X, Showalter HD. A concise synthesis of 3-substituted-7-amino-6-carboxyl-8-azachromones. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:2035-2037. [PMID: 32831416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on an approach to truncate the tricyclic 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one core of amlexanox, an approved drug under investigation for the treatment of obesity, to the bicyclic 4H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-4-one (8-azachromone) core. A short, concise synthesis generates a key intermediate with requisite functionality on the pyridyl A-ring and iodo functionality on the 4-pyrone B-ring upon which palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling and subsequent reactions generate representative analogues. One of these shows a 14.2-fold increase in aqueous solubility over amlexanox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Gan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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4
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Gan X, Wilson MW, Beyett TS, Wen B, Sun D, Larsen SD, Tesmer JJG, Saltiel AR, Showalter HD. Synthesis of deuterium-labelled amlexanox and its metabolic stability against mouse, rat, and human microsomes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:202-208. [PMID: 30828860 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program toward making analogues of amlexanox (1), currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity, we have synthesized derivative 5 in which deuterium has been introduced into two sites of metabolism on the C-7 isopropyl function of amlexanox. The synthesis of 5 was completed in an efficient three-step process utilizing reduction of key olefin 7b to 8 by Wilkinson's catalyst to provide specific incorporation of di-deuterium across the double bond. Compound 5 displayed nearly equivalent potency to amlexanox (IC50 , 1.1μM vs 0.6μM, respectively) against recombinant human TBK1. When incubated with human, rat, and mouse liver microsomes, amlexanox (1) and d2 -amlexanox (5) were stable (t1/2 > 60 minutes) with 1 showing marginally greater stability relative to 5 except for rat liver microsomes. These data show that incorporating deuterium into two sites of metabolism does not majorly suppress Cyp-mediated metabolism relative to amlexanox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Gan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tyler S Beyett
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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5
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Wu H, Wang Y, Li W, Chen H, Du L, Liu D, Wang X, Xu T, Liu L, Chen Q. Deficiency of mitophagy receptor FUNDC1 impairs mitochondrial quality and aggravates dietary-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome. Autophagy 2019; 15:1882-1898. [PMID: 30898010 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1596482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence for an association between impaired mitochondrial function and metabolic syndrome. Mitophagy, a process that selectively removes damaged mitochondria via a specialized form of autophagy, is essential for mitochondrial quality control (mitochondrial QC) and metabolic homeostasis. We thus addressed the potential role of defective mitophagy in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Mice lacking Fundc1, a newly characterized mitophagy receptor, develop more severe obesity and insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Ablation of Fundc1 results in defective mitophagy and impaired mitochondrial QC in vitro and in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition, there is more pronounced WAT remodeling with more adipose tissue-associated macrophages infiltration, more M1 macrophage polarization and thus an elevated inflammatory response. Mechanistically, hyperactivation of MAPK/JNK leads to insulin insensitivity, which can be inhibited by knocking out Mapk8/Jnk1 in fundc1 KO mice. Our results demonstrate that dysregulated mitochondrial QC due to defective mitophagy receptor FUNDC1 links with metabolic disorders via MAPK signaling and inflammatory responses. Abbreviations: ATMs: adipose tissue macrophages; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; GOT1/AST: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1, soluble; GPT/ALT: glutamic pyruvic transaminase, soluble; H&E staining: hematoxylin and eosin staining; HFD: high-fat diet; LIR: LC3-interacting region; mitochondrial QC: mitochondrial quality control; mito-ROS: mitochondrial ROS; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; RT-PCR: real-time-PCR; T2D: type 2 diabetes; WAT: white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - You Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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6
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Beyett TS, Gan X, Reilly SM, Gomez AV, Chang L, Tesmer JJG, Saltiel AR, Showalter HD. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of substituted 2-amino-5-oxo-5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives as inhibitors of the inflammatory kinases TBK1 and IKKε for the treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5443-5461. [PMID: 30270002 PMCID: PMC6252132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The non-canonical IκB kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase ε (IKKε) play a key role in insulin-independent pathways that promote energy storage and block adaptive energy expenditure during obesity. Utilizing docking calculations and the x-ray structure of TBK1 bound to amlexanox, an inhibitor of these kinases with modest potency, a series of analogues was synthesized to develop a structure activity relationship (SAR) around the A- and C-rings of the core scaffold. A strategy was developed wherein R7 and R8 A-ring substituents were incorporated late in the synthetic sequence by utilizing palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions on appropriate bromo precursors. Analogues display IC50 values as low as 210 nM and reveal A-ring substituents that enhance selectivity toward either kinase. In cell assays, selected analogues display enhanced phosphorylation of p38 or TBK1 and elicited IL-6 secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes better than amlexanox. An analogue bearing a R7 cyclohexyl modification demonstrated robust IL-6 production in 3T3-L1 cells as well as a phosphorylation marker of efficacy and was tested in obese mice where it promoted serum IL-6 response, weight loss, and insulin sensitizing effects comparable to amlexanox. These studies provide impetus to expand the SAR around the amlexanox core toward uncovering analogues with development potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Beyett
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Xinmin Gan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0912, United States
| | - Andrew V Gomez
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0912, United States
| | - Louise Chang
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0912, United States
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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7
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Abstract
The capsaicin is an ingredient that we normally mix in food in many cultural cuisines even in fresh and dried production. Because of its anticancer, anticholesterolemic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, capsaicin is used worldwide. Moreover, capsaicin is also used for the protection of cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched since 2000 to present for antiobesity term. This review article is provided the update information about the antiobesity property and mechanism of capsaicin for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithida Narang
- Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Parinda Jamrus
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Albert V, Svensson K, Shimobayashi M, Colombi M, Muñoz S, Jimenez V, Handschin C, Bosch F, Hall MN. mTORC2 sustains thermogenesis via Akt-induced glucose uptake and glycolysis in brown adipose tissue. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:232-46. [PMID: 26772600 PMCID: PMC4772955 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been proposed as an anti‐obesity treatment. Moreover, cold‐induced glucose uptake could normalize blood glucose levels in insulin‐resistant patients. It is therefore important to identify novel regulators of NST and cold‐induced glucose uptake. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) mediates insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in metabolic tissues, but its role in NST is unknown. We show that mTORC2 is activated in brown adipocytes upon β‐adrenergic stimulation. Furthermore, mice lacking mTORC2 specifically in adipose tissue (AdRiKO mice) are hypothermic, display increased sensitivity to cold, and show impaired cold‐induced glucose uptake and glycolysis. Restoration of glucose uptake in BAT by overexpression of hexokinase II or activated Akt2 was sufficient to increase body temperature and improve cold tolerance in AdRiKO mice. Thus, mTORC2 in BAT mediates temperature homeostasis via regulation of cold‐induced glucose uptake. Our findings demonstrate the importance of glucose metabolism in temperature regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Muñoz
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Abstract
Obesity drugs have had a chequered history. In the recent past, only the low efficacy, pancreatic lipase inhibitor orlistat was available worldwide and it was little used. The 5HT2C agonist, lorcaserin, and two combinations of old drugs have been approved in the United States but not in Europe. The diabetes drug liraglutide has been approved in both the US and Europe and seems likely to be most widely accepted. In view of regulators' caution in approving obesity drugs, some (like beloranib) may initially be progressed for niche obesity markets. New drug targets have been identified in brown adipose tissue with the aim of not only activating thermogenesis but also increasing the capacity for thermogenesis in this tissue. Attempts are being made to match the efficacy of bariatric surgery by mimicking multiple gut hormones. Unapproved pharmacotherapies are tempting for some patients. Others remain optimistic about more conventional routes to pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R S Arch
- Clore Laboratory, Buckingham Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK.
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10
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Bonhoure N, Byrnes A, Moir RD, Hodroj W, Preitner F, Praz V, Marcelin G, Chua SC, Martinez-Lopez N, Singh R, Moullan N, Auwerx J, Willemin G, Shah H, Hartil K, Vaitheesvaran B, Kurland I, Hernandez N, Willis IM. Loss of the RNA polymerase III repressor MAF1 confers obesity resistance. Genes Dev 2015; 29:934-47. [PMID: 25934505 PMCID: PMC4421982 DOI: 10.1101/gad.258350.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MAF1 is a global repressor of RNA polymerase III transcription that regulates the expression of highly abundant noncoding RNAs in response to nutrient availability and cellular stress. Thus, MAF1 function is thought to be important for metabolic economy. Here we show that a whole-body knockout of Maf1 in mice confers resistance to diet-induced obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by reducing food intake and increasing metabolic inefficiency. Energy expenditure in Maf1(-/-) mice is increased by several mechanisms. Precursor tRNA synthesis was increased in multiple tissues without significant effects on mature tRNA levels, implying increased turnover in a futile tRNA cycle. Elevated futile cycling of hepatic lipids was also observed. Metabolite profiling of the liver and skeletal muscle revealed elevated levels of many amino acids and spermidine, which links the induction of autophagy in Maf1(-/-) mice with their extended life span. The increase in spermidine was accompanied by reduced levels of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, which promotes polyamine synthesis, enables nicotinamide salvage to regenerate NAD(+), and is associated with obesity resistance. Consistent with this, NAD(+) levels were increased in muscle. The importance of MAF1 for metabolic economy reveals the potential for MAF1 modulators to protect against obesity and its harmful consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bonhoure
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ashlee Byrnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Robyn D Moir
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Wassim Hodroj
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Praz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Genevieve Marcelin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Streamson C Chua
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Nuria Martinez-Lopez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Rajat Singh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Norman Moullan
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Willemin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hardik Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Kirsten Hartil
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Bhavapriya Vaitheesvaran
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Irwin Kurland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Nouria Hernandez
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Ian M Willis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA; Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA;
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11
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Diané A, Nikolic N, Rudecki AP, King SM, Bowie DJ, Gray SL. PACAP is essential for the adaptive thermogenic response of brown adipose tissue to cold exposure. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:327-39. [PMID: 25056115 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a widely distributed neuropeptide that acts as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, neurotropic factor, neuroprotectant, secretagogue, and neurohormone. Owing to its pleiotropic biological actions, knockout of Pacap (Adcyap1) has been shown to induce several abnormalities in mice such as impaired thermoregulation. However, the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. A previous report has shown that cold-exposed Pacap null mice cannot supply appropriate levels of norepinephrine (NE) to brown adipocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that exogenous NE would rescue the impaired thermogenic response of Pacap null mice during cold exposure. We compared the adaptive thermogenic capacity of Pacap(-/-) to Pacap(+/+) mice in response to NE when housed at room temperature (24 °C) and after a 3.5-week cold exposure (4 °C). Biochemical parameters, expression of thermogenic genes, and morphological properties of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) were also characterized. Results showed that there was a significant effect of temperature, but no effect of genotype, on the resting metabolic rate in conscious, unrestrained mice. However, the normal cold-induced increase in the basal metabolic rate and NE-induced increase in thermogenesis were severely blunted in cold-exposed Pacap(-/-) mice. These changes were associated with altered substrate utilization, reduced β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-Ar (Adrb3)) and hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl (Lipe)) gene expression, and increased fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) gene expression in BAT. Interestingly, Pacap(-/-) mice had depleted WAT depots, associated with upregulated uncoupling protein 1 expression in inguinal WATs. These results suggest that the impairment of adaptive thermogenesis in Pacap null mice cannot be rescued by exogenous NE perhaps in part due to decreased β3-Ar-mediated BAT activation.
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MESH Headings
- Acclimatization/genetics
- Acclimatization/physiology
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/anatomy & histology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/blood supply
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, White/anatomy & histology
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiology
- Animals
- Basal Metabolism/genetics
- Basal Metabolism/physiology
- Cold Climate
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/deficiency
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/genetics
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/metabolism
- Sterol Esterase/genetics
- Sterol Esterase/metabolism
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Thermogenesis/physiology
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulaye Diané
- Northern Medical ProgramUniversity of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
| | - Nikolina Nikolic
- Northern Medical ProgramUniversity of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
| | - Alexander P Rudecki
- Northern Medical ProgramUniversity of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
| | - Shannon M King
- Northern Medical ProgramUniversity of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
| | - Drew J Bowie
- Northern Medical ProgramUniversity of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
| | - Sarah L Gray
- Northern Medical ProgramUniversity of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
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12
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Chatzigeorgiou A, Kandaraki E, Papavassiliou AG, Koutsilieris M. Peripheral targets in obesity treatment: a comprehensive update. Obes Rev 2014; 15:487-503. [PMID: 24612276 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major epidemic of our time and is associated with diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although weight loss drugs, when accompanied by diet and exercise, could be a very helpful medical tool in treating obese or overweight patients, their usefulness has been questioned due to the complexity of this type of medication, which regards a plethora of issues such as efficacy and safety of the drug and also risks and benefits among different patients. In general, obesity drugs that target peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms can be divided into two main categories. The first category includes anti-obesity agents able to reduce or limit energy absorption, such as pancreatic lipase and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors. The second category consists of a heterogeneous group of compounds aiming to decrease fat mass by increasing energy expenditure or by redistributing adipose tissue. Angiogenesis inhibitors, beta-3 receptor agonists, sirtuin-I activators, diazoxide and other molecules belong to this group. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists consist the third category of peripheral anti-obesity agents discussed therein. This review aims to provide a general overview of the molecules and substances that are already or could potentially be used as peripheral anti-obesity drugs, the molecular mechanisms by which they act, as well as their current stage of development, production and/or availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Fosgerau K, Raun K, Nilsson C, Dahl K, Wulff BS. Novel α-MSH analog causes weight loss in obese rats and minipigs and improves insulin sensitivity. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:97-107. [PMID: 24204009 PMCID: PMC3888513 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major burden to people and to health care systems around the world. The aim of the study was to characterize the effect of a novel selective α-MSH analog on obesity and insulin sensitivity. The subchronic effects of the selective MC4-R peptide agonist MC4-NN1-0182 were investigated in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and DIO minipigs by assessing the effects on food intake, energy consumption, and body weight. The acute effect of MC4-NN1-0182 on insulin sensitivity was assessed by a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp study in normal rats. Three weeks of treatment of DIO rats with MC4-NN1-0182 caused a decrease in food intake and a significant decrease in body weight 7±1%, P<0.05 compared with 3±1% increase with the vehicle control. In DIO minipigs, 8 weeks of treatment with MC4-NN1-0182 resulted in a body weight loss of 13.3±2.5 kg (13±3%), whereas the vehicle control group had gained 3.7±1.4 kg (4±1%). Finally, clamp studies in normal rats showed that acute treatment with MC4-NN1-0182 caused a significant increase in glucose disposal (Rd) compared with vehicle control (Rd, mg/kg per min, 17.0±0.7 vs 13.9±0.6, P<0.01). We demonstrate that treatment of DIO rats or minipigs with a selective MC4-R peptide agonist causes weight loss. Moreover, we have demonstrated weight-independent effects on insulin sensitivity. Our observations identify MC4 agonism as a viable target for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keld Fosgerau
- Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
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14
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Pentamethylquercetin reduces fat deposition via Sirt1-mediated pathways in male obese mice induced by a high fat diet. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Selective Kv1.3 channel blocker as therapeutic for obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2239-48. [PMID: 23729813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic, calling for innovative and reliable pharmacological strategies. Here, we show that ShK-186, a selective and potent blocker of the voltage-gated Kv1.3 channel, counteracts the negative effects of increased caloric intake in mice fed a diet rich in fat and fructose. ShK-186 reduced weight gain, adiposity, and fatty liver; decreased blood levels of cholesterol, sugar, HbA1c, insulin, and leptin; and enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity. These changes mimic the effects of Kv1.3 gene deletion. ShK-186 did not alter weight gain in mice on a chow diet, suggesting that the obesity-inducing diet enhances sensitivity to Kv1.3 blockade. Several mechanisms may contribute to the therapeutic benefits of ShK-186. ShK-186 therapy activated brown adipose tissue as evidenced by a doubling of glucose uptake, and increased β-oxidation of fatty acids, glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, and uncoupling protein 1 expression. Activation of brown adipose tissue manifested as augmented oxygen consumption and energy expenditure, with no change in caloric intake, locomotor activity, or thyroid hormone levels. The obesity diet induced Kv1.3 expression in the liver, and ShK-186 caused profound alterations in energy and lipid metabolism in the liver. This action on the liver may underlie the differential effectiveness of ShK-186 in mice fed a chow vs. an obesity diet. Our results highlight the potential use of Kv1.3 blockers for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance.
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16
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Abstract
During the last decades, obesity research has focused on food intake regulation, whereas energy expenditure has been mainly measured based on whole-body oxygen consumption. With the renaissance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis as a potential drug target in humans, more thought is put into alternative heat-producing mechanisms. Also, the interaction of peripheral and central components to regulate thermogenesis requires further studies. Certainly, several of the novel molecular genetic tools available now, compared with 40 years ago, will be helpful to gain new insights in BAT-controlled energy homeostasis and promises new approaches to pharmacologically control body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
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17
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Hwang JT, Kim S, Choi I, Choi SY. Resveratrol analog 4-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]pyridine reduces differentiation of the 3T3-L1 adipocyte. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:96-99. [PMID: 23035943 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.711841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin synthesized by plants, most notably grapes, against microbial invasion or ultraviolet stimulation, and is known to exert antioxidant, anticancer, and antiobesity effects. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to find resveratrol derivatives with higher anti-obesity activity compared to resveratrol and to verify their mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The inhibitory effect of resveratrol and its derivatives on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells was studied using Oil Red O staining, and the effects on the intracellular expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were measured via Western blot analysis. RESULTS A derivative of resveratrol, 4-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)vinyl]pyridine (DPVP), exerted inhibitory effects against 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation (IC(50) = 13.5 µM) and FAS expression. Notably, it displayed higher activity at concentrations lower than 25 µM compared to resveratrol. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION DPVP is considered to have greater potential as an anti-obesity substance, as it exhibits excellent activity at low concentrations compared to resveratrol.
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18
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Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Montani JP, Schutz Y. Adaptive thermogenesis in human body weight regulation: more of a concept than a measurable entity? Obes Rev 2012; 13 Suppl 2:105-21. [PMID: 23107264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
According to Lavoisier, 'Life is combustion'. But to what extent humans adapt to changes in food intake through adaptive thermogenesis--by turning down the rate of heat production during energy deficit (so as to conserve energy) or turning it up during overnutrition (so as to dissipate excess calories)--has been one of the most controversial issues in nutritional sciences over the past 100 years. The debate nowadays is not whether adaptive thermogenesis exists or not, but rather about its quantitative importance in weight homoeostasis and its clinical relevance to the pathogenesis and management of obesity. Such uncertainties are likely to persist in the foreseeable future primarily because of limitations to unobtrusively measure changes in energy expenditure and body composition with high enough accuracy and precision, particularly when even small inter-individual variations in thermogenesis can, in dynamic systems and over the long term, be important in the determining weight maintenance in some and obesity and weight regain in others. This paper reviews the considerable body of evidence, albeit fragmentary, suggesting the existence of quantitatively important adaptive thermogenesis in several compartments of energy expenditure in response to altered food intake. It then discusses the various limitations that lead to over- or underestimations in its assessment, including definitional and semantics, technical and methodological, analytical and statistical. While the role of adaptive thermogenesis in human weight regulation is likely to remain more a concept than a strictly 'quantifiable' entity in the foreseeable future, the evolution of this concept continues to fuel exciting hypothesis-driven mechanistic research which contributes to advance knowledge in human metabolism and which is bound to result in improved strategies for the management of a healthy body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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19
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Kusminski CM, Scherer PE. Mitochondrial dysfunction in white adipose tissue. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:435-43. [PMID: 22784416 PMCID: PMC3430798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although mitochondria in brown adipose tissue and their role in non-shivering thermogenesis have been widely studied, we have only a limited understanding of the relevance of mitochondria in white adipose tissue (WAT) for cellular homeostasis of the adipocyte and their impact upon systemic energy homeostasis. A better understanding of the regulatory role that white adipocyte mitochondria play in the regulation of whole-body physiology becomes increasingly important. WAT mitochondrial biogenesis can effectively be induced pharmacologically using a number of agents, including PPARγ agonists. Through their ability to influence key biochemical processes central to the adipocyte, such as fatty acid (FA) esterification and lipogenesis, as well as their impact upon the production and release of key adipokines, mitochondria play a crucial role in determining systemic insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, Texas 75390-8549
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8549
- corresponding author: , Telephone: (214) 648-8715, Fax: (214) 648-8720
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20
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Chesler BE. Emotional eating: a virtually untreated risk factor for outcome following bariatric surgery. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:365961. [PMID: 22566765 PMCID: PMC3330752 DOI: 10.1100/2012/365961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical investigations implicate emotional eating (EE) in dysfunctional eating behavior such as uncontrolled overeating and insufficient weight loss following bariatric surgery. They demonstrate that EE may be a conscious or reflexive behavior motivated by multiple negative emotions and/or feelings of distress about loss-of-control eating. EE, however, has not been targeted in pre- or postoperative interventions or examined as an explanatory construct for failed treatment of dysfunctional eating. Three cases suggest that cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) might alleviate EE. One describes treatment for distress provoked by loss-of-control eating. The first of two others, associated with negative emotions/life situations, link treatment of a super-super-preoperative obese individual's reflexive EE with 52% excess BMI (body mass index) loss maintained for the past year, 64 months after surgery. The second relates treatment of conscious/reflexive EE with 84.52% excess BMI loss 53 months after surgery. Implications for research and treatment are discussed.
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21
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Clapham JC. Central control of thermogenesis. Neuropharmacology 2011; 63:111-23. [PMID: 22063719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammals and birds, conservation of body heat at around 37 °C is vital to life. Thermogenesis is the production of this heat which can be obligatory, as in basal metabolic rate, or it can be facultative such as the response to cold. A complex regulatory system has evolved which senses environmental or core temperature and integrates this information in hypothalamic regions such as the preoptic area and dorsomedial hypothalamus. These areas then send the appropriate signals to generate and conserve heat (or dissipate it). In this review, the importance of the sympathetic nervous system is discussed in relation to its role in basal metabolic rate and adaptive thermogenesis with a particular emphasis to human obesity. The efferent sympathetic pathway does not uniformly act on all tissues; different tissues can receive different levels of sympathetic drive at the same time. This is an important concept in the discussion of the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Despite decades of work the medicine chest contains only one pill for the long term treatment of obesity, orlistat, a lipase inhibitor that prevents the absorption of lipid from the gut and is itself not systemically absorbed. The central controlling system for thermogenesis has many potential intervention points. Several drugs, previously marketed, awaiting approval or in the earlier stages of development may have a thermogenic effect via activation of the sympathetic nervous system at some point in the thermoregulatory circuit and are discussed in this review. If the balance is weighted to the "wrong" side there is the burden of increased cardiovascular risk while a shift to the "right" side, if possible, will afford a thermogenic benefit that is conducive to weight loss maintenance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Central Control Food Intake'
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Clapham
- AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK.
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