1
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Voros C, Dias J, Timperley CM, Nachon F, Brown RCD, Baati R. The risk associated with organophosphorus nerve agents: from their discovery to their unavoidable threat, current medical countermeasures and perspectives. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 395:110973. [PMID: 38574837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The first organophosphorus nerve agent was discovered accidently during the development of pesticides, shortly after the first use of chemical weapons (chlorine, phosgene) on the battlefield during World War I. Despite the Chemical Weapons Convention banning these substances, they have still been employed in wars, terrorist attacks or political assassinations. Characterised by their high lethality, they target the nervous system by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, preventing neurotransmission, which, if not treated rapidly, inevitably leads to serious injury or the death of the person intoxicated. The limited efficacy of current antidotes, known as AChE reactivators, pushes research towards new treatments. Numerous paths have been explored, from modifying the original pyridinium oximes to developing hybrid reactivators seeking a better affinity for the inhibited AChE. Another crucial approach resides in molecules more prone to cross the blood-brain barrier: uncharged compounds, bio-conjugated reactivators or innovative formulations. Our aim is to raise awareness on the threat and toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents and to present the main synthetic efforts deployed since the first AChE reactivator, to tackle the task of efficiently treating victims of these chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Voros
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France.
| | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Christopher M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, UK.
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, F-91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Rachid Baati
- Ecole de Chimie Polymère et Matériaux ECPM, Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES UMR CNRS 7515, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087, Strasbourg, France; OPGS Pharmaceuticals, Paris BioTech Santé, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, F-75014, Paris, France.
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2
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Tressler CM, Wadsworth B, Carriero S, Dillman N, Crawford R, Hahm TH, Glunde K, Cadieux CL. Characterization of Humanized Mouse Model of Organophosphate Poisoning and Detection of Countermeasures via MALDI-MSI. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5624. [PMID: 38891812 PMCID: PMC11172367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphoate (OP) chemicals are known to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Studying OP poisoning is difficult because common small animal research models have serum carboxylesterase, which contributes to animals' resistance to OP poisoning. Historically, guinea pigs have been used for this research; however, a novel genetically modified mouse strain (KIKO) was developed with nonfunctional serum carboxylase (Es1 KO) and an altered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene, which expresses the amino acid sequence of the human form of the same protein (AChE KI). KIKO mice were injected with 1xLD50 of an OP nerve agent or vehicle control with or without atropine. After one to three minutes, animals were injected with 35 mg/kg of the currently fielded Reactivator countermeasure for OP poisoning. Postmortem brains were imaged on a Bruker RapifleX ToF/ToF instrument. Data confirmed the presence of increased acetylcholine in OP-exposed animals, regardless of treatment or atropine status. More interestingly, we detected a small amount of Reactivator within the brain of both exposed and unexposed animals; it is currently debated if reactivators can cross the blood-brain barrier. Further, we were able to simultaneously image acetylcholine, the primary affected neurotransmitter, as well as determine the location of both Reactivator and acetylcholine in the brain. This study, which utilized sensitive MALDI-MSI methods, characterized KIKO mice as a functional model for OP countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Tressler
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Imaging Mass Spectrometry Core and Service Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin Wadsworth
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
| | - Samantha Carriero
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Natalie Dillman
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Imaging Mass Spectrometry Core and Service Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rachel Crawford
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Imaging Mass Spectrometry Core and Service Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tae-Hun Hahm
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Imaging Mass Spectrometry Core and Service Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Imaging Mass Spectrometry Core and Service Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - C. Linn Cadieux
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD 21010, USA
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Horn G, Rappenglück S, Worek F. Inhibition kinetics of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase from various species by 2-(2-cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide (CBDP). Toxicol Lett 2024; 396:28-33. [PMID: 38642675 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The aerotoxic syndrome has been associated with exposure to tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is used as additive in hydraulic fluids and engine lubricants. The toxic metabolite 2-(2-cresyl)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide (CBDP) is formed from the TCP isomer tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) in vivo and is known to react with the active site serine in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) resulting in the inhibition of the enzymes. Previous in vitro studies showed pronounced species differences in the inhibition kinetics of cholinesterases by organophosphorus compounds (OP), which must be considered in the development of relevant animal models for the investigation of OP poisoning and the aerotoxic syndrome. The present study was designed to investigate the inhibition kinetics of human, Cynomolgus monkey, pig, mini pig, guinea pig, mouse, and rat AChE as well as BChE by CBDP under standardized conditions. There were similar rate constants for the inhibition (ki) of human, Cynomolgus monkey and mouse AChE by CBDP. In contrast, the ki values obtained for guinea pig, mini pig, pig, and rat AChE were 2.8- to 5.9-fold lower than that of human AChE. The results of the present study confirmed CBDP as one of the most potent inhibitors of human BChE, indicating a ki value of 3.24 ± 0.33 ×108M-1min-1, which was about 1,140-fold higher than that of human AChE. Accordingly, a markedly more pronounced inhibition rate of BChE from the species guinea pig, mini pig, pig, rat, Cynomolgus monkey, and mouse by CBDP was found as compared to those of AChE from the respective sources, indicating 2.0- to 89.6-fold higher ki values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Rappenglück
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Clay WK, Buck AK, He Y, Hernández Sánchez DN, Ward NA, Lear JM, Nguyen KQ, Clark BH, Sapia RJ, Lalisse RF, Sriraman A, Cadieux CL, McElroy CA, Callam CS, Hadad CM. Treatment of Organophosphorus Poisoning with 6-Alkoxypyridin-3-ol Quinone Methide Precursors: Resurrection of Methylphosphonate-Aged Acetylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:643-657. [PMID: 38556765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), creating a cholinergic crisis in which death can occur. The phosphylated serine residue spontaneously dealkylates to the OP-aged form, which current therapeutics cannot reverse. Soman's aging half-life is 4.2 min, so immediate recovery (resurrection) of OP-aged AChE is needed. In 2018, we showed pyridin-3-ol-based quinone methide precursors (QMPs) can resurrect OP-aged electric eel AChE in vitro, achieving 2% resurrection after 24 h of incubation (pH 7, 4 mM). We prepared 50 unique 6-alkoxypyridin-3-ol QMPs with 10 alkoxy groups and five amine leaving groups to improve AChE resurrection. These compounds are predicted in silico to cross the blood-brain barrier and treat AChE in the central nervous system. This library resurrected 7.9% activity of OP-aged recombinant human AChE after 24 h at 250 μM, a 4-fold increase from our 2018 report. The best QMP (1b), with a 6-methoxypyridin-3-ol core and a diethylamine leaving group, recovered 20.8% (1 mM), 34% (4 mM), and 42.5% (predicted maximum) of methylphosphonate-aged AChE activity over 24 h. Seven QMPs recovered activity from AChE aged with Soman and a VX degradation product (EA-2192). We hypothesize that QMPs form the quinone methide (QM) to realkylate the phosphylated serine residue as the first step of resurrection. We calculated thermodynamic energetics for QM formation, but there was no trend with the experimental biochemical data. Molecular docking studies revealed that QMP binding to OP-aged AChE is not the determining factor for the observed biochemical trends; thus, QM formation may be enzyme-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Clay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne K Buck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yiran He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dalyanne N Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nathan A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy M Lear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kenny Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Benjamin H Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ryan J Sapia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Aishwarya Sriraman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - C Linn Cadieux
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Craig A McElroy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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5
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Vishakantegowda AG, Girmay BS, Shin JS, Lee JY, Ahn S, Jung YS. Discovery of (E)-2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(2 ((4methylpentyl)amino)ethyl)acetamide (KR-27425) as a non-pyridinium oxime reactivator of paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129504. [PMID: 37838342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore non-pyridinium oxime acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators that could hold the potential to overcome the limitations of the currently available compounds used in the clinic to treat the neurologic manifestations induced by intoxication with organophosphorus agents. Fifteen compounds with various non-pyridinium oxime moieties were evaluated for AChE activity at different concentrations, including aldoximes, ketoximes, and α-ketoaldoximes. The therapeutic potential of the oxime compounds was evaluated by assessing their ability to reactivate AChE inhibited by paraoxon. Among the tested compounds, α-Ketoaldoxime derivative 13 showed the highest reactivation (%) reaching 67 % and 60 % AChE reactivation when evaluated against OP-inhibited electric eel AChE at concentrations of 1,000 and 100 μM, respectively. Compound 13 showed a comparable reactivation ability of AChE (60 %) compared to that of pralidoxime (56 %) at concentrations of 100 μM. Molecular docking simulation of the most active compounds 12 and 13 was conducted to predict the binding mode of the reactivation of electric eel AChE. As a result, a non-pyridinium oxime moiety 13, is a potential reactivator of OP-inhibited AChE and is taken as a lead compound for the development of novel AChE reactivators with enhanced capacity to freely cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash G Vishakantegowda
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Berehe Solomon Girmay
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Prchalova E, Sukupova M, Malinak D, Andrys R, Sivak L, Pekarik V, Skarka A, Svobodova J, Prchal L, Fresser L, Heger Z, Musilek K. BODIPY-labelled acetylcholinesterase reactivators can be encapsulated into ferritin nanovehicles for enhanced bioavailability in the CNS. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115490. [PMID: 37722189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The BODIPY-labelled oxime reactivator was prepared and used to study its biodistribution into central nervous system. The newly synthesized oxime was found to be weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and strong inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase. Its reactivation ability for organophosphate inhibited acetylcholinesterase was found similar to a parent oxime. The BODIPY-labelled oxime was further encapsulated into recombinant human H-ferritin and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The oxime or encapsulated oxime were found to be bioaccumulated primarily in liver and kidneys of mice, but some amount was distributed also to the brain, where it was detectable even after 24 h. The BODIPY-labelled oxime encapsulated to human H-ferritin showed better CNS bioaccumulation and tissue retention at 8 and 24 h time points compared to free oxime, although the fluorescence results might be biased due to BODIPY metabolites identified in tissue homogenates. Taken together, the study demonstrates the first utilization of recombinant ferritins for changing the unfavourable pharmacokinetics of oxime reactivators and brings promising results for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Prchalova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Sukupova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Sivak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Pekarik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Svobodova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Fresser
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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7
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Prchalova E, Kohoutova Z, Knittelova K, Malinak D, Musilek K. Strategies for enhanced bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the central nervous system. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2839-2860. [PMID: 37642747 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase are commonly used to treat highly toxic organophosphate poisoning. They are effective nucleophiles that can restore the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase; however, their main limitation is the difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) because of their strongly hydrophilic nature. Various approaches to overcome this limitation and enhance the bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the CNS have been evaluated; these include structural modifications, conjugation with molecules that have transporters in the BBB, bypassing the BBB through intranasal delivery, and inhibition of BBB efflux transporters. A promising approach is the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as the delivery systems. Studies using mesoporous silica nanomaterials, poly (L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene oxide) NPs, metallic organic frameworks, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs, human serum albumin NPs, liposomes, solid lipid NPs, and cucurbiturils, have shown promising results. Some NPs are considered as nanoreactors for organophosphate detoxification; these combine bioscavengers with encapsulated oximes. This study provides an overview and critical discussion of the strategies used to enhance the bioavailability of oxime reactivators in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Prchalova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kohoutova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Knittelova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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8
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Ebrahimnejad P, Davoodi A, Irannejad H, Akhtari J, Mohammadi H. Polyethyleneglycol-serine nanoparticles as a novel antidote for organophosphate poisoning: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:915-930. [PMID: 35938408 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning causes considerable worldwide mortality and morbidity. In this study, serine was attached to the polyethylene glycol-bisaldehyde (PEG) as a novel antidote for diazinon (DZ) poisoning. Serine and PEG were conjugated with a reductive amination reaction. PEG-serine NPs (PEG-NPs) were purified and their structure was analyzed by 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, and particle size was determined via dynamic light scattering. In vitro studies, including hemolysis assay and cytotoxicity on SK-BR-3 and HFFF2 cell lines, were performed. In vivo studies of PEG-NPs were evaluated on DZ-exposed mice. PEG-NPs were administered (i.p.) 20 min after a single dose of DZ (LD50; 166 mg/kg). Atropine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) with pralidoxime (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was used as the standard therapy compared to PEG-NPs. NMR and IR data confirmed that the conjugation of PEG to serine occurred successfully. The average NP size was 22.1 ± 1.8 nm. The hemolysis of the PEG-NPs was calculated at 0.867%, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated 36 ± 4.5, and 41 ± 3.4 mg/mL on SK-BR-3 and HFFF2 cell lines, respectively. Percentage of surviving significantly improved by 12.5, 25, and 25% through the usage of PEG-NPs at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, when compared with the DZ group. Cholinesterase enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial function significantly improved through PEG-NPs when compared with the DZ group. PEG conjugated serine is very biocompatible with low toxicity and can reduce the acute toxicity of DZ as a new combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Pharmacutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Davoodi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Irannejad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Akhtari
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- Pharmacutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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9
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Zandona A, Madunić J, Miš K, Maraković N, Dubois-Geoffroy P, Cavaco M, Mišetić P, Padovan J, Castanho M, Jean L, Renard PY, Pirkmajer S, Neves V, Katalinić M. Biological response and cell death signaling pathways modulated by tetrahydroisoquinoline-based aldoximes in human cells. Toxicology 2023:153588. [PMID: 37419273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The uncharged 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with protonatable tertiary amines are studied as antidotes in toxic organophosphates (OP) poisoning. Due to some of their specific structural features, we hypothesize that these compounds could exert diverse biological activity beyond their main scope of application. To examine this further, we performed an extensive cell-based assessment to determine their effects on human cells (SH-SY5Y, HEK293, HepG2, HK-2, myoblasts and myotubes) and possible mechanism of action. As our results indicated, aldoxime having a piperidine moiety did not induce significant toxicity up to 300µM within 24hours, while those with a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, in the same concentration range, showed time-dependent effects and stimulated mitochondria-mediated activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK signaling and subsequent activation of initiator caspase 9 and executive caspase 3 accompanied with DNA damage as observed already after 4hour exposure. Mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism were also likely targets of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, due to increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In silico analysis predicted kinases as their most probable target class, while pharmacophores modeling additionally predicted the inhibition of a cytochrome P450cam. Overall, if the absence of significant toxicity for piperidine bearing aldoxime highlights the potential of its further studies in medical counter-measures, the observed biological activity of aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety could be indicative for future design of compounds either in a negative context in OP antidotes design, or in a positive one for design of compounds for the treatment of other phenomena like cell proliferating malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Marco Cavaco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Miguel Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, CiTCoM (UMR 8038), F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Lindgren C, Forsgren N, Hoster N, Akfur C, Artursson E, Edvinsson L, Svensson R, Worek F, Ekström F, Linusson A. Broad‐Spectrum Antidote Discovery by Untangling the Reactivation Mechanism of Nerve‐Agent‐Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200678. [PMID: 35420233 PMCID: PMC9400889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactivators are vital for the treatment of organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) intoxication but new alternatives are needed due to their limited clinical applicability. The toxicity of OPNAs stems from covalent inhibition of the essential enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which reactivators relieve via a chemical reaction with the inactivated enzyme. Here, we present new strategies and tools for developing reactivators. We discover suitable inhibitor scaffolds by using an activity‐independent competition assay to study non‐covalent interactions with OPNA‐AChEs and transform these inhibitors into broad‐spectrum reactivators. Moreover, we identify determinants of reactivation efficiency by analysing reactivation and pre‐reactivation kinetics together with structural data. Our results show that new OPNA reactivators can be discovered rationally by exploiting detailed knowledge of the reactivation mechanism of OPNA‐inhibited AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Forsgren
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Norman Hoster
- Department of Chemistry Umeå University 901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - Christine Akfur
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Elisabet Artursson
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | | | - Richard Svensson
- Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC Uppsala University 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology 80937 Munich Germany
| | - Fredrik Ekström
- CBRN Defense and Security Swedish Defense Research Agency 906 21 Umeå Sweden
| | - Anna Linusson
- Department of Chemistry Umeå University 901 87 Umeå Sweden
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11
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Lissette Mora-Medina T, Martínez-Pascual R, Ángel Peña-Rico M, Viñas-Bravo O, Montiel-Smith S, Pérez-Picaso L, Moreno-Díaz H. Preparation and cytotoxic evaluation of new steroidal oximes and aza-homosteroids from diosgenin and cholesterol. Steroids 2022; 182:109012. [PMID: 35307325 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using cholesterol and diosgenin as starting materials, we have designed a straightforward methodology to prepare in a reduced number of steps a novel series of steroidal oximes and their aza-homolactam analogs with four types of side chains: cholestane, spirostane, 22-oxocholestane and 22,26-epoxycholestene. The products were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Moreover, the selectivity of the most active compounds was determined against peripheral blood lymphocytes. Compounds 5, 8 and 13 were found to be the most active derivatives, exhibiting IC50 values in the low micromolar range (7.9-9.5 µM) and excellent selectivities (IC50 > 100 µM) against the non-tumor cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalía Lissette Mora-Medina
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Maestría en Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Col. Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, 68301 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Roxana Martínez-Pascual
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Col. Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, 68301 Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Rico
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Col. Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, 68301 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Omar Viñas-Bravo
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Col. Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, 68301 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Lemuel Pérez-Picaso
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Col. Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, 68301 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Hermenegilda Moreno-Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central 200, Col. Parque Industrial, Tuxtepec, 68301 Oaxaca, Mexico
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12
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Allard JL, Shields KA, Munro T, Lua LHL. Design and production strategies for developing a recombinant butyrylcholinesterase medical countermeasure for Organophosphorus poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:109996. [PMID: 35654125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents represent a serious chemical threat due to their ease of production and scale of impact. The recent use of the nerve agent Novichok has re-emphasised the need for broad-spectrum medical countermeasures (MCMs) to these agents. However, current MCMs are limited. Plasma derived human butyrylcholinesterase (huBChE) is a promising novel bioscavenger MCM strategy, but is prohibitively expensive to isolate from human plasma at scale. Efforts to produce recombinant huBChE (rBChE) in various protein expression platforms have failed to achieve key critical attributes of huBChE such as circulatory half-life. These proteins often lack critical features such as tetrameric structure and requisite post-translational modifications. This review evaluates previous attempts to generate rBChE and assesses recent advances in mammalian cell expression and protein engineering strategies that could be deployed to achieve the required half-life and yield for a viable rBChE MCM. This includes the addition of a proline-rich attachment domain, fusion proteins, post translational modifications, expression system selection and optimised downstream processes. Whilst challenges remain, a combinatorial approach of these strategies demonstrates potential as a technically feasible approach to achieving a bioactive and cost effective bioscavenger MCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Allard
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia; The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Katherine A Shields
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - TrentP Munro
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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13
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Countermeasures in organophosphorus intoxication: pitfalls and prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:593-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Stigler L, Köhler A, Koller M, Job L, Escher B, Potschka H, Thiermann H, Skerra A, Worek F, Wille T. Post-VX exposure treatment of rats with engineered phosphotriesterases. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:571-583. [PMID: 34962578 PMCID: PMC8837561 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The biologically stable and highly toxic organophosphorus nerve agent (OP) VX poses a major health threat. Standard medical therapy, consisting of reactivators and competitive muscarinic receptor antagonists, is insufficient. Recently, two engineered mutants of the Brevundimonas diminuta phosphotriesterase (PTE) with enhanced catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM = 21 to 38 × 106 M−1 min−1) towards VX and a preferential hydrolysis of the more toxic P(−) enantiomer were described: PTE-C23(R152E)-PAS(100)-10-2-C3(I106A/C59V/C227V/E71K)-PAS(200) (PTE-2), a single-chain bispecific enzyme with a PAS linker and tag having enlarged substrate spectrum, and 10-2-C3(C59V/C227V)-PAS(200) (PTE-3), a stabilized homodimeric enzyme with a double PASylation tag (PAS-tag) to reduce plasma clearance. To assess in vivo efficacy, these engineered enzymes were tested in an anesthetized rat model post-VX exposure (~ 2LD50) in comparison with the recombinant wild-type PTE (PTE-1), dosed at 1.0 mg kg−1 i.v.: PTE-2 dosed at 1.3 mg kg−1 i.v. (PTE-2.1) and 2.6 mg kg−1 i.v. (PTE-2.2) and PTE-3 at 1.4 mg kg−1 i.v. Injection of the mutants PTE-2.2 and PTE-3, 5 min after s.c. VX exposure, ensured survival and prevented severe signs of a cholinergic crisis. Inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could not be prevented. However, medulla oblongata and diaphragm AChE activity was partially preserved. All animals treated with the wild-type enzyme, PTE-1, showed severe cholinergic signs and died during the observation period of 180 min. PTE-2.1 resulted in the survival of all animals, yet accompanied by severe signs of OP poisoning. This study demonstrates for the first time efficient detoxification in vivo achieved with low doses of heterodimeric PTE-2 as well as PTE-3 and indicates the suitability of these engineered enzymes for the development of highly effective catalytic scavengers directed against VX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stigler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.,Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marianne Koller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Dubrana LE, Knoll-Gellida A, Bourcier LM, Mercé T, Pedemay S, Nachon F, Calas AG, Baati R, Soares M, Babin PJ. An Antidote Screening System for Organophosphorus Poisoning Using Zebrafish Larvae. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2865-2877. [PMID: 34284583 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents, are very potent neurotoxicants. Given that the actual treatment has several limitations, the present study provides a general method, called the zebrafish-OP-antidote test (ZOAT), and basic scientific data, to identify new antidotes that are more effective than the reference pyridinium oximes after acute OP poisoning. The reactivation capacity of a chemical compound can be measured using in vivo and ex vivo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays. We demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between chemical compound protective efficacies in the central and peripheral nervous system via the visual motor response and electric field pulse motor response tests, respectively. Moreover, the ability to cross the brain-blood barrier can be estimated in a physiological context by combining an AChE assay on the head and trunk-tail fractions and the cellular and tissue localization of AChE activity in the whole-mount animal. ZOAT is an innovative method suitable for the screening and rapid identification of chemicals and mixtures used as antidote for OP poisoning. The method will make it easier to identify more effective medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents, including combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E. Dubrana
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Anja Knoll-Gellida
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Laure M. Bourcier
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Théo Mercé
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Sandra Pedemay
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armés, Brétigny sur Orge, F-91220, France
| | - André-Guilhem Calas
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armés, Brétigny sur Orge, F-91220, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- ECPM UMR CNRS 7515, ICPEES Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Énergie, l’Environnement et la Santé, Strasbourg, F-67087, France
| | - Magalie Soares
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
| | - Patrick J. Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, INSERM, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, F-33615, France
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16
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Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Inhibition of an organophosphate-detoxifying bacterial phosphotriesterase by albumin and plasma thiol components. Toxicol Lett 2021; 350:194-201. [PMID: 34303790 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotriesterase of the bacterium Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE) is a naturally occurring enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents as well as pesticides and offers a potential treatment of corresponding intoxications. While BdPTE mutants with improved catalytic efficiencies against several OPs have been described, unexpectedly, less efficient breakdown of an OP was observed upon application in an animal model compared with in vitro measurements. Here, we describe detailed inhibition studies with the high-activity BdPTE mutant 10-2C3(C59M/C227A) by human plasma components, indicating that this enzyme is inhibited by serum albumin. The inhibitory activity is mediated by depletion of crucial zinc ions from the BdPTE active site, either via the known high-affinity zinc binding site of albumin or via chemical complex formation with its free thiol side chain at position Cys34. Albumin pre-charged with zinc ions or carrying a chemically blocked Cys34 side chain showed significantly reduced inhibitory activity; in fact, the combination of both measures completely abolished BdPTE inhibition. Consequently, the available zinc ion concentration in blood plays an important role for BdPTE activity in vivo and should be taken into account for therapeutic development and application of a catalytic OP scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Köhler
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Laura Job
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Arne Skerra
- Chair of Biological Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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17
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Non-quaternary oximes detoxify nerve agents and reactivate nerve agent-inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase. Commun Biol 2021; 4:573. [PMID: 33990679 PMCID: PMC8121814 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Government-sanctioned use of nerve agents (NA) has escalated dramatically in recent years. Oxime reactivators of organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) serve as antidotes toward poisoning by OPNAs. The oximes used as therapeutics are quaternary compounds that cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There remains an urgent need for the development of next generation OPNA therapeutics. We have developed two high-throughput screening (HTS) assays using a fluorogenic NA surrogate, O-ethyl methylphosphonyl O-4-methyl-3-cyano-coumarin (EMP-MeCyC). EMP-MeCyC detoxification and EMP-BChE reactivation screening campaigns of ~155,000 small molecules resulted in the identification of 33 nucleophile candidates, including non-quaternary oximes. Four of the oximes were reactivators of both Sarin- and VX-inhibited BChE and directly detoxified Sarin. One oxime also detoxified VX. The novel reactivators included a non-quaternary pyridine amidoxime, benzamidoxime, benzaldoxime and a piperidyl-ketoxime. The VX-inhibited BChE reactivation reaction rates by these novel molecules were similar to those observed with known bis-quaternary reactivators and faster than mono-quaternary pyridinium oximes. Notably, we discovered the first ketoxime reactivator of OP-ChEs and detoxifier of OPNAs. Preliminary toxicological studies demonstrated that the newly discovered non-quaternary oximes were relatively non-toxic in mice. The discovery of unique non-quaternary oximes opens the door to the design of novel therapeutics and decontamination agents following OPNA exposure.
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18
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Pohanka M. Inhibitors of Cholinesterases in Pharmacology: the Current Trends. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:1532-1542. [PMID: 31656151 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018170908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cholinesterases are a wide group of low molecular weight compounds with a significant role in the current pharmacology. Besides the pharmacological importance, they are also known as toxic compounds like military nerve agents. In the pharmacology, drugs for Alzheimer disease, myasthenia gravis and prophylaxis of poisoning by nerve agents can be mentioned as the relevant applications. Besides this, anti-inflammation and antiphrastic drugs are other pharmacological applications of these inhibitors. This review is focused on a survey of cholinesterase inhibitors with known or expected pharmacological impact and indications of their use. Recent literature with comments is provided here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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19
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Wang L, Ding J, Shi P, Fu L, Pan L, Tian J, Cao D, Jiang H, Ding X. Ensemble machine learning to evaluate the in vivo acute oral toxicity and in vitro human acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of organophosphates. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2443-2457. [PMID: 33934188 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are hazardous chemicals widely used in industry and agriculture. Distribution of their residues in nature causes serious risks to humans, animals, and plants. To reduce hazards from OPs, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting their acute oral toxicity in rats and mice and inhibition constants concerning human acetylcholinesterase were developed according to the bioactivity data of 456 unique OPs. Based on robust, two-dimensional molecular descriptors and quantum chemical descriptors, which accurately reflect OP electronic structures and reactivities, the influences of eight machine-learning algorithms on the prediction performance of the QSAR models were explored, and consensus QSAR models were constructed. Several strict model validation indices and the results of applicability domain evaluations show that the established consensus QSAR models exhibit good robustness, practical prediction abilities, and wide application scopes. Poor correlation was observed between acute oral toxicity at the mammalian level and the inhibition constants at the molecular level, indicating that the acute toxicity of OPs cannot be evaluated only by the experimental data of enzyme inhibitory activity, their toxicokinetic characteristics must also be considered. The constructed QSAR models described herein provide rapid, theoretical assessment of the bioactivity of unstudied or unknown OPs, as well as guidance for making decisions regarding their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Junjie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Peichang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Li Fu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jiahao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Dongsheng Cao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China. .,Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
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20
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Yu C, Zhao M, Pan Z, Bo Y, Zhao W, He X, Zhang J. Butyrylcholinesterase nanodepots with enhanced prophylactic and therapeutic performance for acute organophosphorus poisoning management. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1877-1887. [PMID: 33533366 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning (AOPP) is a worldwide health concern that has threatened human lives for decades, which attacks acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and causes nervous system disorders. Classical treatment options are associated with short in vivo half-life and side effects. As a potential alternative, delivery of mammalian-derived butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) offers a cost-effective way to block organophosphorus attack on acetylcholinesterase, a key enzyme in the neurotransmitter cycle. Yet the use of exotic BChE as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent is compromised by short plasma residence, immune response and unfavorable biodistribution. To overcome these obstacles, BChE nanodepots (nBChE) composed of a BChE core/polymorpholine shell structure were prepared via in situ polymerization, which showed enhanced stability, prolonged plasma circulation, attenuated antigenicity and reduced accumulation in non-targeted tissues. In vivo administration of nBChE pre- or post-organophosphorus exposure in a BALB/C mouse model resulted in potent prophylactic and therapeutic efficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic delivery of non-human BChE to tackle AOPP. In addition, this work also opens up a new avenue for real applications in both research and clinical settings to cope with acute intoxication-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwei Yu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Zuchen Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China. and Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yiyang Bo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China. and Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China. and Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiongkui He
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China. and Research Centre of Printed Flexible Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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21
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Escher B, Köhler A, Job L, Worek F, Skerra A. Translating the Concept of Bispecific Antibodies to Engineering Heterodimeric Phosphotriesterases with Broad Organophosphate Substrate Recognition. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4395-4406. [PMID: 33146522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have adopted the concept of bispecific antibodies, which can simultaneously block or cross-link two different biomolecular targets, to create bispecific enzymes by exploiting the homodimeric quaternary structure of bacterial phosphotriesterases (PTEs). The PTEs from Brevundimonas diminuta and Agrobacterium radiobacter, whose engineered variants can efficiently hydrolyze organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides, respectively, have attracted considerable interest for the treatment of the corresponding intoxications. OP nerve agents and pesticides still pose a severe toxicological threat in military conflicts, including acts of terrorism, as well as in agriculture, leading to >100000 deaths per year. In principle, engineered conventional homodimeric PTEs may provoke hydrolytic inactivation of individual OPs in vivo, and their application as catalytic bioscavengers via administration into the bloodstream has been proposed. However, their narrow substrate specificity would necessitate therapeutic application of a set or mixture of different enzymes, which complicates biopharmaceutical development. We succeeded in combining subunits from both enzymes and to stabilize their heterodimerization by rationally designing electrostatic steering mutations, thus breaking the natural C2 symmetry. The resulting bispecific enzyme from two PTEs with different bacterial origin exhibits an ultrabroad OP substrate profile and allows the efficient detoxification of both nerve agents and pesticides. Our approach of combining two active sites with distinct substrate specificities within one artificial dimeric biocatalyst-retaining the size and general properties of the original enzyme without utilizing protein mixtures or much larger fusion proteins-not only should facilitate biological drug development but also may be applicable to oligomeric enzymes with other catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 München, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
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22
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Zhang L, Murata H, Amitai G, Smith PN, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Catalytic Detoxification of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents by Butyrylcholinesterase-Polymer-Oxime Bioscavengers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3867-3877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhang
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gabriel Amitai
- Wohl Drug Discovery Institute, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Paige N. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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23
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Machamer JB, Apland JP, Winner BM, Wolfe SE, Pagarigan KT, Bounader KM, Kasten SA, Adler M, McNutt PM. Functional basis for dose-dependent antagonism of rat and rabbit neuromuscular transmission by the bis-pyridinium oxime MMB4. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3877-3891. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2275-2292. [PMID: 32506210 PMCID: PMC7367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents still pose a threat to the population. Treatment of OP poisoning is an ongoing challenge and burden for medical services. Standard drug treatment consists of atropine and an oxime as reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and is virtually unchanged since more than six decades. Established oximes, i.e. pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MMB-4, are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and often cover only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides. Moreover, the value of oximes in human OP pesticide poisoning is still disputed. Long-lasting research efforts resulted in the preparation of countless experimental oximes, and more recently non-oxime reactivators, intended to replace or supplement the established and licensed oximes. The progress of this development is slow and none of the novel compounds appears to be suitable for transfer into advanced development or into clinical use. This situation calls for a critical analysis of the value of oximes as mainstay of treatment as well as the potential and limitations of established and novel reactivators. Requirements for a straightforward identification of superior reactivators and their development to licensed drugs need to be addressed as well as options for interim solutions as a chance to improve the therapy of OP poisoning in a foreseeable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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25
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Sezigen S, Esim O, Sarper M, Savaser A. In vitro evaluation of two different types of obidoxime-loaded nanoparticles for cytotoxicity and blood-brain barrier transport. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:53-58. [PMID: 32380126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents (NA) are chemical warfare munitions and their exposure causes a progressive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This inhibition causes NA-induced brain damage in central nervous system (CNS). Oximes reactivate AChE in both the peripheral nervous system and the CNS. Transport of the oxime across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the existed therapeutic concentrations at the brain parenchyma determines the effectiveness of antidote therapy on respiratory depression and NA-induced brain damage. However, oximes could not cross the BBB in therapeutic concentrations. The aim of this study was to load AChE reactivator obidoxime chloride to PLGA and PEG-b-PLGA nanoparticles and to improve the BBB transport of the molecule. Brain microvascular endothelial cells were used as the BBB model. 79.3 ± 4.2% of obidoxime was released from PLGA nanoparticles and 88.2 ± 4.4% of obidoxime was released from PEG-b-PLGA nanoparticles within 24 h. It was found that PEG-b-PLGA nanoparticles were ideal drug carrier because of its low tissue toxicity, few side effects, and controllable drug release profile. Transport efficiency of obidoxime across the BBB is a major challenge in the prevention of the CNS, the effectiveness of NA poisoning and new strategies like using obidoxime-loaded PEG-b-PLGA nanoparticles could overcome this challenge for the management of NA-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermet Sezigen
- University of Health Sciences, Department of Medical CBRN Defense, 06010, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozgur Esim
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meral Sarper
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Institute of Health Sciences, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Savaser
- University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06010, Ankara, Turkey
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26
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Efficient detoxification of nerve agents by oxime-assisted reactivation of acetylcholinesterase mutants. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108111. [PMID: 32333945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in crystallography and kinetics studies involving reactivation mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents have enabled a new paradigm in the search for potent medical countermeasures in case of nerve agents exposure. Poisonings by organophosphorus compounds (OP) that lead to life-threatening toxic manifestations require immediate treatment that combines administration of anticholinergic drugs and an aldoxime as a reactivator of AChE. An alternative approach to reduce the in vivo toxicity of OP centers on the use of bioscavengers against the parent organophosphate. Our recent research showed that site-directed mutagenesis of AChE can enable aldoximes to substantially accelerate the reactivation of OP-enzyme conjugates while dramatically slowing down rates of OP-conjugate dealkylation (aging). Therefore, this review focuses on oxime-assisted catalysis by AChE mutants that provides a potential means for degradation of organophosphates in the plasma before reaching the cellular target site. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside to Battlefield'.
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Abstract
Oximes, which are highly bioactive molecules, have versatile uses in the medical sector and have been indicated to possess biological activity. Certain oximes exist in nature in plants and animals, but they are also obtained by chemical synthesis. Oximes are known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Moreover, they are therapeutic agents against organophosphate (OP) poisoning. Two oximes are already commonly used in therapy. Due to these abilities, new oxime compounds have been synthesized, and their biological activity has been verified. Often, modification of carbonyl compounds into oximes leads to increased activity. Nevertheless, in some cases, oxime activity is connected to the activity of the substrate. Recent works have revealed that new oxime compounds can demonstrate such functions and thus are considered to be potential drugs for pathogenic diseases, as adjuvant therapy in various types of cancer and inflammation and as potential next-generation drugs against OP poisoning.
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28
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Amend N, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Wille T, Worek F, Thiermann H. Diagnostics and treatment of nerve agent poisoning—current status and future developments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:13-28. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Karin V. Niessen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
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29
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de Castro AA, Assis LC, Soares FV, Kuca K, Polisel DA, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Trends in the Recent Patent Literature on Cholinesterase Reactivators (2016-2019). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030436. [PMID: 32178264 PMCID: PMC7175240 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the key enzyme responsible for deactivating the ACh neurotransmitter. Irreversible or prolonged inhibition of AChE, therefore, elevates synaptic ACh leading to serious central and peripheral adverse effects which fall under the cholinergic syndrome spectra. To combat the toxic effects of some AChEI, such as organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents, many compounds with reactivator effects have been developed. Within the most outstanding reactivators, the substances denominated oximes stand out, showing good performance for reactivating AChE and restoring the normal synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) levels. This review was developed with the purpose of covering the new advances in AChE reactivation. Over the past years, researchers worldwide have made efforts to identify and develop novel active molecules. These researches have been moving farther into the search for novel agents that possess better effectiveness of reactivation and broad-spectrum reactivation against diverse OP agents. In addition, the discovery of ways to restore AChE in the aged form is also of great importance. This review will allow us to evaluate the major advances made in the discovery of new acetylcholinesterase reactivators by reviewing all patents published between 2016 and 2019. This is an important step in continuing this remarkable research so that new studies can begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Letícia C. Assis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
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30
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Reactivation of VX-Inhibited Human Acetylcholinesterase by Deprotonated Pralidoxime. A Complementary Quantum Mechanical Study. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020192. [PMID: 32012780 PMCID: PMC7072650 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we performed a complementary quantum mechanical (QM) study to describe the mechanism by which deprotonated pralidoxime (2-PAM) could reactivate human (Homo sapiens sapiens) acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE) inhibited by the nerve agent VX. Such a reaction is proposed to occur in subsequent addition-elimination steps, starting with a nucleophile bimolecular substitution (SN2) mechanism through the formation of a trigonal bipyramidal transition state (TS). A near attack conformation (NAC), obtained in a former study using molecular mechanics (MM) calculations, was taken as a starting point for this project, where we described the possible formation of the TS. Together, this combined QM/MM study on AChE reactivation shows the feasibility of the reactivation occurring via attack of the deprotonated form of 2-PAM against the Ser203-VX adduct of HssAChE.
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31
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Job L, Köhler A, Escher B, Worek F, Skerra A. A catalytic bioscavenger with improved stability and reduced susceptibility to oxidation for treatment of acute poisoning with neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Lett 2019; 321:138-145. [PMID: 31891759 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP)1 nerve agents pose a severe toxicological threat, both after dissemination in military conflicts and by terrorists. Hydrolytic enzymes, which may be administered into the blood stream of victims by injection and can decompose the circulating nerve agent into non-toxic metabolites in vivo, could offer a treatment. Indeed, for the phosphotriesterase found in the bacterium Brevundimonas diminuta (BdPTE),2 engineered versions with improved catalytic efficiencies have been described; yet, their biochemical stabilities are insufficient for therapeutic use. Here, we describe the application of rational protein design to develop novel mutants of BdPTE that are less susceptible to oxidative damage. In particular, the replacement of two unpaired cysteine residues by more inert amino acids led to higher stability while maintaining high catalytic activity towards a broad spectrum of substrates, including OP pesticides and V-type nerve agents. The mutant BdPTE enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and their biochemical and enzymological properties were assessed. Several candidates both revealed enhanced thermal stability and were less susceptible to oxidative stress, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. These mutants of BdPTE may show promise for the treatment of acute intoxications by nerve agents as well as OP pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Job
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Anja Köhler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Escher
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 München, Germany.
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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32
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McGarry KG, Schill KE, Winters TP, Lemmon EE, Sabourin CL, Harvilchuck JA, Moyer RA. Characterization of Cholinesterases From Multiple Large Animal Species for Medical Countermeasure Development Against Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents. Toxicol Sci 2019; 174:124-132. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) such as sarin (GB) and VX, continue to be a global threat to both civilian and military populations. It is widely accepted that cholinesterase inhibition is the primary mechanism for acute OP toxicity. Disruption of cholinergic function through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Excess acetylcholine at the synapse results in an overstimulation of cholinergic neurons which manifests in the common signs and symptoms of OP intoxication (miosis, increased secretions, seizures, convulsions, and respiratory failure). The primary therapeutic strategy employed in the United States to treat OP intoxication includes reactivation of inhibited AChE with the oxime pralidoxime (2-PAM) along with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine and the benzodiazepine, diazepam. CWNAs are also known to inhibit butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) without any apparent toxic effects. Therefore, BChE may be viewed as a “bioscavenger” that stoichiometrically binds CWNAs and removes them from circulation. The degree of inhibition of AChE and BChE and the effectiveness of 2-PAM are known to vary among species. Animal models are imperative for evaluating the efficacy of CWNA medical countermeasures, and a thorough characterization of available animal models is important for translating results to humans. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the circulating levels of each of the cholinesterases as well as multiple kinetic properties (inhibition, reactivation, and aging rates) of both AChE and BChE derived from humans to AChE and BChE derived from commonly used large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erin E Lemmon
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, Ohio
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Parvaz S, Taheri-Ledari R, Esmaeili MS, Rabbani M, Maleki A. A brief survey on the advanced brain drug administration by nanoscale carriers: With a particular focus on AChE reactivators. Life Sci 2019; 240:117099. [PMID: 31760098 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obviously, delivery of the medications to the brain is more difficult than other tissues due to the existence of a strong obstacle, which is called blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because of the lipophilic nature of this barrier, it would be a complex (and in many cases impossible) process to cross the medications with hydrophilic behavior from BBB and deliver them to the brain. Thus, novel intricate drug-carriers in nano scales have been recently developed and suitably applied for this purpose. One of the most important categories of these hydrophilic medications, are reactivators for acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of acetylcholine (as a neurotransmitter). The AChE function is inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents that are extremely used in military conflicts. In this review, the abilities of the nanosized drug delivery systems to perform as suitable vehicles for AChE reactivators are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Parvaz
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Esmaeili
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rabbani
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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34
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic AB, Antonijevic B. Comparison of oximes K203 and K027 based on Benchmark dose analysis of rat diaphragmal acetylcholinesterase reactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:385-391. [PMID: 31141677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milena Andjelkovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Buha Djordjevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Abstract
Standard therapy of Organophosphorus Compound (OPC) poisoning with
oxime-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators is unsatisfactory. New bispyridinium
oximes have therefore been synthesized. This review summarizes in vitro characteristics
of established (pralidoxime, obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) and experimental (K-)oximes,
and compares their protective efficacy in vivo, when administered shortly after exposure
to Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and three OPC pesticides (ethyl-paraoxon, methylparaoxon,
azinphos-methyl) in the same experimental setting.
In addition to reactivating cholinesterase, oximes also inhibit this enzyme; strongest
AChE inhibition (IC50 rat blood: 1-9 µM) is observed in vitro for the oximes with a xylene
linker (K-107, K-108, K-113). AChE inhibition is weakest for K-27, K-48 and HI-6 (IC50
>500 µM). Intrinsic AChE inhibition of oximes in vitro (IC50, rat) is strongly correlated with their LD50 (rat):
oximes with a high IC50 (K-27, K-48, pralidoxime, obidoxime) also show a high LD50, making them relatively
non-toxic, whereas oximes K-107, K-108 and K-113 (low IC50 and LD50) are far more toxic.
When given in vivo after OP exposure, best protection is conferred by K-27, reducing the relative risk of death
to 16-58% of controls, which is significantly superior to pralidoxime in DFP-, ethyl-paraoxon- and methylparaoxon-
exposure, and to obidoxime in ethyl-paraoxon- and methyl-paraoxon-exposure. Marked reduction in
mortality is also achieved by K-48, K-53, K-74 and K-75, whereas K-107, K-108 and K-113 have no or only a
very weak mortality-reducing effect. K-27 is the most promising K-oxime due to its strong reactivation potency,
weak cholinesterase inhibition and high LD50, allowing administration in large, very efficacious dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E. Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, University Park GL 495 D, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami 33199, Florida , United States
| | - Georg A. Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, University Park GL 495 D, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami 33199, Florida , United States
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da Silva JAV, Nepovimova E, Ramalho TC, Kuca K, Costa França TC. Molecular modelling studies on the interactions of 7-methoxytacrine-4-pyridinealdoxime with VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. A near attack approach to assess different spacer-lengths. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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da Silva JAV, Nepovimova E, Ramalho TC, Kuca K, Celmar Costa França T. Molecular modeling studies on the interactions of 7-methoxytacrine-4-pyridinealdoxime, 4-PA, 2-PAM, and obidoxime with VX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase: a near attack conformation approach. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1018-1029. [PMID: 31074292 PMCID: PMC6522925 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1609953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
7-methoxytacrine-4-pyridinealdoxime (7-MEOTA-4-PA, named hybrid 5C) is a compound formerly synthesized and evaluated in vitro, together with 4-pyridine aldoxime (4-PA) and commercial reactivators of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This compound was designed with the purpose of being a prophylactic reactivator, capable of interacting with different subdomains of the active site of AChE. To investigate these interactions, theoretical results from docking were first compared with experimental data of hybrid 5C, 4-PA, and two commercial oximes, on the reactivation of human AChE (HssAChE) inhibited by VX. Then, further docking studies, molecular dynamics simulations, and molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area calculations, were carried out to investigate reactivation performances, considering the near attack conformation (NAC) approach, prior to the nucleophilic substitution mechanism. Our results helped to elucidate the interactions of such molecules with the different subdomains of the active site of HssAChE. Additionally, NAC poses of each oxime were suggested for further theoretical studies on the reactivation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Valle da Silva
- a Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Department of Chemical Engineering , Military Institute of Engineering , Rio de Janeiro/RJ , Brazil
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico Castro Ramalho
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic.,c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling, Chemistry Department , Federal University of Lavras , Lavras , Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuca
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- a Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Department of Chemical Engineering , Military Institute of Engineering , Rio de Janeiro/RJ , Brazil.,b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
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Marquart K, Prokopchuk O, Wilhelm D, Worek F, Thiermann H, Martignoni ME, Wille T. Human small bowel as model for poisoning with organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lorke DE, Petroianu GA. The Experimental Oxime K027-A Promising Protector From Organophosphate Pesticide Poisoning. A Review Comparing K027, K048, Pralidoxime, and Obidoxime. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:427. [PMID: 31191210 PMCID: PMC6547910 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) is a major problem worldwide. Standard therapy with atropine and established oxime-type enzyme reactivators (pralidoxime, obidoxime) is unsatisfactory. In search of more efficacious broad-spectrum oximes, new bispyridinium (K-) oximes have been synthesized, with K027 being among the most promising. This review summarizes pharmacokinetic characteristics of K027, its toxicity and in vivo efficacy to protect from OPC toxicity and compares this oxime with another experimental bisquaternary asymmetric pyridinium aldoxime (K048) and two established oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime). After intramuscular (i.m.) injection, K027 reaches maximum plasma concentration within ∼30 min; only ∼2% enter the brain. Its intrinsic cholinesterase inhibitory activity is low, making it relatively non-toxic. In vitro reactivation potency is high for ethyl-paraoxon-, methyl-paraoxon-, dichlorvos-, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)- and tabun-inhibited cholinesterase. When administered in vivo after exposure to the same OPCs, K027 is comparable or more efficacious than pralidoxime and obidoxime. When given as a pretreatment before exposure to ethyl-paraoxon, methyl-paraoxon, DFP, or azinphos-methyl, it is superior to the Food and Drug Administration-approved compound pyridostigmine and comparable to physostigmine, which because of its entry into the brain may cause unwanted behavioral effects. Because of its low toxicity, K027 can be given in high dosages, making it a very efficacious oxime not only for postexposure treatment but also for prophylactic administration, especially when brain penetration is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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40
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Franjesevic AJ, Sillart SB, Beck JM, Vyas S, Callam CS, Hadad CM. Resurrection and Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:5337-5371. [PMID: 30444932 PMCID: PMC6508893 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides present significant threats to civilian and military populations. OP compounds include the nefarious G and V chemical nerve agents, but more commonly, civilians are exposed to less toxic OP pesticides, resulting in the same negative toxicological effects and thousands of deaths on an annual basis. After decades of research, no new therapeutics have been realized since the mid-1900s. Upon phosphylation of the catalytic serine residue, a process known as inhibition, there is an accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain synapses and neuromuscular junctions, leading to a cholinergic crisis and eventually death. Oxime nucleophiles can reactivate select OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Yet, the fields of reactivation of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase encounter additional challenges as broad-spectrum reactivation of either enzyme is difficult. Additional problems include the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and to provide therapy in the central nervous system. Yet another complication arises in a competitive reaction, known as aging, whereby OP-inhibited AChE is converted to an inactive form, which until very recently, had been impossible to reverse to an active, functional form. Evaluations of uncharged oximes and other neutral nucleophiles have been made. Non-oxime reactivators, such as aromatic general bases and Mannich bases, have been developed. The issue of aging, which generates an anionic phosphylated serine residue, has been historically recalcitrant to recovery by any therapeutic approach-that is, until earlier this year. Mannich bases not only serve as reactivators of OP-inhibited AChE, but this class of compounds can also recover activity from the aged form of AChE, a process referred to as resurrection. This review covers the modern efforts to address all of these issues and notes the complexities of therapeutic development along these different lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Franjesevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sydney B Sillart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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41
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Herbert J, Thiermann H, Worek F, Wille T. COPD and asthma therapeutics for supportive treatment in organophosphate poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:644-651. [PMID: 30696282 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1540785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Context: Nerve agents like sarin or VX have repeatedly been used in military conflicts or homicidal attacks, as seen in Syria or Malaysia 2017. Together with pesticides, nerve agents assort as organophosphorus compounds (OP), which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. To counteract subsequent fatal symptoms due to acetylcholine (ACh) accumulation, oximes plus atropine are administered, a regimen that lacks efficacy in several cases of OP poisoning. New therapeutics are in development, but still need evaluation before clinical employment. Supportive treatment with already approved drugs presents an alternative, whereby compounds from COPD and asthma therapy are likely options. A recent pilot study by Chowdhury et al. included β2-agonist salbutamol in the treatment of OP-pesticide poisoned patients, yielding ambiguous results concerning the addition. Here, we provide experimental data for further investigations regarding the value of these drugs in OP poisoning. Methods: By video-microscopy, changes in airway area were analyzed in VX-poisoned rat precision cut lung slices (PCLS) after ACh-induced airway contraction and subsequent application of selected anticholinergics/β2-agonists. Results: Glycopyrrolate and ipratropium efficiently antagonized an ACh-induced airway contraction in VX-poisoned PCLS (EC50 glycopyrrolate 15.8 nmol/L, EC50 ipratropium 2.3 nmol/L). β2-agonists formoterol and salbutamol had only negligible effects when solely applied in the same setting. However, combination of formoterol or salbutamol with low dosed glycopyrrolate or atropine led to an additive effect compared to the sole application [50.6 ± 8.8% airway area increase after 10 nmol/L formoterol +1 nmol/L atropine versus 11.7 ± 9.2% (10 nmol/L formoterol) or 8.6 ± 5.9% (1 nmol/L atropine)]. Discussion: We showed antagonizing effects of anticholinergics and β2-agonists on ACh-induced airway contractions in VX-poisoned PCLS, thus providing experimental data to support a prospective comprehensive clinical study. Conclusions: Our results indicate that COPD and asthma therapeutics could be a valuable addition to the treatment of OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herbert
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstraße 11, Munich , Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstraße 11, Munich , Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstraße 11, Munich , Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstraße 11, Munich , Germany
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de Paula RL, de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFA, Gonçalves AS, Simas ABC, Franca TCC, Valis M, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Granjeiro JM. Molecular Modeling and In Vitro Studies of a Neutral Oxime as a Potential Reactivator for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon. Molecules 2018; 23:E2954. [PMID: 30424582 PMCID: PMC6278417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to compare the small, neutral and monoaromatic oxime, isatin-3-oxime (isatin-O), to the commercial ones, pralidoxime (2-PAM) and obidoxime, in a search for a new potential reactivator for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by the pesticide paraoxon (AChE/POX) as well as a novel potential scaffold for further synthetic modifications. The multicriteria decision methods (MCDM) allowed the identification of the best docking poses of those molecules inside AChE/POX for further molecular dynamic (MD) studies, while Ellman's modified method enabled in vitro inhibition and reactivation assays. In corroboration with the theoretical studies, our experimental results showed that isatin-O have a reactivation potential capable of overcoming 2-PAM at the initial moments of the assay. Despite not achieving better results than obidoxime, this molecule is promising for being an active neutral oxime with capacity of crossing the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB), to reactivate AChE/POX inside the central and peripheral nervous systems. Moreover, the fact that isatin-O can also act as anticonvulsant makes this molecule a possible multipotent reactivator. Besides, the MCDM method showed to be an accurate method for the selection of the best docking poses generated in the docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuel L de Paula
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Brazil.
- IDQBRN (Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Joyce S F D de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Samir F A Cavalcante
- IDQBRN (Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil.
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS Bloco H Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Arlan S Gonçalves
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Avenida Ministro Salgado Filho S/N, Vila Velha 29106-010, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro B C Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS Bloco H Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Brazil.
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Hayes TR, Thompson CM, Blecha JE, Gerdes JM, VanBrocklin HF. Radiosynthesis of O-(1-[ 18 F]fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl)methylphosphonate: A novel PET tracer surrogate of sarin. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1089-1094. [PMID: 30347484 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
O-(1-Fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate is a reactive organophosphate ester (OP) developed as a surrogate of the chemical warfare agent sarin that forms a similar covalent adduct at the active site serine of acetylcholinesterase. The radiolabeled O-(1-[18 F]fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate ([18 F] fluorosarin surrogate) has not been previously prepared. In this paper, we report the first radiosynthesis of this tracer from the reaction of bis-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate with 1-[18 F]fluoro-2-propanol in the presence of DBU. The 1-[18 F]fluoro-2-propanol was prepared by reaction of propylene sulfite with Kryptofix 2.2.2 and [18 F] fluoride ion. The desired tracer O-(1-[18 F]fluoropropan-2-yl)-O-(4-nitrophenyl) methylphosphonate was obtained in a >98% radiochemical purity with a 2.4% ± 0.6% yield (n = 5, 65 minutes from start of synthesis) based on starting [18 F] fluoride ion and a molar activity of 49.9 GBq/μmol (1.349 ± 0.329 Ci/μmol, n = 3). This new facile radiosynthesis routinely affords sufficient quantities of [18 F] fluorosarin surrogate in high radiochemical purity, which will further enable the tracer development as a novel radiolabeled OP acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for assessment of OP modes of action with PET imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hayes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Joseph E Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John M Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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44
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Sit RK, Kovarik Z, Maček Hrvat N, Žunec S, Green C, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Radić Z, Taylor P. Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Tissue Disposition of Zwitterionic Hydroxyiminoacetamido Alkylamines as Reactivating Antidotes for Organophosphate Exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:363-372. [PMID: 30190337 PMCID: PMC6223194 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the development of antidotal therapy for treatment of organophosphate exposure from pesticides used in agriculture and nerve agents insidiously employed in terrorism, the alkylpyridinium aldoximes have received primary attention since their early development by I. B. Wilson in the 1950s. Yet these agents, by virtue of their quaternary structure, are limited in rates of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and they require administration parenterally to achieve full distribution in the body. Oximes lacking cationic charges or presenting a tertiary amine have been considered as alternatives. Herein, we examine the pharmacokinetic properties of a lead ionizable, zwitterionic hydroxyiminoacetamido alkylamine in mice to develop a framework for studying these agents in vivo and generate sufficient data for their consideration as appropriate antidotes for humans. Consequently, in vitro and in vivo efficacies of immediate structural congeners were explored as leads or backups for animal studies. We compared oral and parenteral dosing, and we developed an intramuscular loading and oral maintenance dosing scheme in mice. Steady-state plasma and brain levels of the antidote were achieved with sequential administrations out to 10 hours, with brain levels exceeding plasma levels shortly after administration. Moreover, the zwitterionic oxime showed substantial protection after gavage, whereas the classic methylpyridinium aldoxime (2-pyridinealdoxime methiodide) was without evident protection. Although further studies in other animal species are necessary, ionizing zwitterionic aldoximes present viable alternatives to existing antidotes for prophylaxis and treatment of large numbers of individuals in terrorist-led events with nerve agent organophosphates, such as sarin, and in organophosphate pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sit
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Carol Green
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California (R.K.S., V.V.F., K.B.S.); Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia (Z.K., N.M.H., S.Ž.); SRI International, Menlo Park, California (C.G.); and Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (Z.R., P.T.)
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Horn G, de Koning MC, van Grol M, Thiermann H, Worek F. Interactions between acetylcholinesterase, toxic organophosphorus compounds and a short series of structurally related non-oxime reactivators: Analysis of reactivation and inhibition kinetics in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:218-225. [PMID: 30312685 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds (OP) is characterized by inhibition of the key enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and potentially fatal outcomes in humans. Insufficient efficacy of the standard therapy with atropine and AChE reactivators (oximes) against certain OP initiated synthesis of novel non-oxime reactivators basing on the common structure 4-amino-2-((diethylamino)methyl)phenol (ADOC). Recently, we reported of a pyrrolidine-bearing ADOC analogue (3 l) with a remarkable ability to reactivate OP-inhibited AChE. This in vitro study was undertaken to determine reactivity, affinity and overall reactivation constants of 3 l, the reference compound ADOC and two structural analogues with human AChE inhibited by paraoxon, sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The data showed a 10 to 34-fold reactivating potency of 3 l compared to ADOC mainly due to improved affinity. Additionally, various interactions between non-oximes, human or guinea pig (GP) AChE and structurally different OP were investigated: OP-inhibited guinea pig AChE was less amenable to reactivation by ADOC and 3 l than human AChE. Compound 3 l was considered as potential pretreatment to prevent AChE from irreversible inhibition by OP: In the presence of 10 μM 3 l inhibition of native human AChE was attenuated resulting in protective indices (PI) ranging from about 2.7 to 6.0. A combination of 3 l and the bispyridinium oxime HI-6 was tested to reactivate OP-inhibited AChE: The superior reactivator of the respective OP-AChE combination dominated the reactivation process and a synergistic effect could not be observed. In conclusion, novel non-oxime reactivators like 3 l may be considered as promising templates for the design of more potent therapeutics against poisoning by highly toxic OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marco van Grol
- TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
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Bench to Bedside to Bystanders - Moving Antidotes and Management Guidelines Out of the Hospital and Into the Field. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2018; 13:397-399. [PMID: 30246681 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Discovery of a potent non-oxime reactivator of nerve agent inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Marquart K, Prokopchuk O, Worek F, Thiermann H, Martignoni ME, Wille T. Human small bowel as a useful tool to investigate smooth muscle effects of potential therapeutics in organophosphate poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:235-240. [PMID: 29154801 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolated organs proofed to be a robust tool to study effects of (potential) therapeutics in organophosphate poisoning. Small bowel samples have been successfully used to reveal smooth muscle relaxing effects. In the present study, the effects of obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MB 327 were investigated on human small bowel tissue and compared with rat data. Hereby, the substances were tested in at least seven different concentrations in the jejunum or ileum both pre-contracted with carbamoylcholine. Additionally, the cholinesterase activity of native tissue was determined. Human small intestine specimens showed classical dose response-curves, similar to rat tissue, with MB 327 exerting the most potent smooth muscle relaxant effect in both species (human EC50=0.7×10-5M and rat EC50=0.7×10-5M). The AChE activity for human and rat samples did not differ significantly (rat jejunum=1351±166 mU/mg wet weight; rat ileum=1078±123 mU/mg wet weight; human jejunum=1030±258 mU/mg wet weight; human ileum=1293±243 mU/mg wet weight). Summarizing, our isolated small bowel setup seems to be a solid tool to investigate the effects of (potential) therapeutics on pre-contracted smooth muscle, with data being transferable between rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marquart
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany.
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Antonijevic E, Musilek K, Kuca K, Djukic-Cosic D, Curcic M, Miladinovic DC, Bulat Z, Antonijevic B. Dose-response modeling of reactivating potency of oximes K027 and K203 against a direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in rat erythrocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:224-230. [PMID: 30176309 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acethylcholinesterase (AChE) as a key molecular event induced by organophosphate (OP) pesticides and nerve agents presents a human health concern. In efficacy testing of experimental oximes, potential antidotes in OP poisoning, reactivation of OP-inhibited AChE is used as specific endpoint. However, according to our best knowledge, so far oximes have not been quantitatively evaluated by comprehensive benchmark dose (BMD) approach, that would improve both identification and quantification of the effect and allow more rigorous comparison of efficacies. Thus, we have examined in vivo dose-response relationship for two promising experimental oximes, K203 and K027, concerning reactivation of erythrocyte AChE inhibited by dichlorvos (DDVP). Groups of Wistar rats were treated with six different doses of oximes (i.m) immediately after DDVP challenge (s.c) and AChE was measured 60 min later. Dose-response modeling was done by PROAST software 65.5 (RIVM, The Nederlands). BMD-covariate method resulted in four-parameter model from both exponential and Hill model families as the best estimate of relationship between AChE activity and oxime dose, with potency parameter being oxime-dependent. Oxime K027 was shown to be 1.929-fold more potent considering that 58% increase in AChE activity was achived with the dose BMD58-K027 = 52 μmol/kg in contrast to BMD58-K203 = 100 μmol/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evica Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Danijela Djukic-Cosic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marijana Curcic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dejana Cupic Miladinovic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica Bulat
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology "Akademik Danilo Soldatović", Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221, Belgrade, Serbia.
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50
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Catalytic bioscavengers as countermeasures against organophosphate nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 292:50-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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