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Ercu M, Markó L, Schächterle C, Tsvetkov D, Cui Y, Maghsodi S, Bartolomaeus TU, Maass PG, Zühlke K, Gregersen N, Hübner N, Hodge R, Mühl A, Pohl B, Illas RM, Geelhaar A, Walter S, Napieczynska H, Schelenz S, Taube M, Heuser A, Anistan YM, Qadri F, Todiras M, Plehm R, Popova E, Langanki R, Eichhorst J, Lehmann M, Wiesner B, Russwurm M, Forslund SK, Kamer I, Müller DN, Gollasch M, Aydin A, Bähring S, Bader M, Luft FC, Klussmann E. Phosphodiesterase 3A and Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2020; 142:133-149. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
High blood pressure is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular death worldwide. Autosomal dominant hypertension with brachydactyly clinically resembles salt-resistant essential hypertension and causes death by stroke before 50 years of age. We recently implicated the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 3A (
PDE3A
); however, in vivo modeling of the genetic defect and thus showing an involvement of mutant PDE3A is lacking.
Methods:
We used genetic mapping, sequencing, transgenic technology, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, immunoblotting, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We identified new patients, performed extensive animal phenotyping, and explored new signaling pathways.
Results:
We describe a novel mutation within a 15 base pair (bp) region of the
PDE3A
gene and define this segment as a mutational hotspot in hypertension with brachydactyly. The mutations cause an increase in enzyme activity. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated rat model, with a 9-bp deletion within the hotspot analogous to a human deletion, recapitulates hypertension with brachydactyly. In mice, mutant transgenic PDE3A overexpression in smooth muscle cells confirmed that mutant PDE3A causes hypertension. The mutant PDE3A enzymes display consistent changes in their phosphorylation and an increased interaction with the 14-3-3θ adaptor protein. This aberrant signaling is associated with an increase in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and changes in vessel morphology and function.
Conclusions:
The mutated
PDE3A
gene drives mechanisms that increase peripheral vascular resistance causing hypertension. We present 2 new animal models that will serve to elucidate the underlying mechanisms further. Our findings could facilitate the search for new antihypertensive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ercu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Lajos Markó
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Carolin Schächterle
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Yingqiu Cui
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Sara Maghsodi
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Theda U.P. Bartolomaeus
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Philipp G. Maass
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Sickkids Research Institute and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.G.M.)
| | - Kerstin Zühlke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Nerine Gregersen
- Auckland District Health Board (ADHB), Genetic Health Service New Zealand – Northern Hub (N.G.)
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
| | - Russell Hodge
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Astrid Mühl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Bärbel Pohl
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Rosana Molé Illas
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Andrea Geelhaar
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Stephan Walter
- Abteilung für Nephrologie/Hypertensiologie, St. Vincenz Krankenhaus, Limburg, Germany (S.W.)
| | - Hanna Napieczynska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Stefanie Schelenz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Martin Taube
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Yoland-Marie Anistan
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Y.-M.A., M.G.)
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Ralph Plehm
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Reika Langanki
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschingsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L., B.W.)
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschingsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L., B.W.)
| | - Burkhard Wiesner
- Leibniz-Forschingsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L., B.W.)
| | - Michael Russwurm
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät MA N1, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany (M.R.)
| | - Sofia K. Forslund
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., T.U.P.B., N.H., Y.-M.A., S.K.F.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (S.K.F.)
| | - Ilona Kamer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Dominik N. Müller
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Department, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Y.-M.A., M.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany (M.G.)
| | - Atakan Aydin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
| | - Sylvia Bähring
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Friedrich C. Luft
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (L.M., C.S., D.T., Y.C., T.U.P.B., R.M.I., S.K.F., I.K., D.N.M., M.G., S.B., F.C.L.)
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (M.E., C.S., S.M., K.Z., N.H., R.H., A.M., B.P., A.G., H.N., S.S., M. Taube, A.H., F.Q., M. Todiras, R.P., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., A.A., M.B., F.C.L., E.K.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany (M.E., L.M., C.S., T.U.P.B., N.H., S.K.F., D.N.M., M.B., E.K.)
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17
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Hashimoto T, Kim GE, Tunin RS, Adesiyun T, Hsu S, Nakagawa R, Zhu G, O'Brien JJ, Hendrick JP, Davis RE, Yao W, Beard D, Hoxie HR, Wennogle LP, Lee DI, Kass DA. Acute Enhancement of Cardiac Function by Phosphodiesterase Type 1 Inhibition. Circulation 2019; 138:1974-1987. [PMID: 30030415 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase type-1 (PDE1) hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP and is constitutively expressed in the heart, although cardiac effects from its acute inhibition in vivo are largely unknown. Existing data are limited to rodents expressing mostly the cGMP-favoring PDE1A isoform. Human heart predominantly expresses PDE1C with balanced selectivity for cAMP and cGMP. Here, we determined the acute effects of PDE1 inhibition in PDE1C-expressing mammals, dogs, and rabbits, in normal and failing hearts, and explored its regulatory pathways. METHODS Conscious dogs chronically instrumented for pressure-volume relations were studied before and after tachypacing-induced heart failure (HF). A selective PDE1 inhibitor (ITI-214) was administered orally or intravenously±dobutamine. Pressure-volume analysis in anesthetized rabbits tested the role of β-adrenergic and adenosine receptor signaling on ITI-214 effects. Sarcomere and calcium dynamics were studied in rabbit left ventricular myocytes. RESULTS In normal and HF dogs, ITI-214 increased load-independent contractility, improved relaxation, and reduced systemic arterial resistance, raising cardiac output without altering systolic blood pressure. Heart rate increased, but less so in HF dogs. ITI-214 effects were additive to β-adrenergic receptor agonism (dobutamine). Dobutamine but not ITI-214 increased plasma cAMP. ITI-214 induced similar cardiovascular effects in rabbits, whereas mice displayed only mild vasodilation and no contractility effects. In rabbits, β-adrenergic receptor blockade (esmolol) prevented ITI-214-mediated chronotropy, but inotropy and vasodilation remained unchanged. By contrast, adenosine A2B-receptor blockade (MRS-1754) suppressed ITI-214 cardiovascular effects. Adding fixed-rate atrial pacing did not alter the findings. ITI-214 alone did not affect sarcomere or whole-cell calcium dynamics, whereas β-adrenergic receptor agonism (isoproterenol) or PDE3 inhibition (cilostamide) increased both. Unlike cilostamide, which further enhanced shortening and peak calcium when combined with isoproterenol, ITI-214 had no impact on these responses. Both PDE1 and PDE3 inhibitors increased shortening and accelerated calcium decay when combined with forskolin, yet only cilostamide increased calcium transients. CONCLUSIONS PDE1 inhibition by ITI-214 in vivo confers acute inotropic, lusitropic, and arterial vasodilatory effects in PDE1C-expressing mammals with and without HF. The effects appear related to cAMP signaling that is different from that provided via β-adrenergic receptors or PDE3 modulation. ITI-214, which has completed phase I trials, may provide a novel therapy for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hashimoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - Grace E Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - Richard S Tunin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - Tolulope Adesiyun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.).,Dr Adesiyun's current affiliation is Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital3 Chome-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi Ward, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Steven Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - Ryo Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - Guangshuo Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - Jennifer J O'Brien
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - Joseph P Hendrick
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - Robert E Davis
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - Wei Yao
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - David Beard
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - Helen R Hoxie
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - Lawrence P Wennogle
- Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc, New York, NY (J.J.O'B., J.P.H., R.E.D., W.Y., D.B., H.R.H., L.P.W.)
| | - Dong I Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (T.H., G.E.K., R.S.T., T.A., S.H., R.N., G.Z., D.I.L., D.A.K.)
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