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Shimizu Y, Ntege EH, Inoue Y, Matsuura N, Sunami H, Sowa Y. Optimizing mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles for chronic wound healing: Bioengineering, standardization, and safety. Regen Ther 2024; 26:260-274. [PMID: 38978963 PMCID: PMC11228664 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds represent a significant global burden, afflicting millions with debilitating complications. Despite standard care, impaired healing persists due to factors like persistent inflammation and impaired tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer an innovative regenerative medicine approach, delivering stem cell-derived therapeutic cargo in engineered nanoscale delivery systems. This review examines pioneering bioengineering strategies to engineer MSC-EVs into precision nanotherapeutics for chronic wounds. Emerging technologies like CRISPR gene editing, microfluidic manufacturing, and biomimetic delivery systems are highlighted for their potential to enhance MSC-EV targeting, optimize therapeutic cargo enrichment, and ensure consistent clinical-grade production. However, key hurdles remain, including batch variability, rigorous safety assessment for potential tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and biodistribution profiling. Crucially, collaborative frameworks harmonizing regulatory science with bioengineering and patient advocacy hold the key to expediting global clinical translation. By overcoming these challenges, engineered MSC-EVs could catalyze a new era of off-the-shelf regenerative therapies, restoring hope and healing for millions afflicted by non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shimizu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Edward Hosea Ntege
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sunami
- Center for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan
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2
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Zeng CW. Advancing Spinal Cord Injury Treatment through Stem Cell Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Cell Types, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14349. [PMID: 37762654 PMCID: PMC10532158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can lead to significant neurological deficits and lifelong disability, with far-reaching physical, psychological, and economic consequences for affected individuals and their families. Current treatments for SCIs are limited in their ability to restore function, and there is a pressing need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to promote the regeneration and repair of damaged neural tissue following SCIs. This review article comprehensively discusses the potential of different stem cell types, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), in SCI treatment. We provide an in-depth analysis of the unique advantages and challenges associated with each stem cell type, as well as the latest advancements in the field. Furthermore, we address the critical challenges faced in stem cell therapy for SCIs, including safety concerns, ethical considerations, standardization of protocols, optimization of transplantation parameters, and the development of effective outcome measures. We also discuss the integration of novel technologies such as gene editing, biomaterials, and tissue engineering to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cells. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts among various stakeholders in the scientific community, including researchers, clinicians, bioengineers, industry partners, and patients, to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of stem cell therapy for SCI patients. By fostering such collaborations and advancing our understanding of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine, we can pave the way for the development of groundbreaking therapies that improve the lives of those affected by SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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3
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Han P, Moran CS, Liu C, Griffiths R, Zhou Y, Ivanovski S. Engineered adult stem cells: Current clinical trials status of disease treatment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 199:33-62. [PMID: 37678978 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field involving the process of replacing and regenerating cells/tissues or organs by integrating medicine, science, and engineering principles to enhance the intrinsic regenerative capacity of the host. Recently, engineered adult stem cells have gained attention for their potential use in regenerative medicine by reducing inflammation and modulating the immune system. This chapter introduces adult stem cell engineering and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR T) gene therapy and summarises current engineered stem cell- and extracellular vesicles (EVs)-focused clinical trial studies that provide the basis for the proposal of a personalised medicine approach to diseases diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Corey Stephan Moran
- Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chun Liu
- Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Yinghong Zhou
- Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sašo Ivanovski
- Center for Oral-facial Regeneration, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (COR3), Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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4
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Dashtaki ME, Ghasemi S. CRISPR/Cas9-based Gene Therapies for Fighting Drug Resistance Mediated by Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:41-50. [PMID: 36056851 DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666220831161225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer-initiating cells found in most tumors and hematological cancers. CSCs are involved in cells progression, recurrence of tumors, and drug resistance. Current therapies have been focused on treating the mass of tumor cells and cannot eradicate the CSCs. CSCs drug-specific targeting is considered as an approach to precisely target these cells. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) gene-editing systems are making progress and showing promise in the cancer research field. One of the attractive applications of CRISPR/Cas9 as one approach of gene therapy is targeting the critical genes involved in drug resistance and maintenance of CSCs. The synergistic effects of gene editing as a novel gene therapy approach and traditional therapeutic methods, including chemotherapy, can resolve drug resistance challenges and regression of the cancers. This review article considers different aspects of CRISPR/Cas9 ability in the study and targeting of CSCs with the intention to investigate their application in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Eliyasi Dashtaki
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sorayya Ghasemi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Pellegrini S, Zamarian V, Sordi V. Strategies to Improve the Safety of iPSC-Derived β Cells for β Cell Replacement in Diabetes. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10575. [PMID: 36090777 PMCID: PMC9448870 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation allows for the re-establishment of glycemic control with the possibility of insulin independence, but is severely limited by the scarcity of organ donors. However, a new source of insulin-producing cells could enable the widespread use of cell therapy for diabetes treatment. Recent breakthroughs in stem cell biology, particularly pluripotent stem cell (PSC) techniques, have highlighted the therapeutic potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. An understanding of the stages that regulate β cell development has led to the establishment of protocols for PSC differentiation into β cells, and PSC-derived β cells are appearing in the first pioneering clinical trials. However, the safety of the final product prior to implantation remains crucial. Although PSC differentiate into functional β cells in vitro, not all cells complete differentiation, and a fraction remain undifferentiated and at risk of teratoma formation upon transplantation. A single case of stem cell-derived tumors may set the field back years. Thus, this review discusses four approaches to increase the safety of PSC-derived β cells: reprogramming of somatic cells into induced PSC, selection of pure differentiated pancreatic cells, depletion of contaminant PSC in the final cell product, and control or destruction of tumorigenic cells with engineered suicide genes.
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6
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Bayarsaikhan G, Bayarsaikhan D, Lee J, Lee B. Targeting Scavenger Receptors in Inflammatory Disorders and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050936. [PMID: 35624800 PMCID: PMC9137717 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation cannot be considered as diseases themselves; however, they are major risk factors for the development and progression of the pathogenesis underlying many illnesses, such as cancer, neurological disorders (including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease), autoimmune and metabolic disorders, etc. According to the results obtained from extensive studies, oxidative stress–induced biomolecules, such as advanced oxidation protein products, advanced glycation end products, and advanced lipoxidation end products, are critical for an accelerated level of inflammation and oxidative stress–induced cellular damage, as reflected in their strong affinity to a wide range of scavenger receptors. Based on the limitations of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory molecules in practical applications, targeting such interactions between harmful molecules and their cellular receptors/signaling with advances in gene engineering technology, such as CRISPR or TALEN, may prove to be a safe and effective alternative. In this review, we summarize the findings of recent studies focused on the deletion of scavenger receptors under oxidative stress as a development in the therapeutic approaches against the diseases linked to inflammation and the contribution of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced lipid peroxidation products (ALEs), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Govigerel Bayarsaikhan
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (G.B.); (D.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (G.B.); (D.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (G.B.); (D.B.); (J.L.)
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (G.B.); (D.B.); (J.L.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 405-760, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6582; Fax: +82-32-899-6519
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7
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Schiavo E, Martini B, Attardi E, Consonni F, Ciullini Mannurita S, Coniglio ML, Tellini M, Chiocca E, Fotzi I, Luti L, D'Alba I, Veltroni M, Favre C, Gambineri E. Autoimmune Cytopenias and Dysregulated Immunophenotype Act as Warning Signs of Inborn Errors of Immunity: Results From a Prospective Study. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790455. [PMID: 35058929 PMCID: PMC8765341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are genetic disorders characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from increased susceptibility to infections to significant immune dysregulation. Among these, primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) are mainly presenting with autoimmune manifestations, and autoimmune cytopenias (AICs) can be the first clinical sign. Significantly, AICs in patients with IEI often fail to respond to first-line therapy. In pediatric patients, autoimmune cytopenias can be red flags for IEI. However, for these cases precise indicators or parameters useful to suspect and screen for a hidden congenital immune defect are lacking. Therefore, we focused on chronic/refractory AIC patients to perform an extensive clinical evaluation and multiparametric flow cytometry analysis to select patients in whom PIRD was strongly suspected as candidates for genetic analysis. Key IEI-associated alterations causative of STAT3 GOF disease, IKAROS haploinsufficiency, activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS), Kabuki syndrome and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) were identified. In this scenario, a dysregulated immunophenotype acted as a potential screening tool for an early IEI diagnosis, pivotal for appropriate clinical management and for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebe Schiavo
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Beatrice Martini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Attardi
- Division of Hematology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Consonni
- Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Ciullini Mannurita
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Coniglio
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Tellini
- Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Chiocca
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fotzi
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Luti
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene D'Alba
- Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Hospital of Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marinella Veltroni
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
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8
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Zhuang Y, Liu J, Wu H, Zhu Q, Yan Y, Meng H, Chen PR, Yi C. Increasing the efficiency and precision of prime editing with guide RNA pairs. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:29-37. [PMID: 34711981 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently reported prime editor (PE) can produce all types of base substitution, insertion and deletion, greatly expanding the scope of genome editing. However, improving the editing efficiency and precision of PE represents a major challenge. Here, we report an approach termed the homologous 3' extension mediated prime editor (HOPE). HOPE uses paired prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) encoding the same edits in both sense and antisense DNA strands to achieve high editing efficiency in human embryonic kidney 293T cells as well as mismatch repair-deficient human colorectal carcinoma 116 cells. In addition, we found that HOPE shows greatly improved product purity compared to the original PE3 system. We envision that this enhanced tool could broaden both fundamental research and therapeutic applications of prime editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangle Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haowei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng R Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemical Biology and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengqi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Chemical Biology and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Moon S, An JY, Choi YJ, Oh YL, Ro HS, Ryu H. Construction of a CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing System in Lentinula edodes. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:599-603. [PMID: 35035251 PMCID: PMC8725921 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.2006401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems have been established in a broad range of eukaryotic species. Herein, we report the first method for genetic engineering in pyogo (shiitake) mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) using CRISPR/Cas9. For in vivo expression of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the mating-type gene HD1 (LeA1), we identified an endogenous LeU6 promoter in the L. edodes genome. We constructed a plasmid containing the LeU6 and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (LeGPD) promoters to express the Cas9 protein. Among the eight gRNAs we tested, three successfully disrupted the LeA1 locus. Although the CRISPR-Cas9-induced alleles did not affect mating with compatible monokaryotic strains, disruption of the transcription levels of the downstream genes of LeHD1 and LeHD2 was detected. Based on this result, we present the first report of a simple and powerful genetic manipulation tool using the CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox for the scientifically and industrially important edible mushroom, L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | | | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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10
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Kues WA, Kumar D, Selokar NL, Talluri TR. Applications of genome editing tools in stem cells towards regenerative medicine: An update. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:267-279. [PMID: 34819011 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666211124095527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Precise and site specific genome editing through application of emerging and modern gene engineering techniques, namely zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) have swiftly progressed the application and use of the stem cell technology in the sphere of in-vitro disease modelling and regenerative medicine. Genome editing tools facilitate the manipulating of any gene in various types of cells with target specific nucleases. These tools aid in elucidating the genetics and etiology behind different diseases and have immense promise as novel therapeutics for correcting the genetic mutations, make alterations and cure diseases permanently that are not responding and resistant to traditional therapies. These genome engineering tools have evolved in the field of biomedical research and have also shown to have a significant improvement in clinical trials. However, their widespread use in research revealed potential safety issues, which need to be addressed before implementing such techniques in clinical purposes. Significant and valiant attempts are being made in order to surpass those hurdles. The current review outlines the advancements of several genome engineering tools and describes suitable strategies for their application towards regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried A Kues
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Höltystr 10, 31535 Neustadt. Germany
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125001, Haryana. India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar-125001, Haryana. India
| | - Thirumala Rao Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR- National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner-334001, Rajasthan. India
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11
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Xiong R, Hua D, Van Hoeck J, Berdecka D, Léger L, De Munter S, Fraire JC, Raes L, Harizaj A, Sauvage F, Goetgeluk G, Pille M, Aalders J, Belza J, Van Acker T, Bolea-Fernandez E, Si T, Vanhaecke F, De Vos WH, Vandekerckhove B, van Hengel J, Raemdonck K, Huang C, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K. Photothermal nanofibres enable safe engineering of therapeutic cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1281-1291. [PMID: 34675410 PMCID: PMC7612007 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-sensitized photoporation is an upcoming approach for the intracellular delivery of biologics, combining high efficiency and throughput with excellent cell viability. However, as it relies on close contact between nanoparticles and cells, its translation towards clinical applications is hampered by safety and regulatory concerns. Here we show that light-sensitive iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in biocompatible electrospun nanofibres induce membrane permeabilization by photothermal effects without direct cellular contact with the nanoparticles. The photothermal nanofibres have been successfully used to deliver effector molecules, including CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes and short interfering RNA, to adherent and suspension cells, including embryonic stem cells and hard-to-transfect T cells, without affecting cell proliferation or phenotype. In vivo experiments furthermore demonstrated successful tumour regression in mice treated with chimeric antibody receptor T cells in which the expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is downregulated after nanofibre photoporation with short interfering RNA to PD1. In conclusion, cell membrane permeabilization with photothermal nanofibres is a promising concept towards the safe and more efficient production of engineered cells for therapeutic applications, including stem cell or adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranhua Xiong
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dawei Hua
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelter Van Hoeck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominika Berdecka
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurens Léger
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juan C Fraire
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Raes
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melissa Pille
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey Aalders
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joke Belza
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibaut Van Acker
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chaobo Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Joint Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Materials (Nanjing Forestry University-Ghent University), International Innovation for Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Kim HJ, Bayarsaikhan D, Lee J, Bayarsaikhan G, Lee B. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Secreting Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Outcomes in Rett Syndrome Mouse Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:725398. [PMID: 34690674 PMCID: PMC8526791 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.725398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene; MeCP2 regulates the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increasing BDNF levels ameliorates RTT symptoms. However, the clinical application of BDNF is limited, because of its short half-life and low penetrance across the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we generated BDNF-secreting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the human umbilical cord cells, using CRISPR-Cas9. We studied the effects of BDNF-MSCs in MECP2 knockout and MECP2-deficient mice. BDNF-MSCs upregulated the expression of BDNF, pAKT, and pERK1/2 and downregulated that of pp38, both in vitro and in vivo. In our in vivo experiments, BDNF-MSCs increased the body and brain weights in mice. BDNF-MSCs increased the neuronal cell numbers in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum; in addition, they increased the number of synapses. BDNF-MSCs upregulated BDNF and the activity of BDNF downstream effectors, such as pAKT and pERK 1/2; this upregulation was persistent. In conclusion, BDNF-MSCs generated using CRISPR-Cas9 could be a therapeutic strategy for treating RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jeong Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Govigerel Bayarsaikhan
- Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.,Center for Genomics and Proteomics and Stem Cell Core Facility, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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13
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van Essen M, Riepsaame J, Jacob J. CRISPR-Cas Gene Perturbation and Editing in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. CRISPR J 2021; 4:634-655. [PMID: 34582693 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing the fates of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to generate a multitude of differentiated cell types allows the study of the genetic regulation of human development and disease. The translational potential of hPSC is maximized by exploiting CRISPR to silence or activate genes with spatial and temporal precision permanently or reversibly. Here, we summarize the increasingly refined and diverse CRISPR toolkit for the latter forms of gene perturbation in hPSC and their downstream applications. We discuss newer methods to install edits efficiently with single nucleotide resolution and describe pooled CRISPR screens as a powerful means of unbiased discovery of genes associated with a phenotype of interest. Last, we discuss the potential of these combined technologies in the treatment of hitherto intractable human diseases and the challenges to their implementation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max van Essen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joey Riepsaame
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Jacob
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Piotter E, McClements ME, MacLaren RE. Therapy Approaches for Stargardt Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1179. [PMID: 34439845 PMCID: PMC8393614 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being the most prevalent cause of inherited blindness in children, Stargardt disease is yet to achieve the same clinical trial success as has been achieved for other inherited retinal diseases. With an early age of onset and continual progression of disease over the life course of an individual, Stargardt disease appears to lend itself to therapeutic intervention. However, the aetiology provides issues not encountered with the likes of choroideremia and X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and this has led to a spectrum of treatment strategies that approach the problem from different aspects. These include therapeutics ranging from small molecules and anti-sense oligonucleotides to viral gene supplementation and cell replacement. The advancing development of CRISPR-based molecular tools is also likely to contribute to future therapies by way of genome editing. In this we review, we consider the most recent pre-clinical and clinical trial data relating to the different strategies being applied to the problem of generating a treatment for the large cohort of Stargardt disease patients worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piotter
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (E.P.); (M.E.M.)
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Michelle E McClements
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (E.P.); (M.E.M.)
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (E.P.); (M.E.M.)
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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15
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Cho HM, Cho JY. Cardiomyocyte Death and Genome-Edited Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1264-1279. [PMID: 33492627 PMCID: PMC8316208 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Massive death of cardiomyocytes is a major feature of cardiovascular diseases. Since the regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes is limited, the regulation of their death has been receiving great attention. The cell death of cardiomyocytes is a complex mechanism that has not yet been clarified, and it is known to appear in various forms such as apoptosis, necrosis, etc. In ischemic heart disease, the apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes appear in two types of programmed forms (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways) and they account for a large portion of cell death. To repair damaged cardiomyocytes, diverse stem cell therapies have been attempted. However, despite the many positive effects, the low engraftment and survival rates have clearly limited the application of stem cells in clinical therapy. To solve these challenges, the introduction of the desired genes in stem cells can be used to enhance their capacity and improve their therapeutic efficiency. Moreover, as genome engineering technologies have advanced significantly, safer and more stable delivery of target genes and more accurate deletion of genes have become possible, which facilitates the genetic modification of stem cells. Accordingly, stem cell therapy for damaged cardiac tissue is expected to further improve. This review describes myocardial cell death, stem cell therapy for cardiac repair, and genome-editing technologies. In addition, we introduce recent stem cell therapies that incorporate genome-editing technologies in the myocardial infarction model. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Min Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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16
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Norouzi-Barough L, Bayat A. Validation strategies for identifying drug targets in dermal fibrotic disorders. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2474-2485. [PMID: 34229083 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic skin disorders, such as keloid disease (KD), are common clinically challenging disorders with unknown etiopathogenesis and ill-defined treatment strategies that affect millions of people worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutics. The validation of potential drug targets is an obligatory step in discovering and developing new therapeutic agents for the successful treatment of dermal fibrotic conditions, such as KD. The integration of multi-omics data with traditional and modern technological approaches, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and genome-editing tools, would provide unique opportunities to identify and validate novel targets in KD during early drug development. Thus, in this review, we summarize the current and emerging drug discovery process with a focus on validation strategies of potential drug targets identified in dermal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Norouzi-Barough
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Medical Research Council-Wound Healing Unit, Division of Dermatology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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17
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Enkhbat M, Liu Y, Kim J, Xu Y, Yin Z, Liu T, Deng C, Zou C, Xie X, Li X, Wang P. Expansion of Rare Cancer Cells into Tumoroids for Therapeutic Regimen and Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myagmartsend Enkhbat
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yung‐Chiang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jua Kim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yanshan Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Zongyi Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery General Hospital of Shenzhen University Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tzu‐Ming Liu
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau Macao 999078 China
| | - Chu‐Xia Deng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau Macao 999078 China
| | - Chang Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University Shenzhen People's Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518020 China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Electronics and Information Technology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery General Hospital of Shenzhen University Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Peng‐Yuan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Swinburne University of Technology Victoria 3122 Australia
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18
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Detect-seq reveals out-of-protospacer editing and target-strand editing by cytosine base editors. Nat Methods 2021; 18:643-651. [PMID: 34099937 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine base editors (CBEs) have the potential to correct human pathogenic point mutations. However, their genome-wide specificity remains poorly understood. Here we report Detect-seq for the evaluation of CBE specificity. It enables sensitive detection of CBE-induced off-target sites at the genome-wide level. Detect-seq leverages chemical labeling and biotin pulldown to trace the editing intermediate deoxyuridine, thereby revealing the editome of CBE. In addition to Cas9-independent and typical Cas9-dependent off-target sites, we discovered edits outside the protospacer sequence (that is, out-of-protospacer) and on the target strand (which pairs with the single-guide RNA). Such unexpected off-target edits are prevalent and can exhibit a high editing ratio, while their occurrences exhibit cell-type dependency and cannot be predicted based on the sgRNA sequence. Moreover, we found out-of-protospacer and target-strand edits nearby the on-target sites tested, challenging the general knowledge that CBEs do not induce proximal off-target mutations. Collectively, our approaches allow unbiased analysis of the CBE editome and provide a widely applicable tool for specificity evaluation of various emerging genome editing tools.
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19
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Abstract
Improved stem cell-derived pancreatic islet (SC-islet) differentiation protocols robustly generate insulin-secreting β cells from patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These advances are enabling in vitro disease modeling studies and the development of an autologous diabetes cell replacement therapy. SC-islet technology elucidates key features of human pancreas development and diabetes disease progression through the generation of pancreatic progenitors, endocrine progenitors, and β cells derived from diabetic and nondiabetic iPSCs. Combining disease modeling with gene editing and next-generation sequencing reveals the impact of diabetes-causing mutations and diabetic phenotypes on multiple islet cell types. In addition, the supply of SC-islets, containing β and other islet cell types, is unlimited, presenting an opportunity for personalized medicine and overcoming several disadvantages posed by donor islets. This review highlights relevant studies involving iPSC-β cells and progenitors, encompassing new conclusions involving cells from patients with diabetes and the therapeutic potential of iPSC-β cells. Improved differentiation protocols generate pancreatic islet from patient stem cells Diabetic stem cell-derived islet studies identified key markers for cell function Gene editing aims to address unmet needs for stem cell therapy field Stem cell-derived islets are a promising source for diabetes stem cell therapy
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20
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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21
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Sar P, Dalai S. CRISPR/Cas9 in epigenetics studies of health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:309-343. [PMID: 34127198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the heritable phenotypic changes without altering the genotype. Epigenetic processes are such as histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, ADP ribosylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs interactions associated with structural changes in chromatin. The change of structure is either open chromatin for "active" state or closed chromatin for "inactive" state, that regulates important biological phenomenon like chromatin condensation, gene expression, DNA repair, cellular development, differentiation and homeostasis, etc. However, dysregulation of epigenetic patterns causes diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurological disorder, infectious diseases, autoimmunity etc. Besides, the most important clinical uses of Epigenetics studies are i. identification of disease biomarkers and ii. development of their therapeutics. Epigenetic therapies include epi-drugs, combinatorial therapy, nanocarriers, plant-derived products that are being used for changing the epigenetic pattern to reverse gene expression. However, the developed epi- drugs cause off-target gene and transposable elements activation; promote mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in normal cells, are the major hurdles regarding their clinical use. Therefore, advanced epigenetic therapeutics are required to develop target-specific epigenetic modifications to reverse gene expression pattern. CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindrome Repeats-associated protein 9) system-mediated gene activation mechanism paves new methods of target-specific epigenetic therapeutics to cure diseases. In this chapter, we discuss how CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 have recently been engineered for epigenome editing. Different strategies have been discussed used for epigenome editing based on their efficacy and complexity. Last but not least we have discussed the limitations, different uses of CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 in the area of genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Sar
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
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22
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Bayarsaikhan D, Bayarsaikhan G, Lee B. Recent advances in stem cells and gene editing: Drug discovery and therapeutics. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:231-269. [PMID: 34127195 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced genome editing technology has had a remarkable impact on genetic medicine. Zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas nucleases are the three major platforms used for priming of stem cells or correction of mutated genes. Among these nucleases, CRISPR/Cas is the most easily applicable. Various CRISPR/Cas variants such as base editors, prime editors, mad7 nucleases, RESCUE, REPAIR, digenome sequencing, and SHERLOCK are being developed and considered as a promising tool for gene therapy and drug discovery. These advances in the CRISPR/Cas platform have enabled the correction of gene mutations from DNA to RNA level and validation of the safety of genome editing performance at a very precise level by allowing the detection of one base-pair mismatch. These promising alternatives of the CRISPR/Cas system can benefit millions of patients with intractable diseases. Although the therapeutic effects of stem cells have been confirmed in a wide range of disease models, their safety still remains an issue. Hence, scientists are concentrating on generating functionally improved stem cells by using programmable nucleases such as CRISPR. Therefore, in this chapter, we have summarized the applicable options of the CRISPR/Cas platforms by weighing their advantages and limitations in drug discovery and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delger Bayarsaikhan
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Govigerel Bayarsaikhan
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonghee Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon City, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Banjanin B, Schneider RK. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Cellular Target in Myeloid Malignancy: Chances and Challenges in the Genome Editing of Stromal Alterations. Front Genome Ed 2021; 2:618308. [PMID: 34713241 PMCID: PMC8525402 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.618308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of bone marrow stromal cells to the pathogenesis and therapy response of myeloid malignancies has gained significant attention over the last decade. Evidence suggests that the bone marrow stroma should not be neglected in the design of novel, targeted-therapies. In terms of gene-editing, the focus of gene therapies has mainly been on correcting mutations in hematopoietic cells. Here, we outline why alterations in the stroma should also be taken into consideration in the design of novel therapeutic strategies but also outline the challenges in specifically targeting mesenchymal stromal cells in myeloid malignancies caused by somatic and germline mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella Banjanin
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebekka K. Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Izeia L, Eufrasio-da-Silva T, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Ostrovidov S, Paolone G, Peppas NA, De Vos P, Emerich D, Orive G. Cell-laden alginate hydrogels for the treatment of diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 17:1113-1118. [PMID: 32515621 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1778667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is an ever-increasing medical condition that currently suffers 1 of 11 adults who may have lifelong commitment with insulin injections. Cell-laden hydrogels releasing insulin may provide the ultimate means of correcting diabetes. Here, we provide insights of this cell-based approach including latest preclinical and clinical progress both from academia and industry. AREA COVERED The present article focuses on reviewing latest advances in cell-laden hydrogels both from the technological and biological perspective. The most relevant clinical results including clinical trials are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Current progress in technological issues (stem cells, devices, biomaterials) have contributed cell encapsulation science to have a very relevant progress in the field of diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukin Izeia
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Tatiane Eufrasio-da-Silva
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz
- Department of Dentistry - Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Health Technology, Institute of Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA
| | - Paul De Vos
- Pathology and Medical Biology Section, Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dwaine Emerich
- Gloriana Therapeutics, Inc. (Formerly NsGene Inc.) , Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) , Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (Upv/ehu-fundación Eduardo Anitua) , Vitoria, Spain.,The Academia, Singapore Eye Research Institute , Discovery Tower, Singapore
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25
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Grand Moursel L, Visser M, Servant G, Durmus S, Zuurmond AM. CRISPRing future medicines. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:463-473. [PMID: 33322954 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1850687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ability to engineer mammalian genomes in a quick and cost-effective way has led to rapid adaptation of CRISPR technology in biomedical research. CRISPR-based engineering has the potential to accelerate drug discovery, to support the reduction of high attrition rate in drug development and to enhance development of cell and gene-based therapies.Areas covered: How CRISPR technology is transforming drug discovery is discussed in this review. From target identification to target validation in both in vitro and in vivo models, CRISPR technology is positively impacting the early stages of drug development by providing a straightforward way to genome engineering. This property also attracted attention for CRISPR application in the cell and gene therapy area.Expert opinion: CRISPR technology is rapidly becoming the preferred tool for genome engineering and nowadays it is hard to imagine the drug discovery pipeline without this technology. With the years to come, CRISPR technology will undoubtedly be further refined and will flourish into a mature technology that will play a key role in supporting genome engineering requirements in the drug discovery pipeline as well as in cell and gene therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mijke Visser
- Charles River Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Selvi Durmus
- Charles River Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Stem Cells in Clinical Research and Therapy. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Doboszewska U, Wlaź P, Nowak G, Młyniec K. Targeting zinc metalloenzymes in coronavirus disease 2019. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4887-4898. [PMID: 32671829 PMCID: PMC7405164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support a link between the essential element zinc and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An important fact is that zinc is present in proteins of humans and of viruses. Some zinc sites in viral enzymes may serve as drug targets and may liberate zinc ions, thus leading to changes in intracellular concentration of zinc ions, while increased intracellular zinc may induce biological effects in both the host and the virus. Drugs such as chloroquine may contribute to increased intracellular zinc. Moreover, clinical trials on the use of zinc alone or in addition to other drugs in the prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19 are ongoing. Thereby, we aim to discuss the rationale for targeting zinc metalloenzymes as a new strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of PharmacobiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakówPoland
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological SciencesMaria Curie‐Skłodowska UniversityLublinPoland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of PharmacobiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakówPoland
- Laboratory of Trace Elements Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of PharmacologyPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Katarzyna Młyniec
- Department of PharmacobiologyJagiellonian University Medical CollegeKrakówPoland
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Ernst MPT, Broeders M, Herrero-Hernandez P, Oussoren E, van der Ploeg AT, Pijnappel WWMP. Ready for Repair? Gene Editing Enters the Clinic for the Treatment of Human Disease. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:532-557. [PMID: 32775490 PMCID: PMC7393410 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of clinical trials involving gene editing using clustered interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), or zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and discuss the underlying mechanisms. In cancer immunotherapy, gene editing is applied ex vivo in T cells, transgenic T cell receptor (tTCR)-T cells, or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells to improve adoptive cell therapy for multiple cancer types. This involves knockouts of immune checkpoint regulators such as PD-1, components of the endogenous TCR and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex to generate universal allogeneic CAR-T cells, and CD7 to prevent self-destruction in adoptive cell therapy. In cervix carcinoma caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), E6 and E7 genes are disrupted using topically applied gene editing machinery. In HIV infection, the CCR5 co-receptor is disrupted ex vivo to generate HIV-resistant T cells, CAR-T cells, or hematopoietic stem cells. In β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease, hematopoietic stem cells are engineered ex vivo to induce the production of fetal hemoglobin. AAV-mediated in vivo gene editing is applied to exploit the liver for systemic production of therapeutic proteins in hemophilia and mucopolysaccharidoses, and in the eye to restore splicing of the CEP920 gene in Leber's congenital amaurosis. Close consideration of safety aspects and education of stakeholders will be essential for a successful implementation of gene editing technology in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P T Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mike Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pablo Herrero-Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esmee Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ans T van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W W M Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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29
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Low LA, Mummery C, Berridge BR, Austin CP, Tagle DA. Organs-on-chips: into the next decade. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 20:345-361. [PMID: 32913334 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips (OoCs), also known as microphysiological systems or 'tissue chips' (the terms are synonymous), have attracted substantial interest in recent years owing to their potential to be informative at multiple stages of the drug discovery and development process. These innovative devices could provide insights into normal human organ function and disease pathophysiology, as well as more accurately predict the safety and efficacy of investigational drugs in humans. Therefore, they are likely to become useful additions to traditional preclinical cell culture methods and in vivo animal studies in the near term, and in some cases replacements for them in the longer term. In the past decade, the OoC field has seen dramatic advances in the sophistication of biology and engineering, in the demonstration of physiological relevance and in the range of applications. These advances have also revealed new challenges and opportunities, and expertise from multiple biomedical and engineering fields will be needed to fully realize the promise of OoCs for fundamental and translational applications. This Review provides a snapshot of this fast-evolving technology, discusses current applications and caveats for their implementation, and offers suggestions for directions in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A Low
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Christine Mummery
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Brian R Berridge
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher P Austin
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danilo A Tagle
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Kurup SP, Moioffer SJ, Pewe LL, Harty JT. p53 Hinders CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Gene Disruption in Memory CD8 T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2222-2230. [PMID: 32887747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized rapid and reliable gene editing in cells. Although many cell types have been subjected to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, there is no evidence of success in genetic alteration of Ag-experienced memory CD8 T cells. In this study, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in memory CD8 T cells precludes their proliferation after Ag re-encounter in vivo. This defect is mediated by the proapoptotic transcription factor p53, a sensor of DNA damage. Temporarily inhibiting p53 function offers a window of opportunity for the memory CD8 T cells to repair the DNA damage, facilitating robust recall responses on Ag re-encounter. We demonstrate this by functionally altering memory CD8 T cells using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted gene disruption under the aegis of p53siRNA in the mouse model. Our approach thus adapts the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for memory CD8 T cells to undertake gene editing in vivo, for the first time, to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Steven J Moioffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Rivera-Torres N, Banas K, Kmiec EB. Modeling pediatric AML FLT3 mutations using CRISPR/Cas12a- mediated gene editing. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:3078-3088. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rivera-Torres
- Gene Editing Institute, Helen F Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kelly Banas
- Gene Editing Institute, Helen F Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Willard E. Hall Education Building, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eric B. Kmiec
- Gene Editing Institute, Helen F Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Willard E. Hall Education Building, Newark, DE, USA
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32
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Liu JT, Corbett JL, Heslop JA, Duncan SA. Enhanced genome editing in human iPSCs with CRISPR-CAS9 by co-targeting ATP1a1. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9060. [PMID: 32391204 PMCID: PMC7197401 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides the potential for disease modeling and cell therapy. By generating iPSCs with specific mutations, researchers can differentiate the modified cells to their lineage of interest for further investigation. However, the low efficiency of targeting in iPSCs has hampered the application of genome editing. In this study we used a CRISPR-Cas9 system that introduces a specific point substitution into the sequence of the Na+/K+-ATPase subunit ATP1A1. The introduced mutation confers resistance to cardiac glycosides, which can then be used to select successfully targeted cells. Using this system, we introduced different formats of donor DNA for homology-directed repair (HDR), including single-strand DNAs, double-strand DNAs, and plasmid donors. We achieved a 35-fold increase in HDR when using plasmid donor with a 400 bp repair template. We further co-targeted ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest to determine the enrichment of mutagenesis after cardiac glycoside selection. Through this approach, INDEL rate was increased after cardiac glycoside treatment, while HDR enrichment was only observed at certain loci. Collectively, these results suggest that a plasmid donor with a 400 bp repair template is an optimal donor DNA for targeted substitution and co-targeting ATP1A1 with the second locus enriches for mutagenesis events through cardiac glycoside selection in human iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tung Liu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - James L Corbett
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - James A Heslop
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Stephen A Duncan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
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