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Sun L, Apweiler M, Tirkey A, Klett D, Normann C, Dietz GPH, Lehner MD, Fiebich BL. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 in LPS-Activated BV2 Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8108. [PMID: 39125680 PMCID: PMC11312056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes in the brain can exert important neuroprotective functions. However, in neurological and psychiatric disorders, it is often detrimental due to chronic microglial over-activation and the dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines. Growing evidence indicates the emerging yet prominent pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation in the development and progression of these disorders. Despite recent advances, there is still a pressing need for effective therapies, and targeting neuroinflammation is a promising approach. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory potential of a marketed and quantified proprietary herbal extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves called EGb 761 (10-500 µg/mL) in BV2 microglial cells stimulated by LPS (10 ng/mL). Our results demonstrate significant inhibition of LPS-induced expression and release of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and chemokines C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), CXCL10, c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL3 in BV2 microglial cells. The observed effects are possibly mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, as well as the protein kinase C (PKC) and the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling cascades. The findings of this in vitro study highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of EGb 761 and its therapeutic potential, making it an emerging candidate for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases and warranting further research in pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.S.); (M.A.); (A.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Matthias Apweiler
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.S.); (M.A.); (A.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Ashwini Tirkey
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.S.); (M.A.); (A.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Dominik Klett
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.S.); (M.A.); (A.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Gunnar P. H. Dietz
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Martin D. Lehner
- Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Willmar-Schwabe-Straße 4, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (L.S.); (M.A.); (A.T.); (D.K.)
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Pal R, Mukherjee S, Khan A, Nathani M, Maji S, Tandey R, Das S, Patra A, Mandal V. A critical appraisal on the involvement of plant-based extracts as neuroprotective agents (2012-2022): an effort to ease out decision-making process for researchers. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03266-6. [PMID: 38985312 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review study is to provide a condensed compilation of 164 medicinal plants that have been investigated for their neuroprotective aspects by researchers between the years 2012 and 2022 which also includes a recent update of 2023-2024. After using certain keywords to retrieve the data from SCOPUS, it was manually sorted to eliminate any instances of duplication. The article is streamlined into three major segments. The first segment takes a dig into the current global trend and attempts to decrypt vital information related to plant names, families, plant parts used, and neurological disorders investigated. The second segment of the article makes an attempt to present a comprehensive insight into the various mechanistic pathways through which phytochemicals can intervene to exert neuroprotection. The final segment of the manuscript is a bibliometric appraisal of all researches conducted. The study is based on 256 handpicked articles based on decided inclusion criteria. Illustrative compilation of various pathways citing their activation and deactivation channels are also presented with possible hitting points of various phytochemicals. The present study employed Microsoft Excel 2019 and VOS viewer as data visualisation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Souvik Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Altamash Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Mansi Nathani
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Sayani Maji
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Roshni Tandey
- Department of B. Pharm Ayurveda, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-3, MB Road, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Sinchan Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Arjun Patra
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India
| | - Vivekananda Mandal
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, C.G, 495009, India.
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Zifko U, Guendling K, Seet R, Kasper S. Management of cognitive impairment associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome: recommendations for primary care. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1338235. [PMID: 38711990 PMCID: PMC11072190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1338235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) with cognitive impairment is increasingly encountered in primary care, evidence-based recommendations for its appropriate management are lacking. Methods: A systematic literature search evaluating the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with PCS was conducted. Practical recommendations for the management of PCS-associated cognitive impairment in primary care are summarized, based on an evaluation of pharmacological plausibility and clinical applications. Results: Currently, the pathology of cognitive impairment associated with PCS remains unclear with no high-quality data to support targeted interventions. Existing treatment approaches are directed towards symptom relief where counseling on the chronicity of the disease and regular reassessments at 4- to 8-week intervals is considered reasonable. Patients should be informed and encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle that centers around balanced nutrition and appropriate physical activities. They may also benefit from the intake of vitamins, micronutrients, and probiotics. The administration of Ginkgo biloba extract could offer a safe and potentially beneficial treatment option. Other non-pharmacological measures include physiotherapy, digitally supported cognitive training, and, if indicated, ergotherapy or speech therapy. In most patients, symptoms improve within 8 weeks. If serious, ambiguous, or when new symptoms occur, specialized diagnostic measures such as comprehensive neurocognitive testing or neuroimaging should be initiated. Very few patients would require inpatient rehabilitation. Conclusion: PCS with cognitive impairment is a debilitating condition that could affect daily functioning and reduce work productivity. Management in primary care should adopt a multidisciplinary approach, centering around physical, cognitive, and pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Zifko
- Rudolfinerhaus private clinic GmbH, Rudolfinerhaus, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Raymond Seet
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sadeghi G, Dinani MS, Rabbani M. Effects of extracts and manna of Echinops cephalotes on impaired cognitive function induced by scopolamine in mice. Res Pharm Sci 2024; 19:167-177. [PMID: 39035579 PMCID: PMC11257209 DOI: 10.4103/rps.rps_27_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease specified by chronic and irreversible destruction of neurons. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different extracts (aqueous, hydroalcoholic, hexane, and ethyl acetate) and manna of Echinops cephalotes (EC) on impaired cognitive function induced by scopolamine in mice. EC is shown to have anti-cholinesterase-butyrylcholinesterase activities. Experimental approach In this study, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of EC (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.), and the manna (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, gavage) were administered for 14 days alongside scopolamine (0.7 mg/kg, i.p.). Rivastigmine (reference drug) was administered for 2 weeks i.p. Mice were tested for their memory function using two behavioral models, object recognition test (ORT) and passive avoidance test (PAT). Findings/Results Administration of scopolamine significantly impaired memory function in both behavioral models. In the PAT model, all extracts at 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly reversed the effect of memory destruction caused by scopolamine. At a lower dose of 25 mg/kg, however, none of the extracts were able to significantly change the step-through latency time. In the ORT model, however, administration of all extracts at 50 and 100 mg/kg, significantly increased the recognition index. Only the manna and the aqueous extract at 25 mg/kg were able to reverse scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Conclusions and implications These results suggest that all forms of EC extracts improve memory impairment induced by scopolamine comparably to rivastigmine. Whether the effects are sustained over a longer period remains to be tested in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giti Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Sadeghi Dinani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Wendo JK, Mbaria JM, Nyariki JN, Isaac AO. Ginkgo biloba attenuated detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in mice treated with melarsoprol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012103. [PMID: 38620045 PMCID: PMC11045140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe late stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) is characterized by damage to the blood brain barrier, severe brain inflammation, oxidative stress and organ damage. Melarsoprol (MelB) is currently the only treatment available for this disease. MelB use is limited by its lethal neurotoxicity due to post-treatment reactive encephalopathy. This study sought to assess the potential of Ginkgo biloba (GB), a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, to protect the integrity of the blood brain barrier and ameliorate detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to T.b.r in mice treated with MelB. METHODOLOGY Group one constituted the control; group two was infected with T.b.r; group three was infected with T.b.r and treated with 2.2 mg/kg melarsoprol for 10 days; group four was infected with T.b.r and administered with GB 80 mg/kg for 30 days; group five was given GB 80mg/kg for two weeks before infection with T.b.r, and continued thereafter and group six was infected with T.b.r, administered with GB and treated with MelB. RESULTS Co-administration of MelB and GB improved the survival rate of infected mice. When administered separately, MelB and GB protected the integrity of the blood brain barrier and improved neurological function in infected mice. Furthermore, the administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, as well as T.b.r-driven downregulation of total WBCs. Glutathione analysis showed that co-administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced oxidative stress in the brain, spleen, heart and lungs. Notably, GB averted peroxidation and oxidant damage by ameliorating T.b.r and MelB-driven elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney and liver. In fact, the co-administered group for the liver, registered the lowest MDA levels for infected mice. T.b.r-driven elevation of serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, uric acid and urea was abrogated by MelB and GB. Co-administration of MelB and GB was most effective in stabilizing TNFα levels. GB attenuated T.b.r and MelB-driven up-regulation of nitrite. CONCLUSION Utilization of GB as an adjuvant therapy may ameliorate detrimental effects caused by T.b.r infection and MelB toxicity during late stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Khatenje Wendo
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mucunu Mbaria
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
| | - James Nyabuga Nyariki
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Du JF, Zhao Z, Xu WB, Wang QL, Li P, Lu X. Comprehensive analysis of JAZ family members in Ginkgo biloba reveals the regulatory role of the GbCOI1/GbJAZs/GbMYC2 module in ginkgolide biosynthesis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad121. [PMID: 37741055 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L., an ancient relict plant known as a 'living fossil', has a high medicinal and nutritional value in its kernels and leaves. Ginkgolides are unique diterpene lactone compounds in G. biloba, with favorable therapeutic effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Thus, it is essential to study the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of ginkgolide, which will contribute to quality improvement and medication requirements. In this study, the regulatory roles of the JAZ gene family and GbCOI1/GbJAZs/GbMYC2 module in ginkgolide biosynthesis were explored based on genome and methyl jasmonate-induced transcriptome. Firstly, 18 JAZ proteins were identified from G. biloba, and the gene characteristics and expansion patterns along with evolutionary relationships of these GbJAZs were analyzed systematically. Expression patterns analysis indicated that most GbJAZs expressed highly in the fibrous root and were induced significantly by methyl jasmonate. Mechanistically, yeast two-hybrid assays suggested that GbJAZ3/11 interacted with both GbMYC2 and GbCOI1, and several GbJAZ proteins could form homodimers or heterodimers between the GbJAZ family. Moreover, GbMYC2 is directly bound to the G-box element in the promoter of GbLPS, to regulate the biosynthesis of ginkgolide. Collectively, these results systematically characterized the JAZ gene family in G. biloba and demonstrated that the GbCOI1/GbJAZs/GbMYC2 module could regulate ginkgolides biosynthesis, which provides a novel insight for studying the mechanism of JA regulating ginkgolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fa Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiao-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
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Kheyrollah M, Farhadpour M, Sabouni F, Haghbeen K. Neuroprotective Effect of Lithospermum officinale Callus Extract on Inflamed Primary Microglial Cells. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:637-644. [PMID: 37587806 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230816154639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants that have therapeutic features for humans or animals are commonly referred to as "medicinal plants". They produce secondary metabolites with antioxidant, antimicrobial and/or anti-cancer effects. Lithospermum officinale, known as European stone seed, is a famous medicinal herb. However, due to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PzAl) in the root extract of L.officinal, there are therapeutic limitations to this herb. OBJECTIVE This research was devoted to the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory capacity of methanolic extracts of L. officinale callus (LoE) (fresh cells) on rat microglial cells, the immune cells of the Central Nervous System, which play an essential role in the responses to neuroinflammation. METHODS Primary microglia were obtained from neonatal Wistar rats (1 to 3-days old), and then treated with various concentration of CfA and methanolic extracts of 17 and 31-day-old L. officinale callus before LPS-stimulation. In addition to HPLC analysis of the extracts, viability, nitric oxide production, and evaluation of pro-inflammatory genes and cytokines in the inflamed microglia were investigated by MTT, Griess methos, qrt-PCR, and ELISA. RESULTS Methanolic extract of the 17-day-old callus of L. officinale exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated microglial cells much higher than observed for CfA. The data were further supported by the decreased expression of Nos2, Tnf-α, and Cox-2 mRNA and the suppression of TNF-α and IL-1β release in the activated microglial cells pretreated with the effective dose of LoE (0.8 mg mL-1). CONCLUSION It was assumed that the better anti-neuroinflammatory performance of LoE than CfA in LPS-activated primary microglia could be a result of the synergism of the components of the extract and the lipophilic nature of RsA as the main phenolic acid of LoE. Considering that LoE shows a high antioxidant capacity and lacks PzAl, it is anticipated that LoE extract might be considered a reliable substitute to play a key role in the preparation of neuroprotective pharmaceutical formulas, which require in vivo research and further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kheyrollah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Farhadpour
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sabouni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Mostafa RE, Asaad GF. Meclizine moderates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in mice through the regulation of AKT/ NF-κβ/ERK/JNK signaling pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2797-2806. [PMID: 37733253 PMCID: PMC10663243 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is identified as significant inflammatory reactions occurring in the central nervous system. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates innate immune reactions and is used as an in vivo animal model for the investigation of inflammation. Meclizine (MCLZ) is a histamine antagonist with potential neuroprotective qualities. Forty adult male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups (n = 10). Group 1 served as a control negative group. Groups 2-4 were injected with LPS (5 mg/kg; i.p). Group 2 served as LPS-control. Groups 3 & 4 were given MCLZ (12.5 & 25 mg/kg; p.o) respectively for 14 days. LPS administration resulted in significant neuroinflammation in mice as was revealed by significant inflammatory histopathological changes and positive immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) accompanied by significant elevations of brain tissue contents of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κβ), protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and C-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNK). MCLZ treatment significantly down-regulated all the aforementioned parameters in mice brains. Moreover, MCLZ treatment ameliorated the inflammatory histopathological changes and GFAP immunostaining in brain tissues. The current study identifies for the first time the protective anti-neuroinflammatory effects of MCLZ against LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice. MCLZ protected against neuroinflammation via the amelioration of inflammatory histopathological changes as well as neuronal GFAP immunostaining and down-regulated the AKT/NF-κβ/ERK/JNK signaling pathway. MCLZ is anticipated as a potential protective candidate for the addition to the treatment protocol of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha E Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 ELBohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gihan F Asaad
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, 33 ELBohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Liu GZ, Niu TT, Yu Q, Xu BL, Li XQ, Yuan BY, Yuan GB, Yang TT, Li HQ, Sun Y. Ginkgolide attenuates memory impairment and neuroinflammation by suppressing the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10237-10252. [PMID: 37793010 PMCID: PMC10599747 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the neuroinflammatory pathway of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study is to explore the roles and underlying mechanisms of ginkgolide (Baiyu®) on amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice and a murine microglial cell line, BV-2. In the present study, the APP/PS1 mice were administered with ginkgolide, followed by a Morris water maze test. The mice were then euthanized to obtain brain tissue for histological and Aβ analysis. Additionally, BV-2 cells were pretreated with ginkgolide and then incubated with Aβ1-42 peptide. NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissue of mice and BV-2 cells were quantified by real-time PCR and western blotting, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels by lucigenin technique and ELISA. Compared with the APP/PS1 mice, ginkgolide-treated mice demonstrated the shortened escape latency, reduced plaques, less inflammatory cell infiltration and neuron loss in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice. The levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, ROS, IL-1β, and IL-18 were also decreased in the brain tissue of APP/PS1 mice or Aβ1-42-treated BV-2 cells following ginkgolide treatment. Ginkgolide exerted protective effects on AD, at least partly by inactivating the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tian-Tong Niu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Beijing D.A. Medical Laboratory, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Bao-Lei Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui-Qin Li
- Research and Development Centre, Chengdu Baiyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Research and Development Centre, Chengdu Baiyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
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Dong W, Gong T, Zhao S, Wen S, Chen Q, Jiang M, Ye W, Huang Q, Wang C, Yang C, Liu X, Wang Y. A novel extract from Ginkgo biloba inhibits neuroinflammation and maintains white matter integrity in experimental stroke. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00226-9. [PMID: 37225050 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extract (GBE) has been added in many commercial herbal formulations such as EGb 761 and Shuxuening Injection to treat cardiovascular diseases and stroke worldwide. However, the comprehensive effects of GBE on cerebral ischemia remained unclear. Using a novel GBE (nGBE), which consists of all the compounds of traditional (t)GBE and one new compound, pinitol, we investigated its effect on inflammation, white matter integrity, and long-term neurological function in an experimental stroke model. Both transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and distal MCAO were conducted in male C57/BL6 mice. We found that nGBE significantly reduced infarct volume at 1, 3, and 14 days after ischemia. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions were superior in nGBE treated mice after MCAO. nGBE inhibited the release of IL-1β in the brain, promoted microglial ramification, and regulated the microglial M1 to M2 phenotype shift at 7 days post injury. In vitro analyses showed that nGBE treatment reduced the production of IL-1β and TNFα in primary microglia. Administration of nGBE also decreased the SMI-32/MBP ratio and enhanced myelin integrity, thus exhibiting improved white matter integrity at 28 days post stroke. These findings demonstrate that nGBE protects against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting microglia-related inflammation and promoting white matter repair, suggesting that nGBE is a promising therapeutic strategy for long-term recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Ting Gong
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China; Department of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, 100094, P.R. China
| | - Shunying Zhao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Shaohong Wen
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Qingfang Chen
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Jiang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Weizhen Ye
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Qiuru Huang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Yang
- Department of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, 100094, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, P.R. China.
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Biernacka P, Adamska I, Felisiak K. The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds-A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28103993. [PMID: 37241734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is a relict tree species showing high resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Its fruits and leaves have high medicinal value due to the presence of flavonoids, terpene trilactones and phenolic compounds. However, ginkgo seeds contain toxic and allergenic alkylphenols. The publication revises the latest research results (mainly from 2018-2022) regarding the chemical composition of extracts obtained from this plant and provides information on the use of extracts or their selected ingredients in medicine and food production. A very important section of the publication is the part in which the results of the review of patents concerning the use of Ginkgo biloba and its selected ingredients in food production are presented. Despite the constantly growing number of studies on its toxicity and interactions with synthetic drugs, its health-promoting properties are the reason for the interest of scientists and motivation to create new food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Biernacka
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Adamska
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Felisiak
- Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, Department of Food Science and Technology-West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Dobrek L, Głowacka K. Depression and Its Phytopharmacotherapy-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054772. [PMID: 36902200 PMCID: PMC10003400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a mental health disorder that develops as a result of complex psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrinological disturbances. This disease presents with mood disturbances, persistent sadness, loss of interest and impaired cognition, which causes distress to the patient and significantly affects the ability to function and have a satisfying family, social and professional life. Depression requires comprehensive management, including pharmacological treatment. Because pharmacotherapy of depression is a long-term process associated with the risk of numerous adverse drug effects, much attention is paid to alternative therapy methods, including phytopharmacotherapy, especially in treating mild or moderate depression. Preclinical studies and previous clinical studies confirm the antidepressant activity of active compounds in plants, such as St. John's wort, saffron crocus, lemon balm and lavender, or less known in European ethnopharmacology, roseroot, ginkgo, Korean ginseng, borage, brahmi, mimosa tree and magnolia bark. The active compounds in these plants exert antidepressive effects in similar mechanisms to those found in synthetic antidepressants. The description of phytopharmacodynamics includes inhibiting monoamine reuptake and monoamine oxidase activity and complex, agonistic or antagonistic effects on multiple central nervous system (CNS) receptors. Moreover, it is noteworthy that the anti-inflammatory effect is also important to the antidepressant activity of the plants mentioned above in light of the hypothesis that immunological disorders of the CNS are a significant pathogenetic factor of depression. This narrative review results from a traditional, non-systematic literature review. It briefly discusses the pathophysiology, symptomatology and treatment of depression, with a particular focus on the role of phytopharmacology in its treatment. It provides the mechanisms of action revealed in experimental studies of active ingredients isolated from herbal antidepressants and presents the results of selected clinical studies confirming their antidepressant effectiveness.
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Ouyang L, Chen B, Liu X, Wang D, Li Y, Liao Y, Yeung KW, Liu X. Puerarin@Chitosan composite for infected bone repair through mimicking the bio-functions of antimicrobial peptides. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:520-530. [PMID: 36185735 PMCID: PMC9508162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to eliminate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) along with killing bacteria in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) therapy for promoting bone repair due to its effect to regulate macrophages response. Although natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a good solution, the unknown toxicity, high cost and exogenetic immune response hamper their applications in clinic. In this work, we fabricated a nanowire-like composite material, named P@C, by combining chitosan and puerarin via solid-phase reaction, which can finely mimic the bio-functions of AMPs. Chitosan, serving as the bacteria membrane puncture agent, and puerarin, serving as the LPS target agent, synergistically destroy the bacterial membrane structure and inhibit its recovery, thus endowing P@C with good antibacterial property. In addition, P@C possesses good osteoimmunomodulation due to its ability of LPS elimination and macrophage differentiation modulation. The in vivo results show that P@C can inhibit the LPS induced bone destruction in the Escherichia coli infected rat. P@C exhibits superior bone regeneration in Escherichia coli infected rat due to the comprehensive functions of its superior antibacterial property, and its ability of LPS elimination and immunomodulation. P@C can well mimic the functions of AMPs, which provides a novel and effective method for treating the PJI in clinic. P@C was fabricated through solid reaction with chitosan and puerarin. P@C punctures bacteria membrane and eliminates LPS, thus sterilizes bacteria. P@C improves bone formation of PEEK under infection via polarizing macrophage to M2.
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Zhang L, Fang X, Sun J, Su E, Cao F, Zhao L. Study on Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Typical Functional Components of Extracts of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031377. [PMID: 36771046 PMCID: PMC9920934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are some differences in the anti-inflammatory activities of four typical components in EGB (extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves), and there is also a synergistic relationship. The order of inhibiting the NO-release ability of single functional components is OA > GF > OPC > G. Ginkgolide (G), proanthocyanidins (OPC), and organic acids (OA) all have synergistic effects on ginkgo flavonoids (GF). GF:OA (1:9) is the lowest interaction index among all complexes, showing the strongest synergy. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of the compound affects the expression of p-JNK, p-P38, and p-ERK1/2 proteins by inhibiting the expression of iNOS and COX2 genes on NFKB and MAPK pathways. This also provides a research basis for the development of anti-inflammatory deep-processing products of EGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xianying Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jihu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (L.Z.)
| | - Erzheng Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (L.Z.)
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15
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Xiang J, Ma YL, Zou J, Zeng XX, Xiao X, Yu YL, Dong YT, Ran LY, Qi XL, Hong W, Gao YH, Guan ZZ. Extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves attenuates neurotoxic damages in rats and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to a high level of fluoride. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127088. [PMID: 36265321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential protection against the neurotoxic damages of high levels of fluoride on rats and SH-SY5Y cells by extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, as well as underlying mechanisms, were examined. METHODS The rats were divided randomly into 4 groups, i.e., control, treatment with the extract (100 mg/kg body weight, gavage once daily), treatment with fluoride (50 ppm F- in drinking water) and combined treatment with both; SH-SY5Y cells exposed to fluoride and fluoride in combination with the extract or 4-Amino-1,8-naphthalimide (4-ANI), an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Spatial learning and memory in the rats were assessed employing Morris water maze test; the contents of fluoride in brains and urine by fluoride ion-selective electrode; cytotoxicity of fluoride was by CCK-8 kit; the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) by appropriate kits; the level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was by ELISA; the content of ROS and frequency of apoptosis by flow cytometry; the expressions of phospho-histone H2A.X(Ser139), PARP-1, poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) by Western blotting or immunofluorescence. RESULTS The rats with prolong treatment of fluoride exhibited dental fluorosis, the increased contents of fluoride in brains and urine and the declined ability of learning and memory. In the hippocampus of the rats and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to fluoride, the levels of ROS, MDA, apoptosis, 8-OHdG and the protein expressions of histone H2A.X(Ser139), PARP-1 and PAR were all elevated; the activities of SOD and GSH-Px and the protein expression of SIRT1 reduced. Interestingly, the treatment of Ginkgo biloba extract attenuated these neurotoxic effects on rats and SH-SY5Y cells exposed to fluoride and the treatment of 4-ANI produced a neuroprotective effect against fluoride exposure. CONCLUSION Ginkgo biloba extract attenuated neurotoxic damages induced by fluoride exposure to rats and SH-SY5Y cells and the underlying mechanism might involve the inhibition of PARP-1 and the promotion of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology of Guizhou Medical University and Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Yan-Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Jian Zou
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology of Guizhou Medical University and Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology of Guizhou Medical University and Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology of Guizhou Medical University and Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Yan-Long Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Yang-Ting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Long-Yan Ran
- Department of Medical Science and Technology at the Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education and Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guiyang 550004, PR China
| | - Yan-Hui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Guan
- Department of Pathology at the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University and Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University) of the Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, PR China.
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16
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Tsai ST, Nithiyanantham S, Satyanarayanan SK, Su KP. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Concept of Mind-Body Interface. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:435-458. [PMID: 36949321 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we conducted a systemic literature review for the anti-inflammatory effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) applying molecular mechanisms focusing on the neuroinflammation and gut-brain axis in three neuropsychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. We demonstrated the anti-inflammation or immunomodulation effects of TCM, including acupuncture, from basic and clinical research, including cellular and molecular approaches. In conclusion, inflammation plays a critical role in the neuropsychopathological process. At the same time, anti-inflammation seems to be the common biological pathway for the effects of TCM and acupuncture in depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ta Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Srinivasan Nithiyanantham
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Wiklund L, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Zhang Z, Li C, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Lafuente JV, Nozari A, Feng L, Sharma HS. TiO 2-Nanowired Delivery of Chinese Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and Bilobalide BN-52021 Enhanced Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebrolysin Following Spinal Cord Injury at Cold Environment. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 32:353-384. [PMID: 37480466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32997-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel during combat or peacekeeping operations are exposed to extreme climates of hot or cold environments for longer durations. Spinal cord injury is quite common in military personnel following central nervous system (CNS) trauma indicating a possibility of altered pathophysiological responses at different ambient temperatures. Our previous studies show that the pathophysiology of brain injury is exacerbated in animals acclimated to cold (5 °C) or hot (30 °C) environments. In these diverse ambient temperature zones, trauma exacerbated oxidative stress generation inducing greater blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cell damage. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba EGb-761 and BN-52021 treatment reduces brain pathology following heat stress. This effect is further improved following TiO2 nanowired delivery in heat stress in animal models. Several studies indicate the role of EGb-761 in attenuating spinal cord induced neuronal damages and improved functional deficit. This is quite likely that these effects are further improved following nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin-a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and peptide fragments in spinal cord trauma. In this review, TiO2 nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with nanowired cerebrolysin is examined in a rat model of spinal cord injury at cold environment. Our results show that spinal cord injury aggravates cord pathology in cold-acclimated rats and nanowired delivery of EGb-761 and BN-52021 with cerebrolysin significantly induced superior neuroprotection, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Wiklund
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province; The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Yuexiu District, China
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zou X, Liu S, Zou H, Zhou W, Fu H, Wei J, Zhang J, Zeng H, Tan T, Zhou W, Wu H, Chen X, Zhou X. Inflammatory mechanisms of Ginkgo Biloba extract in improving memory functions through lncRNA-COX2/NF-κB pathway in mice with status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:471-482. [PMID: 36419341 PMCID: PMC9804085 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was to explore whether Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) improve memory impairment by alleviating neuroinflammation signaling in mice with status epilepticus. METHODS The status epilepticus (SE) mice model was established by pilocarpine and treated with 100 mg / kg of GBE for 14 days. Spontaneous alternation of Y-maze and new object recognition were used to explore memory impairment. To examine glial cell activation, we performed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The activation of NF-κB signaling and the expression level of lncRNA-COX2 were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR, respectively. Adeno-associated virus lncRNA-COX2 was injected into mice for overexpression of lncRNA-COX2. RESULTS After GBE treatment, the spontaneous alternation rate and the recognition coefficient in SE mice were both increased. Moreover, activation of glial cells, NF-κB signaling and lncRNA-COX2 were significantly decreased in SE mice. In the GBE-treated SE mice with lncRNA-COX2 overexpression, NF-κB signaling was up-regulated again; the reduced level of inflammation factors was reversed; the GBE-rescued spontaneous alternation rate of Y-maze was eliminated. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that GBE reduces the hippocampal inflammation by down-regulating lncRNA-COX2 / NF-κB signaling in the SE mice, leading to the decrease of neuronal damage and the improvement of memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Zou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Si Liu
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huihui Zou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wanfei Zhou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huaili Fu
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiana Wei
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiakang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haoxuan Zeng
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tian Tan
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Heyong Wu
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinrun Chen
- Department of Clinical medicineThe First Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianju Zhou
- Special Medical Service Center, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang L. Vascular dementia: A microglia's perspective. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 81:101734. [PMID: 36113763 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a second most common form of age-related dementia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment associated with vascular pathology, symptoms mainly caused by cerebral damage due to inadequate blood flow to the brain. The pathogenesis of VaD is complex, and a growing body of literature emphasizes on the involvement of microglia in disease development and progression. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of microglia in regulating neuroinflammation under the pathogenesis of VaD. The commonly used animal and cell models for understanding the disease pathogenesis were summarized. The mechanisms by which microglia contribute to VaD are multifactorial, and we specifically focus on some of the predominant functions of microglia, including chemotaxis, secretory property, phagocytosis, and its crosstalk with other neurovascular unit cells. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies targeting microglia-modulated neuroinflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zirui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Therapeutic Versus Preventative Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175598. [PMID: 36080365 PMCID: PMC9458100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The main bioactive constituents in the standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb 761) are the terpene lactones and flavonoid glycosides. EGb 761’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have previously been demonstrated. Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers have a multifactorial etiology and represent a major restriction to its therapeutic utility. The underlying ulcerogenic process involves oxidative and inflammatory biomolecular insults. This study was performed to explore the curative and preventative benefits of EGb 761 in experimentally-induced ulcers. To develop gastric ulcers in mice, indomethacin (40 mg/kg) was administered orally. EGb 761 (200 mg/kg) was given by gavage for 7 days before (preventative) and after (therapeutic) indomethacin administration. The histological alterations and macroscopic mucosal lesions were assessed. In gastric tissue homogenates, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines were measured. The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytokines, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the stomach mucosa were also investigated. The ulcer index, histological alterations, gastric oxidants, and inflammatory biomarkers were all significantly increased by indomethacin. In stomach specimens, it increased COX-2 and PCNA expression. EGb 761 treatments, both prophylactic and therapeutic, resulted in significant reductions in ulcer lesions, nitrosative and oxidative damage, and inflammatory markers, along with the lowering of COX-2 and PCNA expressions. Furthermore, in the fight against stomach ulcers, EGb 761 treatment was found to be more efficient than prevention.
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Unveiling Natural and Semisynthetic Acylated Flavonoids: Chemistry and Biological Actions in the Context of Molecular Docking. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175501. [PMID: 36080269 PMCID: PMC9458193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acylated flavonoids are widely distributed natural metabolites in medicinal plants and foods with several health attributes. A large diversity of chemical structures of acylated flavonoids with interesting biological effects was reported from several plant species. Of these, 123 compounds with potential antimicrobial, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, analgesic, and anti-complementary effects were selected from several databases including SCI-Finder, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and others. Some selected reported biologically active flavonoids were docked in the active binding sites of some natural enzymes, namely acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, and HIV integrase, in an attempt to underline the key interactions that might be responsible for their biological activities.
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22
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Liu M, Peng Y, Che Y, Zhou M, Bai Y, Tang W, Huang S, Zhang B, Deng S, Wang C, Yu Z. MiR-146b-5p/TRAF6 axis is essential for Ginkgo biloba L. extract GBE to attenuate LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:978587. [PMID: 36091773 PMCID: PMC9449131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.978587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) has been widely used to treat cerebral and peripheral blood circulation disorders. However, its potential targets and underlying mechanisms regarding neuroinflammation have not yet been characterized. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate and validate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of GBE against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The effect of GBE on LPS-induced release of inflammatory cytokines was examined using ELISA and western blot assay. The effects of GBE on NF-κB binding activity and translocation were determined via luciferase, streptavidin-agarose pulldown, and immunofluorescence assays. The potential targets of GBE were screened from the GEO and microRNA databases and further identified via qPCR, luciferase, gene mutation, and western blot assays. Results: GBE significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in BV-2 and U87 cells, with no obvious cytotoxicity. GBE significantly induced miR-146b-5p expression, which negatively regulated TRAF6 expression by targeting its 3′-UTR. Thus, due to TRAF6 suppression, GBE decreases the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and finally reverses LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Conclusion: Our study revealed the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism of GBE through the miR-146b-5p/TRAF6 axis and provided a theoretical basis for its rational clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Neurology Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yulin Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yilin Che
- The 1st Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meirong Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Neurology Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Neurology Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenlong Yu, ; Chao Wang,
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenlong Yu, ; Chao Wang,
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23
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Boateng ID. Potentialities of Ginkgo extract on toxicants, toxins, and radiation: a critical review. Food Funct 2022; 13:7960-7983. [PMID: 35801619 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01298g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to toxins is a severe threat to human health and life in today's developing and industrialized world. Therefore, identifying a protective chemical could be valuable and fascinating in this case. The purpose of this article was to bring together thorough review of studies on Ginkgo biloba to aid in the creation of ways for delivering its phytoconstituents to treat toxicants and radiation. This review gathered and evaluated studies on the defensive impact of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against toxicities caused by toxic chemical agents (such as lead, cadmium, and aluminum), natural toxins (for example, lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity and damage, gossypol, latadenes, and lotaustralin), and radiation (for example, gamma, ultra-violet, and radio-frequency radiation). According to this review, GBE has a considerable therapeutic effect by influencing specific pathophysiological targets. Furthermore, GBE has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antigenotoxicity properties against various toxicities. These are due to flavone glycosides (primarily isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin) and terpene trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, and bilobalide) that aid GBEs' neutralizing effect against radiation and toxins by acting independently or synergistically. This will serve as a reference for the functional food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Duah Boateng
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, 1406 E Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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24
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Teng B, Xie C, Zhao Y, Zeng Q, Zhan F, Feng Y, Wang Z. Identification of MEDAG and SERPINE1 Related to Hypoxia in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Based on Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:926508. [PMID: 35874515 PMCID: PMC9301186 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.926508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a severe cardiovascular disease that often results in high mortality due to sudden rupture. This paper aims to explore potential molecular mechanisms and effective targeted therapies to prevent and delay AAA rupture. Methods: We downloaded two microarray datasets (GSE98278 and GSE17901) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential analysis and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) of hypoxia scores were performed on 48 AAA patients in GSE98278. We identified hypoxia- and ruptured AAA-related gene modules using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed using the R package clusterProfiler. For candidate genes, validation was conducted on the mouse dataset GSE17901. Finally, we predicted drug candidates associated with the hub genes using the HERB Chinese medicine database. Results: Eighty-two differentially expressed genes were screened in the ruptured and stable groups; 103 differentially expressed genes were identified between the high- and low-hypoxia groups; and WGCNA identified 58 differentially expressed genes. Finally, nine candidate genes were screened, including two hub genes (MEDAG and SERPINE1). We identified pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and T-helper 1-type immune response involved in AAA hypoxia and rupture. We predicted 93 traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) associated with MEDAG and SERPINE1. Conclusion: We identified the hypoxic molecules MEDAG and SERPINE1 associated with AAA rupture. Our study provides an additional direction for the association between hypoxia and AAA rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Teng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaozheng Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu Zeng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangbiao Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangyang Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Tziridis K, Schulze H. Preventive Effects of Ginkgo-Extract EGb 761 ® on Noise Trauma-Induced Cochlear Synaptopathy. Nutrients 2022; 14:3015. [PMID: 35893868 PMCID: PMC9330013 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise trauma-induced loss of ribbon synapses at the inner hair cells (IHC) of the cochlea may lead to hearing loss (HL), resulting in tinnitus. We are convinced that a successful and sustainable therapy of tinnitus has to treat both symptom and cause. One of these causes may be the mentioned loss of ribbon synapses at the IHC of the cochlea. In this study, we investigated the possible preventive and curative effects of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on noise-induced synaptopathy, HL, and tinnitus development in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). To this end, 37 male animals received EGb 761® or placebo orally 3 weeks before (16 animals) or after (21 animals) a monaural acoustic noise trauma (2 kHz, 115 dB SPL, 75 min). Animals' hearing thresholds were determined by auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry. A possible tinnitus percept was assessed by the gap prepulse inhibition acoustic startle reflex (GPIAS) response paradigm. Synaptopathy was quantified by cochlear immunofluorescence histology, counting the ribbon synapses of 15 IHCs at 11 different cochlear frequency locations per ear. We found a clear preventive effect of EGb 761® on ribbon synapse numbers with the surprising result of a significant increase in synaptic innervation on the trauma side relative to placebo-treated animals. Consequently, animals treated with EGb 761® before noise trauma did not develop a significant HL and were also less affected by tinnitus compared to placebo-treated animals. On the other hand, we did not see a curative effect (EGb 761® treatment after noise trauma) of the extract on ribbon synapse numbers and, consequently, a significant HL and no difference in tinnitus development compared to the placebo-treated animals. Taken together, EGb 761® prevented noise-induced HL and tinnitus by protecting from noise trauma-induced cochlear ribbon synapse loss; however, in our model, it did not restore lost ribbon synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Schulze
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT Clinic Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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26
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Villegas C, Perez R, Petiz LL, Glaser T, Ulrich H, Paz C. Ginkgolides and Huperzine A for complementary treatment of Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:763-779. [PMID: 35384262 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of cognitive function, memory, and inability to perform daily, social, or occupational activities. Its etiology is associated with the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides, phosphorylated tau protein, and neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes in the brain. Currently, there is no successful pharmacological treatment for AD. The few approved drugs are mainly aimed at treating the symptoms; however, due to the increasing discovery of etiopathological factors, there are great efforts to find new multifunctional molecules to slow down the course of this neurodegenerative disease. The commercial Ginkgo biloba formulation EGb 761® and Huperzine A, an alkaloid present in the plant Huperzia serrata, have shown in clinical trials to possess cholinergic and neuroprotective activities, including improvement in cognition, activities of daily living, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD patients. The purpose of this review is to expose the positive results of intervention with EGb 761® and Huperzine in patients with mild to moderate AD in the last 10 years, highlighting the pharmacological functions that justify their use in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Villegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rebeca Perez
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lyvia Lintzmaier Petiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristian Paz
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Drug Discovery, Center CEBIM, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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27
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Shao L, Dong C, Geng D, He Q, Shi Y. Ginkgolide B inactivates the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting autophagic degradation to improve learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:329-341. [PMID: 35050445 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome drives the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginkgolide B (GB) is a potential anti-inflammatory compound that controls neuro-inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GB on the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD. The effect of GB on the conversion between the M1 and M2 microglial phenotype was examined using quantitative real-time PCR and immunostaining. Western blotting assays and ELISA were used to detect changes in neuro-inflammation following GB treatment, including the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and autophagy. In order to evaluate the cognitive function of male senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, were performed. GB significantly decreased the intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in lipopolysaccharide-treated BV2 cells and improved cognitive behavior in SAMP8 mice. Moreover, GB deactivated the NLRP3 inflammasome, and this effect was dependent on autophagy. Ubiquitination was associated with GB-induced autophagic NLRP3 degradation. These results were further validated in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice. Thus, GB exerted a neuroprotective effect on the cognitive function of SAMP8 mice by suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via autophagic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, The Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dong
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqin Geng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing He
- Department of Neurology, The Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221005, People's Republic of China
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28
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Abdel-Emam RA, Abd-Eldayem AM. Systemic and topical Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) ameliorated rat paw inflammation in comparison to dexamethasone. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114619. [PMID: 34520829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract (Egb-761) is used for treating various inflammatory disease conditions therefore this study was performed. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed at comparing the ameliorative effects of both systemic and topical Egb-761 versus dexamethasone on carrageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar albino rats were injected with carrageenan solution in the sub-planter region of the right hind paw. Egb-761 and dexamethasone were administered systemically to two groups while Egb-761 ointment 2% and dexamethasone sodium phosphate ointment were applied topically for another two groups. Vernier Caliper was used to assess rat paw thickness. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels have been estimated. RESULTS Carrageenan induced a significant rat paw edema and inflammation noticed 1 h post-injection as well as an increase of MDA, NO, and TNF-α in the inflamed skin tissues compared to the control group. Systemic and topical administration of Egb-761 and dexamethasone resulted in a significant reduction in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. They reduced the tissue levels of MDA, NO, and TNF-α. Dexamethasone showed a little bit superior anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy over Egb-761. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate the possibility of the therapeutic value of Egb-761 for alleviation of local inflammation by attenuating the increased MDA, NO and TNF-α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A Abdel-Emam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Abd-Eldayem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; Alghad International Colleges of Applied Medical Sciences, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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29
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Nowak A, Kojder K, Zielonka-Brzezicka J, Wróbel J, Bosiacki M, Fabiańska M, Wróbel M, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Klimowicz A. The Use of Ginkgo Biloba L. as a Neuroprotective Agent in the Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775034. [PMID: 34803717 PMCID: PMC8599153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is one of the most common causes of dementia if elderly people worldwide. Alzheimer's disease leads to the alienation of individuals and their exclusion from social and professional life. It is characterized mainly by the degradation of memory and disorientation, which occurs as a result of the loss of neuronal structure and function in different brain areas. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to use in the treatment of natural bioactive compounds that will be effective in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. G. biloba L. and its most frequently used standardized extract (EGb 761), have been used for many years in supportive therapy and in the prevention of cognitive disorders. The paper presents an overview of reports on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as well as a summary of the properties of G. biloba extract and its effects on the possible pathogenesis of the disease. By exploring more about the pathogenesis of the disease and the benefits of G. biloba extract for patients with Alzheimer's disease, it will be possible to create an individualized therapeutic protocol to optimize the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zielonka-Brzezicka
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Wróbel
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Fabiańska
- Institute of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariola Wróbel
- Department of Landscape Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Mansour DF, Saleh DO, Ahmed-Farid OA, Rady M, Bakeer RM, Hashad IM. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) mitigates methotrexate-induced testicular insult in rats: Targeting oxidative stress, energy deficit and spermatogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112201. [PMID: 34560547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Risk of subsequent infertility following MTX administration has been reported as a significant side effect due to testicular toxicity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the modulatory effects of Ginkgo biloba (standardized extract, EGb 761) on MTX-induced testicular oxidative stress, energy deficits and spermatogenic status in rats. All groups received intraperitoneal injection of MTX (0.5 mg/kg) twice weekly for four weeks except the control group that received the corresponding vehicles. Other groups received oral EGb761, at doses 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day, for four weeks, concurrently with MTX. Blood and semen sampling followed by testis dissection were performed 24 h after last EGb 761 treatment. Semen was examined for sperm progressive motility, percent of normal spermatozoa and sperm cell concentration as well as seminal plasma essential and non-essential amino acids. Serum LH, FSH and testosterone were detected as well as testicular MDA, GSH, GSSG, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB and the nuclear, cytoplasmic and mRNA expression levels of Nrf-2 besides the testicular cell energy; AMP, ADP and ATP. Histopathological studies of interstitial fibrosis and the severity of germ cell degeneration were also conducted. MTX induced significant decline in sperm quality along with decreased essential and non-essential amino acids in seminal plasma. MTX reduced serum FSH, LH and testosterone as well as testicular ATP, GSH and Nrf2, while increased levels of testicular ADP, AMP, MDA, GSSG and TNF-α. Results were confirmed by prominent interstitial fibrosis and severe germ cell degeneration in MTX group. Concurrent treatment with EGb 761 alleviated MTX-induced testicular insult evidenced by amelioration of oxidative stress biomarkers, energy functions, seminal sperms abnormalities and spermatogenesis status. The present study suggests a beneficial role of EGb 761 in MTX-induced testicular injury and subsequent distortion of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina F Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Dokki 12622, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Dokki 12622, Egypt.
| | - Omar A Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Rady
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rofanda M Bakeer
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - Ingy M Hashad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Xiang J, Yang F, Zhu W, Cai M, Li XT, Zhang JS, Yu ZH, Zhang W, Cai DF. Bilobalide inhibits inflammation and promotes the expression of Aβ degrading enzymes in astrocytes to rescue neuronal deficiency in AD models. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:542. [PMID: 34671017 PMCID: PMC8528910 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves multiple cell types including endothelial cells, glia, and neurons. It suggests that therapy against single target in single cell type may not be sufficient to treat AD and therapies with protective effects in multiple cell types may be more effective. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of bilobalide on neuroinflammation and Aβ degrading enzymes in AD cell model and mouse model. We find that bilobalide inhibits Aβ-induced and STAT3-dependent expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in primary astrocyte culture. Bilobalide also induces robust expression of Aβ degrading enzymes like NEP, IDE, and MMP2 to facilitate astrocyte-mediated Aβ clearance. Moreover, bilobalide treatment of astrocyte rescues neuronal deficiency in co-cultured APP/PS1 neurons. Most importantly, bilobalide reduces amyloid and inflammation in AD mouse brain. Taken together, the protective effects of bilobalide in in vitro cultures were fully recapitulated in in vivo AD mouse model. Our study supports that bilobalide has therapeutic potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Cai
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Ting Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Si Zhang
- grid.412585.f0000 0004 0604 8558Department of Neurology, Shuguang hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Hai Yu
- grid.412528.80000 0004 1798 5117Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200233 Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ding-Fang Cai
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Laboratory of Neurology, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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Barth SW, Lehner MD, Dietz GPH, Schulze H. Pharmacologic treatments in preclinical tinnitus models with special focus on Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761®. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 116:103669. [PMID: 34560255 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimuli. Frequent comorbidities or associated factors are depression, anxiety, concentration problems, insomnia, resignation, helplessness, headache, bruxism, or social isolation, just to name a few. Although many therapeutic approaches have already been tested with varying success, there still is no cure available for tinnitus. The search for an effective treatment has been hampered by the fact that the mechanisms of tinnitus development are still not fully understood, although several models are available and discussed in this review. Our review will give a brief overview about preclinical models, presenting the heterogeneity of tinnitus sub-types depending on the different inner ear and brain structures involved in tinnitus etiology and pathogenesis. Based on these models we introduce the different target structures and transmitter systems implicated in tinnitus development and provide an extensive overview on preclinical drug-based therapeutic approaches that have been explored in various animal models. As the special extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves EGb 761® has been the most widely tested drug in both non-clinical tinnitus models as well as in clinical trials, a special focus will be given to EGb 761®. The efficacy of terpene lactones, flavone glycosides and proanthocyanidines with their distinct contribution to the overall efficacy profile of the multi-constituent drug EGb 761® will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W Barth
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Martin D Lehner
- Department of Preclinical Research & Development, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Gunnar P H Dietz
- Department of Global Medical Affairs, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Holger Schulze
- Experimental Otolaryngology, ENT-Hospital, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Abdelmeguid NE, Khalil MIM, Elhabet R, Sultan AS, Salam SA. Combination of docosahexaenoic acid and Ginko biloba extract improves cognitive function and hippocampal tissue damages in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 116:101995. [PMID: 34182090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions among elder people. Nowadays, natural antioxidants have been used to recover the quality of life for those with AD. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the combined effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Ginkgo bilobastandardized extract (EGb761) on AD mice. AD was induced in adult male albino mice with AlCl3 (20 mg/kg b.w, i.g.) and D-galactose (D-gal; 120 mg/kg, i.p.) for 90 days. 30 days after induction, mice were treated with DHA (200 mg/kg b.w., i.g.) and EGb761 (200 mg/kg b.w., i.g.) for two months. Our data revealed that the dual treatment of DHA and EGb761 significantly improved cognitive memory and spatial learning abilities in AD-induced mice. The drug treatments preserved the hippocampal CA3 architecture and restored neuronal ultrastructural alterations. Expression of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), the most implicated protein phosphatase in AD neurodegeneration, was highly upregulated in the CA3 hippocampus of AD mice treated with DHA and EGb761. Intriguingly, TNF-α expression was significantly reduced in the same group. In conclusion, our findings proved that the combined effect of DHA and EGb761 tended to be potent against the neurodegenerative effect of AlCl3 and D-gal. The applied treatment enhanced neuronal survival and cognitive functions via upregulation of PP2A and restoration of TNF-α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila E Abdelmeguid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud I M Khalil
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon.
| | - Rasha Elhabet
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Sultan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Tomino C, Ilari S, Solfrizzi V, Malafoglia V, Zilio G, Russo P, Proietti S, Marcolongo F, Scapagnini G, Muscoli C, Rossini PM. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia: The Role of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761 ®). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040305. [PMID: 33915701 PMCID: PMC8065464 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia are clinically prevalent in the elderly. There is a high risk of cognitive decline in patients diagnosed with MCI or dementia. This review describes the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba leaf special extract EGb 761® for the treatment of dementia syndromes and EGb 761® combination therapy with other medications for symptomatic dementia. This drug has shown convincing results, improving cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms and consequent reduction of caregiver stress and maintenance of autonomy in patients with age-related cognitive decline, MCI and mild to moderate dementia. Currently, there is little evidence to support the combination therapy with anti-dementia drugs and, therefore, more evidence is needed to evaluate the role of EGb 761® in mixed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Ilari
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88201 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Clinica Medica “Frugoni” and Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70122 Bari, Italy;
| | - Valentina Malafoglia
- Institute for Research on Pain, ISAL Foundation, Torre Pedrera, 47922 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo Zilio
- Scientific Department, Schwabe Pharma Italia S.r.l., 39044 Egna, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Stefania Proietti
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Marcolongo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88201 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy;
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Ibrahim MA, Ramadan HH, Mohammed RN. Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus COVID-19 infections. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:131-143. [PMID: 33594843 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic invades the world. Public health evaluates the incidence of infections and death, which should be reduced and need desperately quarantines for infected individuals. This article review refers to the roles of Ginkgo Biloba to reduce the risk of infection in the respiratory tract, the details on the epidemiology of corona COVID-19 and influenza, and it highlights how the Ginko Biloba could have been used as a novel treatment.Ginkgo Biloba can reduce the risk of infection by several mechanisms; these mechanisms involve Ginkgo Biloba contains quercetin and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory and immune modulator effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations. Cytokines cause inflammation which have been induced the injuries in lung lining.Some observational studies confirmed that Ginkgo Biloba reduced the risk of asthma, sepsis and another respiratory disease as well as it reduced the risk of cigarette smoking on respiratory symptoms. While other evidences suggested the characters of Ginkgo Biloba as an antivirus agent through several mechanisms. Ginkgolic acid (GA) can inhibit the fusion and synthesis of viral proteins, thus, it inhibit the Herpes Simplex Virus type1 (HSV-1), genome replication in Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the infections of the Zika Virus (ZIKV). Also, it inhibits the wide spectrum of fusion by inhibiting the three types of proteins that have been induced fusion as (Influenza A Virus [IAV], Epstein Barr Virus [EBV], HIV and Ebola Virus [EBOV]).The secondary mechanism of GA targeting inhibition of the DNA and protein synthesis in virus, greatly have been related to its strong effects, even afterward the beginning of the infection, therefore, it potentially treats the acute viral contaminations like (Measles and Coronavirus COVID-19). Additionally, it has been used topically as an effective agent on vigorous lesions including (varicella-zoster virus [VZV], HSV-1 and HSV-2). Ginkgo Biloba may be useful for treating the infected people with coronavirus COVID-19 through its beneficial effect. To assess those recommendations should be conducted with random control trials and extensive population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Ibrahim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Hanan H Ramadan
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Rasha N Mohammed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Pharmacy College, University of Basra, Basrah, Iraq
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Haines DD, Tosaki A. Heme Degradation in Pathophysiology of and Countermeasures to Inflammation-Associated Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249698. [PMID: 33353225 PMCID: PMC7766613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The class of tetrapyrrol "coordination complexes" called hemes are prosthetic group components of metalloproteins including hemoglobin, which provide functionality to these physiologically essential macromolecules by reversibly binding diatomic gasses, notably O2, which complexes to ferrous (reduced/Fe(II)) iron within the heme porphyrin ring of hemoglobin in a pH- and PCO2-dependent manner-thus allowing their transport and delivery to anatomic sites of their function. Here, pathologies associated with aberrant heme degradation are explored in the context of their underlying mechanisms and emerging medical countermeasures developed using heme oxygenase (HO), its major degradative enzyme and bioactive metabolites produced by HO activity. Tissue deposits of heme accumulate as a result of the removal of senescent or damaged erythrocytes from circulation by splenic macrophages, which destroy the cells and internal proteins, including hemoglobin, leaving free heme to accumulate, posing a significant toxicogenic challenge. In humans, HO uses NADPH as a reducing agent, along with molecular oxygen, to degrade heme into carbon monoxide (CO), free ferrous iron (FeII), which is sequestered by ferritin protein, and biliverdin, subsequently metabolized to bilirubin, a potent inhibitor of oxidative stress-mediated tissue damage. CO acts as a cellular messenger and augments vasodilation. Nevertheless, disease- or trauma-associated oxidative stressors sufficiently intense to overwhelm HO may trigger or exacerbate a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular and neurologic syndromes. Here, strategies are described for counteracting the effects of aberrant heme degradation, with a particular focus on "bioflavonoids" as HO inducers, shown to cause amelioration of severe inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald David Haines
- Advanced Biotherapeutics, London W2 1EB, UK;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-255586
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Fang J, Wang Z, Wang P, Wang M. Extraction, structure and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from Ginkgo biloba: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1897-1905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Clinical randomized trial study of hearing aids effectiveness in association with Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on tinnitus improvement. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 86:734-742. [PMID: 31300303 PMCID: PMC9422696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound without its actual presence in the environment. It has been the subject of a great number of studies, especially considering its consequences on patient's quality of life. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of hearing aids and/or Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on tinnitus in patients with hearing loss. Methods This is a trial randomized-controlled treatment, parallel, double-blind, with three-arm. Thirty-three adults subjects were divided into three groups: group 1 — subjects undergoing drug therapy with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761; group 2 — individuals fitted with digital hearing aids; group 3 — individuals submitted to drug therapy with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and using hearing aids. The tinnitus handicap inventory and visual analogue scale were used to evaluate self-perception of tinnitus loudness and severity before treatment and 90 days after treatment. Results This study demonstrated a significant correlation between tinnitus handicap inventory and visual analogue scale, before and after treatment. We observed a significant improvement in self-perception of tinnitus loudness and severity after 90 days of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and/or hearing aids. No correlation was found between tinnitus onset time and self-perception of tinnitus loudness and severity. Hearing aids were more effective in patients with a shorter tinnitus onset time and Ginkgo biloba extract was effective regardless of tinnitus duration. Conclusions It was possible to prove the effectiveness of the hearing aids and/or Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 treatment, which shows success in the control of tinnitus contributing to the improvement of this symptom.
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Sherif IO, Al-Mutabagani LA, Sarhan OM. Ginkgo biloba Extract Attenuates Methotrexate-Induced Testicular Injury in Rats: Cross-talk Between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and miRNA-29a Expression. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1534735420969814. [PMID: 33118377 PMCID: PMC7605049 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420969814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GIN) is a popular Chinese herbal medicine. It has a nephroprotective effect against the nephrotoxicity induced by the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX). This work was designed to explore the testicular protective role of GIN on MTX-induced testicular injury in a rat model. The experimental protocol lasted for 10 days for the 4 studied groups. First group: received saline (normal control, NC group). The second group was administered GIN (100 mg/kg/day) orally for 10 days (GIN C). Third group: injected with MTX (20 mg/kg ip) only on the fifth day (MTX group). Fourth group: administered GIN for 10 days with MTX injection on the fifth day (GIN+MTX group). MTX induced testicular injury as evident by a marked rise in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β protein levels, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) protein expression, bcl-2 associated × protein (Bax) mRNA expression, p53 mRNA and protein expressions, and miRNA29-a expression along with a marked decline in the serum level of testosterone and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in testicular tissue in relation to the NC group. Moreover, histopathological testicular damage with a notable decrease in the Johnsen score together with a significant elevation in the testicular injury score was observed in the MTX group in comparison to the NC group. The administration of GIN ameliorated the biochemical changes as well as the testicular histopathological findings and scores. GIN could protect against MTX-induced gonadotoxicity by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic activities plus the regulation of the miRNA-29a testicular expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman O. Sherif
- Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Iman O. Sherif, PhD, Assistant Consultant of Biochemistry, Emergency Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt. Emails: ;
| | - Laila A. Al-Mutabagani
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M. Sarhan
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Wieland LS, Feinberg TM, Ludeman E, Prasad NK, Amri H. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Susan Wieland
- Center for Integrative Medicine; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | | | - Nikhil K Prasad
- Epidemiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Hakima Amri
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington District of Columbia USA
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Ge Y, Xu W, Zhang L, Liu M. Ginkgolide B attenuates myocardial infarction-induced depression-like behaviors via repressing IL-1β in central nervous system. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106652. [PMID: 32521492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depression is common in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), attributing to worse outcomes. Inflammatory response in the central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be a potential mechanism underlying MI induced depression. Our former research demonstrated Ginkgo biloba extract played an important role in the repression of hippocampus inflammation in heart failure mice with depressive behaviors. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Ginkgolide B (GB) on MI-induced depression-like behaviors in post MI mice. After MI surgery induced by coronary ligation, MI mice behaved depressingly, detected by open field test (OFT) and the sucrose preference test (SPT), which was reserved by GB treatment. Meanwhile, the reduction of 5-HT and increase of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in median raphe nucleus and cortex indicated potential mechanisms underlying MI-induced depression-like behaviors, which were significantly reserved by GB treatment. Moreover, the consistent variation of IL-1β and phospho-STAT3 expression in brain tissues, indicated a role of STAT3 pathway in IL-1β production and anti-inflammatory effect of GB. In conclusion, GB has great benefits in effective treatment for depression post MI through reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines via STAT3 pathway, implicating potential effects in improving depression status in patients with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Ge
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Al Kury LT, Dayyan F, Ali Shah F, Malik Z, Khalil AAK, Alattar A, Alshaman R, Ali A, Khan Z. Ginkgo biloba Extract Protects against Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Computational and Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2020; 25:E2540. [PMID: 32486047 PMCID: PMC7321289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract possess several promising biological activities; currently, it is clinically employed in the management of several diseases. This research work aimed to extrapolate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba (Gb) in methotrexate (MTX)-induced liver toxicity model. These effects were analyzed using different in vivo experimental approaches and by bioinformatics analysis. Male SD rats were grouped as follows: saline; MTX; Gb (pretreated for seven days with 60, 120, and 180 mg/kg daily dose before MTX treatment); silymarin (followed by MTX treatment); Gb 180 mg/kg daily only; and silymarin only. Histopathological results revealed that MTX induced marked hepatic injury, associated with a substantial surge in various hepatic enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Furthermore, MTX caused the triggering of oxidative distress associated with a depressed antioxidant system. All these injury markers contributed to a significant release of apoptotic (caspase-3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)-like inflammatory mediators. Treatment with Gb counteracts MTX-mediated apoptosis and inflammation dose-dependently along with modulating the innate antioxidative mechanisms such as glutathione (GSH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). These results were further supplemented by in silico study to analyze drug-receptor interactions (for several Gb constituents and target proteins) stabilized by a low energy value and with a good number of hydrogen bonds. These findings demonstrated that Gb could ameliorate MTX-induced elevated liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation, possibly by JNK and TNF-α modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Tariq Al Kury
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 00000, UAE;
| | - Fazli Dayyan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.D.); (Z.M.)
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.D.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zulkifal Malik
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (F.D.); (Z.M.)
| | - Atif Ali Khan Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, 71491 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (R.A.)
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan;
| | - Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan;
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Yang Z, Song Q, Cao Z, Yu G, Liu Z, Tan Z, Deng Y. Design, synthesis and evaluation of flurbiprofen-clioquinol hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Harikrishnan A, Veena V, Lakshmi B, Shanmugavalli R, Theres S, Prashantha CN, Shah T, Oshin K, Togam R, Nandi S. Atranorin, an antimicrobial metabolite from lichen Parmotrema rampoddense exhibited in vitro anti-breast cancer activity through interaction with Akt activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1248-1258. [PMID: 32096436 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1734482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Atranorin (ATR), lichenized secondary metabolite and depside molecule with several biological potentials such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, wound healing and photoprotective activities. Cytotoxic reports of ATR are documented in several cancer cells and in vivo models but its molecular interaction studies are poorly understood. Therefore, in this present investigation, we have used the in silico studies with biological validation of the molecular targets for the anti-breast cancer mechanism of ATR. The molecular docking studies with the breast cancer oncoproteins such as Bcl-2, Bax, Akt, Bcl-w and Bcl-xL revealed the highest interaction was observed with the Akt followed by Bax, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 & least with the Bcl-w proteins. The cytotoxicity studies showed ATR selectively inhibited MDA MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in differential and dose-dependent manner with the IC50 concentration of 5.36 ± 0.85 μM and 7.55 ± 1.2 μM respectively. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that ATR significantly inhibited ROS production and significantly down-regulated the anti apoptotic Akt than Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w proteins with a significant increase in the Bax level and caspases-3 activity in the breast cancer cells when comparison with Akt inhibitor, ipatasertib. In vitro biological activities well correlated with the molecular interaction data suggesting that atranorin had higher interaction with Akt than Bax and Bcl-2 but weak interaction with Bcl-w and Bcl-xL. In this present study, the first time we report the interactions of atranorin with molecular targets for anti-breast cancer potential. Hence, ATR represents the nature-inspired molecule for pharmacophore moiety for design in targeted therapy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhikesavan Harikrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation-Aarupadai Veedu (VMRF-AV) Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Veena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B Lakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - R Shanmugavalli
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation-Aarupadai Veedu (VMRF-AV) Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sonia Theres
- Department of Chemistry, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Postgraduate Studies (KMCPGS), Puducherry, India
| | - C N Prashantha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tanya Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K Oshin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ringu Togam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sisir Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (GIPER), Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India
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45
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Ekici-Günay N. Ginkgo biloba extract as an antioxidant in nerve regeneration. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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EGb 761 inhibits Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammatory response by suppressing P38 MAPK signaling pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. Neuroreport 2019; 30:434-440. [PMID: 30817685 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 possesses a variety of biological effects and has been proved to be beneficial in Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EGb 761 on the Aβ1-42-induced BV-2 microglial cells. We analyzed the production and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and qRT-PCR, examined phosphorylation of MAPKs by western blot and measured nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation. Compared with Aβ1-42-treated group, EGb 761 inhibited release and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB and attenuated phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in a concentration-dependent manner, but not ERK and JNK. In summary, the results suggested that EGb 761 could attenuate Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammatory response.
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47
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Sharma A, Kumar Y. Nature's Derivative(s) as Alternative Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Treatments. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2019; 3:279-297. [PMID: 31867567 PMCID: PMC6918879 DOI: 10.3233/adr-190137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the 'Plague of Twenty-First Century,' is a crippling neurodegenerative disease that affects a majority of the older population globally. By 2050, the incidence of AD is expected to rise to 135 million, while no treatment(s) that can reverse or control the progression of AD are currently available. The treatment(s) in use are limited in their ability to manage the symptoms or slow the progression of the disease and can lead to some severe side effects. The overall care is economically burdensome for the affected individuals as well as the caretakers or family members. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify and develop much safer alternative therapies that can better manage AD. This review discusses a multitude of such treatments borrowed from Ayurveda, traditional Chinese practices, meditation, and exercising for AD treatment. These therapies are in practice since ancient times and reported to be beneficial as anti-AD therapies. Ayurvedic drugs like turmeric, Brahmi, Ashwagandha, etc., management of stress by meditation, regular exercising, and acupuncture have been reported to be efficient in their anti-AD usage. Besides, a combination of vitamins and natural dietary intakes is likely to play a significant role in combating AD. We conclude that the use of such alternative strategies will be a stepping-stone in preventing, treating, curing, or managing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), Formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), Azad Hind Fauz Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Yatender Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering (BSE), Netaji Subhas University of Technology (NSUT), Formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), Azad Hind Fauz Marg, New Delhi, India
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48
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Omidkhoda SF, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. against natural toxins, chemical toxicities, and radiation: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2821-2840. [PMID: 31429152 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays in our developing and industrial world, humans' health or even their life is threatened by exposure to poisons. In this situation, detecting a protective compound could be helpful and interesting. In the present article, we collected and reviewed all studies, which have been conducted so far about the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. (GB), one of the most ancient medicinal tree species, against toxicities induced by chemical toxic agents, natural toxins, and also radiation. In overall, investigations showed that GB exerts the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antigenotoxicity effects in different toxicities. There are also some special mechanisms about its protective effects against some specific toxic agents, such as acetylcholine esterase inhibition in the aluminium neurotoxicity or membrane-bond phosphodiesterase activation in the triethyltin toxicity. Ginkgolide A was the most investigated active ingredient of G. biloba leaf extract as a protective compound against toxicities, which had the similar effects of total extract. A few clinical studies have been conducted in this field, which demonstrated the beneficial effects of GB against toxic agents. However, the promising effects of this valuable herbal extract will practically remain useless without carrying out more clinical studies and proving its effects on human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Farzaneh Omidkhoda
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - BiBi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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49
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Sharman MJ, Verdile G, Kirubakaran S, Parenti C, Singh A, Watt G, Karl T, Chang D, Li CG, Münch G. Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Natural Products and Phytomedicines. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:457-480. [PMID: 30900203 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have revealed key neuropathological features, such as the deposition of aggregates of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). These pathological protein deposits, including Aβ peptides (which form senile plaques) and hyperphosphorylated tau (which aggregates into NFTs), have been assumed to be 'the cause of AD'. Aβ has been extensively targeted to develop an effective disease-modifying therapy, but with limited clinical success. Emerging therapies are also now targeting further pathological processes in AD, including neuroinflammation. This review focuses on the inflammatory and oxidative stress-related changes that occur in AD, and discusses some emerging anti-inflammatory natural products and phytomedicines. Many of the promising compounds are cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), which target the proinflammatory AP1 and nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways and inhibit the expression of many proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, or nitric oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, many of these phytomedicines have not been tested in rigorous clinical trials in AD patients. It is not yet clear if the active compounds reach an effective concentration in the brain (due to limited bioavailability) or if they can slow down AD progression in long-term trials. The authors suggest that it is crucial for both the pharmacological and complementary medicine industries to conduct and fund those studies to significantly advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sharman
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Shanmugam Kirubakaran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Cristina Parenti
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Ahilya Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Georgina Watt
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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50
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Velagapudi R, Lepiarz I, El-Bakoush A, Katola FO, Bhatia H, Fiebich BL, Olajide OA. Induction of Autophagy and Activation of SIRT-1 Deacetylation Mechanisms Mediate Neuroprotection by the Pomegranate Metabolite Urolithin A in BV2 Microglia and Differentiated 3D Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801237. [PMID: 30811877 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Urolithin A is an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective gut-derived metabolite from ellagitannins and ellagic acid in pomegranate, berries, and nuts. The roles of SIRT-1 and autophagy in the neuroprotective activity of urolithin A are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses of culture supernatants from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia show that urolithin A (2.5-10 µm) produced significant reduction in the production of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound is reversed in the presence of sirtuin (SIRT)-1 and the autophagy inhibitors EX527 and chloroquine, respectively. Protein analyses reveal reduction in p65 and acetyl-p65 protein. Treatment of BV2 microglia with urolithin A results in increased SIRT-1 activity and nuclear protein, while induction of autophagy by the compound is demonstrated using autophagy fluorescent and autophagy LC3 HiBiT reporter assays. Viability assays reveal that urolithin A produces a neuroprotective effect in APPSwe-transfected ReNcell VM human neural cells, which is reversed in the presence of EX527 and chloroquine. Increase in both SIRT-1 and autophagic activities are also detected in these cells following treatment with urolithin A. CONCLUSIONS It has been proposed that SIRT-1 activation and induction of autophagy are involved in the neuroprotective activity of urolithin A in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Izabela Lepiarz
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelmeneim El-Bakoush
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Folashade O Katola
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Harsharan Bhatia
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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