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Palacin F, Poinsard L, Mattei J, Berthomier C, Billat V. Brain, Metabolic, and RPE Responses during a Free-Pace Marathon: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:1024. [PMID: 39200635 PMCID: PMC11353640 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
The concept of the "central governor" in exercise physiology suggests the brain plays a key role in regulating exercise performance by continuously monitoring physiological and psychological factors. In this case report, we monitored, for the first time, a marathon runner using a metabolic portable system and an EEG wireless device during an entire marathon to understand the influence of brain activity on performance, particularly the phenomenon known as "hitting the wall". The results showed significant early modification in brain activity between the 10th and 15th kilometers, while the RPE remained low and cardiorespiratory responses were in a steady state. Thereafter, EEG responses decreased after kilometer 15, increased briefly between kilometers 20 and 25, then continued at a slower pace. After kilometer 30, both speed and respiration values dropped, along with the respiratory exchange ratio, indicating a shift from carbohydrate to fat metabolism, reflecting glycogen depletion. The runner concluded the race with a lower speed, higher RPE (above 15/20 on the Borg RPE scale), and reduced brain activity, suggesting mental exhaustion. The findings suggest that training strategies focused on recognizing and responding to brain signals could allow runners to optimize performance and pacing strategies, preventing premature exhaustion and improving overall race outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Palacin
- EA 4445—Movement, Balance, Performance, and Health Laboratory, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 65000 Tarbes, France; (L.P.); (V.B.)
- Billatraining SAS, 91840 Soisy-sur-École, France
| | - Luc Poinsard
- EA 4445—Movement, Balance, Performance, and Health Laboratory, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 65000 Tarbes, France; (L.P.); (V.B.)
- Billatraining SAS, 91840 Soisy-sur-École, France
| | - Julien Mattei
- Physip, 6 Rue Gobert, 75011 Paris, France; (J.M.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Véronique Billat
- EA 4445—Movement, Balance, Performance, and Health Laboratory, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 65000 Tarbes, France; (L.P.); (V.B.)
- Faculty of Sport Science, Université Évry Paris-Saclay, 23 Bd François Mitterrand, 91000 Évry-Courcouronnes, France
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Moussiopoulou J, Handrack‐Bonnet M, Pross B, Pogarell O, Keeser D, Halle M, Falkai P, Scherr J, Hasan A, Roeh A. Comparative electroencephalography analysis: Marathon runners during tapering versus sedentary controls reveals no significant differences. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3480. [PMID: 38680019 PMCID: PMC11056696 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies described various adaptive neuroplastic brain changes associated with physical activity (PA). EEG studies focused mostly on effects during or shortly after short bouts of exercise. This is the first study to investigate the capability of EEG to display PA-induced long-lasting plasticity in runners compared to a sedentary control group. METHODS Thirty trained runners and 30 age- and sex-matched sedentary controls (SC) were included as a subpopulation of the ReCaP (Running effects on Cognition and Plasticity) study. PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Resting-state EEG of the runners was recorded in the tapering phase of the training for the Munich marathon 2017. Power spectrum analyses were conducted using standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) and included the following frequency bands: delta: 1.5-6 Hz, theta: 6.5-8.0 Hz, alpha1: 8.5-10 Hz, alpha2: 10.5-12.0 Hz, beta1: 12.5-18.0 Hz, beta2: 18.5-21.0 Hz, beta3: 21.5-30.0 Hz, and total power (1.5-30 Hz). RESULTS PA (IPAQ) and BMI differed significantly between the groups. The other included demographic parameters were comparable. Statistical nonparametric mapping showed no significant power differences in EEG between the groups. DISCUSSION Heterogeneity in study protocols, especially in time intervals between exercise cessation and EEG recordings and juxtaposition of acute exercise-induced effects on EEG in previous studies, could be possible reasons for the differences in results. Future studies should record EEG at different time points after exercise cessation and in a broader spectrum of exercise intensities and forms to further explore the capability of EEG in displaying long-term exercise-induced plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Moussiopoulou
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - M. Handrack‐Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - B. Pross
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - O. Pogarell
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - D. Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - M. Halle
- Department of Prevention and Sports MedicineKlinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet MuenchenMunichGermany
- Partner Site Munich Heart AllianceDeutsches Zentrum für Herz‐ und Kreislauf‐Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)MunichGermany
| | - P. Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyLMU University Hospital, LMU MunichMunichGermany
| | - J. Scherr
- Department of Prevention and Sports MedicineKlinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet MuenchenMunichGermany
- University Center for Preventive and Sports Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - A. Hasan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - A. Roeh
- Medical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Bezirkskrankenhaus AugsburgUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
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Dirik HB, Ertan H. Hemispheric synchronization patterns linked with shooting performance in archers. Behav Brain Res 2024; 460:114813. [PMID: 38110123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable attention, effective visual-spatial perception, and motor control skills are considered highly important for achieving superior athletic performance. The aim of the current study was to investigate hemispheric synchronization patterns of brain electrical activation related to successful and unsuccessful shots of archers using electroencephalography (EEG). This study involved 16 elite archers, each shooting 36 arrows. The 10 shots closest to the target's center were successful, while the 10 farthest shots were unsuccessful. The transformed EEG data, obtained through surface Laplacian filtering, were divided into 5 sub-bands (theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2) by calculating the alpha peak frequencies. The synchronization values of the electrode pairs were calculated using the Phase Locking Value (PLV) method. To compare the EEG data for successful and unsuccessful shots in all frequency bands, the linear mixed models were fitted. Perceived fatigue levels were quantified using a visual analog scale (VAS). Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between fatigue and shooting performance. The results showed significantly higher coupling strength for C3-O1, C4-O2, O1-O2, F3-F4, C4-T8, T7-O2, F4-C4, C3-O2 and F4-T8 pairs during successful shooting. Moreover, the coupling strengths for F3-O2, F4-T7, C3-C4, C3-T8, T7-T8, C4-O1, F3-T8, and F4-O2 were significantly higher in unsuccessful shooting. The current findings revealed differences in the synchronization patterns associated with shooting performance. It is observed that visual-motor performance is correlated with an increase in cortical synchronization values during successful shots. These findings have the potential to serve as a theoretical reference that contributes to superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Batuhan Dirik
- Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir, TURKEY.
| | - Hayri Ertan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Department of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir, TURKEY
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Burdack J, Schöllhorn WI. Cognitive Enhancement through Differential Rope Skipping after Math Lesson. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:205. [PMID: 36612527 PMCID: PMC9819879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown cognitive enhancement through sport and physical exercise. Despite the variety of studies, the extent to which physical activity before or after a cognitive learning session leads to more effective cognitive enhancement remains largely unresolved. Moreover, little attention has been paid to the dependence of the motor learning approach then applied. In this study, we compare the influence of differential with uniformly rope skipping directly succeeding an acquisition phase in arithmetic mathematics. For three weeks 26 pupils, 14 female, 12 male, and 13.9 ± 0.7 years old, completed nine 15 min exercises in arithmetic math, each followed by 3 min rope skipping with heart rate measurement. Arithmetic performance was tested in a pre-, post- and retention test design. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the differential and the control groups within the development of arithmetic performance, especially in the retention test. There was no statistical difference in heart rate. It is suggested that the results provide evidence for sustainable improvements of cognitive learning performance by means of highly variable rope skipping.
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Zhang Q, Miao L, He L, Wang H. The Relationship between Self-Concept and Negative Emotion: A Moderated Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10377. [PMID: 36012021 PMCID: PMC9407814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Emotional problems such as depression and anxiety are very serious among college students, especially during the COVID-2019 pandemic. The present study aimed to explore the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between self-concept and negative emotion, and the moderating role of exercise intensity in the direct and indirect effect of self-concept on negative emotion among college students. Methods: A total of 739 Chinese college students aged between 18 and 25 years (M = 20.13; SD = 1.67) were selected to complete the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), the Depression Anxiety Stress Self Rating Scale, the Adolescent Psychological Resilience Scale, and the Physical Exercise Scale (PARS-3) to assess self-concept, negative emotions, psychological resilience, and exercise intensity, respectively. Hayes' PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to test the relationships among these variables. Results: Self-concept was negatively correlated with negative emotions; psychological resilience partially mediated the association between self-concept and negative emotions; exercise intensity moderated the effect of self-concept on negative emotions, and college students with low intensity physical activity would strengthening the association between self-concept and psychological resilience, psychological resilience, and negative emotions. Conclusions: Psychological resilience is a critical mediating mechanism through which self-concept is associated with negative emotions among college students, and exercise intensity plays a role as a moderating variable in the direct and indirect influence of self-concept on negative emotions. Implications for preventing or reducing negative emotions are discussed.
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Alterations in spontaneous electrical brain activity after an extreme mountain ultramarathon. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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John AT, Barthel A, Wind J, Rizzi N, Schöllhorn WI. Acute Effects of Various Movement Noise in Differential Learning of Rope Skipping on Brain and Heart Recovery Analyzed by Means of Multiscale Fuzzy Measure Entropy. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:816334. [PMID: 35283739 PMCID: PMC8914377 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.816334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of more detailed explanations for body-mind interactions in physical activity, neural and physiological effects, especially regarding more strenuous sports activities, increasingly attract interest. Little is known about the underlying manifold (neuro-)physiological impacts induced by different motor learning approaches. The various influences on brain or cardiac function are usually studied separately and modeled linearly. Limitations of these models have recently led to a rapidly growing application of nonlinear models. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of various sequences of rope skipping on irregularity of the electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals as well as their interaction and whether these depend on different levels of active movement noise, within the framework of differential learning theory. Thirty-two males were randomly and equally distributed to one of four rope skipping conditions with similar cardiovascular but varying coordinative demand. ECG and EEG were measured simultaneously at rest before and immediately after rope skipping for 25 mins. Signal irregularity of ECG and EEG was calculated via the multiscale fuzzy measure entropy (MSFME). Statistically significant ECG and EEG brain area specific changes in MSFME were found with different pace of occurrence depending on the level of active movement noise of the particular rope skipping condition. Interaction analysis of ECG and EEG MSFME specifically revealed an involvement of the frontal, central, and parietal lobe in the interplay with the heart. In addition, the number of interaction effects indicated an inverted U-shaped trend presenting the interaction level of ECG and EEG MSFME dependent on the level of active movement noise. In summary, conducting rope skipping with varying degrees of movement variation appears to affect the irregularity of cardiac and brain signals and their interaction during the recovery phase differently. These findings provide enough incentives to foster further constructive nonlinear research in exercise-recovery relationship and to reconsider the philosophy of classical endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thomas John
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Robertson CV, Skein M, Wingfield G, Hunter JR, Miller TD, Hartmann TE. Acute electroencephalography responses during incremental exercise in those with mental illness. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1049700. [PMID: 36713924 PMCID: PMC9878313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1049700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression is a mental illness (MI) characterized by a process of behavioral withdrawal whereby people experience symptoms including sadness, anhedonia, demotivation, sleep and appetite change, and cognitive disturbances. Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) differs in depressive populations and may signify affective responses, with left FAA corresponding to such aversive or withdrawal type behavior. On an acute basis, exercise is known to positively alter affect and improve depressive symptoms and this has been measured in conjunction with left FAA as a post-exercise measure. It is not yet known if these affective electroencephalography (EEG) responses to exercise occur during exercise or only after completion of an exercise bout. This study therefore aimed to measure EEG responses during exercise in those with MI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty one participants were allocated into one of two groups; those undergoing management of a mental health disorder (MI; N = 19); or reporting as apparently healthy (AH; N = 12). EEG responses at rest and during incremental exercise were measured at the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the motor cortex (MC). EEG data at PFC left side (F3, F7, FP1), PFC right side (F4, F8, FP2), and MC (C3, Cz, and C4) were analyzed in line with oxygen uptake at rest, 50% of ventilatory threshold (VT) (50% VT) and at VT. RESULTS EEG responses increased with exercise across intensity from rest to 50% VT and to VT in all bandwidths (P < 0.05) for both groups. There were no significant differences in alpha activity responses between groups. Gamma responses in the PFC were significantly higher in MI on the left side compared to AH (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Alpha activity responses were no different between groups at rest or any exercise intensity. Therefore the alpha activity response previously shown post-exercise was not found during exercise. However, increased PFC gamma activity in the MI group adds to the body of evidence showing increased gamma can differentiate between those with and without MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Robertson
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - M Skein
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - G Wingfield
- Western NSW Local Health District, Dubbo, NSW, Australia
| | - J R Hunter
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia.,Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - T D Miller
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - T E Hartmann
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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Artêncio MM, Giraldi JDME, de Oliveira JHC. A cup of black coffee with GI, please! Evidence of geographical indication influence on a coffee tasting experiment. Physiol Behav 2021; 245:113671. [PMID: 34896415 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Geographical Indication (GI) certifications enable producers to set production standards and create competitive advantage based on product's origin. In a coffee tasting experiment, brain responses to origin information of 40 participants, grouped equally by gender and involvement level, were collected by electroencephalography to verify: the impact of the GI cue in four brain waves (alpha, beta, delta and theta) and two brain lobes (frontal and temporal); preference; gender and involvement moderations. Results show that women presented power differences in both hemispheres, more channels/waves, which indicates greater sensitivity to the origin cue. Men presented power differences in fewer channels/waves. It is observed that involvement has a tenuous moderation effect when compared to gender. As for preference, the analysis of delta and theta waves indicated that men preferred coffee with GI; while women preferred coffee without GI, even though most of them indicated the opposite when verbally asked at the end of the tasting section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Manfrin Artêncio
- University of São Paulo, School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Janaina de Moura Engracia Giraldi
- University of São Paulo, School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Henrique Caldeira de Oliveira
- University of São Paulo, School of Economics, Business Administration and Accounting of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-905, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kwag E, Stuckenschneider T, Schneider S, Abeln V. The effect of a psychomotor intervention on electroencephalography and neuropsychological performances in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21:528-539. [PMID: 33960574 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this pilot study was to examine the acute effect of a psychomotor intervention (PMI) on auditory-verbal memory, emotional state, and electrocortical activity recorded by electroencephalography on subjectively healthy older adults (sHE) and older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCIs). METHODS Eleven MCIs and 11 sHE underwent a single 45-min PMI. Resting state electroencephalography, the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, MoodMeter®, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were compared between groups and pre- and post-PMI. RESULTS Electroencephalography current source density and activity within the theta frequency band were higher in MCIs than in sHE at baseline, and brain frequency had a tendency to decrease in MCIs after training. Both groups showed improvement on the auditory-verbal memory test. Only among MCIs were there increases in perceived physical state and psychological strain and an improvement in negative affect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that acute psychomotor activity may be more effective for MCIs than for sHE. It supports the notion that PMI does have functional influences on the central nervous level and therefore might prevent and treat cognitive, psychological, and psychiatric symptoms of people with mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Kwag
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Stuckenschneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vera Abeln
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Brandão RDAFS, Mendes CMC, Lopes TDS, Brandão Filho RA, Sena EPD. Neurophysiological aspects of isotonic exercises in temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Codas 2021; 33:e20190218. [PMID: 34008769 DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20202019218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the electroneurophysiological aspects of volunteers with temporomandibular disorders before and after performing isotonic exercises for pain relief and self-care guidelines. METHODS The study was a parallel controlled randomized controlled trial under protocol 1,680,920. The inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 60 years, muscle temporomandibular dysfunction with or without limitation of mouth opening and self-reported pain with scores between 4 and 10. The individuals were randomized into experimental group and control. Twenty-three volunteers participated in the study, most of then were female. Control group had 11 and experimental group 12 individuals. Dropouts occurred in both groups, two in the experimental group and three in the control group. Since there were an intergroup imbalance the power density was analysed just in experimental group. Electroencephalographic recording was performed before and after the interventions, using the 32-channel apparatus, with sample frequency of 600 Hz and impedance of 5 kΩ. The data were processed through the MATLAB computer program. The individual records filtered off-line, using bandpass between 0.5 and 50 Hz. Epochs of 1,710 ms were created and the calculation of the absolute power density calculated by means of the fast Fourier transform. The statistical approach was inferential and quantitative. RESULTS The alpha power density analyzed presented a difference, but not significant, when compared in the two moments. CONCLUSION According to this study, isotonic exercises performed to reduce pain provided a small increase in alpha power density in the left temporal, parietal and occipital regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Assis Fonseca Santos Brandão
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Processos Interativo de Órgãos e Sistemas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA), Brasil.,Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia - UNEB - Salvador (BA), Brasil
| | - Carlos Maurício Cardeal Mendes
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Processos Interativo de Órgãos e Sistemas, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA), Brasil
| | - Tiago da Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Medicina e Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA), Brasil.,Faculdade Adventista da Bahia - Cachoeira (BA), Brasil
| | | | - Eduardo Pondé de Sena
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Processos Interativo de Órgãos e Sistemas, Departamento de Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA - Salvador (BA), Brasil
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Shaban SA, Ucan ON, Duru AD. Classification of Lactate Level Using Resting-State EEG Measurements. Appl Bionics Biomech 2021; 2021:6662074. [PMID: 33628331 PMCID: PMC7884163 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6662074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The electroencephalography (EEG) signals have been used widely for studying the brain neural information dynamics and behaviors along with the developing impact of using the machine and deep learning techniques. This work proposes a system based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) as a feature extraction method for the classification of human brain resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) recorded signals. In the proposed system, the FFT method is applied on the resting-state EEG recordings and the corresponding band powers were calculated. The extracted relative power features are supplied to the classification methods (classifiers) as an input for the classification purpose as a measure of human tiredness through predicting lactate enzyme level, high or low. To validate the suggested method, we used an EEG dataset which has been recorded from a group of elite-level athletes consisting of two classes: not tired, the EEG signals were recorded during the resting-state task before performing acute exercise and tired, the EEG signals were recorded in the resting-state after performing an acute exercise. The performance of three different classifiers was evaluated with two performance measures, accuracy and precision values. The accuracy was achieved above 98% by the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier. The findings of this study indicated that the feature extraction scheme has the ability to classify the analyzed EEG signals accurately and predict the level of lactate enzyme high or low. Many studying fields, like the Internet of Things (IoT) and the brain computer interface (BCI), can utilize the findings of the proposed system in many crucial decision-making applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Abdulazeez Shaban
- Computer Science Department, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Diyala University, Diyala 32001, Iraq
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Altınbaş University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
| | - Osman Nuri Ucan
- Engineering Faculty, Electrical and Electronics Department, Istanbul University, 34850 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adil Deniz Duru
- Neuroscience and Psychology Research in Sports Lab, Faculty of Sport Science, Marmara University, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey
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di Fronso S, Aquino A, Bondár RZ, Montesano C, Robazza C, Bertollo M. The influence of core affect on cyclo-ergometer endurance performance: Effects on performance outcomes and perceived exertion. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:578-586. [PMID: 33308807 PMCID: PMC7749253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Core affect is defined as the most general affective construct consciously accessible that is experienced constantly. It can be experienced as free-floating (mood) or related to prototypical emotional episodes. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of pleasant and unpleasant core affect on cyclo-ergometer endurance performance. Specifically, we considered the influence of pleasant and unpleasant core affect on performance outcomes (i.e., time to task completion) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE; Borg Scale, category ratio-10) collected during the task. METHODS Thirty-one participants aged 20-28 years were recruited. Core affect was randomly elicited by 2 sets of pleasant and unpleasant pictures chosen from the international affective picture system. Pictures were displayed to participants during a cyclo-ergometer performance in 2 days in a counterbalanced order. RPE was collected every minute to detect volunteers' exhaustion. RESULTS The study sample was split into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised participants who performed better with pleasant core affect, whereas Group 2 included participants who performed better with unpleasant core affect. Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance revealed a significant 2 (group) × 2 (condition) × 5 (isotime) interaction (p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.158). Post hoc comparisons showed that participants who obtained better performance with pleasant core affect (pleasant pictures; Group 1) reported lower RPE values at 75% of time to exhaustion in a pleasant core affect condition compared to an unpleasant core affect condition. On the other hand, participants who obtained better performance with unpleasant core affect (unpleasant pictures; Group 2) reported lower RPE values at 75% and 100% of time to exhaustion in an unpleasant core affect condition. CONCLUSION Findings suggest differential effects of pleasant and unpleasant core affect on performance. Moreover, core affect was found to influence perceived exertion and performance according to participants' preferences for pleasant or unpleasant core affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selenia di Fronso
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics (BIND) Center, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Antonio Aquino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Réka Zsanett Bondár
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics (BIND) Center, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Cristina Montesano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Claudio Robazza
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics (BIND) Center, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bertollo
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics (BIND) Center, University "G. d' Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
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Gramkow MH, Hasselbalch SG, Waldemar G, Frederiksen KS. Resting State EEG in Exercise Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review of Effects and Methods. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:155. [PMID: 32477081 PMCID: PMC7232557 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise has been shown to alter brain plasticity and is explored as a therapeutic intervention in a wide variety of neurological diseases. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers an inexpensive method of studying brain electrocortical activity shortly after exercise and thus offers a way of exploring the influence of exercise on the brain. We conducted a systematic review to summarize the current body of evidence regarding methods of EEG analysis and the reported effects of exercise interventions on EEG. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched for studies investigating resting state EEG in exercise intervention studies carried out in participants >17 years of age and with no history of epilepsy. Further, studies solely investigating event-related potentials as an outcome measure were excluded. Relevant data were extracted, and a risk-of-bias assessment was carried out using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. A qualitative synthesis of results was carried out. A protocol for the systematic review was uploaded to https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ (ID: CRD42019134570) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statement was followed. Results: Out of 1,993 records screened, 54 studies were included in a final qualitative synthesis with a total of 1,445 participants. Our synthesis showed that studies were mainly carried out using frequency analysis as an analytical method. Generally, findings across studies were inconsistent and few were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Studies were mainly of low quality and usually carried out in small populations, lowering the significance of results reported. Conclusions: Changes in the EEG as a result of an exercise intervention are elusive and difficult to replicate. Future studies should provide biologically sound hypotheses underlying assumptions, include larger populations and use standardized EEG methods to increase replicability. EEG remains an interesting methodology to examine the effects of exercise on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Holsey Gramkow
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Dykstra RM, Hanson NJ, Miller MG. Brain activity during self-paced vs. fixed protocols in graded exercise testing. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3273-3279. [PMID: 31650214 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography research surrounding maximal exercise testing has been limited to male subjects. Additionally, studies have used open-looped protocols, meaning individuals do not know the exercise endpoint. Closed-loop protocols are often shown to result in optimal performance as self-pacing is permitted. The purpose of this study was to compare brain activity during open- and closed-loop maximal exercise protocols, and to determine if any sex differences are present. Twenty-seven subjects (12 males, ages 22.0 ± 2.5 years) participated in this study. A pre-assembled EEG sensor strip was used to collect brain activity from specific electrodes (F3/F4: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, or dlPFC; and C3/Cz/C4: motor cortex, or MC). Alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (12-30 Hz) frequency bands were analyzed. Subjects completed two maximal exercise tests on a cycle ergometer, separated by at least 48 h: a traditional, open-loop graded exercise test (GXT) and a closed-loop self-paced VO2max (SPV) test. Mixed model ANOVAs were performed to compare power spectral density (PSD) between test protocols and sexes. A significant interaction of time and sex was shown in the dlPFC for males, during the GXT only (p = 001), where a peak was reached and then a decrease was shown. A continuous increase was shown in the SPV. Sex differences in brain activity during exercise could be associated with inhibitory control, which is a function of the dlPFC. Knowledge of an exercise endpoint could be influential towards cessation of exercise and changes in cortical brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Dykstra
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Hanson
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Michael G Miller
- Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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Silveira R, Prado RCR, Brietzke C, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Santos TM, Pires FO, Asano RY. Prefrontal cortex asymmetry and psychological responses to exercise: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2019; 208:112580. [PMID: 31220517 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown a relationship between prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation asymmetry and psychological responses to exercise, so that a higher rest activation in left rather than right PFC has been associated with positive psychological responses to exercise such as an improved affect, anxiety and multidimensional arousal states. PURPOSE To review: 1) evidence that PFC activation asymmetry before exercise is associated with psychological responses to exercise; 2) protocols of PFC asymmetry determination. METHODS A systematic review (SR) was performed on studies retrieved from the PubMed and Web of Science database up to 04-30-2019. Eligibility criteria were: 1) studies investigating participants submitted to aerobic exercises; 2) including cerebral activation measures through electroencephalography (EEG) before the exercise bout; 3) and psychological measures during or after the exercise bout; 4) original studies. RESULTS A number of 1901 studies was retrieved from the databases and 1 study was manually inserted. Thereafter, 1858 studies were excluded during the screening stage so that 30 studies remained for the SR. After full reading, 22 studies were excluded and 8 studies composed the final SR. Methodological assessment revealed that 62.5% of the studies showed a low risk of bias, while 34.37% and 3.12% showed either an unclear or a high risk of bias, respectively. Protocols of PFC activation asymmetry used EEG at F3-F4-P3-P4 (3 studies), F3-F4 (2 studies), F3-F4-T3-T4 (1 study), F3-F4-F7-F8-T5-T6-P3-P4 (1 study) and Fp1-Fp2-Fz-F3-F4-F7-F8-Cz-C3-C4-T3-T4-T5-T6-Pz-P3-P4-Oz-O1-O2 (1 study) positions. Most studies (75%) found a higher left PFC activation associated with a greater affect (n = 2), energetic arousal (n = 2), lower anxiety (n = 2) as well as calmness and tired arousal, simultaneously (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS Although the heterogeneity of PFC asymmetry protocols, reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias, suggesting that a higher left PFC activation is associated with a positive psychological response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Silveira
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raul Cosme Ramos Prado
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Coelho-Júnior
- Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, University of Campinas, Érico Veríssimo Avenue, 701, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tony Meireles Santos
- Performance and Health Research Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Prof. Moraes Rego Avenue, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yukio Asano
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Arlindo Béttio Avenue, 1000, Ermelino Matarazzo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rahman M, Karwowski W, Fafrowicz M, Hancock PA. Neuroergonomics Applications of Electroencephalography in Physical Activities: A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:182. [PMID: 31214002 PMCID: PMC6558147 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen increased interest in neuroergonomics, which investigates the brain activities of people engaged in diverse physical and cognitive activities at work and in everyday life. The present work extends upon prior assessments of the state of this art. However, here we narrow our focus specifically to studies that use electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain activity, correlates, and effects during physical activity. The review uses systematically selected, openly published works derived from a guided search through peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Identified studies were then categorized by the type of physical activity and evaluated considering methodological and chronological aspects via statistical and content-based analyses. From the identified works (n = 110), a specific number (n = 38) focused on less mobile muscular activities, while an additional group (n = 22) featured both physical and cognitive tasks. The remainder (n = 50) investigated various physical exercises and sporting activities and thus were here identified as a miscellaneous grouping. Most of the physical activities were isometric exertions, moving parts of upper and lower limbs, or walking and cycling. These primary categories were sub-categorized based on movement patterns, the use of the event-related potentials (ERP) technique, the use of recording methods along with EEG and considering mental effects. Further information on subjects' gender, EEG recording devices, data processing, and artifact correction methods and citations was extracted. Due to the heterogeneous nature of the findings from various studies, statistical analyses were not performed. These were thus included in a descriptive fashion. Finally, contemporary research gaps were pointed out, and future research prospects to address those gaps were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Rahman
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Waldemar Karwowski
- Computational Neuroergonomics Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Neurobiology Department, The Maloploska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter A Hancock
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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18
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Hübner L, Godde B, Voelcker-Rehage C. Acute Exercise as an Intervention to Trigger Motor Performance and EEG Beta Activity in Older Adults. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:4756785. [PMID: 30675151 PMCID: PMC6323490 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4756785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bouts of exercise have been shown to improve fine motor control performance and to facilitate motor memory consolidation processes in young adults. Exercise effects might be reflected in EEG task-related power (TRPow) decreases in the beta band (13-30 Hz) as an indicator of active motor processing. This study aimed to investigate those effects in healthy older adults. Thirty-eight participants (65-74 years of age) were assigned to an experimental (EG, acute exercise) or a control group (CG, rest). Fine motor control was assessed using a precision grip force modulation (FM) task. FM performance and EEG were measured at (1) baseline (immediately before acute exercise/rest), (2) during practice sessions immediately after, (3) 30 minutes, and (4) 24 hours (FM only) after exercise/rest. A marginal significant effect indicated that EG revealed more improvement in fine motor performance immediately after exercise than CG after resting. EG showed enhanced consolidation of short-term and long-term motor memory, whereas CG revealed only a tendency for short-term motor memory consolidation. Stronger TRPow decreases were revealed immediately after exercise in the contralateral frontal brain area as compared to the control condition. This finding indicates that acute exercise might enhance cortical activation and thus, improves fine motor control by enabling healthy older adults to better utilize existing frontal brain capacities during fine motor control tasks after exercise. Furthermore, acute exercise can act as a possible intervention to enhance motor memory consolidation in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hübner
- Professorship of Sports Psychology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thüringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ben Godde
- Psychology & Methods, Focus Area Diversity, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Professorship of Sports Psychology, Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thüringer Weg 11, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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19
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John A, Schöllhorn WI. Acute Effects of Instructed and Self-Created Variable Rope Skipping on EEG Brain Activity and Heart Rate Variability. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:311. [PMID: 30618664 PMCID: PMC6297186 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of physical activity on brain and heart activity dependent on type and intensity of exercise is meanwhile widely accepted. Mainly cyclic exercises with longer duration formed the basis for showing the influence on either central nervous system or on heart metabolism. Effects of the variability of movement sequences on brain and heart have been studied only sparsely so far. This study investigated effects of three different motor learning approaches combined with a single bout of rope skipping exercises on the spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activity, heart rate variability (HRV) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Participants performed repetitive learning (RL) and two extremely variable rope skipping schedules according to the differential learning approach. Thereby one bout was characterized by instructed variable learning (DLi) and the other by self-created variable learning (DLc) in randomized order each on three consecutive days. The results show higher RPE after DLi and DLc than after RL. HRV analysis demonstrates significant changes in pre-post exercise comparison in all training approaches. No statistically significant differences between training schedules were identified. Slightly greater changes in HRV parameters were observed in both DL approaches indicating a higher activation of the sympathetic nervous system. EEG data reveals higher parietal alpha1 and temporal alpha2 power in RL compared to both DL schedules immediately post exercise. During the recovery of up to 30 min, RL shows higher temporal and occipital theta, temporal, parietal and occipital alpha, temporal and occipital beta and frontal beta3 power. In conclusion, already a single bout of 3 min of rope skipping can lead to brain states that are associated with being advantageous for cognitive learning. Combined with additional, cognitively demanding tasks in form of the DL approach, it seems to lead to an overload of the mental capacity, at least on the short term. Further research should fathom the reciprocal influence of cardiac and central-nervous strain in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander John
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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20
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Du Rietz E, Barker AR, Michelini G, Rommel AS, Vainieri I, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Beneficial effects of acute high-intensity exercise on electrophysiological indices of attention processes in young adult men. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:474-484. [PMID: 30465815 PMCID: PMC6320386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity exercise improved brain measures of attention processes. Fitness and physical activity level were not related to degree of improvement. We found no effects of exercise on subsequent Flanker and Reaction-time tasks.
Background Emerging research suggests that a single bout of aerobic exercise can improve cognition, brain function and psychological health. Our aim was to examine the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive-performance and brain measures of attention, inhibition and performance-monitoring across a test-battery of three cognitive tasks. Method Using a randomised cross-over design, 29 young men completed three successive cognitive tasks (Cued Continuous Performance Task [CPT-OX]; Eriksen Flanker Task; four-choice reaction-time task [Fast Task]) with simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) recording before and after a 20-min high-intensity cycling exercise and resting control session. Cognitive-performance measures, EEG power and event-related potential measures, were obtained during the tasks. Random-intercept linear models were used to investigate the effects of exercise, compared to rest, on outcomes. Results A single bout of exercise significantly (p < 0.05) increased the amplitude of the event-related potential Go P3, but had no effect on the contingent negative variation (CNV), Cue P3 or NoGo P3, during the CPT-OX. Delta power, recorded during the CPT-OX, also significantly increased after exercise, whereas there was no effect on cognitive-performance in this task. Exercise did not influence any cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker or Fast Tasks. Conclusion Acute high-intensity exercise improves brain-indices reflecting executive and sustained attention during task performance (Go P3 and delta activity), in the CPT-OX, but not anticipatory attention (Cue P3 and CNV) or response inhibition (NoGo P3) in young-adult men. Exercise had no effect on cognitive-performance or brain measures in the subsequent Flanker and Fast tasks, which may potentially be explained by the time delay after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Du Rietz
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St. Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, EX1 2LU, Exeter, UK.
| | - Giorgia Michelini
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Anna-Sophie Rommel
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Psychiatry New York NY USA.
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Philip Asherson
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK.
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Chan JSY, Liu G, Liang D, Deng K, Wu J, Yan JH. Special Issue - Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Activity for Mood: A Systematic Review on the Effects of Exercise Intensity, Duration, and Modality. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 153:102-125. [PMID: 30321106 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1470487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In contemporary society, people experience considerable stress in their daily lives. Therefore, developing effective approaches and convenient means to cope with their mood problems is important nowadays. Physical activity has been consistently reported as a cost-effective way to improve physical fitness, prevent mental illnesses, and alleviate mood problems. In this systematic review, the effects of exercise intensity, duration, and modality on mood change are discussed. Results show that moderate-intensity anaerobic exercise is associated with greater mood improvements. The relationship between exercise duration and mood change is non-linear; A regime of 10- to 30-minute exercise is sufficient for mood improvements. For exercise modality, anaerobic exercise improves mood, but the efficacy of aerobic and mindfulness-related exercises remains to be further examined. In addition to the systematic review of potential moderators, a narrative review of psychological and neurophysiological theories of exercise effects on mood is provided; we have highlighted the central role of neuroplasticity in integrating the two classes of theories. An adoption of neuroimaging techniques in future research is critical to reveal the mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic influence of physical activity on affective responses. Some future research directions are also raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Y Chan
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Guanmin Liu
- b Department of Psychology , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Danxia Liang
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Kanfeng Deng
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jin H Yan
- a Laboratory of Neuromotor Control and Learning , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , China
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22
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de Frutos-Lucas J, López-Sanz D, Zuluaga P, Rodríguez-Rojo IC, Luna R, López ME, Delgado-Losada ML, Marcos A, Barabash A, López-Higes R, Maestú F, Fernández A. Physical activity effects on the individual alpha peak frequency of older adults with and without genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: A MEG study. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:1981-1989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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di Fronso S, Tamburro G, Robazza C, Bortoli L, Comani S, Bertollo M. Focusing Attention on Muscle Exertion Increases EEG Coherence in an Endurance Cycling Task. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 30079045 PMCID: PMC6063037 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine EEG coherence before, during, and after time to exhaustion (TTE) trials in an endurance cycling task, as well as the effect of effort level and attentional focus (i.e., functional external, functional internal, and dysfunctional internal associative strategies-leading to Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 performances) on brain functional connectivity. Eleven college-aged participants performed the TTE test on a cycle-ergometer with simultaneous EEG and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) monitoring. EEG data from 32 electrodes were divided into five effort level periods based on RPE values (Baseline, RPE 0-4, RPE 5-8, RPE 9-MAX, and Recovery). Within subjects RM-ANOVA was conducted to examine time to task completion across Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 performance trials. RM-ANOVA (3 performance types × 5 effort levels) was also performed to compare the EEG coherence matrices in the alpha and beta bands for 13 pairs of electrodes (F3-F4, F3-P3, F4-P4, T7-T8, T7-P3, C3-C4, C3-P3, C4-P4, T8-P4, P3-P4, P3-O1, P4-O2, O2-O1). Significant differences were observed on TTE performance outcomes between Type 1 and Type 3, and between Type 2 and Type 3 performance states (p < 0.05), whereas Type 1 and Type 2 performance states did not differ. No significant main effects were observed on performance type (p > 0.05) for all frequency bands in any pair of electrodes of the coherence matrices. Higher EEG coherence values were observed at rest (Baseline) than during cycling (RPE 0-4, 5-8, 9-MAX) for all pairs of electrodes and EEG frequency bands irrespective of the type of performance (main effect of effort, p < 0.05). Interestingly, we observed a performance × effort interaction in C3-C4 in beta 3 band [F(4, 77) = 2.62, p = 0.038] during RPE 9-MAX for Type 3 performance as compared to Type 1 and Type 2 performances. These findings may have practical implications in the development of performance optimization strategies in cycling, as we found that focusing attention on a core component of the action could stimulate functional connectivity among specific brain areas and lead to enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selenia di Fronso
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tamburro
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Robazza
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bortoli
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Comani
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bertollo
- BIND-Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Nguyen TNL, Eager D, Nguyen HT. The Effectiveness Of Compression Garments On EEG During a Running Test. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:3032-3035. [PMID: 30441034 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The specific purpose of this present paper was to investigate whether the EEG activity has been affected by wearing whole body compression garments during a running test. Ten subjects (men, n=5; women, n=5; age: 24.11 ± 4.48 years; height: 163.56 ± 7.70 cm; chest: 87.78 ± 6.92 cm; weight: 58.67 ± 10.96 kg; BMI: 21.77 ± 2.63 kg.m-2) completed a running protocol on a treadmill. Each subject participated in two running trials, wearing either a compression garment (CG) or a non-compression garment (NCG) during exercise. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were collected during exercise using wearable sensors. The present study revealed a statistically significant difference between CGs and NCGs in alpha, beta and theta power spectral density (p<0.05). Therefore, the brain activity was influenced by the application of CGs during the running test. This result would also recommends an application of CGs in training as well as in competition.
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Liu SY, Li Z, Xu SY, Xu L, Yang M, Ni GX. Intensity‑dependent effect of treadmill running on differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7746-7756. [PMID: 29620179 PMCID: PMC5983966 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of running on bone mass depends on its intensity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism that associates running intensity with bone mass is unclear. The current study examined the effects of treadmill running at different intensities on bone mass and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in a rat model. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into groups and subjected to no running (Con group), low‑intensity running (LIR group), moderate‑intensity running (MIR group), and high‑intensity running (HIR group). Histological, immunohistochemistry and micro‑CT examinations were performed on the femora harvested after 8 weeks of treadmill running. The study demonstrated that treadmill running affected trabecular bone mass in an intensity‑dependent manner. In addition, such an intensity‑dependent effect was also demonstrated on the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and proliferation of BMSCs. Furthermore, the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway may be involved in the running‑induced increase in bone mass in rats in the MIR group. There appears to be a biomechanical 'window', in which running‑induced strain signals can increase the number of BMSCs and progenitor cells (specific to the osteoblast lineage) causing upregulation of osteogenesis and downregulation of adipogenesis of BMSCs. This finding may provide insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
- Professor Mo Yang, Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Guo-Xin Ni, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Paulucio D, Terra A, Santos CG, Cagy M, Velasques B, Ribeiro P, da Costa BM, Gongora M, Alvarenga R, Alonso L, Pompeu FAMS. Acute effect of Ethanol and Taurine on frontal cortex absolute beta power before and after exercise. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538445 PMCID: PMC5851630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (ET) is a substance that modulates the Central Nervous System (CNS). Frequently, ET intake occurs combined with energy drinks, which contain taurine (TA), an important amino acid found in the body (i.e brain and muscles). Although TA administration has been used in the improvement of physical performance, the impact of TA, ET and exercise remains unknown. This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of 6g of Taurine (TA), 0.6 mL∙kg-1 of Ethanol (ET), and Taurine combined with Ethanol (TA+ET) ingestion on the electrocortical activity before and after a moderate intensity exercise in 9 subjects, 5 women (counterbalanced experimental design). In each of the 4 treatments (Placebo—PL, TA, ET and TA+ET), electroencephalography (EEG) tests were conducted in order to analyze changes in absolute beta power (ABP) in the frontal lobe in 3 moments: baseline (before ingestion), peak (before exercise) and post-exercise. In the PL treatment, the frontal areas showed decrease in ABP after exercise. However, in the ET+TA treatment, ABP values were greater after exercise, except for Fp1. The ET treatment had no effect on the Superior Frontal Gyrus area (F3, Fz and F4) and ABP decreased after exercise in Fp1 and Fp2. In the TA treatment, ABP increased after exercise, while it decreased at the peak moment in most of the frontal regions, except for Fp1, F3 and Fz. We concluded that after a moderate intensity exercise, a decrease in cortical activity occurs in placebo treatment. Moreover, we found a inhibitory effect of TA on cortical activity before exercise and a increased in cortical activity after exercise. A small ET dose is not enough to alter ABP in all regions of the frontal cortex and, in combination with TA, it showed an increase in the frontal cortex activity at the post-exercise moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailson Paulucio
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of physiology in soccer, Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Augusto Terra
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caleb G. Santos
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Army Biology Institute, Brazilian Army, Rua Francisco Manuel, Triagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Cagy
- Biomedical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno M. da Costa
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Neuroscience Laboratory of Exercise, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gongora
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Alvarenga
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano Alonso
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. M. S. Pompeu
- Biometrics Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Frontal alpha asymmetry and aerobic exercise: are changes due to cardiovascular demand or bilateral rhythmic movement? Biol Psychol 2018; 132:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Scholz A, Ghadiri A, Singh U, Wendsche J, Peters T, Schneider S. Functional work breaks in a high-demanding work environment: an experimental field study. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:255-264. [PMID: 28679350 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1349938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Work breaks are known to have positive effects on employees' health, performance and safety. Using a sample of twelve employees working in a stressful and cognitively demanding working environment, this experimental field study examined how different types of work breaks (boxing, deep relaxation and usual breaks) affect participants' mood, cognitive performance and neurophysiological state compared to a control condition without any break. In a repeated measures experimental design, cognitive performance was assessed using an auditory oddball test and a Movement Detection Test. Brain cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography. Individual's mood was analysed using a profile of mood state. Although neurophysiological data showed improved relaxation of cortical state after boxing (vs. 'no break' and 'deep relaxation'), neither performance nor mood assessment showed similar results. It remains questionable whether there is a universal work break type that has beneficial effects for all individuals. Practitioner Summary: Research on work breaks and their positive effects on employees' health and performance often disregards break activities. This experimental field study in a stressful working environment investigated the effect of different work break activities. A universal work break type that is beneficial for this workplace could not be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Scholz
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Argang Ghadiri
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Usha Singh
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Johannes Wendsche
- b Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Dresden , Germany
| | - Theo Peters
- a Department of Management Science , Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences , Sankt Augustin , Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- c Institute of Movement and Neuroscience , German Sport University Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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Périard JD, De Pauw K, Zanow F, Racinais S. Cerebrocortical activity during self-paced exercise in temperate, hot and hypoxic conditions. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28686002 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Heat stress and hypoxia independently influence cerebrocortical activity and impair prolonged exercise performance. This study examined the relationship between electroencephalography (EEG) activity and self-paced exercise performance in control (CON, 18 °C, 40% RH), hot (HOT, 35 °C, 60% RH) and hypoxic (HYP, 18 °C, 40% RH FiO2 : 0.145) conditions. METHODS Eleven well-trained cyclists completed a 750 kJ cycling time trial in each condition on separate days in a counterbalanced order. EEG activity was recorded with α- and β-activity evaluated in the frontal (F3 and F4) and central (C3 and C4) areas. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) was also utilized to localize changes in cerebrocortical activity. RESULTS Both α- and β-activity decreased in the frontal and central areas during exercise in HOT relative to CON (P < 0.05). α-activity was also lower in HYP compared with CON (P < 0.05), whereas β-activity remained similar. β-activity was higher in HYP than in HOT (P < 0.05). sLORETA revealed that α- and β-activity increased at the onset of exercise in the primary somatosensory and motor cortices in CON and HYP, while only β-activity increased in HOT. A decrease in α- and β-activity occurred thereafter in all conditions, with α-activity being lower in the somatosensory and somatosensory association cortices in HOT relative to CON. CONCLUSION High-intensity prolonged self-paced exercise induces cerebrocortical activity alterations in areas of the brain associated with the ability to inhibit conflicting attentional processing under hot and hypoxic conditions, along with the capacity to sustain mental readiness and arousal under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT Australia
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre; Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital; Doha Qatar
| | - K. De Pauw
- Research Group Human Physiology; Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - F. Zanow
- ANT Neuro bv; Enschede the Netherlands
| | - S. Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre; Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital; Doha Qatar
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Wollseiffen P, Vogt T, Strüder HK, Schneider S. Distraction versus Intensity: The Importance of Exercise Classes for Cognitive Performance in School. Med Princ Pract 2017; 27:61-65. [PMID: 29237165 PMCID: PMC5968290 DOI: 10.1159/000486281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the influence of a class of aerobic exercise and an art class on brain cortical activity and possible effects on cognitive performance. SUBJECT AND METHODS Electroencephalography was used to record the electrocortical activity of 16 schoolchildren (8-10 years old) before and after an aerobic exercise class and an art class. Performance in a standardized test of educational attainment (VERA-3) was assessed following both classes. RESULTS A significant decrease in cortical activity was detected in all 4 lobes after exercise but not after art classes (p < 0.05). No changes in cognitive performance were observed after exercise and art classes. CONCLUSION In this study, cortical activity was reduced after an exercise class but no effect on cognitive performance was observed. Hence, the neurophysiological effect of exercise should be further evaluated regarding different kinds of cognitive performance: creativity, knowledge acquisition as well as the outlasting effects of exercise on academic achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wollseiffen
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Vogt
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K. Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast Maroochydore, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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Lial L, Moreira R, Correia L, Andrade A, Pereira AC, Lira R, Figueiredo R, Silva-Júnior F, Orsini M, Ribeiro P, Velasques B, Cagy M, Teixeira S, Bastos VH. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation increases alpha absolute power in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex. Somatosens Mot Res 2017; 34:204-212. [PMID: 29096587 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1392298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The physiotherapist's clinical practice includes proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), which is a treatment concept that accelerates the response of neuromuscular mechanisms through spiral and diagonal movements. The adaptations that occur in the nervous system following PNF are still poorly described in the literature. Thus, this study had a goal to investigate the electrophysiological changes in the fronto-parietal circuit during PNF and movement in sagittal and diagonal patterns. This study included 30 female participants, who were divided into three groups (control, PNF, and flexion groups). Electroencephalogram measurements were determined before and after tasks were performed by each group. For the statistical analysis, a two-way ANOVA was performed for the factors group and time. Interactions between the two factors were investigated using a one-way ANOVA. A value of p < 0.004 was considered significant. The results showed an increase in alpha absolute power in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and upper left parietal cortex of the PNF group, suggesting these areas work together to execute a motor action. The PNF group showed a greater alpha absolute power compared with the other groups, indicating a specific cortical demand for planning and attention, reinforcing its use for the rehabilitation of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysnara Lial
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Rayele Moreira
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Luan Correia
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Alzira Andrade
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Ane Caroline Pereira
- b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lira
- c UFPI, Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Silva-Júnior
- b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,d Department of Neurology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Marco Orsini
- d Department of Neurology , Fluminense Federal University , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Pedro Ribeiro
- e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Bruna Velasques
- e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Maurício Cagy
- e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Silmar Teixeira
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,f Brain Mapping and Plasticity Laboratory (LAMPLACE/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Bastos
- a Biomedical Sciences Program (PPGCBM) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,b Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory (LAMCEF/UFPI) , Federal University of Piauí , Parnaíba , Brazil.,e Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration , Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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A single-bout of Endurance Exercise Modulates EEG Microstates Temporal Features. Brain Topogr 2017; 30:461-472. [PMID: 28528447 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrical neuroimaging is a promising method to explore the spontaneous brain function after physical exercise. The present study aims to investigate the effect of acute physical exercise on the temporal dynamic of the resting brain activity captured by the four conventional map topographies (microstates) described in the literature, and to associate these brain changes with the post-exercise neuromuscular function. Twenty endurance-trained subjects performed a 30-min biking task at 60% of their maximal aerobic power followed by a 10 km all-out time trial. Before and after each exercise, knee-extensor neuromuscular function and resting EEG were collected. Both exercises resulted in a similar increase in microstate class C stability and duration, as well as an increase in transition probability of moving toward microstate class C. After the first exercise, the increase in class C global explained variance was correlated with the indice of muscle alterations (100 Hz paired stimuli). After the second exercise, the increase in class C mean duration was correlated with the 100 Hz paired stimuli, but also with the reduction in maximal voluntary force. Interestingly, microstate class C has been associated with the salience resting-state network, which participates in integrating multisensory modalities. We speculate that temporal reorganization of the brain state after exercise could be partially modulated by the muscle afferents that project into the salience resting-state network, and indirectly participates in modulating the motor behavior.
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Wollseiffen P, Ghadiri A, Scholz A, Strüder HK, Herpers R, Peters T, Schneider S. Short Bouts of Intensive Exercise During the Workday Have a Positive Effect on Neuro-cognitive Performance. Stress Health 2016; 32:514-523. [PMID: 26449710 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Beside its positive impact on physical health, exercise is indicated to positively affect cognitive performance based on a relocation of cortical activity. This study examined the influence of different types of breaks on cognitive performance and related cortical activity in office-based employees. Breaks were filled with exercise, resting or a usual break and a control condition where employees continued working without any break. Cognitive performance was assessed using the d2-R test and two commercially available cognitive tasks. Brain cortical activity was recorded using electroencephalography before and after breaks. Individual's mood was analysed using a profile of mood state. Results indicate a positive effect of a 3-min boxing intervention on cognitive performance, mirrored by a decrease in prefrontal cortex activity. Although perceived psychological state was increased after the usual break, this is reflected in neither cortical activity nor cognitive performance. With respect to the fact that also bike activity resulted an increase in prefrontal alpha-2 activity, a positive effect of exercise on neuro-cognitive performance can be stated. Health and economic benefits may result from brief physical activity breaks and help to maintain workplace performance and job satisfaction. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wollseiffen
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Argang Ghadiri
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - André Scholz
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer Herpers
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Theo Peters
- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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Lattari E, Portugal E, Junior RSM, Oliveira BRR, Santos TM, Mura G, Sancassiani F, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Arias-Carrión O, Budde H, Rocha NB, Machado S. Acute Affective Responses and Frontal Electroencephalographic Asymmetry to Prescribed and Self-selected Exercise. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2016; 12:108-119. [PMID: 27867416 PMCID: PMC5095897 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901612010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Our goal was to compare affective responses and frontal electroencephalographic alpha asymmetry induced by prescribed exercise (PE) and self-selected exercise (SS). Method: Twenty active participants underwent a submaximal exercise test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Participants enrolled a cross-over randomized study where each participant completed three conditions: PE (50%PVO2max), SS and Control. The electroencephalography was performed before and after exercise. The feeling scale, felt arousal scale and heart rate were recorded before, during and after each condition. The ratings of perceived exertion were recorded during and after each condition. Results: The heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion showed higher values in the PE and SS conditions compared to controls, with no differences between the PE and SS conditions. For the feeling scale, the SS presented higher values compared to the PE and Control conditions. The felt arousal scale presented higher values in the PE and SS conditions compared to control. There was no interaction between condition and moment, or main effect for condition and moment for frontal alpha asymmetry (InF4-InF3). Conclusion: The SS provided better affective responses compared to PE, thus can consider self-selected intensity as an appropriate option. In general, no frontal alpha asymmetry was seen due to an exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lattari
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University, Niteroi, Brazil ; Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Portugal
- Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, IPUB/UFRJ, RJ, Brazil; Neuroscience Laboratory of Exercise, UERJ, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gioia Mura
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Sancassiani
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Grupo de Investigación en Envejecimiento, División Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, México; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrión
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Secretaria de Salud México DF, México; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Pedagogy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Allied Health Sciences, Portugal; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University, Niteroi, Brazil; Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
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Bergouignan A, Legget KT, De Jong N, Kealey E, Nikolovski J, Groppel JL, Jordan C, O'Day R, Hill JO, Bessesen DH. Effect of frequent interruptions of prolonged sitting on self-perceived levels of energy, mood, food cravings and cognitive function. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:113. [PMID: 27809874 PMCID: PMC5094084 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive performance and well-being, office workers are essentially sedentary. We compared the effects of physical activity performed as (i) one bout in the morning or (ii) as microbouts spread out across the day to (iii) a day spent sitting, on mood and energy levels and cognitive function. Methods In a randomized crossover trial, 30 sedentary adults completed each of three conditions: 6 h of uninterrupted sitting (SIT), SIT plus 30 min of moderate-intensity treadmill walking in the morning (ONE), and SIT plus six hourly 5-min microbouts of moderate-intensity treadmill walking (MICRO). Self-perceived energy, mood, and appetite were assessed with visual analog scales. Vigor and fatigue were assessed with the Profile of Mood State questionnaire. Cognitive function was measured using a flanker task and the Comprehensive Trail Making Test. Intervention effects were tested using linear mixed models. Results Both ONE and MICRO increased self-perceived energy and vigor compared to SIT (p < 0.05 for all). MICRO, but not ONE, improved mood, decreased levels of fatigue and reduced food cravings at the end of the day compared to SIT (p < 0.05 for all). Cognitive function was not significantly affected by condition. Conclusions In addition to the beneficial impact of physical activity on levels of energy and vigor, spreading out physical activity throughout the day improved mood, decreased feelings of fatigue and affected appetite. Introducing short bouts of activity during the workday of sedentary office workers is a promising approach to improve overall well-being at work without negatively impacting cognitive performance. Trial registration NCT02717377, registered 22 March 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bergouignan
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Universite de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France. .,CNRS; UMR7178, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nathan De Jong
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kealey
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Jack L Groppel
- Johnson & Johnson Human Performance Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chris Jordan
- Johnson & Johnson Human Performance Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Raphaela O'Day
- Johnson & Johnson Health and Wellness Solutions, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - James O Hill
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue Mail Stop: 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Ludyga S, Hottenrott K, Gronwald T. Four weeks of high cadence training alter brain cortical activity in cyclists. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1377-1382. [PMID: 27328649 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise at different cadences might serve as potential stimulus for functional adaptations of the brain, because cortical activation is sensitive to frequency of movement. Therefore, we investigated the effects of high (HCT) and low cadence training (LCT) on brain cortical activity during exercise as well as endurance performance. Cyclists were randomly assigned to low and high cadence training. Over the 4-week training period, participants performed 4 h of basic endurance training as well as four additional cadence-specific exercise sessions, 60 min weekly. At baseline and after 4 weeks, participants completed an incremental exercise test with spirometry and exercise at constant load with registration of electroencephalogram (EEG). Compared with LCT, a greater increase of frontal alpha/beta ratio was confirmed in HCT. This was based on a lower level of beta activity during exercise. Both groups showed similar improvements in maximal oxygen consumption and power at the individual anaerobic threshold. Whereas HCT and LCT elicit similar benefits on aerobic performance, cycling at high pedalling frequencies enables participants to perform an exercise bout with less cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- a Department of Sport, Exercise and Health , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- b Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.,c Department of Sport Sciences , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale) , Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- b Institute of Performance Diagnostics and Health Promotion , Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.,d Faculty for Sport , University of Health and Sport Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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37
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The effect of 6 h of running on brain activity, mood, and cognitive performance. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1829-1836. [PMID: 26892883 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-duration exercise has been linked with the psychological model of flow. It is expected that the flow experience is characterized by specific changes in cortical activity, especially a transient hypofrontality, which has recently been connected with an increase in cognitive performance post-exercise. Nevertheless, data on neuro-affective and neuro-cognitive effects during prolonged exercise are rare. The cognitive performance, mental state, flow experience, and brain cortical activity of 11 ultramarathon runners (6 female, 5 male) were assessed before, several times during, and after a 6-h run. A decrease in cortical activity (beta activity) was measured in the frontal cortex, whereas no changes were measured for global beta, frontal or global alpha activity. Perceived physical relaxation and flow state increased significantly after 1 h of running but decreased during the following 5 h. Perceived physical state and motivational state remained stable during the first hour of running but then decreased significantly. Cognitive performance as well as the underlying neurophysiological events (recorded as event-related potentials) remained stable across the 6-h run. Despite the fact that women reported significant higher levels of flow, no further gender effects were noticeable. Supporting the theory of a transient hypofrontality, a clear decrease in frontal cortex activity was noticeable. Interestingly, this had no effect on cognitive performance. The fact that self-reported flow experience only increased during the first hour of running before decreasing, leads us to assume that changes in cortical activity, and the experience of flow may not be linked as previously supposed.
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Roelands B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Neurophysiological effects of exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 25 Suppl 1:65-78. [PMID: 25943657 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue during prolonged exercise is a multifactorial phenomenon. The complex interplay between factors originating from both the periphery and the brain will determine the onset of fatigue. In recent years, electrophysiological and imaging tools have been fine-tuned, allowing for an improved understanding of what happens in the brain. In the first part of the review, we present literature that studied the changes in electrocortical activity during and after exercise in normal and high ambient temperature. In general, exercise in a thermo-neutral environment or at light to moderate intensity increases the activity in the β frequency range, while exercising at high intensity or in the heat reduces β activity. In the second part, we review literature that manipulated brain neurotransmission, through either pharmacological or nutritional means, during exercise in the heat. The dominant outcomes were that manipulations changing brain dopamine concentration have the potential to delay fatigue, while the manipulation of serotonin had no effect and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition was detrimental for performance in the heat. Research on the effects of neurotransmitter manipulations on brain activity during or after exercise is scarce. The combination of brain imaging techniques with electrophysiological measures presents one of the major future challenges in exercise physiology/neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roelands
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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Jacubowski A, Abeln V, Vogt T, Yi B, Choukèr A, Fomina E, Strüder HK, Schneider S. The impact of long-term confinement and exercise on central and peripheral stress markers. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:106-11. [PMID: 26387624 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term isolation has been reported to have impact on psycho-physiological performance in humans. As part of the 520 days isolation study (MARS500, n=6) from June 3rd 2010 to November 4th 2011, this study aimed to show that stress caused by isolation and confinement is mirrored in cortical activity and cortisol levels and that exercise is a valid countermeasure. Cortical activity was measured by electroencephalography (EEG) pre- and post-moderate exercise every two weeks, salivary cortisol was taken every 60 days. Data show a decrease of global cortical activity, in both alpha- and beta-activity (p<.05-p<.001), and an increase of salivary cortisol (p<.05-p<.001), during the isolation, indicating that isolation acts as a chronic stressor with impact on cortical activity and cortisol levels. Moderate exercise leads to an increase (p<.01) in cortical activity. Therefore, during long-term space missions the factor isolation must be kept in mind as the reduction of cortical activity and the heightened stress level could impair performance. However moderate exercise might be able to counteract this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jacubowski
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - V Abeln
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - T Vogt
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - B Yi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, 81366 Munich, Germany
| | - A Choukèr
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Munich, 81366 Munich, Germany
| | - E Fomina
- State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - H K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - S Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University Cologne, Germany; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia.
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Vogt T, Herpers R, Askew CD, Scherfgen D, Strüder HK, Schneider S. Effects of Exercise in Immersive Virtual Environments on Cortical Neural Oscillations and Mental State. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:523250. [PMID: 26366305 PMCID: PMC4558453 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality environments are increasingly being used to encourage individuals to exercise more regularly, including as part of treatment those with mental health or neurological disorders. The success of virtual environments likely depends on whether a sense of presence can be established, where participants become fully immersed in the virtual environment. Exposure to virtual environments is associated with physiological responses, including cortical activation changes. Whether the addition of a real exercise within a virtual environment alters sense of presence perception, or the accompanying physiological changes, is not known. In a randomized and controlled study design, moderate-intensity Exercise (i.e., self-paced cycling) and No-Exercise (i.e., automatic propulsion) trials were performed within three levels of virtual environment exposure. Each trial was 5 minutes in duration and was followed by posttrial assessments of heart rate, perceived sense of presence, EEG, and mental state. Changes in psychological strain and physical state were generally mirrored by neural activation patterns. Furthermore, these changes indicated that exercise augments the demands of virtual environment exposures and this likely contributed to an enhanced sense of presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vogt
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rainer Herpers
- Institute of Visual Computing and Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham-Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
- Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, 550 Windsor Street, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3
| | - Christopher D. Askew
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty for Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - David Scherfgen
- Institute of Visual Computing and Department of Computer Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Grantham-Allee 20, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Heiko K. Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty for Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4558, Australia
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Seo Y, Burns K, Fennell C, Kim JH, Gunstad J, Glickman E, McDaniel J. The Influence of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Normobaric Hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2015. [PMID: 26214045 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous reports indicate that exercise improves cognitive function in normoxia, the influence of exercise on cognitive function in hypoxia is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine if the impaired cognitive function in hypoxia can be restored by low to moderate intensity exercise. Sixteen young healthy men completed the ANAM versions of the Go/No-Go task (GNT) and Running Memory Continuous Performance Task (RMCPT) in normoxia to serve as baseline (B-Norm) (21% O2). Following 60 minutes of exposure to normobaric hypoxia (B-Hypo) (12.5% O2), these tests were repeated at rest and during cycling exercise at 40% and 60% of adjusted Vo2max. At B-Hypo, the % correct (p≤0.001) and throughput score (p≤0.001) in RMCPT were significantly impaired compared to B-Norm. During exercise at 40% (p=0.023) and 60% (p=0.006) of adjusted Vo2max, the throughput score in RMCPT improved compared to B-Hypo, and there was no significant difference in throughput score between the two exercise intensities. Mean reaction time also improved at both exercise intensities compared to B-Hypo (p≤0.028). Both peripheral oxygen saturation (Spo2) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSo2) significantly decreased during B-Hypo (p≤0.001) and further decreased at 40% (p≤0.05) and 60% (p≤0.039) exercise. There was no significant difference in Spo2 or rSo2 between two exercise intensities. These data indicate that low to moderate exercise (i.e., 40%-60% adjusted Vo2max) may attenuate the risk of impaired cognitive function that occurs in hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsuk Seo
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio
| | - Keith Burns
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio
| | - Curtis Fennell
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- 2 National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Gunstad
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio
| | - Ellen Glickman
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio
| | - John McDaniel
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio.,3 Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cleveland, Ohio
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Abeln V, MacDonald-Nethercott E, Piacentini MF, Meeusen R, Kleinert J, Strueder HK, Schneider S. Exercise in isolation--a countermeasure for electrocortical, mental and cognitive impairments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126356. [PMID: 25961821 PMCID: PMC4427298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental impairments, including deterioration of mood and cognitive performance, are known to occur during isolation and space missions, but have been insufficiently investigated. Appropriate countermeasures are required, such as exercise, which is known to prevent mood disorders for prolonged space and isolation missions. Based on the interaction of brain activity, mood and cognitive performance, this study aims to investigate the effect of long-term isolation and confinement and the long-term effect of exercise on these parameters. METHODS Eight male volunteers were isolated and confined for about eight month during the winter period at the Antarctic Concordia Station. Every six weeks electroencephalographic measurements were recorded under rest conditions, and cognitive tests and a mood questionnaire were executed. Based individual training logs, subjects were afterwards separated into an active (> 2500 arbitrary training units/interval) or inactive (< 2500 arbitrary training units/interval) group. RESULTS A long-term effect of exercise was observed for brain activity and mood. Regularly active people showed a decreased brain activity (alpha and beta) in the course of isolation, and steady mood. Inactive people instead first increased and than remained at high brain activity accompanied with a deterioration of mood. No effect of exercise and isolation was found for cognitive performance. CONCLUSION The findings point out the positive effect of regularly performed voluntary exercise, supporting subjective mental well-being of long-term isolated people. The choice to be regularly active seems to support mental health, which is not only of interest for future isolation and space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Abeln
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eoin MacDonald-Nethercott
- Cambridge University’s Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute Paul Emile Victor, Brest, France
| | - Maria Francesca Piacentini
- University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Physiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Physiology, Brussels, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jens Kleinert
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Health and Social Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K. Strueder
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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Prefrontal and motor cortex EEG responses and their relationship to ventilatory thresholds during exhaustive incremental exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1939-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Singh AM, Duncan RE, Neva JL, Staines WR. Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:23. [PMID: 25031838 PMCID: PMC4100033 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite growing interest in the relationship between exercise and short-term neural plasticity, the effects of exercise on motor cortical (M1) excitability are not well studied. Acute, lower-limb aerobic exercise may potentially modulate M1 excitability in working muscles, but the effects on muscles not involved in the exercise are unknown. Here we examined the excitability changes in an upper limb muscle representation following a single session of lower body aerobic exercise. Investigating the response to exercise in a non-exercised muscle may help to determine the clinical usefulness of lower-body exercise interventions for upper limb neurorehabilitation. Methods In this study, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess input–output curves, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) in the extensor carpi radialis muscle in twelve healthy individuals following a single session of moderate stationary biking. Additionally, we examined whether the presence of a common polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene would affect the response of these measures to exercise. Results We observed significant increases in ICF and decreases in SICI following exercise. No changes in LICI were detected, and no differences were observed in input–output curves following exercise, or between BDNF groups. Conclusions The current results demonstrate that the modulation of intracortical excitability following aerobic exercise is not limited to those muscles involved in the exercise, and that while exercise does not directly modulate the excitability of motor neurons, it may facilitate the induction of experience-dependent plasticity via a decrease in intracortical inhibition and increase in intracortical facilitation. These findings indicate that exercise may create favourable conditions for adaptive plasticity in M1 and may be an effective adjunct to traditional training or rehabilitation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya M Singh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jason L Neva
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Acute Effect of Different Patterns of Exercise on Mood, Anxiety and Cortical Activity. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.18781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Acute exercise induces cortical inhibition and reduces arousal in response to visual stimulation in young children. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 34:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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De Pauw K, Roelands B, Marusic U, Tellez HF, Knaepen K, Meeusen R. Brain mapping after prolonged cycling and during recovery in the heat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1324-31. [PMID: 23990240 PMCID: PMC3841834 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00633.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prolonged intensive cycling and postexercise recovery in the heat on brain sources of altered brain oscillations. After a max test and familiarization trial, nine trained male subjects (23 ± 3 yr; maximal oxygen uptake = 62.1 ± 5.3 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) performed three experimental trials in the heat (30°C; relative humidity 43.7 ± 5.6%). Each trial consisted of two exercise tasks separated by 1 h. The first was a 60-min constant-load trial, followed by a 30-min simulated time trial (TT1). The second comprised a 12-min simulated time trial (TT2). After TT1, active recovery (AR), passive rest (PR), or cold water immersion (CWI) was applied for 15 min. Electroencephalography was measured at baseline and during postexercise recovery. Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography was applied to accurately pinpoint and localize altered electrical neuronal activity. After CWI, PR and AR subjects completed TT2 in 761 ± 42, 791 ± 76, and 794 ± 62 s, respectively. A prolonged intensive cycling performance in the heat decreased β activity across the whole brain. Postexercise AR and PR elicited no significant electrocortical differences, whereas CWI induced significantly increased β3 activity in Brodmann areas (BA) 13 (posterior margin of insular cortex) and BA 40 (supramarginal gyrus). Self-paced prolonged exercise in the heat seems to decrease β activity, hence representing decreased arousal. Postexercise CWI increased β3 activity at BA 13 and 40, brain areas involved in somatosensory information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De Pauw
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Hatta A, Nishihira Y, Higashiura T. Effects of a single bout of walking on psychophysiologic responses and executive function in elderly adults: a pilot study. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:945-52. [PMID: 23888111 PMCID: PMC3722037 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s46405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a single bout of walking on mood, psychophysiologic responses, and executive function in elderly adults. Methods Twenty healthy, elderly adults (10 women and 10 men; mean age 70.50 ± 3.4 years) participated in this study. Mood, as assessed by the Profile of Mood States, and salivary α-amylase activity were examined before and after walking. Executive functions were also evaluated by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results Negative feeling scores such as tension-anxiety, anger-hostility, and confusion significantly improved after walking. No significant differences were found for either salivary α-amylase activities or Wisconsin Card Sorting Test scores before and after walking. However, the changes in salivary α-amylase activity before and after walking correlated positively with the number of total errors and perseverative errors of Nelson in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Conclusion These results suggest that moderate exercise, such as self-paced one-time walking, induces beneficial psychologic effects in elderly adults. Meanwhile, the significant increase in salivary α-amylase activity after walking might temporarily cause deterioration of executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihiro Hatta
- Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama College of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0066, Japan.
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The influence of exercise on prefrontal cortex activity and cognitive performance during a simulated space flight to Mars (MARS500). Behav Brain Res 2013; 236:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hansen P, English M, Willick SE. Does Running Cause Osteoarthritis in the Hip or Knee? PM R 2012; 4:S117-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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